Study guide genetics
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This document provides definitions and explanations of key genetics terms: - A human baby with two X chromosomes is female, while one with an XY chromosome is male. - Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics. He was an Austrian monk. - Incomplete dominance in genetics is exemplified by variations in coat color seen in purebred dogs. - A Punnett square uses capital letters to represent dominant alleles and predicts possible genotypes of offspring.
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Study guide genetics
The document provides definitions and examples for several key genetics terms:
- A human baby's sex is determined by its chromosome makeup - XX for female and XY for male.
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics. He was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants.
- Incomplete dominance is exemplified by variations in coat color seen in purebred dogs and horses.
- A Punnett square uses capital letters to represent dominant alleles and predicts possible genotypes of offspring.
- Polygenic inheritance involves more than two alleles controlling a trait, like eye and skin color in humans.
Multiple allel
1. Multiple alleles refer to three or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on a chromosome.
2. Examples of multiple alleles include wing mutations in Drosophila, coat color alleles in rabbits, and self-sterility alleles in plants.
3. One of the most important examples is the blood group alleles in humans, which determine the presence of antigens on red blood cells and have applications for blood transfusions.
Multiple Alleles
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
Multiple alleles
The coat color of rabbits is controlled by multiple alleles of the C gene. There are four main alleles - C for full color, Cch for chinchilla, C(H) for Himalayan, and c for albino. C is fully dominant to the other alleles. Cch is fully dominant to c. The C(H), shaded, and c alleles show incomplete dominance as their phenotypes blend together in combinations. A cc combination results in the fully recessive albino phenotype.
Multiple allele - Genetics
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
Lesson 1 genetics of cat coat colour
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts related to cat coat colors, including:
- Monohybrid and multiple allele inheritance patterns that determine coat colors like black, dilution, orange.
- Co-dominance seen in cremello, albino, and piebald spotting alleles.
- Epistasis between orange and black alleles.
- Sex-linked inheritance of orange allele.
- Pleiotropic effects of genes like white spotting on coat color and hearing.
The goal is for students to understand these concepts and predict outcomes of cat breeding crosses.
4.3 theoretical genetics
This document discusses genetics concepts including:
- Genotypes describe an organism's alleles while phenotypes describe its observable characteristics.
- Dominant alleles will be expressed whether homozygous or heterozygous, while recessive alleles only express when homozygous.
- Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote affect the phenotype.
- Probability crosses can determine the likelihood of offspring inheriting particular traits based on parental genotypes.
Alleles
The document discusses rabbit coat color inheritance which is determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus. It provides examples of 4 alleles (C, cch, ch, c) that determine the rabbit's coat color. It then gives an example cross between a full brown rabbit (Cc h) and a chinchilla patterned rabbit (cch c) and asks what phenotypes would result.
Recommended
Study guide genetics
The document provides definitions and examples for several key genetics terms:
- A human baby's sex is determined by its chromosome makeup - XX for female and XY for male.
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics. He was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants.
- Incomplete dominance is exemplified by variations in coat color seen in purebred dogs and horses.
- A Punnett square uses capital letters to represent dominant alleles and predicts possible genotypes of offspring.
- Polygenic inheritance involves more than two alleles controlling a trait, like eye and skin color in humans.
Multiple allel
1. Multiple alleles refer to three or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on a chromosome.
2. Examples of multiple alleles include wing mutations in Drosophila, coat color alleles in rabbits, and self-sterility alleles in plants.
3. One of the most important examples is the blood group alleles in humans, which determine the presence of antigens on red blood cells and have applications for blood transfusions.
Multiple Alleles
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
Multiple alleles
The coat color of rabbits is controlled by multiple alleles of the C gene. There are four main alleles - C for full color, Cch for chinchilla, C(H) for Himalayan, and c for albino. C is fully dominant to the other alleles. Cch is fully dominant to c. The C(H), shaded, and c alleles show incomplete dominance as their phenotypes blend together in combinations. A cc combination results in the fully recessive albino phenotype.
Multiple allele - Genetics
This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
Lesson 1 genetics of cat coat colour
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts related to cat coat colors, including:
- Monohybrid and multiple allele inheritance patterns that determine coat colors like black, dilution, orange.
- Co-dominance seen in cremello, albino, and piebald spotting alleles.
- Epistasis between orange and black alleles.
- Sex-linked inheritance of orange allele.
- Pleiotropic effects of genes like white spotting on coat color and hearing.
The goal is for students to understand these concepts and predict outcomes of cat breeding crosses.
4.3 theoretical genetics
This document discusses genetics concepts including:
- Genotypes describe an organism's alleles while phenotypes describe its observable characteristics.
- Dominant alleles will be expressed whether homozygous or heterozygous, while recessive alleles only express when homozygous.
- Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote affect the phenotype.
- Probability crosses can determine the likelihood of offspring inheriting particular traits based on parental genotypes.
Alleles
The document discusses rabbit coat color inheritance which is determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus. It provides examples of 4 alleles (C, cch, ch, c) that determine the rabbit's coat color. It then gives an example cross between a full brown rabbit (Cc h) and a chinchilla patterned rabbit (cch c) and asks what phenotypes would result.
IB Genetics Review (3.4)
This document contains a genetics review covering key genetics concepts like genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive alleles, carriers, Punnett squares, pedigree charts, autosomal and sex-linked inheritance. It includes examples like Mendel's pea plants, ABO blood types, sickle cell disease, color blindness and discusses factors that influence mutation rates and consequences of radiation exposure.
Genetic Crosses
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
Multiple allele of rabbit coat color
it is possible to have more than two allelic forms, i.e., multiple alleles, of one kind of gene.
The best examples of multiple allelic system have been observed in coat colour of rabbits, wings of Drosophila and blood groups in man
allelomorphs, monohybrid cross dihybrid cross mutant alleles
wild type
Unit3 genetics
1) Genes are segments of DNA that contain information for hereditary traits and are located on chromosomes. Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring through gametes and each gene has alternative forms called alleles.
2) An individual's genotype refers to their combination of genes, while their phenotype is the observable traits. Phenotype depends on both genotype and environment.
3) Through his experiments with pea plants, Mendel discovered three laws of inheritance: the Law of Uniformity, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws explain the basic principles of genetic inheritance and transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Multiple alleles
This document discusses genes that have multiple alleles. It provides the example of the ABO blood type gene, which is tri-allelic and controls the antigens on red blood cells. The three alleles - IA, IB, and i - produce the A, B, and O blood types respectively. The ABO blood type gene results in six possible genotypes that determine the four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Compatibility for blood transfusions depends on the donor and recipient's blood types to avoid agglutination of foreign red blood cells.
Genetics practice q key
- One or more of the three children will have disease 1.
- All three children will have the disease.
- At least one child out of three will be phenotypically normal.
Genetics and inheritance
Genes are located on DNA and code for characteristics. Traits depend on both genes and environment. Mendel discovered genes through experiments with pea plants, showing traits are inherited as discrete units that assort and recombine independently. He found traits are dominant or recessive, and that alleles segregate and assort independently according to predictable statistical patterns. This laid the foundations for genetics.
Multiple Alleles Lesson 4
The document discusses multiple alleles and uses blood type as an example. It notes that there are three main alleles (Ia, Ib, Io) that determine blood type. The possible genotypes are Ia Ia, Ia Ib, Ia Io, Ib Ib, Ib Io, and Io Io. The possible phenotypes are A, B, AB, and O.
IB Biology 3.4 inheritance
3.4 U.1 summarizes that Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance through experiments crossing large numbers of pea plants. Gametes contain only one allele of each gene according to 3.4 U.2. During meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei as stated in 3.4 U.3. Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene as explained in 3.4 U.4. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles, while codominant alleles have joint effects as described in 3.4 U.5. Many genetic diseases are due to recessive alleles on autosomal genes, though some are dominant or codomin
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Biology
Codominance is when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in a heterozygote. For example, individuals with one curly hair allele and one straight hair allele have wavy hair, which is a blend of both traits. Codominance results in a third phenotype that expresses both parental traits together. Mendel's law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation such that all combinations of alleles are possible.
3.4 Notes
Guided notes covering material from Topic 3.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
Mendelian genetics
This document discusses key concepts in genetics including loci, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, Mendelian inheritance patterns, blood types, sex determination, and examples of inherited illnesses. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in peas and explains the expected inheritance ratios. It also discusses karyotype, environmental and genetic factors that can determine sex.
DOMINANT AND RECESIVE TRAITS
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
Mendels law
Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to develop his laws of heredity. Through crosses involving one or two traits, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles) and that alleles segregate and assort independently. His laws of segregation and independent assortment explained inheritance patterns through generations and the ratios of traits in offspring. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and his principles remain fundamental to inheritance.
Blood group inheritance
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
fly lab
This document summarizes results from a fly lab experiment investigating inheritance patterns of different alleles in fruit flies. The experiment looked at four traits: eye shape, body color, eye color, and wing shape. For each trait, it describes the genotypes of the parental flies used to produce offspring, predicts the expected ratios in the offspring based on whether the allele is dominant or recessive, and compares the observed ratios to the expected to determine if the hypotheses about the alleles are supported. The document demonstrates that lobe eye shape, wild body color, bar eye color and curly wings are dominant traits, while wild eye shape, black body color and white eye color are recessive traits based on the ratios of offspring observed matching the predicted ratios.
Animal Kingdom
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
Genetic Crosses
This document discusses several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetics problems related to traits in cats and humans.
02 Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
1. Chromosomes contain DNA and package it into a smaller size. In eukaryotes, DNA is contained in linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
2. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs including one sex chromosome pair that determines gender. Genes are located on chromosomes and can exist in different alleles that determine traits.
3. The genotype is an individual's combination of alleles, which determines their phenotype or physical traits. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles. Many factors can influence the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Sex linked traits
This document discusses genes that have more than two alleles (poly-allelic genes). It provides examples of poly-allelic genes, including the ABO blood type gene, which has three alleles that produce the A, B, and O antigens. The document explains that poly-allelic genes can generate more genotypes than di-allelic genes. It also discusses X-linked inheritance and provides Drosophila eye color as an example, noting that X-linked traits are observed disproportionately in males.
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IB Genetics Review (3.4)
This document contains a genetics review covering key genetics concepts like genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive alleles, carriers, Punnett squares, pedigree charts, autosomal and sex-linked inheritance. It includes examples like Mendel's pea plants, ABO blood types, sickle cell disease, color blindness and discusses factors that influence mutation rates and consequences of radiation exposure.
Genetic Crosses
The document discusses different genetic concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetic crosses and scenarios to illustrate the concepts.
Multiple allele of rabbit coat color
it is possible to have more than two allelic forms, i.e., multiple alleles, of one kind of gene.
The best examples of multiple allelic system have been observed in coat colour of rabbits, wings of Drosophila and blood groups in man
allelomorphs, monohybrid cross dihybrid cross mutant alleles
wild type
Unit3 genetics
1) Genes are segments of DNA that contain information for hereditary traits and are located on chromosomes. Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring through gametes and each gene has alternative forms called alleles.
2) An individual's genotype refers to their combination of genes, while their phenotype is the observable traits. Phenotype depends on both genotype and environment.
3) Through his experiments with pea plants, Mendel discovered three laws of inheritance: the Law of Uniformity, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws explain the basic principles of genetic inheritance and transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Multiple alleles
This document discusses genes that have multiple alleles. It provides the example of the ABO blood type gene, which is tri-allelic and controls the antigens on red blood cells. The three alleles - IA, IB, and i - produce the A, B, and O blood types respectively. The ABO blood type gene results in six possible genotypes that determine the four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Compatibility for blood transfusions depends on the donor and recipient's blood types to avoid agglutination of foreign red blood cells.
Genetics practice q key
- One or more of the three children will have disease 1.
- All three children will have the disease.
- At least one child out of three will be phenotypically normal.
Genetics and inheritance
Genes are located on DNA and code for characteristics. Traits depend on both genes and environment. Mendel discovered genes through experiments with pea plants, showing traits are inherited as discrete units that assort and recombine independently. He found traits are dominant or recessive, and that alleles segregate and assort independently according to predictable statistical patterns. This laid the foundations for genetics.
Multiple Alleles Lesson 4
The document discusses multiple alleles and uses blood type as an example. It notes that there are three main alleles (Ia, Ib, Io) that determine blood type. The possible genotypes are Ia Ia, Ia Ib, Ia Io, Ib Ib, Ib Io, and Io Io. The possible phenotypes are A, B, AB, and O.
IB Biology 3.4 inheritance
3.4 U.1 summarizes that Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance through experiments crossing large numbers of pea plants. Gametes contain only one allele of each gene according to 3.4 U.2. During meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei as stated in 3.4 U.3. Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene as explained in 3.4 U.4. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles, while codominant alleles have joint effects as described in 3.4 U.5. Many genetic diseases are due to recessive alleles on autosomal genes, though some are dominant or codomin
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Biology
Codominance is when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in a heterozygote. For example, individuals with one curly hair allele and one straight hair allele have wavy hair, which is a blend of both traits. Codominance results in a third phenotype that expresses both parental traits together. Mendel's law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation such that all combinations of alleles are possible.
3.4 Notes
Guided notes covering material from Topic 3.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles in the context of ABO blood groups. It explains that ABO blood groups are controlled by a gene that has three allelic forms - IA, IB, and i - which produce different sugars and determine the presence of antigens and antibodies. Depending on the combination of alleles, an individual can have one of four blood types - A, B, AB, or O - which determines what blood types can be accepted in a transfusion.
Mendelian genetics
This document discusses key concepts in genetics including loci, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, Mendelian inheritance patterns, blood types, sex determination, and examples of inherited illnesses. It provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in peas and explains the expected inheritance ratios. It also discusses karyotype, environmental and genetic factors that can determine sex.
DOMINANT AND RECESIVE TRAITS
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
Mendels law
Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to develop his laws of heredity. Through crosses involving one or two traits, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles) and that alleles segregate and assort independently. His laws of segregation and independent assortment explained inheritance patterns through generations and the ratios of traits in offspring. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and his principles remain fundamental to inheritance.
Blood group inheritance
Prepared for B. Sc. III Botany students, based on the syllabus prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
fly lab
This document summarizes results from a fly lab experiment investigating inheritance patterns of different alleles in fruit flies. The experiment looked at four traits: eye shape, body color, eye color, and wing shape. For each trait, it describes the genotypes of the parental flies used to produce offspring, predicts the expected ratios in the offspring based on whether the allele is dominant or recessive, and compares the observed ratios to the expected to determine if the hypotheses about the alleles are supported. The document demonstrates that lobe eye shape, wild body color, bar eye color and curly wings are dominant traits, while wild eye shape, black body color and white eye color are recessive traits based on the ratios of offspring observed matching the predicted ratios.
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This document discusses several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, and blood types. It provides examples and explanations of each concept as well as example genetics problems related to traits in cats and humans.
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This document discusses genes that have more than two alleles (poly-allelic genes). It provides examples of poly-allelic genes, including the ABO blood type gene, which has three alleles that produce the A, B, and O antigens. The document explains that poly-allelic genes can generate more genotypes than di-allelic genes. It also discusses X-linked inheritance and provides Drosophila eye color as an example, noting that X-linked traits are observed disproportionately in males.
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Mendelian inheritance patterns can include incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits. In incomplete dominance, a blending phenotype results from heterozygotes rather than complete dominance of one allele. Codominance occurs when both alleles for a trait are simultaneously expressed in heterozygotes. Multiple alleles exist for some traits, like blood types, which are controlled by more than two alleles. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple interacting genes, resulting in continuous variation in traits like human height, eye color, and skin color.
Mendel And The Gene Idea
Gregor Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and discovered the laws of inheritance. Through his accurate record keeping and large sample sizes, he found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Mendel also discovered that for each trait, there are two versions of each gene, called alleles, with one allele being dominant and the other recessive. Through his experiments, he developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which describe how alleles separate and assort during the formation of gametes. Mendel's discoveries formed the foundation of classical genetics.
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The document contains information about various chemistry concepts like density, physical and chemical changes, atomic structure, and the periodic table. It provides definitions and examples for key terms. Multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions are included along with explanations of the answers to help test and reinforce understanding of important chemistry topics.
Ch 6 study guide
The document discusses the differences between velocity and speed. It explains that velocity is a vector that includes both magnitude and direction of motion, while speed only refers to magnitude. It provides an example of knowing an object's speed but not its direction, making the velocity unknown. Velocity is defined as the rate of motion in a specific direction. Speed with a direction is velocity.
Ch 3 study guide 2012
The document provides information about various astronomical terms and concepts. It defines a nebula as an interstellar cloud of dust and gas that is the first stage of a star's life cycle. It states that depending on its mass, a star may live anywhere from 10 million to 200 billion years. It also notes that less massive stars will live longer than more massive stars.
Study guide ch 9 early version
The document discusses key information provided by an element's location on the periodic table. It explains that the periodic table columns called groups tell us an element's chemical and physical properties as well as the number of electrons in its outer shell. The document also states that an element's atomic number tells the number of protons and its atomic mass tells the number of protons and neutrons. It recommends an interactive website that covers all topics likely to be on a test of the periodic table.
Fcat review science 8th grade
The document lists terms related to astronomical sizes from biggest to smallest:
1. Universe - Everything that exists within the observable universe since the Big Bang.
2. Galaxy - Structures formed by assemblies of stars, gas and dust. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is just one of billions.
3. Solar system - The Sun and celestial bodies that orbit it, including planets and their moons.
4. Star - Giant balls of gas that produce energy through nuclear reactions.
5. Planet - Large spherical bodies that orbit stars.
6. Moon - Natural satellites such as Earth's moon and the moons of other planets.
Study guide ch 1 2011
This document contains a series of category headings with no additional information below them. It also contains several short passages of text providing definitions, explanations, or worked out examples for science concepts like the metric system, units of measurement, graphing, experimental design, and the scientific method. However, there is no clear overall topic or connecting information between the different sections.
Test ch 2 2012
The document discusses various scientific concepts including theories, hypotheses, laws, and the scientific method. It provides examples of scientific theories such as the theory of gravity, cell theory, and the theory of evolution. It also discusses the importance of scientific literacy in evaluating information and making decisions. Pseudoscience is defined as a set of beliefs that may use science but are based on subjective reasoning. The last part discusses why it's important for people to understand scientific principles and think scientifically so they don't fall for scams and can make better informed decisions.
Ch 3 study guide 2012
The Milky Way galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy. All stars begin as part of a nebula, which is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, and plasma. It is the first stage of a star's cycle. Parallax is used to determine a star's distance, and the force that pulls together the matter in stars is gravity, the strength of which depends on the mass and distance between objects. Depending on its mass, a star may live from 10 million to 200 billion years.
Fcat review finished
The document lists terms related to astronomical sizes from biggest to smallest:
1. Universe - Everything that exists within the observable universe since the Big Bang.
2. Galaxy - Structures formed by assemblies of stars, gas and dust. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is just one of billions.
3. Solar system - The Sun and celestial bodies that orbit it, including planets and their moons.
4. Star - Giant balls of gas that produce energy through nuclear reactions.
5. Planet - Large spherical bodies that orbit stars.
6. Moon - Natural satellites that orbit planets.
2011 ch 4 study guide solar system
This document provides definitions and brief explanations for various terms related to astronomy and the solar system. It addresses topics like the definitions of heliocentric system, planetesimals, and astronomical unit. It also summarizes characteristics of objects like the inner planets, outer planets, Jupiter, and Mars. The document lists the order of planets from the Sun and identifies Mercury as the smallest planet. Overall, the document concisely defines key terms and outlines distinguishing features of astronomical bodies in our solar system.
Chapter 16 study guide
This document summarizes different types of animal behaviors including reflexes, instincts, learning, communication, imprinting, aggression, territory, and circadian rhythms. Reflexes are automatic responses that do not involve the brain, while instincts are innate complex patterns of behavior. Animals communicate through sound, light, and pheromones. Imprinting is why young animals follow their parents, first described by Konrad Lorenz. Learning develops through experience, trials, and conditioning. Courtship behaviors occur before mating. Territories are areas animals defend. Stimuli prompt responses in stimulus-response behaviors. Nocturnal animals are active at night, having adaptations like large eyes, while diurnal animals are active during the day.
Chapter 19 power_point compatible
The document summarizes information about the circulatory system and blood. It discusses topics like pulmonary circulation, the four chambers of the heart, arteries and capillaries, ventricles, sickle cell anemia, leukemia, the sequence of pulmonary circulation, veins, platelets, plasma, hemoglobin, the four main functions of blood, lymphatic system movement, the four main parts of blood, wound healing, blood types, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood donation compatibility. It provides definitions and brief explanations of these key circulatory and blood terms.
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一比一原版(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证如何办理
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Study guide genetics
- 1. A human baby has two X chromosomes. Its sex is ______________.
- 2. A human baby has two X chromosomes. Its sex is FEMALE.If it is XY it is a MALE. Remember: “if it’s got a Y, it’s a guy!”
- 3. The father of genetics is an Austrian monk named ____________________.
- 4. The father of genetics is an Austrian monk named GREGOR MENDEL.
- 5. Purebred dogs often show variations in coat color. This is an example of ____________________ dominance in genetics.
- 6. Purebred dogs (or horses)often show variations in coat color. This is an example of INCOMPLETE dominance in genetics.
- 7. Every sex cell has ____________________ allele(s) for each trait.
- 8. Every sex cell has ONE allele(s) for each trait.
- 9. What is selective breeding?
- 10. Selecting plants or animals with the most desired traits to breed for the next generation.
- 11. You are looking at four Tall pea plants. What are their phenotypes and genotypes?genotype(s):_________________ phenotype(s): _______________
- 12. You are looking at four Tall pea plants. What are their phenotypes and genotypes?genotype(s):TT OR Tt phenotype(s): TALLGenotype =genetic makeupPhenotype=what you can physically see
- 13. What possible genotypes will the offspring have if the parents' blood types are O and AB?
- 14. What possible genotypes will the offspring have if the parents' blood types are O and AB? Remember the GENOTYPE is the GENETIC makeup so the GENOTYPES are the possible outcomes that are represented by the PAIRS of ALLELES in the Punnett square. GENOTYPES: AO, BO
- 15. Mendel called plants that received different alleles for a trait from each parent ____.
- 16. Mendel called plants that received different alleles for a trait from each parent a HYBRID. This car is a HYBRID of a gasoline and an electric car.
- 17. Blood type in humans is controlled by ____ alleles.
- 18. Blood type in humans is controlled by THREE alleles. (A, B, O )These combination of alleles gives us 4 different phenotypes of blood. (A,B,AB,O)They also give us 6 different Genotypes (AA,AO,BB,BO,AB,OO)
- 19. In a Punnett square, a capital letter stands for a ____ allele.
- 20. In a Punnett square, a capital letter stands for a DOMINANT allele
- 21. Pedigree?
- 22. PEDIGREE: tool for tracing a trait through a family
- 23. Heterozygous?
- 24. Heterozygous:organisms with two different alleles for a trait
- 26. incomplete dominance:when an intermediate form is expressed in offspring
- 28. polygenic inheritance:when more than two alleles control a trait Traits that are affected by more than one gene are called polygenic traits. The genes that affect a polygenic trait may be closely linked on a chromosome, unlinked on a chromosome, or on different chromosomes. Polygenic traits are often difficult for geneticists to track because the polygenic trait may have many alleles. Also, independent assortment ensures the genes combine differently in gametes. Therefore, many different intermediate phenotypes exist in offspring. Eye color (Figurebelow), and skin color are examples of polygenic traits in humans. Eye color and skin color are examples of polygenic traits; they are influenced by more than one gene.
- 29. Homozygous?
- 30. Homozygous:when there are two alleles that are exactly the same
- 31. KNOW how to do Punnett squares!KNOW your vocab!(especially homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype) if you don’t KNOW these words you will NOT do well on the test. Do your BEST! There are not many grade opportunities left! Make your Mama PROUD!