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Nanotechnology
- 1. 1 Molecular Nanotechnology Molecular engineering DR MEENAL ATHARKAR ENDODONTIST
- 2. 2
- 3. TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS LED TO 3 ADVANCEMENTS IN MEDICAL AND DENTAL FIELDS.
- 4. MICROSCOPE LED TO DISCOVERY OF CELL AND MICRO-ORGANISMS 4
- 5. BETTER DRUGS, VACCINES, NEWER ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INTRODUCED GENETIC MATERIAL 5 MATERIALS AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
- 6. EMERGENCE OF A NEW TECHNOLOGY NANOTECHNOLOGY 6
- 7. 7 Richard P. Feynman (1959) Machine tools to make smaller tools - Molecular level Nanomachines, Nanorobots & Nanodevices
- 8. 8
- 9. 9 Nano – νανος Dwarf Essence of small! DEFINITION: Nanotechnology is the engineering DEFINITION: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. UPTO 100 nm Nanometer(10-9 meter or 1 billionth of a meter)
- 10. 10
- 11. Just to give you an idea 11 The smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length
- 12. 12 Comparative Size Of A Nanometer To A Meter Is The Same As That Of A Marble To The Size Of The Earth
- 13. 13 A nanometer is one billionth of a meter; the head of a pin is about 1 millimeter (mm) across, equal to 1 million nanometers (nm).across, equal to 1 million nanometers (nm).
- 14. 14 AND A LINE OF TEN HYDROGEN ATOMS IS ONE NM
- 15. 15 DNA double-helix has aDNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm
- 16. 16 The width of an average hair is 100,000 nanometers.
- 17. HISTORY 1959 The late Nobel prize winning physicist Richard P.Feynman speculated the potential of nanosize devices in his talk “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” on December 29th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society. 17 annual meeting of the American Physical Society. 1974 Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining 1977 Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concept 1981 First technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision Scanning Tunneling Microscope invented
- 18. 1986 AFM invented 1987 First protein engineered 1990 First nanotechnology journal 1991 Carbon nanotube discovered 1997 First design of nanorobotic system 1999 First safety guidelines 2005 Nanoethics meeting 2006 National Academies nanotechnology report calls for experimentation toward molecular manufacturing. 18
- 19. 19 Prof. Kerie Drexler- Nanotechnology is concerned with materials & systems whose structures & components exhibit physical, chemical & biological properties due to their New behavior at the nanoscale is not necessarily predictable from what we know at the macroscale Dominance of interfacial phenomena Van Der Waals forces, Coulombic forces
- 20. 20 Manipulating atom by atom - Building blocks
- 22. Mihail (Mike) Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described four generations of nanotechnology development The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of passive 22 GENERATIONS The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one task. NEWER ENZYMES SYNTHETIC HORMONES
- 23. 23 The second phase, which we are just entering, introduces active nanostructures for multitasking; for example, actuators, drug delivery devices, and sensors.delivery devices, and sensors. PROTEIN MACHINES WILL BE USED TO MANUFACTURE UNIVERSAL ASSEMBLERS MADE OF TOUGHER MATERIALS LIKE METAL, CERAMIC, OR DIAMOND
- 24. 24 The third generation is expected to begin emerging around 2010 and will feature nanosystems with thousands of interacting components.components.
- 25. 25 A few years after that, the first integrated nanosystems, functioning (according to Roco) much like a mammalian cell with hierarchical systems within systems, are expected to be developed
- 26. 26
- 28. 28 Medicine & Health Science & Education Materials & Manufacturing Nanoelectronics & Computer technology Aeronautics & Space exploration Environment & Energy Biotechnology & Agriculture
- 29. Problems 29 Untraceable weapons of mass destruction, networked cameras for use by the government, and weapons developments fast enough to destabilize arms races Nanotoxicity : Some of the recently developed nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash with possible negative consequences. Silver nanoparticles, which are bacteriostatic, may then destroy beneficial bacteria which are important for breaking down organic matter in waste treatment plants or farms
- 30. 30
- 31. 31 – AFM Scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) and scanning probe microscopes (SPM) - Fluoresce or produce other- Fluoresce or produce other signals - Earlier disease detection Improvement of
- 32. 32 Targeted drug deliveryTargeted drug delivery Solubility or stability issues Route of administration Adverse effects Antigen/antibody interactionsAntigen/antibody interactions Binding to membrane-bound receptors Cancer Diabetes Malaria Hepatitis B Glaucoma HIV & STD
- 33. 33 Nanorobots /Nanorobots / NanobotsNanobots COMPLEX MOLECULAR SYSTEMS- Seek out a target Achieve safe cytopenetration ‘Fix’ the target In pharmaceutical research & clinical diagnosis Repairing brain damageRepairing brain damage Improving respiratory capacity Enabling near instantaneous hemostasis Mechanically reversing atherosclerosis Supplementing the immune system Resolving gross cellular insults Rewriting or replacing DNA sequences in cells Gerontological applications
- 36. DELIVER PRECISE DOSES OF DRUGS TO SPECIFIC CELLS 36
- 37. Fate of Nanorobots by metabolism & excretion- Biodegradable or Homing devices without need for removal 37 without need for removal in the absence of feedback mechanisms - Physically clog the system - Negative outcomes
- 39. 39
- 40. 40 Colloidal suspension containing millions of active analgesic dental nanorobot particles applied on the patient’s gingiva Nanorobots will pass through the tooth/mucosa, proceed toward the pulp all under toward the pulp all under the control of the onboard nanocomputer, as directed by the dentist. Nanorobots can complete the journey into the pulp chamber in approximately 100 seconds.
- 41. Analgesic Action – When the dentist presses the icon for the desired tooth on the hand-held controller display, the 41 tooth on the hand-held controller display, the selected tooth immediately numbs (or later, on command, awakens). Nanorobots egress from the tooth via similar pathways used for ingress; following this, they are aspirated.
- 42. 42 No needles - Greater patient comfort & reduced anxiety Greater selectivity & controllability of analgesia anxiety Fast & completely reversible action Avoidance of most side effects & complications
- 43. 43 Current methods provide temporary relief Selectively & precisely occlude specific tubulestubules Native biological materials Within minutes Quick & permanent cure
- 44. 44 Manipulate the periodontal tissues - periodontal tissues, includingperiodontal tissues, including gingivagingiva,, periodontal ligament,periodontal ligament, cementumcementum andand alveolar bonealveolar bonealveolar bonealveolar bone Rapid & painless tooth straightening, rotating & vertical repositioning Within minutes to hours
- 45. 45 Patrol all surfaces Delivered by mouthwash / toothpaste
- 46. An interesting fact 46 Heliomolar, microfilled composite resin, a close Materials Heliomolar, microfilled composite resin, a close examination of this composite suggests that a form of nanotechnology was in use years ago, yet never recognized.
- 47. 47 Superior esthetics Excellent mechanical properties
- 48. “Bottom-Up” approach Building blocks on molecular scale - Assembled into larger structures 48
- 49. 49 Non-agglomerated silica - 20 & 75 nm Zirconia-silica particles Primary -2 to 20 nm Agglomerated -0.6 μm The nanofiller include an aluminosilicate powder having a mean particle size of about 80nm and a 1:4ratio of alumina to silica.
- 50. Nanofillers Based on particle size Megafill 0.5 - 2 millimeters Macrofill 10 - 100 microns (canteloupe) Midifiller 2 m (beachball) Minifiller Midifill 1 - 10 microns Minifill 0.1 - 1 microns Microfill 0.01 - 0.1 microns Nanofill 0.005-0.01 microns (canteloupe) Nanofiller- .02 m (pea) Microfille r.04 m (marble)
- 51. Nanofill vs. Nanohybrid Nanofilled nanometer-sized particles throughout matrix Microfillers Vs Nanofillers Microfiller Colloidal particles as aggregates (0.4 m) Nanohybrid nanometer-sized particles combined with more conventional filler technology Microfillers Individual colloidal particles (0.04 m) Nanofiller(s) Small particles of size ranging from 1- 100 nm
- 53. 53 Resin system used in nano composites Bis-Gma, Ethoxylated Bis Phenol A Dimethacrylate, TEGDMA, Photoinitiators And Stabilizers Photoinitiators And Stabilizers Coupling agent 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or MPTS. This makes the filler compatible with resin and also allows chemical bonding of nanomeric particle with resin matrix while curing
- 54. 54 Strength & Fracture Wear rate Translucency & Change in color post- Polish Shrinkage Handling Strength & Fracture resistance Wear rate & Opalescent effect Change in color post- curing Polish retention Shrinkage Handling
- 55. JADA,Vol. 134, October 2003 55
- 57. Results 57
- 58. 58
- 59. Conclusion Of the Study 59 The dental nanocomposite system studied showed High Translucency, High Polish And Polish Retention Similar To Those Of Microfills Maintaining Physical Properties And Wear Resistance Equivalent To Those Of Several Hybrid Composites.
- 60. Clinical Implication 60 The strength and esthetic properties of the resin- based nanocomposite tested should allow the clinician to use it for both anterior and posterior restorations.
- 61. ADVANTAGES 61 When a particle shrinks to a fraction of the wavelength of visible light (0.4-0.8 μm), then it would not scatter that particular light, resulting in the human eye’s inability to detect the particles When abraded, filler is lost and voids are very smallWhen abraded, filler is lost and voids are very small Small size allows more filler content ( DENSELY PACKED) 69% by volume and 83.5% byweight Properties are similar to liquid – do not thicken the resin Increase hardness and wear resistance 50% reduction in polymerisation shrinkage and less staining (PPAD Vol. 16, No. 3 220-222)
- 62. 62 Filtek supreme Filtek supreme flow The filler’s size, relative amount (72-78% by weight) Filtek Z 350 Filtek supreme Filtek supreme flow
- 63. 63 Synergy compact nanoformulaSynergy duo shade nanoformula Synergy D6 Barium glass Amorphous silica Smallest filler particle size – 20 nm Average filler particle size – 0.6 m Filler content – 80% by wt and 65% by vol Synergy super white and transparent nanoformula Synergy flow nanoformula
- 64. Nanohybrid composites Simile universal nanohybrid Artiste nanohybrid flowable Virtuoso Universal Grandio flow Particle size - 10 to 50 nm Aelite Aesthetic Enamel Ice
- 66. Ceram.x 66 Mean glass filler size : 1.1 – 1.5 m Mean nanofiller size : 10 nm Mean nanoparticle size : 2.3 nm
- 67. 67 Tetric evoceram • Ceramic fillers provide fast and easy polishability, high gloss and low wear • Ytterbium trifluoride - exceptionally high level of radiopacity • Prepolymer (made of ceramic fillers, monomers and ytterbium fluoride) is responsible for reduction in shrinkage and shrinkage stress
- 68. Additive - Steady release of Ca & PO4 Structurally weaken the restoration 68 SpraySpray--drying Techniquedrying Technique - Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous (DCPADCPA) – 50 nm Higher Surface:Volume ratio - More efficient - Less material required
- 69. Adhesives 69 1st dental adhesive using nanotechnology- Prime & Bond NT. Nanofillers used are of size 7-12 nm
- 70. 70 5th generation light cure self priming adhesive Prime & Bond NT Adper Single Bond plus/2 6th generation Type 1 – Two step self etching adhesive Type 2 – One step self etching adhesive
- 71. 71 7th generation One step self etching adhesive G - BondG - Bond Nano Interaction Zone “Nano Interaction Zone” (NIZ - < 300 nm) •minimal decalcification and almost no exposure to collagen fibers •producing an insoluble calcium compound •better bond less likely to deteriorate from enzymes contained in the mouth.
- 72. 72 -10% of 5 nm silica particles Nanoparticles dispersed homogeneously Nanosize keeps in colloidal suspension
- 73. AdvantagesAdvantages 73 Higher dentin bond strength - better performance No shaking of bottle required - stable nanoparticles Increase cohesive strength of the adhesive Uniform film thickness Uniform film thickness Low polymerisation shrinkage and post operative sensistivity Increase the adhesion to both enamel and dentin Improve the marginal integrity
- 74. 74 World’s first Nano Ionomer by 3 M -modified glass ionomer material based on bonded nanofiller technologynanofiller technology
- 75. 75 High initial gloss, Smooth final surface Quick delivery & right mix every time Excellent polish saving time in difficult to polish situations such as Class V’s,
- 76. 76 Better flow More hydrophilicMore hydrophilic Fewer voids & better pouring Enhanced detail precision
- 77. 77 Durability & Appearance Replacing upper enamel layers Nanostructured composite with carbon nanotubes - More fracture resistant 20 to 100 times - Hardness & Failure strength of enamel Good biocompatibility
- 78. 78
- 79. 79 1. Alter genetics behind tooth loss, gum disease & bone loss 2. Dentition Renaturalization 3. Dentition Replacement
- 80. 80 Foresight Institute – 250,000 Dollars First researcher to develop a Nanorobot & a Nanocomputer Claimed between from now Commercial applications will follow years later
- 81. 81 Technical (Engineering obstacles) FinancialFinancial Biological Social & Ethical(Human Safety)
- 82. Environmental Issues 82 Recycled or disposed of as waste ? Ultimately accumulate in the soil, water or plant life Worst case scenario : Grey goo Worst case scenario : Grey goo
- 83. Governing bodies 83 Office of Combination Products FDA Center However, consultations from other Centers will be sought.will be sought.
- 84. Big future for a small invention 84 U.S. -$118M Japan -$120M Japan -$120M Europe -$122M Others -$65M
- 85. 85 8 th December 2011 Bangalore
- 86. References 86 + Nanodentistry – Fact or fiction -JADA, Vol. 131, November 2000 + www.Wikipedia.com + Nanodentistry Robert A. Freitas JR., J.D., B.S.- JADA, Vol. 131, November 2000 1559 + http://research.med.helsinki.fi/corefacilities/proteinchem/ + Nanorobotics In Dentistry(http://www.dharwadhubli.com) + Nanomedicine: destination or journey?(Nanotechnology 13 (2002) R9–R13) + Direct Applications Of A Nanocomposite Resin System: Part 2 — Procedures For Anterior Restorations Douglas A. Terry, DDS*Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2004;16(9):A- H + www.crn.com + Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and nanosurgery IJS(2005) + JADA, Vol. 134, October 2003 + Dental Materials 2 4 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 111–116
- 87. 87 +Jhaveri HM, Balaji PR , Nanotechnology: the future of dentistry. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2005; 5: 15-17. •Binu NS, Varhease NO. Nanodreams in dentistry-A step ahead the future. JIDA 2002; 173: 299-303. www.nanoshop.com. www.Dentsply.com.www.Dentsply.com. •www.apinanotronics.com/investors/glossory.asp • www.nano.ir/paper_en.php • http:// advancednano.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html •www.nanotech-now.com/spacetechology. • http://www.biomed.metu.edu.tr/courses/term_papers/prost-med-apllpolm_sagay.htm.