HERE I HAVE DESCRIBED ABOUT FAMOUS RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST . Lev Vygotsky, Ivan Pavlov ,Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev, Bluma Wulfovna Zeigarnik , Sergei Rubinstein , Boris mikhailovich teplov , Igor Semyonovich Kon , Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began.
The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
A look at the Anti corruption movement in India, led by Anna Hazare, the related events and results and its implications on CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) and Policy Makers.
From Chekhov to Pavlov, From Vygotsky to Luria: A Brilliant Foundation, A Pr...Université de Montréal
Invited Keynote Address:
"From Chekhov to Pavlov, From Vygotsky to Luria:
A Brilliant Foundation, A Promising Future – Russian Adventures in the Humanities, Medical Psychology and Psychiatry"
All-Russia Inter-university Scientific Conference
"Mental Health: Modern Trends & Prospects"
Moscow, Russian Federation
16 December 2021
Learning Objectives
1. To review the contributions of four pioneering Russian theorists and practitioners in the humanities, behavioural psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry
2. To examine their legacies in the light of current issues in psychiatry and the medical humanities
3. To highlight the promises and challenges of a career in the branch of medicine called psychiatry at the crossroads of social sciences, the humanities, and neuroscience
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began.
The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
A look at the Anti corruption movement in India, led by Anna Hazare, the related events and results and its implications on CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) and Policy Makers.
From Chekhov to Pavlov, From Vygotsky to Luria: A Brilliant Foundation, A Pr...Université de Montréal
Invited Keynote Address:
"From Chekhov to Pavlov, From Vygotsky to Luria:
A Brilliant Foundation, A Promising Future – Russian Adventures in the Humanities, Medical Psychology and Psychiatry"
All-Russia Inter-university Scientific Conference
"Mental Health: Modern Trends & Prospects"
Moscow, Russian Federation
16 December 2021
Learning Objectives
1. To review the contributions of four pioneering Russian theorists and practitioners in the humanities, behavioural psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry
2. To examine their legacies in the light of current issues in psychiatry and the medical humanities
3. To highlight the promises and challenges of a career in the branch of medicine called psychiatry at the crossroads of social sciences, the humanities, and neuroscience
LIFE AS VALUE.
There is the invariant of higher values which is meaningful to all people. These are the values connected with the existence of a human as a living species. The main one among these values is life. Human realizes the value of life only through the notion of death. The death is quite opposite to the life according to the scale “good-evil”, because people die much earlier than they exhaust their biological resources. Naturally, people regard death as evil. But then comes the conclusion that the moral ideal in this case is immortality.
Actually the immortality can’t be considered the moral ideal because it negates the value of life of species. The biological species exists only because separate individuals die. But for modern human to die is dreadful. When close relatives or friends die it is even more dreadful.
Religion tries to find the moral way out of this situation. In religious ethics there is a postulate about the life on the Earth as the preparatory period for the eternal life, for the life of one’s soul. One can easily see the psychological ground of this theory – to reconcile a human to the necessity for the idea of the inevitable death, to console him. And the very notion of death changes in this context, it appears to apply only to the body but not to the spiritual essence of human. At the same time in religious morality there is a whole system of principles which specifically single out value of “the life of the body”, if it is possible to say so. According to these principles the murder as well as the suicide is the sin.
But whichever aspect we consider in connection of the problem of value of life, of life and death, we always find ourselves in the field of the principles of bioethics. That’s because bioethics is a science about moral behavior concerning only one value – that’s life.
WHAT IS BIOETHICS?
Potter's definition .
The problems, which are significant to all mankind.
The problems connected with the appearance of new medical knowledge and technologies.
The central value of bioethics is life in general.
SELF EDUCATION . GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EDUCATION ,FAMOUS SCIENTISTS - Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Campbell , Abraham Lincoln , Ernest Hemingway, Rabindranath Tagore.
IN THIS PRESENTATION I HAVE DESCRIBED ABOUT DOCTORS AND PATIENTS RELATIONSHIP . History of doctor-patient relationship. Models of doctor-patient relationship. Psychological types of doctors. Basic characters and skills of physician. Communication of doctors. Problems of contemporary healthcare system
IN THIS PRESENTATION I HVAE EXPLAINED ABOUT DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY , BASIC STAGES OF LIFE,PIAGET'S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND ABOUT ADOLESCENCE.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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2. FAMOUS RUSSIAN
PSYCHOLOGIST :
LEV VYGOTSKY
IVAN PAVLOV
ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH LEONTIEV
BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
BORIS MIKHAILOVICH TEPLOV
IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON
VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
3. LEV VYGOTSKY
NOVEMBER 17 1896 – JUNE 11, 1934
WAS A SOVIET PSYCHOLOGIST, THE
FOUNDER OF AN UNFINISHED
MARXIST THEORY OF HUMAN
CULTURAL AND BIO-SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT, THE "CULTURAL-
HISTORICAL PSYCHOLOGY"
(ALTHOUGH THE PHRASE NEVER
ACTUALLY OCCURRED IN
VYGOTSKY'S WRITINGS; SOMETIMES
ALSO REFERRED TO AS
"SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY") AND A
"SCIENCE OF SUPERMAN", A NEW
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER
4. LEV VYGOTSKY
• VYGOTSKY WAS A PIONEERING PSYCHOLOGIST AND HIS MAJOR WORKS SPAN
SIX SEPARATE VOLUMES, WRITTEN OVER ROUGHLY TEN YEARS, FROM
PSYCHOLOGY OF ART (1925) TO THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE [OR THINKING AND
SPEECH] (1934). VYGOTSKY'S INTERESTS IN THE FIELDS OF DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, AND EDUCATION WERE EXTREMELY
DIVERSE. HIS PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK INCLUDES INTERPRETATIONS OF
THE COGNITIVE ROLE OF MEDIATION TOOLS, AS WELL AS THE RE-
INTERPRETATION OF WELL-KNOWN CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY SUCH AS
INTERNALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE. VYGOTSKY INTRODUCED THE NOTION OF
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT, A METAPHOR CAPABLE OF DESCRIBING
THE POTENTIAL OF HUMAN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.
5. LEV VYGOTSKY
• HIS WORK COVERED TOPICS SUCH AS THE ORIGIN AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF
ART, DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS, PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE AND THE METHODOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, THE
RELATION BETWEEN LEARNING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, CONCEPT
FORMATION, INTERRELATION BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
DEVELOPMENT, PLAY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON, LEARNING
DISABILITIES, AND ABNORMAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (AKA DEFECTOLOGY).
6. LEV VYGOTSKY
• HIS SCIENTIFIC THINKING UNDERWENT SEVERAL MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS
THROUGHOUT HIS CAREER, BUT GENERALLY VYGOTSKY'S LEGACY MAY BE
DIVIDED INTO TWO FAIRLY DISTINCT PERIODS,[CITATION NEEDED] AND THE
TRANSITIONAL PHASE BETWEEN THE TWO DURING WHICH VYGOTSKY
EXPERIENCED THE CRISIS IN HIS THEORY AND PERSONAL LIFE. THESE ARE
THE MECHANISTIC "INSTRUMENTAL" PERIOD OF THE 1920S, INTEGRATIVE
"HOLISTIC" PERIOD OF THE 1930S, AND THE TRANSITIONAL YEARS OF,
ROUGHLY, 1929-1931. EACH OF THESE PERIODS IS CHARACTERIZED BY ITS
DISTINCT THEMES AND THEORETICAL INNOVATIONS.
7. IVAN PAVLOV
26 SEPTEMBER 1849 –
27 FEBRUARY 1936 WAS
A RUSSIAN
PHYSIOLOGIST KNOWN
PRIMARILY FOR HIS
WORK IN CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING.
8. IVAN PAVLOV
• THE BASICS OF PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SERVE AS A HISTORICAL
BACKDROP FOR CURRENT LEARNING THEORIES. HOWEVER, THE RUSSIAN
PHYSIOLOGIST'S INITIAL INTEREST IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OCCURRED
ALMOST BY ACCIDENT DURING ONE OF HIS EXPERIMENTS ON DIGESTION IN
DOGS. CONSIDERING THAT PAVLOV WORKED CLOSELY WITH ANIMALS
THROUGHOUT MANY OF HIS EXPERIMENTS, HIS EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS WERE
PRIMARILY ABOUT ANIMAL LEARNING. HOWEVER, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING HAVE BEEN EXAMINED ACROSS MANY DIFFERENT
ORGANISMS, INCLUDING HUMANS.THE BASIC UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF
PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING HAVE EXTENDED TO A VARIETY OF
SETTINGS, SUCH AS CLASSROOMS AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS.
9. IVAN PAVLOV
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING FOCUSES ON USING PRECEDING CONDITIONS TO ALTER
BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS. THE PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING HAVE INFLUENCED PREVENTATIVE ANTECEDENT CONTROL
STRATEGIES USED IN THE CLASSROOM. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SET THE
GROUNDWORK FOR THE PRESENT DAY BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PRACTICES,
SUCH AS ANTECEDENT CONTROL. ANTECEDENT EVENTS AND CONDITIONS ARE
DEFINED AS THOSE CONDITIONS OCCURRING BEFORE THE BEHAVIOR. PAVLOV'S
EARLY EXPERIMENTS USED MANIPULATION OF EVENTS OR STIMULI PRECEDING
BEHAVIOR (I.E., A TONE) TO PRODUCE SALIVATION IN DOGS MUCH LIKE TEACHERS
MANIPULATE INSTRUCTION AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS TO PRODUCE
POSITIVE BEHAVIORS OR DECREASE MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS.
10. IVAN PAVLOV
• ALTHOUGH HE DID NOT REFER TO THE TONE AS AN ANTECEDENT, PAVLOV
WAS ONE OF THE FIRST SCIENTISTS TO DEMONSTRATE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES. PAVLOV
SYSTEMATICALLY PRESENTED AND WITHDREW STIMULI TO DETERMINE THE
ANTECEDENTS THAT WERE ELICITING RESPONSES, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THE
WAYS IN WHICH EDUCATIONAL PROFESSIONALS CONDUCT FUNCTIONAL
BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENTS. ANTECEDENT STRATEGIES ARE SUPPORTED BY
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO OPERATE IMPLICITLY WITHIN CLASSROOM
ENVIRONMENTS. ANTECEDENT-BASED INTERVENTIONS ARE SUPPORTED BY
RESEARCH TO BE PREVENTATIVE, AND TO PRODUCE IMMEDIATE REDUCTIONS
IN PROBLEM BEHAVIORS.
12. ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH LEONTIEV
• LEONT'EV'S EARLY SCIENTIFIC WORK WAS DONE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF
VYGOTSKY'S CULTURAL-HISTORICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM AND FOCUSED ON THE
EXPLORATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF CULTURAL MEDIATION. REPRESENTATIVE
OF THIS PERIOD IS LEONTIEV'S STUDY ON MEDIATED MEMORY IN CHILDREN AND
ADULTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER FORMS OF MEMORY, 1931.
• LEONT'EV'S OWN RESEARCH SCHOOL IS BASED ON THE THOROUGH
PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENON OF ACTIVITY. SYSTEMATIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ACTIVITY THEORY WAS
STARTED IN THE 1930-S BY KHARKOV GROUP OF PSYCHOLOGISTS HEADED BY
LEONT'EV AND INCLUDED SUCH RESEARCHERS AS ZAPOROZHETS, GAL'PERIN,
ZINCHENKO, BOZHOVICH, ASNIN, LUKOV, ETC. IN ITS FULLEST FORM, ACTIVITY
THEORY WAS SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED AND INSTITUTIONALIZED AS THE
LEADING PSYCHOLOGICAL DOCTRINE IN THE SOVIET UNION IN THE POST-WAR
PERIOD AFTER LEONT'EV HAD MOVED TO MOSCOW AND TOOK A POSITION AT THE
MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY.
13. ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH LEONTIEV
• FOR LEONT'EV, ‘ACTIVITY’ CONSISTED OF THOSE PROCESSES "THAT REALISE A
PERSON’S ACTUAL LIFE IN THE OBJECTIVE WORLD BY WHICH HE IS
SURROUNDED, HIS SOCIAL BEING IN ALL THE RICHNESS AND VARIETY OF ITS
FORMS" (LEONT’EV 1977). THE CORE OF THE LEONT'EV'S WORK IS THE
PROPOSAL THAT WE CAN EXAMINE HUMAN PROCESSES FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ANALYSIS. THE HIGHEST,
MOST GENERAL LEVEL IS THAT OF ACTIVITY AND MOTIVES THAT DRIVE IT. AT
THE INTERMEDIATE LEVEL ARE ACTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED GOALS, AND
THE LOWEST LEVEL IS THE ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONS THAT SERVE AS MEANS
FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE HIGHER-ORDER GOALS.
14. BLUMA
WULFOVNA
ZEIGARNIK
9 NOVEMBER (27 OCTOBER) 1901
– 24 FEBRUARY 1988) WAS A
SOVIET PSYCHOLOGIST AND
PSYCHIATRIST, A MEMBER OF
THE BERLIN SCHOOL OF
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
AND VYGOTSKY CIRCLE. SHE
DISCOVERED THE ZEIGARNIK
EFFECT AND CONTRIBUTED TO
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
EXPERIMENTAL
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AS A
15. BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
• IN THE 1920S SHE CONDUCTED A STUDY ON MEMORY, IN WHICH SHE
COMPARED MEMORY IN RELATION TO INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE TASKS.
SHE HAD FOUND THAT INCOMPLETE TASKS ARE EASIER TO REMEMBER THAN
SUCCESSFUL ONES. THIS IS NOW KNOWN AS THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT. SHE
LATER BEGAN WORKING AT THE INSTITUTE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY
WHICH IS WHERE SHE WOULD MEET HER NEXT BIG INFLUENCE VYGOWSKI,
AND BECOME A PART OF HIS CIRCLE OF SCIENTISTS. IT WAS ALSO THERE THAT
ZEIGARNIK FOUNDED THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY. DURING THAT TIME,
ZEIGARNIK RECEIVED THE LEWIN MEMORIAL AWARD IN 1983 FOR HER
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
16. BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
• IN THE 1920S, ZEIGARNIK CONTINUED HER STUDY UNDER VYGOTSKY'S
SUPERVISION AND WAS ABLE TO CONDUCT A STUDY ON MEMORY IN WHICH
SHE COMPARED MEMORY IN RELATION TO INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE
TASKS AND FOUND THAT IT IS EASIER FOR PEOPLE TO REMEMBER
INCOMPLETE TASKS THAN THOSE THAT ARE COMPLETE. THE FINDINGS
BECAME KNOWN AS "THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT". SHORTLY AFTER HER FINDING
OF THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT, SHE BEGAN WORK AT THE INSTITUTE OF HIGHER
NERVOUS ACTIVITY, WHERE SHE WAS ALSO INFLUENCED BY THE
PSYCHOLOGIST VYGOTSKY, BECOMING A PART OF HIS SCIENCE RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES.
17. BLUMA WULFOVNA ZEIGARNIK
• ZEIGARNIK WORK PROVIDED GREAT SERVICE TO HER COUNTRY AND AS A
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, SHE ESTABLISHED THE USE OF HER WORK IN MEDICAL CARE,
SPECIFICALLY IN CLINICAL WORK. ZEIGARNIK'S COPIOUS EXPERIENCE HELPED HER
PRESENT THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGY.[3] HER WORK
HAD A CLINICAL FOCUS WHICH HELPED PSYCHIATRIC HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
FOCUS THEIR ATTENTION ON MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES. IN ADDITION, SHE
CONTINUED TO TEACH AND CONCENTRATED ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL
HEALTH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. LATER, ZEIGARNIK CONCLUDED THAT THE
IMPORTANCE OF TAKING PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT'S
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE AND GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR DEFECT
STRUCTURE WAS KEY.[3] ZEIGARNIK STATED THAT, "ANY PROBLEM SUGGESTED BY
PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE, WHETHER IT CONCERNS THE EXAMINATION OF DISABILITY,
OR THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF REMISSION, OR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
TREATMENT - THE DATA OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY COMES USEFUL ONLY AT ONCE,
WHEN AND WHERE THEY SUGGEST A QUALIFICATION OF THE WHOLE PERSONALITY
RATHER THAN A CERTAIN MENTAL PROCESS".
18. THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT
IN PSYCHOLOGY, THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT STATES THAT PEOPLE REMEMBER
UNCOMPLETED OR INTERRUPTED TASKS BETTER THAN COMPLETED TASKS
(THIS EFFECT SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH THE OVSIANKINA EFFECT. IN
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY, THE ZEIGARNIK EFFECT HAS BEEN USED TO
DEMONSTRATE THE GENERAL PRESENCE OF GESTALT PHENOMENA: NOT JUST
APPEARING AS PERCEPTUAL EFFECTS, BUT ALSO PRESENT IN COGNITION.
19. SERGEI
RUBINSTEIN
JUNE 18 1889 ,ODESA ,
UKRAIN – JANUARY 11
1960 , MOSCOW .
KNOWN FOR USSR
STATE PRIZE (STALIN
PRIZE) .HIS FAMOUS
BOOK IS BEING AND
CONSCIOUSNESS .
20. SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
• SERGEI RUBINSTEIN, A WORLD-FAMOUS PSYCHOLOGIST AND PHILOSOPHER,
DISCOVERED FUNDAMENTALLY NEW AND HIGHLY PROMISING TRENDS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. IT WAS HE
WHO ORIGINATED THE MOST PROFOUNDLY DEVELOPED PHILOSOPHICAL-
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY THEORY IN THE 20TH CENTURY. PROPOSED BY HIM
IN THE 1910S-20S, THIS SUBJECTIVE ACTIVITY CONCEPT IS TO THIS DAY BEING
FURTHER DEVELOPED BY SOME OF HIS DISCIPLES AND FOLLOWERS. HE
AUTHORED USSR'S FIRST ORIGINAL ONTOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY ON THE BASIS OF WHICH HE DEVELOPED IN A
FUNDAMENTALLY NEW WAY THE THEORIES OF PERSON, FREEDOM, SUBJECT
AND OBJECT, THE SUBJECTIVE, THE IDEAL AND THE OBJECTIVE, THE PSYCHIC
AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL.
21. SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
• ON THE BASIS OF HIS HOLISTIC CONCEPT, SERGEI RUBINSTEIN CREATED
INNOVATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF PERSONALITY, THINKING AS AN
ACTIVITY AND AS A PROCESS, EMOTIONS, MEMORY, SPEECH, ETC. ALL OF THIS HE
DID IN THE LIGHT OF THE GENERAL PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLE OF DETERMINISM;
EXTERNAL CAUSES ACT VIA INTERNAL CONDITIONS THAT CONSTITUTE THE
FOUNDATION OF DEVELOPMENT.
• HE WAS THE FIRST RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST TO RECEIVE THE STATE PRIZE (IN
1942) AND WAS ELECTED TO THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IN 1943 AS A
CORRESPONDING MEMBER); IN 1942 HE FOUNDED THE FACULTY (AND LATER THE
DEPARTMENT) OF PSYCHOLOGY AT MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY; IN 1945 HE
CREATED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY AT THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(PSYCHOLOGY SECTOR AT THE PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE). RUBINSTEIN ALSO
AUTHORED THE FIRST, AND SO FAR RUSSIA'S ONLY, MONOGRAPHIC PSYCHOLOGY
COURSE BOOK FOR UNIVERSITIES ("FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY",
1940, 1946, 1989, 1998).
22. SERGEI RUBINSTEIN
• IN 1948-53, HE WAS OFFICIALLY DENOUNCED AS THE FIRST AND FOREMOST
COSMOPOLITAN (ANTI-PATRIOT) IN PSYCHOLOGY AND STRIPPED OF ALL HIS
POSITIONS. IT WAS ONLY AFTER STALIN'S DEATH THAT HIS RIGHTS WERE
GRADUALLY RESTORED. IN 1956, RUBINSTEIN WAS REAPPOINTED CHAIRMAN
OF THE PSYCHOLOGY SECTOR AT THE PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE. YET HE WAS
NEVER PERMITTED TO CHAIR THE PSYCHOLOGY FACULTY AND DEPARTMENT
AT MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY AGAIN.SERGEI RUBINSTEIN LEFT A SCHOOL
OF DISCIPLES AND FOLLOWERS WHO CONTINUE TO DEVELOP HIS THEORIES.
23. IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON
IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON ( 21 MAY 1928 – 27 APRIL
2011) WAS A SOVIET AND RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHER,
PSYCHOLOGIST, AND SEXOLOGIST. HIS SCIENTIFIC
PUBLICATIONS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO
MANY LANGUAGES, SUCH AS ENGLISH, GERMAN,
AND FRENCH. IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON (21 MAY
1928 – 27 APRIL 2011) WAS A SOVIET AND RUSSIAN
PHILOSOPHER, PSYCHOLOGIST, AND SEXOLOGIST.
HIS SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS HAVE BEEN
TRANSLATED INTO MANY LANGUAGES, SUCH AS
ENGLISH, GERMAN, AND FRENCH
24. IGOR SEMYONOVICH KON
• KON WAS AWARDED AN HONORARY PROFESSORSHIP FROM CORNELL UNIVERSITY
IN 1989 AND RECEIVED A DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA DEGREE FROM THE
UNIVERSITY OF SURREY IN 1992.IN 2005, THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL
HEALTH AWARDED KON ITS GOLD MEDAL FOR OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SEXOLOGY.IGOR KON, ONE OF RUSSIA’S LEADING INTELLECTUALS AND ONE OF
THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF SOVIET SOCIOLOGY, HAS DIED AGED 82. HE WAS A
VERITABLE POLYMATH WHOSE INTERESTS RANGED FROM HISTORY TO SEXOLOGY,
A BRANCH OF SCIENCE HE SET UP IN RUSSIA, OFTEN IN THE TEETH OF
CONSIDERABLE HARASSMENT AND OPPOSITION. LYUBOV BORUSYAK WORKED
WITH HIM DURING THE LAST TWO AND HALF YEARS OF HIS LIFE AND PAYS THIS
PERSONAL TRIBUTE TO HIS ACHIEVEMENTS.
25. BORIS MIKHAILOVICH
TEPLOV
BORIS MIKHAILOVICH TEPLOV (21
OCTOBER 1896, IN TULA, RUSSIA – 28
SEPTEMBER 1965, IN MOSCOW) WAS
A RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGIST WHO
STUDIED PROBLEMS OF INBORN
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND
TALENTS (E.G. MUSICAL TALENTS,
WARLORD TALENTS ETC.)
26. BORIS MIKHAILOVICH TEPLOV
• AND A FOUNDER OF A SOVIET PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOL OF
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY. HIS WELL-KNOWN OPPONENT
WAS ALEKSEY LEONTYEV WHO BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE'S
TALENTS ARE NOT INBORN BUT RATHER DETERMINED BY
EDUCATION AND OTHER EXTERNAL INFLUENCE. BORIS TEPLOV
WAS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE PRINCIPAL RUSSIAN JOURNAL
ON PSYCHOLOGY VOPROSY PSIKHOLOGII.
27. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH
BEKHTEREV
(JANUARY 20, 1857 – DECEMBER 24, 1927) WAS A
RUSSIAN NEUROLOGIST AND THE FATHER OF OBJECTIVE
PSYCHOLOGY. HE IS BEST KNOWN FOR NOTING THE
ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN MEMORY, HIS STUDY OF
REFLEXES, AND BEKHTEREV’S DISEASE. MOREOVER, HE
IS KNOWN FOR HIS COMPETITION WITH IVAN PAVLOV
REGARDING THE STUDY OF CONDITIONED
REFLEXES.THROUGHOUT HIS CAREER, BEKHTEREV
CONDUCTED A LARGE AMOUNT OF RESEARCH WHICH
GREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE CURRENT
UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIN. THIS RESEARCH WAS
DESCRIBED IN WORKS SUCH AS THE CONDUCTION
PATHS IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, WRITTEN IN
1882, FOLLOWED BY A SECOND EDITION WRITTEN IN
1896
28. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
• IN 1884 HE PUBLISHED 58 SCIENTIFIC WORKS ABOUT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
BRAIN. HIS EXTENSIVE RESEARCH LED TO AN 18-MONTH TRAVEL SCHOLARSHIP
AWARDED TO STUDY AND CONDUCT RESEARCH IN BOTH GERMANY AND PARIS.ON
THIS TRIP HE WORKED WITH AND LEARNED FROM A VARIETY OF NOTABLE
CONTRIBUTORS THE FIELD OF SCIENCE SUCH AS WILHELM WUNDT (1832–1920),
PAUL EMIL FLECHSIG (1847–1929), THEODOR MEYNERT (1833–1892), CARL
FRIEDRICH OTTO WESTPHAL (1833–1890), EMIL DU BOIS-REYMOND (1818–1896),
AND JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT (1825–1893).BEKHTEREV'S SCHOLARSHIP LASTED
UNTIL SEPTEMBER 1885, AFTER WHICH, HE RETURNED TO RUSSIA AND WORKED AS
THE HEAD OF THE PSYCHIATRY DEPARTMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN UNTIL
1893.DURING HIS TIME AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN, BEKHTEREV MADE SOME OF
HIS GREATEST CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCE.
29. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
• HE ESTABLISHED THE FIRST LABORATORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY IN RUSSIA IN 1886 TO
STUDY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN. AS A RESULT OF HIS
RESEARCH, BEKHTEREV BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE ZONES WITHIN THE BRAIN AND EACH OF
THESE ZONES HAD A SPECIFIC FUNCTION. MOREOVER, BECAUSE NERVOUS DISORDERS AND
MENTAL DISORDERS USUALLY OCCUR IN CONJUNCTION WITH EACH OTHER, HE BELIEVED THAT
THERE WAS NO DEFINITE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THESE DISORDERS.[3] WHEN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN, BEKHTEREV ALSO IDENTIFIED ANKYLOSING
SPONDYLITIS OR BEKHTEREV’S DISEASE (MORE FREQUENTLY SPELLED IN ENGLISH AS
BECHTEREW’S DISEASE, FOLLOWING THE GERMAN TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM FOR RUSSIAN
NAMES), A DEGENERATIVE ARTHRITIS OF THE SPINE. AS A RESULT OF HIS GROUNDBREAKING
RESEARCH, IN 1891, BEKHTEREV WAS GRANTED PERMISSION BY THE KAZAN GOVERNMENT TO
OPEN AND BECOME THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NEUROLOGY SCIENCE SOCIETY.IN 1893, BEKHTEREV
LEFT THE UNIVERSITY OF KAZAN TO RETURN TO ST. PETERSBURG MILITARY MEDICAL ACADEMY
TO BECOME THE HEAD TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES WHERE HE
WORKED WITH ALEXANDRE DOGIEL. HERE HE CONTINUED HIS CONTRIBUTION TO NEUROLOGICAL
RESEARCH BY ORGANIZING THE FIRST RUSSIAN NEUROSURGICAL OPERATING ROOM TO
SPECIALIZE IN NEUROSURGERY. WHILE BEKHTEREV NEVER PERFORMED ANY SURGERIES
HIMSELF, HE WAS HIGHLY INVOLVED IN THE DIAGNOSTICS OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES,
30. VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV
• . HE PUBLISHED AROUND 600 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS ARE
"SUGGESTION AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE" (1899), "CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS BORDERS"
(1888), "PSYCHE AN LIFE" (1902),"OBJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY" (1907), "SUBJECT MATTER AND
TASKS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AS AN OBJECTIVE SCIENCE" (1911), "COLLECTIVE
REFLEXOLOGY" (1921) AND "GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN REFLEXOLOGY" (1926). AN
AUTOBIOGRAPHY WAS PUBLISHED AT 1928, AFTER HIS DEATH. HE FOUNDED ALSO OTHER
SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS: THE “ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY, NEUROLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY” (1896) AND THE “BULLETIN OF PSYCHOLOGY, CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND
HYPNOTISM” (1904).“SUGGESTION AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE” IS A BOOK OF THE MOMENT,
THE TURNING OF THE NINETEENTH TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. ON THE QUESTION OF
THE SO-CALLED PSYCHIC EPIDEMIC (FOLIE À DEUX, FOLIE À MILLIONS…), THE AUTHOR
REFERS CALMEIL, LANDEL, LASÉGUE, FALRET, LEGRAND DE SAULE, REGNARD, BAILLARGER,
MOREAU DE TOURS AND MOREL. GUSTAVE LE BON AND GABRIEL TARDE ARE ALSO
MENTIONED ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CROWDS.. HE STRESSES THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SUGGESTION AND HYPNOSIS BEKHTEREV WAS INTERESTED IN PHENOMENA OF
DIRECT MENTAL SUGGESTION AND MADE EXPERIMENTS TO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR OF DOGS
AT DISTANCE (JOSÉ MANUEL JARA, 2013).BEKHTEREV'S RESEARCH ON ASSOCIATED
RESPONSES WOULD BECOME HIGHLY CONNECTED WITH THE IMPORTANT AREA OF
PSYCHOLOGY CALLED BEHAVIORISM.