This document provides information about various methods of family planning, including natural and artificial methods. It discusses the purposes and benefits of family planning such as promoting healthier pregnancies and allowing parents to deliberately decide the number and spacing of children. Specific natural methods covered include the calendar method, basal body temperature method, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, lactation amenorrhea method, and coitus interruptus. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are also outlined.

2. FAMILY PLANNING | GROUP 2

3.  Family Planning (FP) is having the desired number of children and when you want to have them by using safe and
effective modern methods. Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart, which is best for the health of the
mother, her child, and the family.
 POPCOM defines Family Planning as a program that enables parents to deliberately and responsibly decide the
number and spacing of their children, by avoiding for the time being, or even for an indefinite period, a birth.
 It is not a prognosis imposed on the parents but an expression of responsible parenting based on informed choices
and decisions of couples to achieve their desired family size based on their social and economic capacity.
- SOURCE: NCDPC (https://doh.gov.ph/faqs/What-is-family-planning)
WHAT IS FAMILY
PLANNING?

4.  Spacing births promotes healthier pregnancies and lowers the risks of mother morbidity, fetal
preterm, and low birth rates, among other advantages of family planning. Preparation can assist
ensure that resources are available. Raising a child involves substantial quantities of resources: time,
social, financial, and environmental.
 There is also the possibility for a beneficial impact on the individual's social and economic growth.
Many believe that the goal of family planning is to ensure that every pair, male or female, who has a
child has the resources necessary to achieve this objective. With these resources, a couple, man or
woman can consider options including adoption, surrogacy, artificial insemination, or natural birth.
PURPOSES AND BENEFITS

5.  Family planning has been of practiced since the 16th century by the people of Djenné in West
Africa, when physicians advised women to space their births at three-year intervals.
 In ancient Egypt, family planning is documented on the Elbers papyrus of 1550 BC and the Kahun
papyrus of 1850 BC. These papyri describe various methods of family planning, such as the
placement of lint, honey, and acacia leaves pessaries in the vagina to impede the function of seminal
fluid
HISTORY

6.  The country's high rate of population growth became a concern to the Philippine government in 1970,
which then instituted a national family planning program to reduce the birth rate and attain a better
balance between the country's population, economic and environmental resources.
 The passage of the RPRH Law in 2012 is considered as a landmark legislation in the country’s law-
making history, and has laid down the legislative foundation in achieving reproductive health and
rights of all Filipinos towards better health outcomes and socioeconomic growth.
HISTORY

9.  The natural family planning methods DO NOT include any chemical or
foreign body introduction into the human body. Most people who are very
conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural
way of birth control. Some want to use natural methods because it is more
cost effective.
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING

10. Natural Family Planning
 Abstinence
 Calendar Method
 Basal Body Temperature
 Cervical Mucus Method
 Symptothermal Method
 Ovulation Detection
 Lactation Amenorrhea Method
 Coitus Interruptus
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING

11.  NFP can be quite effective in reducing the odds of pregnancy, to less than one per cent
per year. However, since many couples do not use the method perfectly, the typical-use
pregnancy rate is closer to 25 percent.
 These methods are almost cost-free except for a basal body thermometer and perhaps a
menstrual calendar.
 They do not involve the use of any medication so no side-effects occur.
 They help women become more aware of their cycles and related physiological changes.
 Couples can either plan for achieving or avoiding a pregnancy using their awareness of
the woman’s fertility pattern.
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING:
ADVANTAGES

12.  Women are able to better recognize abnormalities in their menstrual
cycles and reproductive systems as a result of greater awareness of their
bodies.
 It promotes communication and responsibility-sharing within couples.
 It is acceptable within all cultures and religious groups.
 There are no medical contraindications as such.
 It does not require the input of a healthcare provider but leaves fertility
within the couple’s control.
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING:
ADVANTAGES

13.  It is a couple-centered process so both partners need to agree to use these
methods.
 They do not protect the couple against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Where appropriate, couples must use condoms or other barrier methods as well.
 Couples require careful observation and training for accurate recording, for a few
months, before they can be used reliably to predict fertile days. This is more difficult
but still quite possible with irregular cycles.
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING:
DISADVANTAGES

14.  Time and effort must be invested to observe and accurately record fertility
indicators, which may not be possible for busy women.
 The coitus interruptus method has a high failure rate and puts great stress
upon the male partner to remember to remove the penis just before
ejaculation. Viable sperm may be present in the fluid that escapes before
ejaculation, and sperms may also swim up from just outside the vagina to
cause fertilization.
NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING:
DISADVANTAGES

16.  This natural method involves abstaining from sexual intercourse and is the
most effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate.
 It is also the most effective way to avoid STIs.
 However, most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only a
few of them use this method.
ABSTINENCE

17.  It's free.
 It's endorsed by many religious groups.
 It's 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.
 No medical or hormonal side effects.
 It encourages you to build your relationship and express intimacy in other
ways.
 It does protect you from sexually transmitted infections, including
HIV/AIDS, if there is no oral, anal or vaginal contact of any kind.
ABSTINENCE: ADVANTAGES

18.  Both you and your partner must be committed to not having intercourse.
 You might change your mind in the "heat of the moment," and not have
alternative birth control on hand.
 Pregnancy is still possible - even without penetration - if semen is on or
near the vagina.
 Other sexual activity such as oral sex can expose you to STIs.
ABSTINENCE: DISADVANTAGES

20.  Also called as the rhythm method, this natural method of family planning
involves refraining from coitus during the days that the woman is fertile.
 According to the menstrual cycle, 3 or 4 days before and 3 or 4 days after
ovulation, the woman is likely to conceive.
 The process in calculating for the woman’s safe days is achieved when
the woman records her menstrual cycle for six months.
CALENDAR METHOD

21.  She subtracts 18 from the shortest cycle and the difference is the first
fertile day.
 She also subtracts 11 from the longest cycle, and this becomes the last
fertile day.
 Starting from the first fertile day until the last day, the woman should avoid
coitus to avoid conception.
 It has an ideal fail rate of 5%, but when used it has a typical fail rate of
25%.
CALENDAR METHOD

22. Cause no side effects
Do not involve taking medications
Require no doctor appointments or prescriptions
Can be inexpensive and accessible
CALENDAR METHOD: ADVANTAGES

23. Increase awareness of one’s menstrual cycle
Become A useful tool for getting pregnant, if A person
does decide to become A parent
Help identify A lack of ovulation, which can be A sign of
underdiagnosed conditions, such as polycystic ovary
syndrome
CALENDAR METHOD: ADVANTAGES

24.  It is not always reliable, especially for people who have variable menstrual
cycles or ovulation days.
 It requires you to be diligent in tracking and recording your cycle, and
even then, it can be hard to be 100% sure what days you're fertile
 Knowing which days you are most fertile might be challenging, particularly
if you don't have regular cycles.
CALENDAR METHOD: DISADVANTAGES

25.  Every time a woman wants to have sex, she has to consider these
difficulties, which many women regard to be a hardship.
 Additionally, the rhythm technique offers no protection against STDs. It
works best in couples where both parties are monogamous (only having
sex with one another).
 Furthermore, it may take several months of observation before you can
identify a consistent pattern of when you are fertile.
CALENDAR METHOD: DISADVANTAGES

27.  The basal body temperature is the woman’s temperature at rest.
 BBT falls at 0.5⁰F before the day of ovulation and during ovulation,
it rises to a full degree because of progesterone and maintains its
level throughout the menstrual cycle, and this is the basis for the
method.
 The woman must take her temperature early every morning before
any activity, and if she notices that there is a slight decrease and
then an increase in her temperature, this is a sign that she has
ovulated.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE

28. The woman must abstain from coitus for the next 3
days.
The BBT method has an ideal fail rate of 9% and has a
typical use fail rate of 25%.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE

29.  It is a natural method and does not cause side effects;
 Women become more knowledgeable about their body changes
which occur during their menstrual cycle when they use the
method.
 Correctly used, it provides highly effective contraceptive protection.
 Highly affordable with the only cost is the thermometer.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE:
ADVANTAGES

30. The basal body temperature method isn’t accurate if
you have irregular menstrual cycles or forget to take
your temperature.
It also offers no protection from sexually transmitted
infections (STIs).
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE:
DISADVANTAGES

31.  The BBT method isn’t very effective in preventing pregnancy
because many factors can affect basal body temperature. Such as:
 Breastfeeding (chest feeding).
 Drinking alcoholic beverages.
 Fever caused by illness or infection.
 Not getting enough sleep.
 Stress.
 Taking some medications.
 Traveling to different time zones.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE:
DISADVANTAGES

33.  The basis of this method is the changes in the cervical mucus
during ovulation.
 To check if the woman is ovulating, the cervical mucus must be
copious, thin, and watery.
 The cervical mucus must exhibit the property of spinnbarkeit,
wherein it can be stretched up until at least 1 inch and feels
slippery.
CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD

34. The fertile days of a woman according to this method is
as long as the cervical mucus is copious and watery
and a day after it. Therefore, she must avoid coitus
during these days.
When used typically, it has a fail rate of 25%.
CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD

35.  Free or no cost
 Can be stopped any time
 No side effects
 Helps woman to be aware of her cycle
CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD:
ADVANTAGES

36.  Does not protect from STD/STI
 Uncomfortable touching genitals and mucus
 Formal training is usually needed to master the cervical mucus method.
 Causes a higher risk for unintended pregnancy than other birth control
methods. According to an estimation, around 23 out 100 women have a
higher chance of getting pregnant in the first year of following this method.
CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD:
DISADVANTAGES

37.  Several outside factors can change the look and feel of cervical mucus.
These changes may make it difficult to evaluate the mucus to predict
ovulation and prevent pregnancy.
Factors that can alter cervical mucus include:
 Douching.
 Having sex.
 Having an infection in the vagina.
 Taking certain medications.
 Using a lubricant.
CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD:
DISADVANTAGES

39.  The symptothermal method is simply a combination of
the BBT method and the cervical mucus method.
 The woman takes her temperature every morning
before getting up and also takes note of any changes
in her cervical mucus every day.
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD

40.  She abstains from coitus 3 days after a rise in her
temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a
mucus change.
 Symptothermal method has an ideal failure rate of 2%.
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD

41.  Free or no cost
 Can be stopped any time or reversible
 No side effects
 Excellent way for a woman to learn about her fertility may alert
woman if medical action is required
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD:
ADVANTAGES

42.  Does not protect from STD/STI
 Requires commitment from both partners for effectiveness
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD:
DISADVANTAGES

44.  The ovulation detection method is an over-the-counter kit that can
predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone that
happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
 The kit requires the urine specimen of the woman to detect the
LH.
 The kit is 98% to 99% accurate and is fast becoming the method
of choice by women.
OVULATION DETECTION

45.  Ovulation test kits may be beneficial if you have slightly irregular
periods or find other methods of tracking your fertility difficult or
unreliable.
OVULATION DETECTION:
ADVANTAGES

46.  Ovulation test kits can be expensive and there are no guarantees.
 Limited detection. Ovulation tests detect LH levels, but they don't give
you an exact date of ovulation. Eggs may not emerge even after an
LH surge.
OVULATION DETECTION:
DISADVANTAGES

48.  Through exclusive breastfeeding of the infant, the woman is able
to suppress ovulation through the method of lactation amenorrhea
method.
 However, if the infant is not exclusively breastfed, this method
would not be an effective birth control method.
 It is also best to advise the woman that after 3 months of exclusive
breastfeeding, she must make plans of choosing another method
of contraception.
LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD

49.  Universally available.
 98% effective (or more)
 Begins immediately postpartum.
 Health benefits for mother and infant.
 No commodities/supplies required.
 Bridge to other contraceptives.
 Builds on established cultural and religious practices.
 Improves breastfeeding and weaning patterns.
LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD:
ADVANTAGES

50.  Breastfeeding pattern may be difficult to maintain
 No STD or HIV protection
 Duration of method limited
 Only useful for breastfeeding women
LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD:
DISADVANTAGES

52.  This is one of the oldest methods of contraception.
 The couple still proceeds with the coitus, but the man withdraws
the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the
vagina.
 Coitus interruptus is only 75% effective because of this.
COITUS INTERRUPTUS

53.  It's free and it's always available.
 The pull out method has no side effects.
 Pulling out makes other forms of birth control even more effective.
COITUS INTERRUPTUS: ADVANTAGES

54.  It takes a lot of control for the man to pull out before ejaculation.
 The woman has no control over it at all.
 You may feel that it gets in the way of sexual pleasure.
 Even if they pee before sex, the man can still release fluid before they
ejaculate. This pre-ejaculate does contain sperm.
 The disadvantage of this method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization.
COITUS INTERRUPTUS:
DISADVANTAGES

56.  Artificial methods in common use include preventing the sperm
from reaching the ovum (using condoms, diaphragms, etc),
inhibiting ovulation (using oral contraceptive pills), preventing
implantation (using intrauterine devices), killing the sperm (using
spermicides), and preventing the sperm from entering the seminal
.
ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

57. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
 Oral Contraceptives
 Transdermal Patch
 Vaginal Ring
 Subdermal Implants
 Hormonal Injections
 Intrauterine Device
 Chemical Barriers
 Diaphragm
 Cervical Cap
 Male Condoms
 Female Condoms
SURGICAL METHODS
 Vasectomy
 Tubal Ligation
ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

58.  Female and male condoms offer protection against STDs and are very
easy to purchase
 Condoms can be used alongside other birth control methods
 Contraceptive pills are quite effective in preventing pregnancies and do
not interrupt sexual activities
ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING:
ADVANTAGES

59. IUDs are long-lasting and may reduce menstrual cramps
and flow
Male and female sterilization is highly effective
Implants are also very effective and can prevent pregnancy
ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING:
ADVANTAGES

60.  Condoms may not be as effective as other birth control
methods
 Contraceptive pills must be taken daily and do not offer
protection against STDs
ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING:
DISADVANTAGES

61.  Pain is experienced when inserting and
removing IUDs and it may slip out of place
 Male and female sterilization requires surgery
which is costly and cannot be reversed
ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING:
DISADVANTAGES