Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. The first factor of production is land, but this includes any natural resource used to produce goods and services.
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: ANISUR RAHMAN
FARHANA AKTER
MD: HASANUZZAMAN
RIFATULLAH
RIMA AKTER
An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
MD: ANISUR RAHMAN
FARHANA AKTER
MD: HASANUZZAMAN
RIFATULLAH
RIMA AKTER
An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship
The main premise of economic problem is that human needs and wants are unlimited but resources are limited in nature. Thus, scarcity of resources which means that in order to produce one good, you have to sacrifice other good.
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
Economic activities are those efforts which are under taken by man to earn income , money, wealth for his life and to secure maximum satisfaction of wants with limited and scarce means.
Contains explanations for factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship), four types of business firms (sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, cooperative), and related terminology (franchise, conglomerate, holding company, multinational, etc).
The main premise of economic problem is that human needs and wants are unlimited but resources are limited in nature. Thus, scarcity of resources which means that in order to produce one good, you have to sacrifice other good.
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
Economic activities are those efforts which are under taken by man to earn income , money, wealth for his life and to secure maximum satisfaction of wants with limited and scarce means.
Contains explanations for factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship), four types of business firms (sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, cooperative), and related terminology (franchise, conglomerate, holding company, multinational, etc).
This slides is all about the basic information about the importance and process of Production. References: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-introbusiness/chapter/production- processes/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/factors-production.asp
Paul H. Douglas, Professor at the University of Chicago introduced the production function in 1934. Another prominent economist Robert Solow has also conducted extensive research and found out how the technological progress has improved the productivity of inputs, viz., capital and labour in America.
In modern terminology, the various factors like land, labour, capital, organization skill, raw materials and other factors made use of in production are given a wider connotation called inputs. The product realized due to the inputs is called output. Inputs indicate the cost involved in procuring various factors, commodities as raw materials, power, etc., while output indicates the goods and services produced. Production is a process in which the physical inputs are transformed into physical output. The output is thus the function of inputs. The functional relationship between physical inputs and physical outputs of a firm is known as a production function. The production function is a catalogue of output possibilities.
Productivity Measurement, Types with solved Examples.pptxE Concepts
https://youtu.be/PkDzr7hMltA
Watch the full explanation of this lecture in Hindi/Urdu via the above link.
This PowerPoint explains the topic of productivity with basic concepts, it's types, and measuring methods with examples.
AC Distribution in Bangladesh (in a nutshell)Ridwanul Hoque
Power System is an integrated network that interconnects the installations for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. In Bangladesh electricity is generated at 50 Hertz frequency and at a nominal voltage of 11 KV (Kilo Volts) or 15 KV to be stepped up through transformers to 132 kV or 230 kV for feeding to the grid i.e. a high voltage transmission network that transmits the power to grid substation transformers to be stepped down at 33 kV. 11 kV and 0.4 kV for delivery to the consumers of various categories.
In electronics, impedance matching is the practice of designing the input impedance of an electrical load or the output impedance of its corresponding signal source to maximize the power transfer or minimize signal reflection from the load.
Loadability of line is defined as the extent of load which can flow through the line without exceeding the limitations. Line Loadability is expressed in percentage of Surge Impedance Loading of line. The limiting factor for line loading are: thermal limit, voltage drop limit and steady state stability.
Equipment and Stability Constraints : System OperationRidwanul Hoque
There are two types of constraints which limit the capability of a power system: If the overloading exceeds limits, the equipment is tripped out by protection systems. b) Stability Constraints: A power system may not be able to cater to power flows beyond a certain point due to stability constraints.
A power system control is required to maintain a continuous balance between power generation and load demand. Load Frequency Controller and Automatic Voltage Regulator play an important role in maintaining constant frequency and voltage in order to ensure the reliability of electric power.
HVDC stands for high voltage direct current, a well-proven technology used to transmit electricity over long distances by overhead transmission lines or submarine cables. It is also used to interconnect separate power systems, where traditional alternating current (AC) connections cannot be used.
Hydro Power Plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
There are three main types of conventional hydropower technologies: impoundment (dam), diversion, and pumped storage. Impoundment is the most common type of hydroelectric power plant. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydro-power system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir.
The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work.
The steam-electric power station is a power station in which the electric generator is steam driven.
The steam-electric power station is a power station in which the electric generator is steam driven.
The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work.
The aim of our presentation is to describe the AC Distribution system in Bangladesh.
Following are the focused points in terms of Bangladesh perspective:
1. Distribution Procedure
2. Primary and Secondary Distribution System
3. Distribution Substation
4. Distribution Companies
5. Distribution in both City and Rural Area
6. Distribution Loss
7. Protective Devices
8. User Variety
8. Billing Procedure
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact.
Economic operation of power system. (i) One dealing with minimum cost of power production called Economic dispatch. (ii) Other dealing with minimum loss of the generated power delivery to the loads. For any specified load condition, economic dispatch (i) determines the power output of each plant.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
3. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Factors of production
The productive resources used to produce
goods and services.
Factors of production are grouped into four
categories:
• Land (Natural Resources)
• Labor (Human Resources)
• Capital
• Entrepreneurship
4. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Land
oWhat Raw materials are needed to produce your product?
oThe “gifts of nature” that we use to produce goods and
services. All the things we call natural resources.
oComes from the air, water, or the earth
oLand, minerals, water
•Renewable
oWater, air growing things
•Non-Renewable
oCoal, oil
5. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Labor
• What will your employees have to do to create your
product?
• What work will need to be done to turn your raw
material into your finished product
o Work time and work effort that people devote to
producing goods and services
• People’s efforts, labor
• Effort can be physical or mental
6. Factor 2: Human LaborFactor 2: Human Labor
• Human effort used to produce goods
and services is called labor
• Labor can be physical or mental
•Example: to the soup, farmers raise the
animals and crops, a truck driver drives
them to a factory, and workers operate
machinery to mix and can it
(physical labor)
•Someone has to design the machines,
and think of a recipe for the soup
(mental labor)
7. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
oCapital
o What equipment and people will you need
to create your product
o Physical capital: What tools, machines and factories will
you needed to create your product
o Financial capital: funds the firm use to buy physical capital
o Human capital: What knowledge, skills, education and
experience will your employees need to have in order to
produce your product (for example: a seamstress , a
chemist, a computer technician )
• Goods made by people and used to produce other goods and
services
• Tools, instruments, machines, buildings, and other constructions that
have been produced in the past and that businesses now use to
produce goods and services.
8. Factor 3: Capital ResourcesFactor 3: Capital Resources
• Producing goods and services requires
tools and equipment
• The buildings, machines, supplies, etc.
used to produce are called capital
resources, or capital goods
•Examples: the truck used
to drive to the factory, the
machines used to can the
soup, and the factory
building itself
9. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
oEntrepreneurship
o The human resource that organized and combines
labor, land, capital.
• The quantity and quality of entrepreneurship is
hard to describe and measure.
• But we can easily recognize brilliant entrepreneurs
by their enormous financial success.
o Sam Walton (Wal-Mart), Bill Gates (Microsoft), and
Michael Dell (Dell Computers) are examples of
outstanding entrepreneur's.
10. Influences on EntrepreneursInfluences on Entrepreneurs
Decision MakingDecision Making
• Scarcity- Nearly all resources are scare,
meaning there is a limited supply available
to meet unlimited wants
o The more scarce a resource, the more
expensive it is.
o Inverse Economic Relationship – when fruit
is out of season, supply is more scarce –
• This causes the price to increase
because it is more valuable
11. Influences on EntrepreneursInfluences on Entrepreneurs
Decision MakingDecision Making
• Opportunity Cost – resources are
scare, the choice to use a
resource in one way means not
using it in another.
oUse a field to grow corn means
the field cannot be used to grow
soy beans
12. Influences on EntrepreneursInfluences on Entrepreneurs
Decision MakingDecision Making
• Productivity- is a measure of the amount of output
produced by a given amount of inputs. It reflects
how efficiently resources are being used.
• This is also referred to as measuring the efficient use
of the factors of production.
o For example, the productivity of a farmer (labor)
increases with the use of a tractor (capital).
o Investing in human capital is one way to increase
productivity
13. Influences on EntrepreneursInfluences on Entrepreneurs
Decision MakingDecision Making
• To realize a profit, produce good/service at
a cost lower than the market price for the
good or service.
• Profit is the money left over from selling a
good or service after the cost of buying
productive resources have been paid.
o Minimize the use of scarce resource in
production
o Maximize the productivity of the factors used in
production to keep cost as low as possible.
14. Entrepreneurship:Entrepreneurship:
The 4The 4thth
FactorFactor
• Making the other 3 factors of
production into something useful often
takes creativity and some risk
• Entrepreneurship is the factor of
production that ties the others together
•Examples: Someone has
to decide what to name the
soup, where to sell it, and
how much to charge
15. Did your chart come out like this?
LAND
Oil in the Ground
Fish in the Ocean
A Building Site
A Broadcast
Frequency
LABOR
Teaching
Ditch Digging
Computer
Programming
Playing Music in the
Subway
WEALTH FOR CONSUMPTION
Food on your table
A House You Live in
WEALTH USED IN PRODUCTION
Food in a Restaurant
Your Mom's old House, which you
Rent to Tenants
A Truck
CLAIMS ON WEALTH
A $100 Bill
A Certificate for 100 Shares of
Microsoft