Factors contributing to the growth of Derivatives.pptx
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Factors contributing to the growth of derivatives include: price volatility in commodities, currencies, and interest rates which increased demand for hedging; globalization exposing businesses to more risks while expanding markets; technological advances in computing, networking, and software enabling faster trading and new products; advances in financial theories developing new options and futures contracts; and sophisticated risk management tools addressing risks in derivatives trading.
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Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from an underlying asset such as stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, or market indexes. There are several types of derivatives including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. Derivatives allow investors to hedge risk or speculate on the future price of the underlying asset. While derivatives can be used to manage various risks, they also pose risks such as increased speculation, greater financial instability, and price instability if not properly regulated. Effective risk management including policies, oversight, and competency is needed to use derivatives safely.
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5) Evaluating the portfolio's performance against its benchmark to determine if the client's objectives are being achieved.
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The primary market involves the initial sale of securities to investors, allowing companies to raise capital directly. It has no single location and uses various methods like public issues and private placements. The secondary market involves subsequent trading of existing securities between investors through stock exchanges. It provides liquidity for securities and encourages new investment in companies. Some key differences are that the primary market deals with new issues while the secondary market trades existing securities in a centralized location like an exchange.
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Financial derivatives ppt
The document discusses various types of financial derivatives including futures, forwards, options, and swaps. It explains that derivatives derive their value from underlying assets and are used to hedge risk or profit from price changes. Futures contracts are exchange-traded standardized agreements to buy or sell assets at a future date, while other derivatives like forwards and swaps are customized over-the-counter transactions.
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According to Giddens (1997), their main charac¬teristics, viz., sovereignty, citizenship and nationalism, are discussed as under:
Sovereignty:
All nation-states are sovereign states. The notion of ‘sovereignty’ refers to the authority of a government over a clearly defined territory with clear cut borders, within which it is the supreme power.
Citizenship:
In modern societies most people living within the borders of the political system are citizens, having common rights and duties and knowing themselves to be part of a nation. Almost everyone in the world today is a member of a definite political order.
Nationalism:
Each community acquires a distinctive character through its association with nationalism. Nationalism can be defined as ‘a set of symbols and beliefs providing the sense of being part of a single political community’. Thus, individuals feel a sense of pride and belonging in being Indian, British, American, Russian or French. It is the main expression of feelings of identity with a distinct sovereign community.
Nationalistic loyalties do not always fit with the physical boarders marking the territories of states in the world today. While the relation between the nation-state and nationalism is a complicated one, the two have come into being as part of the same process.
Nationalism has become an increasingly powerful force in the world, serving as a basis not only of collective social identity but also for political mobilization and action, especially through the use of warfare. The consequences of nationalism often breed extremism and feelings of ethnocentrism (a tendency to think and act blindly that our culture is superior to those of others) resulting into political conflicts. Extreme forms of nation¬alism have engulfed many nations into warfare.
Functions of the State:
As with all social institutions, the state is organized around a set of social functions. It is an important agency of social control which performs this function through laws.
The main functions are maintaining law, order and stability, resolving various kinds of disputes through the legal system, providing common defence, and looking out for the welfare of the population in ways that are beyond the means of the individual, such as implementing public health measures, providing mass education and underwriting expensive medical research. From a conflict perspective, the state operates in the interests of various dominant groups, such as economic classes and racial and ethnic groups.
Lean Mayher (1971) stated the following basic functions of the state:
1. Limiting internal power struggles to maintain internal peace.
2. Bringing power to bear on other societies in defence of national interest or in expanding and building empire
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This document discusses the drivers and hurdles of globalization. The key drivers that propel globalization forward are technological advances in transportation and communication, political liberalization of trade policies, saturation of domestic markets leading companies to internationalize, leveraging costs differences between countries, and increased global competition. However, globalization also faces hurdles such as technological standards barriers between countries, cultural differences that make cross-border business difficult, debates around the ethics of international trade practices, and economic trade barriers that governments impose.
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PDFen (1).pptx
Globalization and technological advancement have amplified the spread of technology across borders in two ways: 1) globalization allows for easier access to foreign knowledge and 2) it enhances international competition which strengthens incentives for innovation. Mass production is the large-scale manufacturing of standardized products using assembly lines or automation, lowering costs. While globalization offers benefits like increased productivity, it also faces criticisms like potential negative side effects and effects on workers.
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Chapter 2 slides
1. The document discusses the drivers, dimensions, and consequences of market globalization according to a textbook on international business.
2. The major drivers of market globalization include the worldwide reduction of trade barriers, adoption of free markets, technological advances, and integration of financial markets.
3. The dimensions of market globalization include the rising interdependence of national economies, growth of regional trade blocs, and globalization of production and services.
4. Consequences at the firm level include greater opportunities for internationalization. Societal consequences include the potential spread of financial crises, loss of national sovereignty, effects on the environment and culture.
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technology diffusion
Technology diffusion refers to the spread of new technologies and applications across nations, organizations, industries, and users. It involves the study of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technologies are adopted. There are several factors that influence the diffusion of technologies within businesses, including the relative advantages over existing technologies, compatibility with existing values, ease of understanding and application, and ability to experiment. Technologies typically diffuse first within innovative organizations, then major competitors, and finally smaller organizations and laggards. The rate of diffusion depends on profitability and investment requirements.
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The major participants in derivative markets are hedgers, speculators, and arbitrageurs. Hedgers use derivatives to reduce risk associated with price movements of an asset. Speculators buy and sell derivatives to make profits by betting on future price movements, taking on increased risk. Arbitrageurs take advantage of price discrepancies in different markets by simultaneously buying and selling assets, engaging in virtually riskless transactions that enhance price stability. Together these different types of traders provide liquidity and help the derivatives market function efficiently.
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Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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- 1. Factors contributing to the growth of Derivatives Ramya B Assistant Professor B.com(PA) Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science Coimbatore - 641 006 Tamil Nadu, India
- 2. Factors contributing to the growth of Derivatives • Factors contributing to the explosive growth of derivatives are price volatility,globalization of the markets, technological developments and advances in the financial theories. Price Volatility Globalization of the Markets Technological Advances Advances in Financial Theories Development of sophisticated risk management tools
- 3. Price Volatility • A price is what one pays to acquire or use something of value. The objects having value maybe commodities, local currency or foreign currencies. • The concept of price is clear to almost everybody when we discuss commodities. • There is a price to be paid for the purchase of food grain, oil, petrol, metal, etc. the price one pays for use of a unit of another persons money is called interest rate. • And the price one pays in one’s own currency for a unit of another currency is called as an exchange rate.
- 4. Globalization of the Markets • Earlier, managers had to deal with domestic economic concerns; what happened in other part of the world was mostly irrelevant. • Now globalization has increased the size of markets and as greatly enhanced competition . • it has benefited consumers who cannot obtain better quality goods at a lower cost. • It has also exposed the modern business to significant risks and, in many cases, led to cut profit margin
- 5. Technological Advances • A significant growth of derivative instruments has been driven by technological breakthrough. • Advances in this area include the development of high speed processors, network systems and enhanced method of data entry. • Closely related to advances in computer technology are advances in telecommunications. • Improvement in ommunications allow for instantaneous worldwide conferencing, Data transmission by satellite. • At the same time there were significant advances in software programmed without which computer and telecommunication advances would be meaningless. • These facilitated the more rapid movement of information and consequently its instantaneous impact on market price.
- 6. Advances in Financial Theories • Advances in financial theories gave birth to derivatives. Initially forward contracts in its traditional form, was the only hedging tool available. • Option pricing models developed by Black and Scholes in 1973 were used to determine prices of call and put options. • In late 1970’s, work of Lewis Edeington extended the early work of Johnson and started the hedging of financial price risks with financial futures. • The work of economic theorists gave rise to new products for risk management which led to the growth of derivatives in financial markets.
- 7. Development of sophisticated risk management tools • In certain derivative trading, a typical type of risk is emerged. To manage this,sophisticated tools have been developed. • This “solution to derivative problems” add further growth in derivative market.