2. Definition of Derivatives
๏A derivative is a contract between two parties which derives its value/price from an
underlying asset. The most common types of derivatives are futures, options,
forwards and swaps. Description: It is a financial instrument which derives its
value/price from the underlying assets.
๏Literal meaning of derivative is that something which is derived. Now
questionarises as to what is derived? From what it is derived? Simple one line
answer is that value/price is derived from any underlying asset.
๏The term โderivativeโ indicates that it has no independent value, i.e., its value is
entirely derived from the value of the underlying asset.
3. Types of Derivatives
There are two types of derivatives.
๏Commodity derivatives
๏financial derivatives.
4. Commodities Derivatives
โข Firstly derivatives originated as a tool for managing risk in
commodities markets.
โข In commodity derivatives, the underlying asset is a commodity. It can
be agricultural commodity like
๏wheat,
๏ soybeans,
๏rapeseed, cotton etc. or
๏precious metals like gold, silver etc.
5. Financial Derivative
โข The term financial derivative denotes a variety of financial
instruments including
๏ stocks,
๏bonds,
๏ treasury bills,
๏interest rate,
๏foreign currencies and
๏other hybrid securities.
6. โข Futures contracts are the most important form of derivatives, which
are in existence long before the term โderivativeโ was coined.
โข Financial derivatives can also be derived from a combination of cash
market instruments or other financial derivative instruments.
โข In fact, most of the financial derivatives are not new instruments
rather they are merely combinations of older generation derivatives
and/or standard cash market instruments.
7. Types of Financial Derivatives
Types of Financial derivatives
๏futures,
๏forwards,
๏options and
๏swaps
8. โข Forwards: A forward contract is a customised contract between two entities,
where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at todayโs pre-
agreed price.
Example,
an Indian car manufacturer buys auto parts from a Japanese car maker
with payment of one million yen due in 60 days. The importer in India is short
of yen and suppose present price of yen is Rs. 68. Over the next 60 days, yen
may rise to Rs. 70.The importer can hedge this exchange risk by negotiating a
60 days forward contract with a bank at a price of Rs. 70. According to forward
contract, in 60 days the bank will give the importer one million yen and
importer will give the banks 70 million rupees to bank.
9. โขFutures: A futures contract is an agreement between two
parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future
at a certain price.
example,
Suppose you plan to travel to Dubai after 3 months. The
flight cost today is Rs 35,000. Now we all know that booking
in advance is always better. So, you book a ticket today with
Emirates to fly for Dubai after 3 months. This transaction
between you and the airlines is like a futures contract.
10. โข Options: Options are of two typesโ calls and puts. Calls give
the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given
quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a
given future date.
example,
Stock X is trading for $20 per share, and a call with a
strike price of $20 and expiration in four months is trading at $1.
The contract pays a premium of $100, or one contract * $1 *
100 shares represented per contract. The trader buys 100 shares
of stock for $2,000 and sells one call to receive $100.
11. โข Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two parties to
exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula.
Example,
letโs assume that both parties have entered into a swaps contract
for one year with a notional principal of Rs.1,00,000/-(since this is an
Interest rate swap, the principal will not be exchanged). And after one
year, the one-year LIBOR in the prevailing market is 2.75%.
