Plasmodium CSP - Based vaccines Past - prsesent - future - Conférence de la 6e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - SNOUNOU Georges - Singapour - snounou@mnhn.fr
The host immune system: a double-edged sword controlling ranavirus infection ...mgray11
The host immune system acts as a double-edged sword in controlling ranavirus (RV) infection. In tadpoles, the immune system is immature and mounts a poor innate antiviral response, allowing RV to rapidly disseminate. However, adult frogs can control RV through CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Interestingly, RV can persist asymptomatically in adult frog macrophages in a quiescent state. Bacterial stimulation can reactivate persistent RV, potentially causing disease recurrence. Loss of class I MHC molecules increases tadpole susceptibility to RV, indicating innate-like T cells play an important role in early antiviral immunity. Thus, RV has evolved to evade the tadpole immune system while establishing persistence in adults.
This document summarizes key aspects of bacteriophages. It discusses the history of their discovery by Twort and d'Herelle in the early 1900s. Key terms are defined, including plaque, PFU, MOI, EOP, prophage, and lysogenic bacteria. The lytic cycle is explained in 7 steps, from attachment to lysis and release of progeny. Applications of phages include phage antibacterial therapy, use of phage components, phage-mediated vaccines, and phage typing for diagnostics.
This study investigated using bacteriophage therapy to treat cholera. A single bacteriophage, Phi_1, was found to effectively control cholera in an infant rabbit model when given prophylactically or therapeutically, with phage-treated animals showing no clinical signs of disease. No phage-resistant bacterial mutants were found in the animals despite extensive searching. This provides the first evidence that a single phage could treat cholera without detectable resistance and suggests clinical trials in humans should be considered.
Multiparametric in qPCR diagnostics, what's that? | ExopolSergio Exopol
Exopol has developed the new EXOone qPCR kits in Real Time.
When we talk about its features, we always say that they are "multiparametric", but, do you know what it means?
Multiparametric is the name we use to refer that you can combine different pathogens in different wells at the same cycler run as all our assays have the same thermal profile.
In the presentation you can see an example of a trial with our EXOone kit.
This document provides an overview of viruses, their structure, replication cycles, and classification. It discusses that viruses are parasites that can only reproduce inside host cells. Viruses come in a variety of sizes and shapes, with the smallest being prions that are just proteins. Viruses can infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. The document outlines the lytic and lysogenic replication cycles of viruses and bacteriophages, and provides examples like phage T4 and lambda. It also includes a table classifying different types of animal viruses based on their genome and presence of an envelope.
This document summarizes various laboratory techniques for diagnosing viral infections, including:
1. Electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and light microscopy can directly detect viruses or inclusion bodies caused by viruses in clinical samples like feces, vesicular fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Immunoelectron microscopy and viral antigen detection methods like ELISA and latex agglutination can more sensitively detect specific viruses.
3. Nucleic acid detection methods like PCR can identify viruses like HIV, HPV, hepatitis viruses, and enteroviruses.
4. Viruses can also be isolated using animal inoculation, embryonated egg cultivation, tissue culture, or detection of specific antibodies in patient samples.
The document classifies and describes different types of viruses based on their host. It discusses plant viruses, animal viruses, and bacteria viruses (bacteriophages). Plant viruses can infect plant cells and are classified based on their structure. They are transmitted through sap, insects, nematodes, seeds and pollen. Animal viruses are divided into vertebrate viruses like pox, herpes and adenovirus, and invertebrate viruses that infect arthropods and baculovirus. Bacteriophages, or bacteria viruses, can undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles when infecting bacteria. The document also discusses applications of plant viruses, bacteriophages, and their potential medical use.
The host immune system: a double-edged sword controlling ranavirus infection ...mgray11
The host immune system acts as a double-edged sword in controlling ranavirus (RV) infection. In tadpoles, the immune system is immature and mounts a poor innate antiviral response, allowing RV to rapidly disseminate. However, adult frogs can control RV through CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Interestingly, RV can persist asymptomatically in adult frog macrophages in a quiescent state. Bacterial stimulation can reactivate persistent RV, potentially causing disease recurrence. Loss of class I MHC molecules increases tadpole susceptibility to RV, indicating innate-like T cells play an important role in early antiviral immunity. Thus, RV has evolved to evade the tadpole immune system while establishing persistence in adults.
This document summarizes key aspects of bacteriophages. It discusses the history of their discovery by Twort and d'Herelle in the early 1900s. Key terms are defined, including plaque, PFU, MOI, EOP, prophage, and lysogenic bacteria. The lytic cycle is explained in 7 steps, from attachment to lysis and release of progeny. Applications of phages include phage antibacterial therapy, use of phage components, phage-mediated vaccines, and phage typing for diagnostics.
This study investigated using bacteriophage therapy to treat cholera. A single bacteriophage, Phi_1, was found to effectively control cholera in an infant rabbit model when given prophylactically or therapeutically, with phage-treated animals showing no clinical signs of disease. No phage-resistant bacterial mutants were found in the animals despite extensive searching. This provides the first evidence that a single phage could treat cholera without detectable resistance and suggests clinical trials in humans should be considered.
Multiparametric in qPCR diagnostics, what's that? | ExopolSergio Exopol
Exopol has developed the new EXOone qPCR kits in Real Time.
When we talk about its features, we always say that they are "multiparametric", but, do you know what it means?
Multiparametric is the name we use to refer that you can combine different pathogens in different wells at the same cycler run as all our assays have the same thermal profile.
In the presentation you can see an example of a trial with our EXOone kit.
This document provides an overview of viruses, their structure, replication cycles, and classification. It discusses that viruses are parasites that can only reproduce inside host cells. Viruses come in a variety of sizes and shapes, with the smallest being prions that are just proteins. Viruses can infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. The document outlines the lytic and lysogenic replication cycles of viruses and bacteriophages, and provides examples like phage T4 and lambda. It also includes a table classifying different types of animal viruses based on their genome and presence of an envelope.
This document summarizes various laboratory techniques for diagnosing viral infections, including:
1. Electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and light microscopy can directly detect viruses or inclusion bodies caused by viruses in clinical samples like feces, vesicular fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Immunoelectron microscopy and viral antigen detection methods like ELISA and latex agglutination can more sensitively detect specific viruses.
3. Nucleic acid detection methods like PCR can identify viruses like HIV, HPV, hepatitis viruses, and enteroviruses.
4. Viruses can also be isolated using animal inoculation, embryonated egg cultivation, tissue culture, or detection of specific antibodies in patient samples.
The document classifies and describes different types of viruses based on their host. It discusses plant viruses, animal viruses, and bacteria viruses (bacteriophages). Plant viruses can infect plant cells and are classified based on their structure. They are transmitted through sap, insects, nematodes, seeds and pollen. Animal viruses are divided into vertebrate viruses like pox, herpes and adenovirus, and invertebrate viruses that infect arthropods and baculovirus. Bacteriophages, or bacteria viruses, can undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles when infecting bacteria. The document also discusses applications of plant viruses, bacteriophages, and their potential medical use.
The document discusses various aspects of typhoid fever pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing. It covers the following key points:
1. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever. It discusses the bacterium's structure and mechanisms of pathogenesis, including invasion of the gastrointestinal epithelium and toxin production.
2. Clinical symptoms of typhoid fever typically involve stages including fever, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, and possible complications like intestinal bleeding or perforation.
3. Diagnosis involves culture-based identification of S. Typhi from blood, stool, or bone marrow samples, as well as serological tests detecting antibodies to S. Typhi such as the Widal test.
DNA enveloped Viruses herpes viruses_ lesson 4.pptxZahraRafi1
1. Herpes viruses consist of 6 important human pathogens including HSV 1,2, varicella-zoster virus, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8.
2. They have an icosahedral capsid with a lipoprotein envelope, linear double stranded DNA genome, and replicate in the nucleus of infected cells.
3. Herpes viruses establish latent infections in neurons or lymphoid cells and can reactivate, causing acute infections. Latency is maintained through viral transcripts that suppress replication or microRNAs that inhibit mRNA replication and apoptosis.
This document summarizes retroviruses and HIV. It discusses the discovery and classification of retroviruses. The structure of retroviruses includes a spherical capsid containing two copies of RNA and viral enzymes. The retrovirus lifecycle includes early reverse transcription of RNA to DNA and later integration into the host genome and assembly of new virions. HIV causes AIDS and was isolated in 1983. It is a global pandemic transmitted sexually or through blood. Treatment includes antiretroviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase, protease, entry, and integration. Prevention focuses on safe sex practices, mother-to-child transmission prevention, and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
1. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, lack cellular structures, and can only replicate inside living cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes an envelope.
2. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid, protein coat, and genome organization/sequence. Examples include the herpesvirus family and human herpesvirus 2 genus.
3. Viral growth is measured in plaque-forming units and viruses can be cultured using cell cultures or embryonic eggs.
Viruses. Methods of Indication & Identification. Diagnosis of Viral diseasesEneutron
This document discusses methods for indicating, identifying, and diagnosing viral diseases in the laboratory. It describes several methods for indicating viruses including observing cytopathic effects in cell cultures, hemadsorption, hemagglutination, metabolic inhibition assays, and plaque or pock formation. Identification methods covered include serological techniques like neutralization testing, complement fixation testing, hemagglutination inhibition, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Molecular identification using PCR to detect viral nucleic acids is also mentioned. The document outlines the main stages of viral diagnosis as detection of viruses in samples, viral cultivation and identification, and serological diagnostics including various serological tests.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only be seen using an electron microscope. They are obligatory intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA, not both. Viruses are diagnosed through direct detection of the virus or its components using techniques like electron microscopy, immunoassays, and PCR. Indirect methods include serological diagnosis by detecting antibodies and skin tests. Viruses are cultivated inside living cells in tissue culture or laboratory animals since they cannot grow on artificial media.
Bacteriophage therapy of infections diseases.Dmitri Popov
This document discusses the use of bacteriophages to treat various bacterial infections caused by E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. It provides information on the classification and pathogenic characteristics of these bacteria. Bacteriophages target specific bacteria and can be used as alternatives to antibiotics to treat infections and prevent the spread of disease. The document focuses on using bacteriophages therapeutically and for prophylaxis against various foodborne illnesses and infections.
This document summarizes detection methods for tospoviruses. It discusses several methods including symptomology, transmission studies, physical properties analysis, electron microscopy, serological techniques like ELISA and dot blot, nucleic acid-based methods like hybridization and PCR. ELISA and PCR methods are widely used now for accurate diagnosis due to their sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect viruses in mixed infections. Electron microscopy can be used to observe viral particles while transmission studies provide information on host range. Together these methods help identify and characterize tospoviruses.
Naturally acquired plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, thailand[1]Prasit Chanarat
1) A 38-year-old Thai man contracted Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after spending time in a forested area of southern Thailand near the Thai-Myanmar border.
2) Microscopic examination of blood smears showed malaria parasites consistent with P. malariae. However, PCR and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes confirmed the species as P. knowlesi.
3) This is the first reported case of naturally acquired P. knowlesi malaria in humans in Thailand, indicating that wild primate populations may serve as reservoirs for simian malaria parasites capable of infecting humans.
Retroviruses are viruses that contain RNA and replicate through a DNA intermediate. They have been studied extensively as causes of disease like paralysis, wasting, ataxia, arthritis, dementia and neuropathy. Retroviruses can also induce immunodeficiency and cause cellular transformation.
This document contains diagrams and descriptions of the structures of different viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, bacteriophage T4, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The diagrams show the distinguishing features of each virus such as their capsids, envelopes, nucleic acids, and sizes. One diagram illustrates the life cycle of HIV showing its entry into a host cell, conversion of its RNA into DNA, integration into the host cell's DNA, and production of new viral particles.
Bacteriophage- types, structure and morphology of t4 phage, morphogenesisDr. Dinesh C. Sharma
Escherichia virus T4 is a species of bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli bacteria. It is a member of virus subfamily Tevenvirinae (not to be confused with T-even bacteriophages, which is an alternate name of the species). T4 is capable of undergoing only a lytic lifecycle and not the lysogenic lifecycle.
This document provides an overview of virology, covering general properties of viruses compared to bacteria, sizes and shapes of viruses, nucleic acid composition, replication cycles, cultivation methods, inclusion bodies, latent viruses, viral vaccines, and details on specific viruses including herpes, varicella zoster, CMV, EBV, HHV6, HHV8, and smallpox. Key points include that viruses contain either DNA or RNA, are much smaller than bacteria, replicate inside host cells, and have complex replication cycles involving adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, and release of new viral particles.
This document discusses the thrips-tospovirus complex that affects vegetable production. It provides background on thrips and tospoviruses, how thrips transmit tospoviruses in a circulative and propagative manner, and the major tospoviruses (TSWV, TCSV, GBNV, WBNV, CACV) and their host plants/symptoms. Progress has been made in managing thrips and tospoviruses, but challenges remain in controlling this complex that limits vegetable production in many areas.
This document provides an overview of the module "Bio305 Pathogen Biology" taught by Professor Mark Pallen. It begins with definitions of key terms like pathogen, virulence, infection, and pathogenesis. It then discusses concepts like the molecular basis of virulence, how bacteria sense their environment and regulate virulence genes, and the steps in successful bacterial infection. It also covers how bacterial sex and acquisition of mobile genetic elements like pathogenicity islands have driven the evolution of virulence. The document provides a sophisticated, multi-factorial view of virulence as a process.
Viral diseases can be reduced through several methods. Coat protein mediated resistance involves transforming plants with the viral coat protein gene, which allows the plant to resist infection from that virus or related viruses. Antisense RNAs can also be used, where small untranslatable RNAs pair with and degrade target viral RNA sequences. RNA interference is a natural antiviral response in plants where dicer enzymes produce small interfering RNAs that guide the RNA induced silencing complex to cleave homologous viral RNA transcripts.
This document summarizes information presented about Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis. It discusses that M. tuberculosis grows slowly, doubling every 24 hours, and takes 3-4 weeks to culture. It also notes that tuberculosis infects around 2 billion people globally and causes 1.6 million deaths per year. The document also mentions that multidrug resistant tuberculosis is emerging worldwide and there are an estimated 50 million people infected with multidrug resistant strains.
This document discusses recent advances in the study of hemoparasites like Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma. It covers new understandings in pathogenesis, improved diagnostic techniques like PCR and rapid tests, and novel treatment approaches including artemisinin derivatives and vaccines. Key areas covered include identifying parasite proteins involved in host invasion, endothelial receptors in malaria sequestration, diagnostic targets such as HRP-2 and pLDH, combination therapies for drug resistance, and vaccine candidates targeting different parasite stages.
The document discusses various aspects of typhoid fever pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing. It covers the following key points:
1. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever. It discusses the bacterium's structure and mechanisms of pathogenesis, including invasion of the gastrointestinal epithelium and toxin production.
2. Clinical symptoms of typhoid fever typically involve stages including fever, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, and possible complications like intestinal bleeding or perforation.
3. Diagnosis involves culture-based identification of S. Typhi from blood, stool, or bone marrow samples, as well as serological tests detecting antibodies to S. Typhi such as the Widal test.
DNA enveloped Viruses herpes viruses_ lesson 4.pptxZahraRafi1
1. Herpes viruses consist of 6 important human pathogens including HSV 1,2, varicella-zoster virus, CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8.
2. They have an icosahedral capsid with a lipoprotein envelope, linear double stranded DNA genome, and replicate in the nucleus of infected cells.
3. Herpes viruses establish latent infections in neurons or lymphoid cells and can reactivate, causing acute infections. Latency is maintained through viral transcripts that suppress replication or microRNAs that inhibit mRNA replication and apoptosis.
This document summarizes retroviruses and HIV. It discusses the discovery and classification of retroviruses. The structure of retroviruses includes a spherical capsid containing two copies of RNA and viral enzymes. The retrovirus lifecycle includes early reverse transcription of RNA to DNA and later integration into the host genome and assembly of new virions. HIV causes AIDS and was isolated in 1983. It is a global pandemic transmitted sexually or through blood. Treatment includes antiretroviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase, protease, entry, and integration. Prevention focuses on safe sex practices, mother-to-child transmission prevention, and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
1. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, lack cellular structures, and can only replicate inside living cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes an envelope.
2. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid, protein coat, and genome organization/sequence. Examples include the herpesvirus family and human herpesvirus 2 genus.
3. Viral growth is measured in plaque-forming units and viruses can be cultured using cell cultures or embryonic eggs.
Viruses. Methods of Indication & Identification. Diagnosis of Viral diseasesEneutron
This document discusses methods for indicating, identifying, and diagnosing viral diseases in the laboratory. It describes several methods for indicating viruses including observing cytopathic effects in cell cultures, hemadsorption, hemagglutination, metabolic inhibition assays, and plaque or pock formation. Identification methods covered include serological techniques like neutralization testing, complement fixation testing, hemagglutination inhibition, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Molecular identification using PCR to detect viral nucleic acids is also mentioned. The document outlines the main stages of viral diagnosis as detection of viruses in samples, viral cultivation and identification, and serological diagnostics including various serological tests.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only be seen using an electron microscope. They are obligatory intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA, not both. Viruses are diagnosed through direct detection of the virus or its components using techniques like electron microscopy, immunoassays, and PCR. Indirect methods include serological diagnosis by detecting antibodies and skin tests. Viruses are cultivated inside living cells in tissue culture or laboratory animals since they cannot grow on artificial media.
Bacteriophage therapy of infections diseases.Dmitri Popov
This document discusses the use of bacteriophages to treat various bacterial infections caused by E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. It provides information on the classification and pathogenic characteristics of these bacteria. Bacteriophages target specific bacteria and can be used as alternatives to antibiotics to treat infections and prevent the spread of disease. The document focuses on using bacteriophages therapeutically and for prophylaxis against various foodborne illnesses and infections.
This document summarizes detection methods for tospoviruses. It discusses several methods including symptomology, transmission studies, physical properties analysis, electron microscopy, serological techniques like ELISA and dot blot, nucleic acid-based methods like hybridization and PCR. ELISA and PCR methods are widely used now for accurate diagnosis due to their sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect viruses in mixed infections. Electron microscopy can be used to observe viral particles while transmission studies provide information on host range. Together these methods help identify and characterize tospoviruses.
Naturally acquired plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, thailand[1]Prasit Chanarat
1) A 38-year-old Thai man contracted Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after spending time in a forested area of southern Thailand near the Thai-Myanmar border.
2) Microscopic examination of blood smears showed malaria parasites consistent with P. malariae. However, PCR and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes confirmed the species as P. knowlesi.
3) This is the first reported case of naturally acquired P. knowlesi malaria in humans in Thailand, indicating that wild primate populations may serve as reservoirs for simian malaria parasites capable of infecting humans.
Retroviruses are viruses that contain RNA and replicate through a DNA intermediate. They have been studied extensively as causes of disease like paralysis, wasting, ataxia, arthritis, dementia and neuropathy. Retroviruses can also induce immunodeficiency and cause cellular transformation.
This document contains diagrams and descriptions of the structures of different viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, bacteriophage T4, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The diagrams show the distinguishing features of each virus such as their capsids, envelopes, nucleic acids, and sizes. One diagram illustrates the life cycle of HIV showing its entry into a host cell, conversion of its RNA into DNA, integration into the host cell's DNA, and production of new viral particles.
Bacteriophage- types, structure and morphology of t4 phage, morphogenesisDr. Dinesh C. Sharma
Escherichia virus T4 is a species of bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli bacteria. It is a member of virus subfamily Tevenvirinae (not to be confused with T-even bacteriophages, which is an alternate name of the species). T4 is capable of undergoing only a lytic lifecycle and not the lysogenic lifecycle.
This document provides an overview of virology, covering general properties of viruses compared to bacteria, sizes and shapes of viruses, nucleic acid composition, replication cycles, cultivation methods, inclusion bodies, latent viruses, viral vaccines, and details on specific viruses including herpes, varicella zoster, CMV, EBV, HHV6, HHV8, and smallpox. Key points include that viruses contain either DNA or RNA, are much smaller than bacteria, replicate inside host cells, and have complex replication cycles involving adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, and release of new viral particles.
This document discusses the thrips-tospovirus complex that affects vegetable production. It provides background on thrips and tospoviruses, how thrips transmit tospoviruses in a circulative and propagative manner, and the major tospoviruses (TSWV, TCSV, GBNV, WBNV, CACV) and their host plants/symptoms. Progress has been made in managing thrips and tospoviruses, but challenges remain in controlling this complex that limits vegetable production in many areas.
This document provides an overview of the module "Bio305 Pathogen Biology" taught by Professor Mark Pallen. It begins with definitions of key terms like pathogen, virulence, infection, and pathogenesis. It then discusses concepts like the molecular basis of virulence, how bacteria sense their environment and regulate virulence genes, and the steps in successful bacterial infection. It also covers how bacterial sex and acquisition of mobile genetic elements like pathogenicity islands have driven the evolution of virulence. The document provides a sophisticated, multi-factorial view of virulence as a process.
Viral diseases can be reduced through several methods. Coat protein mediated resistance involves transforming plants with the viral coat protein gene, which allows the plant to resist infection from that virus or related viruses. Antisense RNAs can also be used, where small untranslatable RNAs pair with and degrade target viral RNA sequences. RNA interference is a natural antiviral response in plants where dicer enzymes produce small interfering RNAs that guide the RNA induced silencing complex to cleave homologous viral RNA transcripts.
This document summarizes information presented about Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis. It discusses that M. tuberculosis grows slowly, doubling every 24 hours, and takes 3-4 weeks to culture. It also notes that tuberculosis infects around 2 billion people globally and causes 1.6 million deaths per year. The document also mentions that multidrug resistant tuberculosis is emerging worldwide and there are an estimated 50 million people infected with multidrug resistant strains.
This document discusses recent advances in the study of hemoparasites like Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma. It covers new understandings in pathogenesis, improved diagnostic techniques like PCR and rapid tests, and novel treatment approaches including artemisinin derivatives and vaccines. Key areas covered include identifying parasite proteins involved in host invasion, endothelial receptors in malaria sequestration, diagnostic targets such as HRP-2 and pLDH, combination therapies for drug resistance, and vaccine candidates targeting different parasite stages.
This document describes the development of a PCR-RFLP assay to identify Plasmodium species and variants of P. vivax infecting Anopheles mosquitoes. Specific primers were designed that target regions of the circumsporozoite gene to distinguish P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. vivax variants VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like. The assay was tested on artificially infected mosquitoes and showed good agreement with nested PCR. The PCR-RFLP method provides a sensitive way to detect Plasmodium species and variants, which can help understand malaria transmission dynamics.
This document summarizes information about malaria, including:
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.
- The parasites have complex life cycles involving human and mosquito hosts. They are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Symptoms include periodic fevers, chills, fatigue and others. Diagnosis is typically via examination of blood smears under microscopy.
This study compared ELISA and PCR-ELISA techniques for detecting human Plasmodium parasites in Anopheles mosquitoes from the Amazon region of Brazil. The PCR-ELISA technique confirmed all positive and negative ELISA results but detected additional Plasmodium species in 5 of the 32 positive mosquitoes that were not detected by ELISA alone. The PCR-ELISA is more sensitive than ELISA for detecting human malaria parasites in mosquitoes.
This document summarizes information about malaria vaccines. It discusses how malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. Four species can infect humans. Current vaccines target different stages of the parasite's life cycle, including pre-erythrocytic, blood, and sexual stages. Challenges to vaccine development include the parasite's ability to evade the immune system through antigenic variation. Several candidate vaccines are discussed that target different stages, but none have achieved high levels of efficacy and durability.
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
1. The document summarizes a seminar on how necrotrophic fungal pathogens hijack plant genes. Necrotrophs produce effector proteins called necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that interact with dominant host sensitivity genes and induce cell death.
2. Case studies of several plant-pathogen systems were described to illustrate the inverse gene-for-gene model. These include the interactions between the Tsn1 gene and T-toxin in maize, the LOV1 gene and victorin in Arabidopsis, and the Pc gene and PC-toxin in sorghum.
3. A detailed case study of the wheat gene Tsn1 that confers sensitivity to
Gene Olinger, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick USA, presents at the ProImmune Antigen Characterization and Biomarker Discovery Summit, January 2011.
Protective Immune Reponses to Ebola Virus
The document discusses various sporozoan parasites including Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Eimeria, Isospora, and Plasmodium species. It provides details on the parasite biology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases caused by these sporozoans. Key points covered include that sporozoans are obligate parasites with complex life cycles involving sexual and asexual reproduction, and they cause diseases by infecting tissues through ingestion of infective stages such as oocysts or sporocysts.
1) Bacteria that normally live in the gut can have either symbiotic or pathogenic relationships with their human host. Pathogenic bacteria produce virulence factors that subvert the host's immune defenses, while symbiotic bacteria may secrete regulatory molecules that modulate immunity.
2) The human microbiota interacts with multiple organ systems beyond the gut, influencing metabolism, inflammation, and other physiological processes through molecular signals. Understanding these host-microbiota interactions could lead to new treatments.
3) Studies on the bacterial effector proteins secreted by pathogens like Shigella provide insights into how innate and adaptive immune responses are activated or suppressed. This knowledge may help design new antimicrobials and vaccines.
Spirochaetes are helical bacteria that possess endoflagella between their outer membrane and cell wall. This allows them to move via flexing, rotation, or translation. Treponema pallidum is the spirochete that causes syphilis. It has a multi-stage lifecycle going from primary chancre lesions, to disseminated secondary lesions, and potentially late-stage tertiary lesions affecting organs. Diagnosis involves direct visualization of T. pallidum in lesions or serological tests detecting antibodies against cardiolipin or treponemal antigens.
This document summarizes a collaborative project involving over 140 researchers from 20 countries to improve fungal taxonomy and identification using DNA barcoding techniques. It discusses challenges with commonly used markers like Cox1 and ITS for fungal barcoding due to issues like introns and multiple copies. It evaluates the performance of different markers like SSU, RPB1, LSU, ITS individually and in combination on a dataset of 746 fungal strains from 396 species. It also discusses using secondary markers for groups where primary markers lack resolution. The document emphasizes needs like increasing sequence data for understudied groups and evaluating environmental diversity and "virtual species".
The malarial parasite Plasmodium is a protozoan that causes malaria. It has a complex life cycle involving humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, Plasmodium invades liver cells and red blood cells in asexual cycles, and sexual stages form in the mosquito in a sporogonic cycle. There are four main species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia, and is diagnosed microscopically or with molecular tests. Treatment depends on species and severity, while prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance and chemoprophylaxis.
This document provides information on the epidemiology of malaria. It discusses that malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects around 515 million people annually, killing between 1-3 million mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The highest mortality is associated with P. falciparum infections. It also outlines the complex life cycle of the malaria parasite in both mosquito and human hosts and discusses the history, treatment, and global burden of malaria.
This document provides an overview of viruses including their general properties, morphology, replication cycles, cultivation, and classification. It discusses several specific virus families in more detail, including Poxvirus, Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Picornavirus, and others. Key points covered include virus structure, host interactions, pathogenesis of common viral infections, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical manifestations.
Unraveling Virus Complexes in Plants/ CIAT APR 2015CIAT
This document summarizes the work of Wilmer J. Cuellar on unraveling virus complexes in plants. It discusses that viruses occur in complex communities and interact in various ways. Historically, plant viruses were described based on symptoms alone, but it is now understood that single strains grown in pure culture do not reflect reality. Viruses often occur as mixed infections in nature, and can have varying impacts depending on the plant variety infected. The document outlines research on complex virus infections in cassava and sweet potato. It emphasizes the importance of early identification and surveillance of potential virus threats. Improving diagnostic tools is key to evaluating cleaning protocols and detecting early infections. Understanding virus diversity and interactions is important for disease management.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in warm-blooded animals. It is transmitted primarily through bites from infected animals like raccoons, skunks and bats. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine by inoculating emulsions of rabies virus in dogs and later in humans. His method saved thousands and led to significant declines in human rabies cases in developed nations. Today, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing and vaccination can prevent disease if started early. Rabies remains fatal once clinical symptoms appear.
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that commonly infects humans. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. The parasite exists in two forms - tachyzoites that actively multiply during acute infection, and bradyzoites that form cysts during chronic infection. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies, antigens or parasites. Treatment differs based on immune status and involves antiparasitic drugs. Prevention focuses on thoroughly cooking meat and good hygiene.
Malaria pathogenesis and reason for drug resistantanceAbino David
This document discusses the malaria parasite life cycle and pathogenesis of malaria. It describes the four Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, their life cycles involving both human and mosquito hosts, as well as pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of infection. It also discusses drug resistance in malaria parasites, factors contributing to resistance, and strategies to reduce the emergence of resistance.
Similar to Plasmodium CSP - Based vaccines Past - prsesent - future (20)
Guide pour le suivi et l'évaluation des programmes - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Luciano TUSEO - World Health Organization / Roll Back Malaria - Office for Madagascar and Reunion - Antananarivo, Madagascar - maloms@iris.mg
Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Luciano TUSEO - World Health Organization / Roll Back Malaria - Office for Madagascar and Reunion - Antananarivo, Madagascar - maloms@iris.mg
Développement nouveaux médicaments - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Pascal MILLET - Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux2, France - pascal.millet@u-bordeaux2.fr
Diagnostic biologique du paludisme - Séances Pratiques de la 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Didier MENARD et Vincent THONIER
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Plasmodium CSP - Based vaccines Past - prsesent - future
1. Plasmodium CSP-Based Vaccines
Past - Present - Future
Georges Snounou
Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles
Comparé Modè Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
Musé
Expérimentaux
Expé Paris - France
2. OVERVIEW
Malaria & Anti-Malarial Vaccination
CSP-Based Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines
Present Status
Perspectives
Quest for Novel Protective Antigens
3. A Simple Life Cycle with Complexity
Protozoans of the Genus Plasmodium
Transmitted by Mosquitoes of the Genus Anopheles
Established after 100 years of research
10. The Control of Malaria
Drug & Insecticide Resistance
Former Times DDT
Chloroquine CSP Gene Plasmodium Genomes
Drainage
1955 1970 1983 2001…
2001…
Larvicide
Nets
Quinine WHO
Scramble for a Vaccine
Eradication Campaign
1970s
mAb - Cloning - In vitro Culture
11. Many Vaccine Candidates…
Erythrocytic Asexual Targets
AMA1 DBP EBA175 EBP2 GLURP GPI MSP1 MSP2 MSP3 PfEMP1 RESA SERP
Erythrocytic Sexual Targets
PfS16 PfS28 PvS25
Pre-erythrocytic Targets
CSP LSA1 LSA3 TRAP
…Little Protection
Unknown Mechanisms of Naturally Acquired Immunity
Requires Repeated Lengthy Exposure - Wanes Rapidly
Not Sterilising
Species and Strain-Specificity
21. Contrasting Interpretations
Alonso et al.
29.9 % against first clinical episode
57.7 % against severe malaria
45.0 % against infection
Snounou et al.
The vaccine is ineffective
22. Contrasting Interpretations
Placebo is inadequate
Detection by microscopy
Statistical measures obscure
No primary data available
23. Contrasting Interpretations
≥ One episode
35.3 % against first clinical episode
48.6 % against severe malaria
Lancet 2005 366:2012
24. More RTS,S Trials
About 7 Phase IIb are underway in Africa
About 12 Phase III are planned in Africa
Estimated/Projected costs = > 600 Million USD
25. Suitability of Pfcsp as an Anti-Infection Vaccine
Role in Naturally Acquired Protection
Epidemiological Surveys
Role in Experimentally-Induced Sterile Protection
Experimental Approach
26. Role of PfCSP in Naturally Acquired Immunity
Prevalence of αCSP Antibodies
Prevalence of CSP-specific T-Cells
Presence of Th Epitope Polymorphisms
Lack of Formal Evidence
Exploit Th-Epitope Polymorphisms
Formal Tests in Animal Models
27. Diversity of Pfcsp Th Epitopes
Th2R Th3R
Th2R*01 P S D K H I E Q Y L K K I K N S I
Th3R*01 N K P K D E L D Y E N D
Th2R*02 Q K T Q L
Th2R*03 K E N Q L Th3R*02 Q A
Th2R*04 Q K R Q L Th3R*03 A
Th2R*05 Q L Th3R*04 D Q
Th2R*06 Q K T Q L Th3R*05 Q N
Th2R*07 Q K Q Q L Th3R*06 R A
Th2R*08 Q K Q L Th3R*07 A D
Th2R*09 T N Q L Th3R*08 Q
Th2R*10 Q K Q R L Th3R*09 G S
Th2R*11 Q K Q Y L Th3R*10 N
Th2R*12 T E Q L Th3R*11 D Q C S
Th2R*13 Q Y L Th3R*12 D
Th2R*14 K E T Q Th3R*13 G E
Th2R*15 E Q L .
. .
. .
. .
.
28. Study Sites in Thailand
Mae La Kanchanaburi
Ratchaburi
EIR 0.1 - 0.5 EIR 1 - 5
1996 N = 35 2001 N = 183
Children and adults
1999 N = 45
2001 N = 20
Children and adults
29. Conclusion
CSP-induced Immunity is Short-Lived
CSP-induced Immunity is Not Protective
CSP-Induced Natural Immunity is Not Selective
Brazil Papua New Guinea
*01/*01 *04/*01 *05/*04
23/23 19/23 22/22
Hypothesis
Biological Selection by the Mosquito
Kumkhaek et al. 2005 J. Immunol. 175:3935
32. Hypothesis
IF
CSP plays a role in the acquisition of sterile immunity
THEN
Immunization with P. berghei/Pbcsp irradiated sporozoites
WILL NOT
Confer protection against a challenge with P. berghei/Pfcsp
Provided anti-CSP cross-reactive immune responses are minimal
33. αCSP Antibody Responses after Immunisation
N-Terminus Repeats C-Terminus
P. berghei
P. falciparum
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
Fluorescence (AU x 10-3)
The Majority of Induced Antibodies are Directed against the CSP
34.
35. Sterile Protection Induced by Immunisation
Challenge Parasite
P. berghei/Pbcsp P. berghei/Pfcsp
Immunising Parasite
None
P. berghei/Pbcsp
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Sterile protection (%)
36. Conclusion
Immune Responses Induced against CSP
Do not Confer Sterile Immunity
Other Antigens from Irradiated Sporozoites must have a
Determining Role in Sterile Protection
Grüner et al. 2007 PLoS ONE e-1371
37. Quest for Novel Protective Pre-Erythrocytic Antigens
A strategy for Identification
38. Discriminating Immunological Reagents
Suboptimal Immunisation
Irradiated Sporozoite
Challenge
Protected Infected
Antibodies Antibodies
T Cells T Cells
Animal Models of Malaria
Ethical Considerations
Collection of Reagents
39. Liver Stage Transcriptomes
High Efficiency In vitro Infection
CD81-HepG2 Cells
Irradiated Sporozoite Hepatic Trophozoite Arrested Growth
mRNA Purification
cDNA Construction
Normal Sporozoite Hepatic Trophozoite Hepatic Schizont
Gene Identification by Microarray Analyses
DNA Chip for the P. yoelii Genome
40. Immunological Screening
Bioinformatic Selection
Confirmation of in vivo Expression
RT-PCR
RT-
Cloning in Appropriate Expression Vectors
Quantify B Cell and T Cell Responses
Correlates of Protection
41. Proof-of-Principle Validation of Protective Role
Immunisation / Challenge in Mice
Identification of Homologues in P. falciparum
Reagents from Humans
Volunteers Immunised with Sporozoite Naturally Protected Endemic Residents
under Chloroquine Cover following Radical Cure
42.
43. Pfcsp Th Repertoire Diversity - Age and Exposure
RepTh Non-Immunes > RepTh Immunes
?
Parasites
Age
Relatively Low Endemicity
Mosquito Bites Lead to Clinical Symptoms
Prompt & Effective Treatment
Blood Parasites Reflect Sporozoite Inoculum
45. A Dominant Pfcsp Haplotype
Th2R*5 Th3R*1 *5/*1
n % % %
Ratchaburi 144 78 81 76
Kanchanaburi 43 84 91 84
Mae La 100 82 84 82
Frequencies did not Vary with Age or Time of Collection
46. Fixation of the Pfcsp Haplotype
msp1 msp2 glurp
K1 MAD20 RO33 FC27 IC
C B B
A B E D
D E A
Children G C C
D H B
C B C
1996 D B DK B
F B F
F B C
Adults D DK F
C AB C
E G B
D D B
C B DG CD
D B B
A C D
C BD A AB EG CD
Children A B B
BC B E A
E F A B EF AB
1999
D
D
C AB D
J
F
C
*5/*1
D C F
C B E
C E A
Adults AC I C
C B A
D C C
D E C
D D C
EG I C
C F A
Children D EK C
D EK C
E CK C
2001 C H A
BD B D DF
D C AB
Adults C C C
C DE B G BC
E B C