This document summarizes the work of Wilmer J. Cuellar on unraveling virus complexes in plants. It discusses that viruses occur in complex communities and interact in various ways. Historically, plant viruses were described based on symptoms alone, but it is now understood that single strains grown in pure culture do not reflect reality. Viruses often occur as mixed infections in nature, and can have varying impacts depending on the plant variety infected. The document outlines research on complex virus infections in cassava and sweet potato. It emphasizes the importance of early identification and surveillance of potential virus threats. Improving diagnostic tools is key to evaluating cleaning protocols and detecting early infections. Understanding virus diversity and interactions is important for disease management.
2. Viruses
A virus is basically a protein shell with a few
genes inside.
They occur as part of fast evolving and complex
communities and they are ecologically
important components of the environment.
It is not longer practical for one laboratory to
focus on single strains grown in pure culture.
They are historically associated with disease.
3. Mosaics Yellowing
Ring SpotLeaf Curling
Most of plant
pathology in the
early 1900s
consisted of
symptom
description
In the beginning we had… ‘mosaics’,
‘yellowings’, ‘ringspots’, etc.
5. ‘This masking of symptoms or development of
immunity, or whatever it is, seems to hold under
greenhouse conditions for practically all the plants
tested.’
‘Attempts have been made to produce symptoms on
these leaves from other plants, but without success
(...). The virus is still present even though the disease
symptoms fail to appear.’
Wingard, 1928. J. Agric. Res. 37, 127-153.
But if you leave the plants to grow older…
6. a.k.a. ‘immunization’, ‘Protective inoculation’, ‘interference’, ‘reciprocal
protection’, ‘mutual antagonism’, ‘prophylactic inoculation’, etc. Worked
with similar (related) viruses and under laboratory conditions.
McKinney, 1929. Mosaic diseases in the Canary Islands, west Africa, and Gibraltar. J. Agric. Res. 39, 557-578.
Salaman, R.F. 1933. Protective inoculation against a plant virus. Nature. 131, 468-468.
You will get: Cross protection
7. Things are different in nature: latent
and mild viruses
In 1925 Johnson (US) analyzed healthy-looking potatoes and found a ‘mild mottle
virus’ in almost all US potato varieties (Potato virus X).
The X virus was also found in Europe and described as ‘simple mosaic’ in some
varieties or ‘latent virus’ in others.
In nature:
Johnson J. 1925. Wisc. Res. Bull. 63:12pp.
Smith K. 1931. Proc. Royal Soc London. 109, 251-267.
Salaman RF. 1937. Proc. Royal Soc London. 229, 137-217.
Dykstra T.P. 1938. Phytopathology. 629:40-67.
X + YYX
8. Mixed infections are common in
cassava worldwide
CBSD mosaic CMD mosaic
Caribbean mosaicCommon mosaic Frogskin mosaic
No mosaic
AFRICAAMERICA
Mixed infected Single infected
9. In the search of ‘Frogskin’ aethiology
It was first reported in 1971 from southern Colombia (Pineda, et al. 1983)
Cauca
1971
• In 1980, flexous viral particles were observed in cassava plants displaying FSD
(Pineda B., et al., 1980)
• In parallel, mycoplasma related structures were found. Complex infection
virus-mycoplama (Pineda B. & Lozano J.C., 1981)
• The landrace Secundina (MCol 2063) expressed mosaic symptoms where FSD
was endemic (CIAT Cassava Program Annual Reports, 1984,1985)
• The presence of a potexvirus (CsVX?) in endemic regions of FSD was reported
(Harrison B. D. & Lennon, A. M., 1989)
• Multiple dsRNA (viral?) were associated to FSD (Cuervo M., 1989)
• In 2007, it is reported the a phytoplasma in FSD-affected plants (Alvarez E., et. al.
2009).
• In 2008, a REOvirus is found with cassava plants affected by FSD (Calvert L., et. al.
2008).
• FSD plants giving negative results to REOvirus and to Phytoplasma
• In 2014 we showed that all affected plants contain a complex infection and
there was not enough evidence to associate previous pathogens separately
(Carvajal-Yepes et al., 2014)
10. Sites of study: North Coast, Valle del Cauca, Eastern Plains
Improving diagnostics to reduce risk
-e.g.Cassava
11. H RS H RS H RS
Symptoms vary depending on the
root variety
Venezolana
(MCOL-2215)
Mtai8 MCOL-2737
17. To detect early build up of viruses in
the field
Virus free plants became infected
in the first cycle45%
60%
18. Tools to evaluate viruses in roots
Transgenic Line L17Transgenic Line L10
H
VIRUS 2VIRUS 1
NT H
VIRUS 2VIRUS 1
NT
H
LEGEND
VIRUS 1 and VIRUS 2: Different virus ifnections.
H: Transgenic line grafted with not-infected ‘Secundina’.
NT: Non-transgenic line.
19. Tools to identify their pathogenicity proteins
important in disease
AAAAAA
Normal light Ultraviolet light
1 2 3
C 1
2 3
23. p22 can suppress
the defense of
the plant
p22 enhances the
accumulation of the
virus
p22 by itself
Induce severe
symptoms in
other plants
(-) (+) (-) (-)
P-Pro MTR HEL RdRp p26 p7 p22
Uganda
Sweetpotato: Sometimes viruses
change strategies
P-Pro MTR HEL RdRp p26 p7
Rest of
the
world
East Africa strain
West Africa strain
24. Citrus: Re-evaluation of cleaning
systems
Main citrus regions in Colombia (2014)
17 ICA-registered nurseries
5 comercial greenhouses
80 samples
99% infected by known pathogens (Mixed infections)
CEVd 46%
HSVd 81%
CTV 60%
25. Main drivers of disease
Anderson PK., et al. 2004. Emerging infectious diseases of plants (...) TRENDS in Ecol and Evol. 19:535-544.
Early identification should include the survey for potential pathogens before
they jump into crops.
26. Take home messages and Future
directions
A high diversity of hosts implies a even wider biodiversity of potential
pathogens. We need to understand the biological significance of that
diversity and their interactions.
It is not longer practical to focus on diagnosis of single isolated pathogens
grown in pure culture, especially with diseases affecting RTB crops.
An “early identification, early response” strategy. Emphasis basic field
research and biological tests. Sequences are needed but not enough.
Including the diversity of potential pathogens in wild plants.
We suggest the establishment of a Surveillance Network which should
incorporate information on disease-conductive environments and
considering historical information on previous epidemics.
27. Carvajal-Yepes M, Olaya C, Lozano I, Cuervo M, Castaño M, Cuellar WJ.
(2014) Unravelling complex virus infections in cassava. Virus Research 186,
76-86.
Legg J, Kumar L, Makeshkumar T, Ferguson M, Kanju E, Ntawuruhunga P,
Cuellar WJ. (2015) Cassava virus diseases: Biology, Epidemiology and
Management. Advances in Virus Research. 91, 85-142.
DiFeo L, Zanini A, Rodriguez P, Cuervo M, Carvajal-Yepes M, Cuellar WJ.
(2015) First report of Cassava common mosaic virus and Cassava frogskin
associated virus infecting cassava in Argentina. Plant Disease. 9, 733.
Van der Vlugt R, Verbeek M, Dullemans AM, Wintermantel WM, Cuellar WJ,
Fox A, Thompson JR. (2015) Torradoviruses. Annual Review of
Phytopathology. 53, 23.1-23.28.
Cassava Virology - Publications
28. Cassava virology – CIAT
Ivan Lozano Monica Carvajal Jenyfer Jimenez
MSc Thesis completed:
Cristian Olaya, 2014. MSc-Thesis. UNAL-Palmira, Colombia.
Ana M. Leiva, 2015. MSc-Thesis. UNAL-Palmira, Colombia.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Alejandro Quintero Bertha Garcia
We inherited a strong Research Laboratory, founded by Dr. Francisco Morales.
Editor's Notes
I am a virologist and find viruses as a fascinating concept!
They are evolving entities that only make sense in the field of Biology.
So here we innocent come and try to classify them: As difficult as this may sound. Virus identification has been an intense activity for the last 100 years.
In the beginning biologists were descriptive, classifying viral disease by the symtoms they produced in the affected crop or in specific indicator plants.
I am a virologist and find viruses as a fascinating concept!
They are evolving entities that only make sense in the field of Biology.
So here we innocent come and try to classify them: As difficult as this may sound. Virus identification has been an intense activity for the last 100 years.
In the beginning biologists were descriptive, classifying viral disease by the symtoms they produced in the affected crop or in specific indicator plants.
But there was always the guy who instead of destroying the plants and cleaning the greenhouse after seeing the symptoms, it left the plants to grow old. What he found was that most plants recovered from the infection showing less severe symptoms of the disease.
En este reporte,
Postulados de Koch
El agente patógeno debe estar presente en cada caso de la enfermedad en las condiciones apropiadas y ausente en las personas sanas.
El agente no debe aparecer en otra enfermedad de manera fortuita o saprófita.
El agente debe ser aislado del cuerpo en un cultivo puro a partir de las lesiones de la enfermedad.
El agente debe provocar la enfermedad en un animal susceptible al ser inoculado.
El agente debe ser aislado de nuevo de las lesiones producidas en los animales de experimentación.
En este reporte,
Postulados de Koch
El agente patógeno debe estar presente en cada caso de la enfermedad en las condiciones apropiadas y ausente en las personas sanas.
El agente no debe aparecer en otra enfermedad de manera fortuita o saprófita.
El agente debe ser aislado del cuerpo en un cultivo puro a partir de las lesiones de la enfermedad.
El agente debe provocar la enfermedad en un animal susceptible al ser inoculado.
El agente debe ser aislado de nuevo de las lesiones producidas en los animales de experimentación.