This study compared ELISA and PCR-ELISA techniques for detecting human Plasmodium parasites in Anopheles mosquitoes from the Amazon region of Brazil. The PCR-ELISA technique confirmed all positive and negative ELISA results but detected additional Plasmodium species in 5 of the 32 positive mosquitoes that were not detected by ELISA alone. The PCR-ELISA is more sensitive than ELISA for detecting human malaria parasites in mosquitoes.
This document describes the development of a PCR-RFLP assay to identify Plasmodium species and variants of P. vivax infecting Anopheles mosquitoes. Specific primers were designed that target regions of the circumsporozoite gene to distinguish P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. vivax variants VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like. The assay was tested on artificially infected mosquitoes and showed good agreement with nested PCR. The PCR-RFLP method provides a sensitive way to detect Plasmodium species and variants, which can help understand malaria transmission dynamics.
The study characterized the Campylobacter jejuni IAL 2383 strain isolated from humans in Brazil. They found that the strain harbored important virulence genes and expressed major virulence factor transcripts. It grew better at 41°C than 37°C, indicating ability to colonize avian hosts. The strain was sensitive to most antibiotics tested and could serve as an experimental model for interactions with host cells and acquisition of antibiotic resistance.
This study characterized the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae using genetic analysis techniques. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 34 isolates from different host plants and geographic regions identified 79 distinct genetic markers that clustered the isolates into two main groups. One group consisted primarily of isolates from oilseed rape, while the other comprised isolates from a diverse range of host plants. Sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene integrated V. dahliae into the sexual system of filamentous ascomycetes fungi. The study investigated genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of V. dahliae.
Cloning and sequence analysis of banana streak virus dna. harper 1998Paloma Susan
Banana streak virus (BSV) causes severe problems for banana cultivation. The researchers cloned and sequenced the genome of a Nigerian isolate of BSV. The genome was found to be 7,389 base pairs and organized similarly to other badnaviruses, with three open reading frames. Comparison showed BSV is distinct from but closely related to sugarcane bacilliform virus. PCR primers designed from the sequence data detected BSV sequences in banana plants, indicating portions of the BSV genome may integrate into the banana genome. The BSV sequence provides a basis for more sensitive PCR-based detection methods.
The initial objective of this work was to isolate Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from asymptomatic infected plants and then identify the virus on the basis of biological properties among the most common or other hosts if possible after inoculation. Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to gain information about the similar identity of the TSWV-isolate that reported in this study with available TSWV sequences from other parts of the world.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document summarizes the selection and characterization of recombinant clones from a Mycobacterium leprae expression library screened with sera from household contacts of leprosy patients. Twelve recombinant clones were selected that reacted with antibodies in the contact sera. These antigens recognized by contact sera differed from those recognized by monoclonal antibodies and were not identical to known M. leprae antigens. Two groups of antigens were identified: one recognized by all contact sera, and one recognized by only some contact sera. These antigens may be relevant to early immune responses during M. leprae infection.
This document describes the development of a PCR-RFLP assay to identify Plasmodium species and variants of P. vivax infecting Anopheles mosquitoes. Specific primers were designed that target regions of the circumsporozoite gene to distinguish P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. vivax variants VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like. The assay was tested on artificially infected mosquitoes and showed good agreement with nested PCR. The PCR-RFLP method provides a sensitive way to detect Plasmodium species and variants, which can help understand malaria transmission dynamics.
The study characterized the Campylobacter jejuni IAL 2383 strain isolated from humans in Brazil. They found that the strain harbored important virulence genes and expressed major virulence factor transcripts. It grew better at 41°C than 37°C, indicating ability to colonize avian hosts. The strain was sensitive to most antibiotics tested and could serve as an experimental model for interactions with host cells and acquisition of antibiotic resistance.
This study characterized the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae using genetic analysis techniques. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 34 isolates from different host plants and geographic regions identified 79 distinct genetic markers that clustered the isolates into two main groups. One group consisted primarily of isolates from oilseed rape, while the other comprised isolates from a diverse range of host plants. Sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene integrated V. dahliae into the sexual system of filamentous ascomycetes fungi. The study investigated genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of V. dahliae.
Cloning and sequence analysis of banana streak virus dna. harper 1998Paloma Susan
Banana streak virus (BSV) causes severe problems for banana cultivation. The researchers cloned and sequenced the genome of a Nigerian isolate of BSV. The genome was found to be 7,389 base pairs and organized similarly to other badnaviruses, with three open reading frames. Comparison showed BSV is distinct from but closely related to sugarcane bacilliform virus. PCR primers designed from the sequence data detected BSV sequences in banana plants, indicating portions of the BSV genome may integrate into the banana genome. The BSV sequence provides a basis for more sensitive PCR-based detection methods.
The initial objective of this work was to isolate Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from asymptomatic infected plants and then identify the virus on the basis of biological properties among the most common or other hosts if possible after inoculation. Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to gain information about the similar identity of the TSWV-isolate that reported in this study with available TSWV sequences from other parts of the world.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This document summarizes the selection and characterization of recombinant clones from a Mycobacterium leprae expression library screened with sera from household contacts of leprosy patients. Twelve recombinant clones were selected that reacted with antibodies in the contact sera. These antigens recognized by contact sera differed from those recognized by monoclonal antibodies and were not identical to known M. leprae antigens. Two groups of antigens were identified: one recognized by all contact sera, and one recognized by only some contact sera. These antigens may be relevant to early immune responses during M. leprae infection.
This study examined the immune response in patients with early cutaneous leishmaniasis (ECL), defined as illness duration of 60 days or less, compared to those with late cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) of over 12 months. The results showed that in ECL, 32% of patients had absent or low lymphoproliferative responses to Leishmania antigens and 41% had an absence of interferon (IFN)-γ production. IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in ECL compared to LCL, while interleukin (IL)-10 levels were significantly higher in ECL. The addition of anti-IL-10 or anti-IL-12 antibodies restored lymphoprolifer
This document describes the construction and characterization of recombinant viruses containing the HIV-1 env gene from seminal strains. The researchers amplified the V1-V3 region of env from seminal plasma samples and used it to construct chimeric viruses by co-transfecting the V1-V3 fragment into a V1-V3 deleted vector. Four chimeric viruses were able to replicate and were characterized as using CXCR4 as a coreceptor. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the interaction of the cell-free viral particles with reporter cell lines. The recombinant viruses representing seminal strains are useful tools for studying heterosexual HIV transmission and testing microbicides.
This study aimed to identify pinworm species infecting a colony of Syrian hamsters and determine if transmission could occur to immunodeficient mice. The pinworm was identified as Syphacia mesocriceti based on morphology and 28S rDNA sequencing, though dimensions were slightly larger than reported. Weekly transfers of infected hamster bedding to sentinel hamsters and mice showed no transmission to mice by tape tests or PCR over 5 weeks, suggesting S. mesocriceti is host-specific.
This document describes the development of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify Vibrio alginolyticus using the groEL gene. A species-specific primer was designed based on alignments of groEL gene sequences. Testing showed the primer only amplified V. alginolyticus and not other Vibrio or non-Vibrio strains. The assay was sensitive enough to detect as few as 10 cells per ml and was used to quantify V. alginolyticus artificially inoculated into shellfish and shrimp samples.
1. The study aims to characterize the bacteriophage Samisiti12 that infects Streptomyces griseus through RNA sequencing at different time points during infection to identify genes expressed early and late in the phage lifecycle.
2. Samples of the phage-bacteria culture will be taken at 30, 60, and 120 minutes post-infection for RNA extraction, cDNA conversion, and sequencing.
3. It is hypothesized that sequences on the right arm of the phage genome will be expressed early to encode proteins for DNA synthesis and host immunity, while sequences on the left arm expressed late will encode structural proteins for virion construction.
Franz Zhang et al Weevil Workshop 2016 Neotropical Entiminae Systematics evol...taxonbytes
The document discusses research on the Neotropical Entiminae weevil subfamily, including a molecular phylogeny that showed the Exophthalmus genus complex is polyphyletic. Historical biogeography analysis found Caribbean island ancestry with jump dispersal between islands accounting for 25% of range evolution. Molecular profiling of gut contents identified host plant associations and multiple bacterial symbionts across weevil specimens using next-generation sequencing.
The host immune system: a double-edged sword controlling ranavirus infection ...mgray11
The host immune system acts as a double-edged sword in controlling ranavirus (RV) infection. In tadpoles, the immune system is immature and mounts a poor innate antiviral response, allowing RV to rapidly disseminate. However, adult frogs can control RV through CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Interestingly, RV can persist asymptomatically in adult frog macrophages in a quiescent state. Bacterial stimulation can reactivate persistent RV, potentially causing disease recurrence. Loss of class I MHC molecules increases tadpole susceptibility to RV, indicating innate-like T cells play an important role in early antiviral immunity. Thus, RV has evolved to evade the tadpole immune system while establishing persistence in adults.
Laboratory animal cage washing has traditionally employed very hot rinse or wash water to assure the destruction of microbial agents which can cause disease in laboratory animals. This study shows an alternative that may conserve substantial amounts of energy and still provide suitable results.
Naturally acquired plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, thailand[1]Prasit Chanarat
1) A 38-year-old Thai man contracted Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after spending time in a forested area of southern Thailand near the Thai-Myanmar border.
2) Microscopic examination of blood smears showed malaria parasites consistent with P. malariae. However, PCR and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes confirmed the species as P. knowlesi.
3) This is the first reported case of naturally acquired P. knowlesi malaria in humans in Thailand, indicating that wild primate populations may serve as reservoirs for simian malaria parasites capable of infecting humans.
The document summarizes research that aimed to validate a mouse model for studying Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) by quantifying the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in mouse livers infected with HAV. The researcher found elevated levels of ISG20, ISG15, ISG56, IP10, interferon alpha/beta, and interferon gamma in infected mice, similar to levels found in infected humans and chimpanzees. This supported the mouse model and showed its ability to accurately represent the human immune response to HAV infection. Further research using this model may help develop treatments and further understanding of HAV.
1. The authors developed a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) method for detecting Rhodococcus equi, an important horse and emerging human pathogen.
2. The method uses two Q-PCR assays, one targeting the chromosomal choE gene to quantify total R. equi, and the other targeting the virulence plasmid gene vapA to detect the "horse-pathogenic" genotype.
3. Testing on 178 R. equi isolates and 77 non-target bacteria showed the assays were 100% sensitive and specific. The method can accurately quantify R. equi down to 1,000 CFU/ml in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
This study analyzed faecal specimens from 2,495 diarrhoea cases in Kolkata, India between 2007-2009 to determine the seasonal distribution and characteristics of norovirus (NoV) infections. NoV was detected in 78 cases, mostly children under 2 years old, sometimes as the sole pathogen but often along with other enteric pathogens. Sequencing of the NVGII strains showed clustering with GII.4, GII.13 and GII.6 NoV types. NoV infections occurred year-round and were associated with mild dehydration in children and adults in Kolkata.
This study investigated whether the E3L protein from vaccinia virus (VACV) or ectromelia virus (ECTV) could rescue replication of an influenza virus lacking the NS1 protein (ΔNS1 Flu virus). The ECTV E3L protein was cloned and cells were transfected with ECTV E3L, VACV E3L, or wildtype Flu NS1 protein before infecting with ΔNS1 Flu virus or wildtype Flu virus. Flow cytometry was used to measure expression of the influenza hemagglutinin protein as an indicator of viral replication. The results showed that neither VACV E3L nor ECTV E3L rescued replication of the ΔNS1 Flu virus
This article examines the genetic diversity of Gallibacterium isolates recovered from turkeys in California between 1998-2004. The study genotyped 53 Gallibacterium isolates from 29 turkey flocks in California and 3 flocks in Germany using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The results demonstrated substantial genetic diversity among the isolates but also that some clones were present over multiple years and flocks, indicating the bacteria may spread between turkey populations. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiology and transmission of Gallibacterium between turkeys and other birds.
Detection of plant pathogens using non pcr based techniquesPuja41124
This document discusses various molecular techniques for detecting and identifying plant pathogens, beginning with conventional techniques like visual observation, culture-based methods, and microscopy. It then covers several antibody-based techniques like serological methods, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Hybridization methods like Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and DNA microarrays are also introduced. Biochemical approaches involving fatty acid analysis, Biolog identification systems, and volatile compound analysis are briefly covered. The document concludes by discussing the surface plasmon resonance technique for pathogen detection. In summary, it provides an overview of conventional, antibody-based, hybridization-based, and biochemical molecular techniques for plant pathogen detection and identification.
1) The study evaluated the performance of the OptiMal malaria rapid diagnostic test under different storage conditions of 25°C, 30°C, and 39°C for 24, 48, and 72 hours.
2) The test detected all 111 positive blood samples except for 2 low parasitemia Plasmodium malariae samples.
3) The study suggests that the OptiMal test can be used for malaria diagnosis in Brazilian regions, though further research is needed to evaluate its performance under different environmental conditions like humidity.
This document discusses molecular approaches for studying Fasciola species. It begins by introducing molecular methods like PCR that are useful for species identification and population genetics studies by targeting divergent genes. It then discusses Fascioliasis, caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and F. jaksoni. Common molecular markers for Fasciola species identification include mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA. Specific PCR assays have been developed to differentiate Fasciola species using markers like ITS-2 sequences. The document concludes that molecular genetics studies have improved understanding of Fasciola taxonomy and enabled accurate identification of species.
This document discusses a new species of Trichinella nematode found infecting carnivorous mammals in South America. The article describes the biological and molecular characteristics that distinguish this genotype, called Trichinella T12, from other Trichinella species. Cross-breeding experiments and analysis of reproductive capacity in different host animals indicate that T12 is reproductively isolated. DNA sequencing of the parasite's mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase gene and nuclear ribosomal DNA also show unique sequences compared to other Trichinella. Based on these biological and genetic differences, the researchers propose classifying T12 as a new species called Trichinella patagoniensis.
This document provides an overview of DNA and genetics. It discusses how DNA was established as the genetic material through experiments in the 1940s-1950s, including Griffith's transformation experiments, Avery et al.'s work demonstrating the transforming principle was DNA, and Hershey and Chase's experiments with bacterial viruses. It also summarizes the discovery of the DNA double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953, based on Chargaff's rules and X-ray crystallography data. The key properties of DNA structure, including specific base pairing and semiconservative replication, are briefly outlined.
Adrienne Hernandez is seeking an office administration position that allows her to use her 10+ years of experience in administrative, project, and customer service support. She currently works as an Office Manager for LifeSource Health Partners, where her responsibilities include administrative support tasks, managing providers' schedules, coordinating staff, tracking patient billing and accounts, and providing customer service and reception duties. She has extensive experience with Microsoft Office, Adobe, Google Apps, and practice management software.
This study examined the immune response in patients with early cutaneous leishmaniasis (ECL), defined as illness duration of 60 days or less, compared to those with late cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) of over 12 months. The results showed that in ECL, 32% of patients had absent or low lymphoproliferative responses to Leishmania antigens and 41% had an absence of interferon (IFN)-γ production. IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in ECL compared to LCL, while interleukin (IL)-10 levels were significantly higher in ECL. The addition of anti-IL-10 or anti-IL-12 antibodies restored lymphoprolifer
This document describes the construction and characterization of recombinant viruses containing the HIV-1 env gene from seminal strains. The researchers amplified the V1-V3 region of env from seminal plasma samples and used it to construct chimeric viruses by co-transfecting the V1-V3 fragment into a V1-V3 deleted vector. Four chimeric viruses were able to replicate and were characterized as using CXCR4 as a coreceptor. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the interaction of the cell-free viral particles with reporter cell lines. The recombinant viruses representing seminal strains are useful tools for studying heterosexual HIV transmission and testing microbicides.
This study aimed to identify pinworm species infecting a colony of Syrian hamsters and determine if transmission could occur to immunodeficient mice. The pinworm was identified as Syphacia mesocriceti based on morphology and 28S rDNA sequencing, though dimensions were slightly larger than reported. Weekly transfers of infected hamster bedding to sentinel hamsters and mice showed no transmission to mice by tape tests or PCR over 5 weeks, suggesting S. mesocriceti is host-specific.
This document describes the development of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify Vibrio alginolyticus using the groEL gene. A species-specific primer was designed based on alignments of groEL gene sequences. Testing showed the primer only amplified V. alginolyticus and not other Vibrio or non-Vibrio strains. The assay was sensitive enough to detect as few as 10 cells per ml and was used to quantify V. alginolyticus artificially inoculated into shellfish and shrimp samples.
1. The study aims to characterize the bacteriophage Samisiti12 that infects Streptomyces griseus through RNA sequencing at different time points during infection to identify genes expressed early and late in the phage lifecycle.
2. Samples of the phage-bacteria culture will be taken at 30, 60, and 120 minutes post-infection for RNA extraction, cDNA conversion, and sequencing.
3. It is hypothesized that sequences on the right arm of the phage genome will be expressed early to encode proteins for DNA synthesis and host immunity, while sequences on the left arm expressed late will encode structural proteins for virion construction.
Franz Zhang et al Weevil Workshop 2016 Neotropical Entiminae Systematics evol...taxonbytes
The document discusses research on the Neotropical Entiminae weevil subfamily, including a molecular phylogeny that showed the Exophthalmus genus complex is polyphyletic. Historical biogeography analysis found Caribbean island ancestry with jump dispersal between islands accounting for 25% of range evolution. Molecular profiling of gut contents identified host plant associations and multiple bacterial symbionts across weevil specimens using next-generation sequencing.
The host immune system: a double-edged sword controlling ranavirus infection ...mgray11
The host immune system acts as a double-edged sword in controlling ranavirus (RV) infection. In tadpoles, the immune system is immature and mounts a poor innate antiviral response, allowing RV to rapidly disseminate. However, adult frogs can control RV through CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Interestingly, RV can persist asymptomatically in adult frog macrophages in a quiescent state. Bacterial stimulation can reactivate persistent RV, potentially causing disease recurrence. Loss of class I MHC molecules increases tadpole susceptibility to RV, indicating innate-like T cells play an important role in early antiviral immunity. Thus, RV has evolved to evade the tadpole immune system while establishing persistence in adults.
Laboratory animal cage washing has traditionally employed very hot rinse or wash water to assure the destruction of microbial agents which can cause disease in laboratory animals. This study shows an alternative that may conserve substantial amounts of energy and still provide suitable results.
Naturally acquired plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, thailand[1]Prasit Chanarat
1) A 38-year-old Thai man contracted Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after spending time in a forested area of southern Thailand near the Thai-Myanmar border.
2) Microscopic examination of blood smears showed malaria parasites consistent with P. malariae. However, PCR and sequencing of the small subunit rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes confirmed the species as P. knowlesi.
3) This is the first reported case of naturally acquired P. knowlesi malaria in humans in Thailand, indicating that wild primate populations may serve as reservoirs for simian malaria parasites capable of infecting humans.
The document summarizes research that aimed to validate a mouse model for studying Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) by quantifying the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in mouse livers infected with HAV. The researcher found elevated levels of ISG20, ISG15, ISG56, IP10, interferon alpha/beta, and interferon gamma in infected mice, similar to levels found in infected humans and chimpanzees. This supported the mouse model and showed its ability to accurately represent the human immune response to HAV infection. Further research using this model may help develop treatments and further understanding of HAV.
1. The authors developed a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) method for detecting Rhodococcus equi, an important horse and emerging human pathogen.
2. The method uses two Q-PCR assays, one targeting the chromosomal choE gene to quantify total R. equi, and the other targeting the virulence plasmid gene vapA to detect the "horse-pathogenic" genotype.
3. Testing on 178 R. equi isolates and 77 non-target bacteria showed the assays were 100% sensitive and specific. The method can accurately quantify R. equi down to 1,000 CFU/ml in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
This study analyzed faecal specimens from 2,495 diarrhoea cases in Kolkata, India between 2007-2009 to determine the seasonal distribution and characteristics of norovirus (NoV) infections. NoV was detected in 78 cases, mostly children under 2 years old, sometimes as the sole pathogen but often along with other enteric pathogens. Sequencing of the NVGII strains showed clustering with GII.4, GII.13 and GII.6 NoV types. NoV infections occurred year-round and were associated with mild dehydration in children and adults in Kolkata.
This study investigated whether the E3L protein from vaccinia virus (VACV) or ectromelia virus (ECTV) could rescue replication of an influenza virus lacking the NS1 protein (ΔNS1 Flu virus). The ECTV E3L protein was cloned and cells were transfected with ECTV E3L, VACV E3L, or wildtype Flu NS1 protein before infecting with ΔNS1 Flu virus or wildtype Flu virus. Flow cytometry was used to measure expression of the influenza hemagglutinin protein as an indicator of viral replication. The results showed that neither VACV E3L nor ECTV E3L rescued replication of the ΔNS1 Flu virus
This article examines the genetic diversity of Gallibacterium isolates recovered from turkeys in California between 1998-2004. The study genotyped 53 Gallibacterium isolates from 29 turkey flocks in California and 3 flocks in Germany using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The results demonstrated substantial genetic diversity among the isolates but also that some clones were present over multiple years and flocks, indicating the bacteria may spread between turkey populations. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiology and transmission of Gallibacterium between turkeys and other birds.
Detection of plant pathogens using non pcr based techniquesPuja41124
This document discusses various molecular techniques for detecting and identifying plant pathogens, beginning with conventional techniques like visual observation, culture-based methods, and microscopy. It then covers several antibody-based techniques like serological methods, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Hybridization methods like Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and DNA microarrays are also introduced. Biochemical approaches involving fatty acid analysis, Biolog identification systems, and volatile compound analysis are briefly covered. The document concludes by discussing the surface plasmon resonance technique for pathogen detection. In summary, it provides an overview of conventional, antibody-based, hybridization-based, and biochemical molecular techniques for plant pathogen detection and identification.
1) The study evaluated the performance of the OptiMal malaria rapid diagnostic test under different storage conditions of 25°C, 30°C, and 39°C for 24, 48, and 72 hours.
2) The test detected all 111 positive blood samples except for 2 low parasitemia Plasmodium malariae samples.
3) The study suggests that the OptiMal test can be used for malaria diagnosis in Brazilian regions, though further research is needed to evaluate its performance under different environmental conditions like humidity.
This document discusses molecular approaches for studying Fasciola species. It begins by introducing molecular methods like PCR that are useful for species identification and population genetics studies by targeting divergent genes. It then discusses Fascioliasis, caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and F. jaksoni. Common molecular markers for Fasciola species identification include mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA. Specific PCR assays have been developed to differentiate Fasciola species using markers like ITS-2 sequences. The document concludes that molecular genetics studies have improved understanding of Fasciola taxonomy and enabled accurate identification of species.
This document discusses a new species of Trichinella nematode found infecting carnivorous mammals in South America. The article describes the biological and molecular characteristics that distinguish this genotype, called Trichinella T12, from other Trichinella species. Cross-breeding experiments and analysis of reproductive capacity in different host animals indicate that T12 is reproductively isolated. DNA sequencing of the parasite's mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase gene and nuclear ribosomal DNA also show unique sequences compared to other Trichinella. Based on these biological and genetic differences, the researchers propose classifying T12 as a new species called Trichinella patagoniensis.
This document provides an overview of DNA and genetics. It discusses how DNA was established as the genetic material through experiments in the 1940s-1950s, including Griffith's transformation experiments, Avery et al.'s work demonstrating the transforming principle was DNA, and Hershey and Chase's experiments with bacterial viruses. It also summarizes the discovery of the DNA double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953, based on Chargaff's rules and X-ray crystallography data. The key properties of DNA structure, including specific base pairing and semiconservative replication, are briefly outlined.
Adrienne Hernandez is seeking an office administration position that allows her to use her 10+ years of experience in administrative, project, and customer service support. She currently works as an Office Manager for LifeSource Health Partners, where her responsibilities include administrative support tasks, managing providers' schedules, coordinating staff, tracking patient billing and accounts, and providing customer service and reception duties. She has extensive experience with Microsoft Office, Adobe, Google Apps, and practice management software.
Este documento discute los desafíos constantes que enfrentan los maestros debido a los rápidos avances tecnológicos y cómo deben mantenerse actualizados a través de la investigación constante. También destaca la importancia de que los maestros usen herramientas tecnológicas como blogs y plataformas virtuales para motivar a los estudiantes y facilitar su labor docente. Finalmente, el autor agradece la oportunidad de capacitarse para innovar sus conocimientos y métodos de enseñanza.
DXN es una compañía multinivel fundada en Malasia en 1993 que cultiva, fabrica y distribuye productos a base de Ganoderma lucidum (hongo reishi) en más de 160 países. Ofrece membresías y paquetes de inversión como consumidor u operador independiente para la venta y distribución de sus líneas de productos de bebidas, suplementos y cuidado personal. Los planes de inversión como empresario van desde $518.000 hasta $1,5 millones y ofrecen diferentes bonificaciones y comisiones por ventas directas y de generaciones
This document appears to be a student paper written by Mike Bishop for a class called FA102B where the professor is listed as Klinkowstien. The document provides Mike Bishop's name, the class code and name, and identifies his professor for the class, but does not include any other context or content about the class or paper topic.
Shri Mata Chanderbadni Accounting & Taxation Services offers a wide range of accounting, taxation, auditing, and business setup services tailored to small and medium businesses and individuals. They prepare financial statements, tax returns, and ensure compliance with financial reporting and tax deadlines. Services also include maintaining manual and computerized accounting records, statutory audits, international taxation documentation, and setting up new businesses including obtaining necessary registrations and licenses. A free initial consultation is offered to discuss available services and client needs.
This document provides a summary of Donald R. Radford's work experience and qualifications. It outlines his 30 years of experience in welding, fitting, fabrication, equipment repairs and maintenance. He has worked in various industries including oil and gas, mining, marine, and power generation. Radford has extensive supervisory experience and owns his own welding business.
El documento describe las características clave de un apartarrayos de carburo de silicio autovalvular: a) su tensión nominal, que es la máxima tensión que puede soportar de forma permanente a su frecuencia nominal; b) su frecuencia nominal, para la cual fue diseñado; c) su corriente de descarga nominal, que clasifica al apartarrayos y se determina por factores como su forma de onda.
This study evaluated the distribution of Plasmodium vivax variants (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) in three areas of Brazil using a new GFM-PCR-ELISA technique. All variants were found in all three areas. VK210 was most commonly found as a single infection while the others occurred in mixed infections. VK210 was associated with the highest parasitemia levels while P. vivax-like had the lowest. Parasitemia clearance times did not differ based on variant or treatment schedule. The new technique was accurate for epidemiological surveys of the vivax complex.
Arenaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that are transmitted between rodents and from rodents to humans, causing diseases like Lassa fever. There are over 20 recognized arenavirus species divided into Old World and New World groups based on their rodent hosts and geographic locations. Arenaviruses are enveloped viruses that cause chronic, lifelong infections in rodents and can be transmitted between rodents or from rodents to humans through contact with infected excretions. They have recently been emerging in new locations through mutations, reassortments, or recombinations of their genome segments.
This study found that rat tissues from farms in the Netherlands tested positive for the pla gene, which is a marker for Yersinia pestis. The pla gene sequences from rats were nearly identical to Y. pestis pla but further analysis identified adjacent sequences similar to bacterial replication genes. Attempts to culture or detect other Y. pestis markers from rat tissues were unsuccessful. The findings suggest there are unknown bacteria in rats that contain a pla homolog, which could produce false positive results in Y. pestis detection assays that only target the pla gene. Methods to confirm the presence of Y. pestis should include additional gene targets.
1) The study examined the effects of infliximab treatment on Crohn's disease patients infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which has been associated with Crohn's disease.
2) Patients treated with infliximab showed significantly decreased levels of antibodies against two MAP proteins compared to untreated patients, suggesting infliximab decreases secretion of these proteins.
3) The study also found infliximab treatment was detrimental to the survival of MAP within infected macrophages, with significantly decreased survival of MAP in macrophages exposed to infliximab.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on astrovirus. Astrovirus are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that cause mild gastroenteritis. They have a star-shaped capsid and infect both mammals and birds. Astrovirus infection is diagnosed using RT-PCR or ELISA techniques. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. Prevention involves proper handwashing, food safety, and sanitation. The presentation covered the epidemiology, structure, replication cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of astrovirus.
Presentation 6: Vibrio parahaemolyticus: genome plasticity, mobile genetic el...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
DIAGNOSTIC ADVANCES IN HAEMOPROTOZOAN INFECTIONS OF LIVESTOCKrinkusarawade
The document discusses diagnostic advances for haemoprotozoan infections in livestock. It covers conventional parasitological diagnosis using blood smears as well as molecular diagnosis techniques like PCR, LAMP, and probes. Immunological diagnosis methods such as ELISA, IFAT, CATT, ICT are also summarized. Molecular tools allow specific and sensitive detection of parasites while serological assays are suitable for chronic infections when parasitemia is low. Advanced diagnostics combined with effective treatment can help control haemoprotozoan infections and drug resistance.
Two main animal pathogenic subspecies of Mycobacterium avium are M. avium avium (Maa) and M. avium paratuberculosis (Map). Their pathogenicity is host-specifi c, Maa causing avian tuberculosis in poultry whereas Map commonly cross-infects to ruminant.Veterinary diagnosis of M. avium infections is microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli or culture in Löwenstein-Jensen medium,which are time-consuming and low sensitivity. This present study aimed to apply real-time PCR coupled with High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis for differential detection of Maa in Thai domestic ducks. Specifi c primer targeting host-expression dependent (hed) region
was designed, PCR product of Maa were amplifi ed from duck’s tissue lesions whereas Map were amplifi ed from cow and deer. HRM real-time PCR was performed and analyzed. Different HRM patterns were showed and melting temperature were analyzed at 83.26 ± 0.12°C for Maa and 84.04 ± 0.09°C for Map. This technique can detect as few as 102 DNA copies and present high specifi city by negative amplifi cation of other pathogenic bacterial species. This technique is sensitive, specifi c, rapid and does not require fl uorescent probes or post-PCR electrophoresis. Our technique is a possible new tool for the detection of Maa and Map infection in tissue specimens.
Two main animal pathogenic subspecies of Mycobacterium avium are M. avium avium (Maa) and M. avium paratuberculosis (Map). Their pathogenicity is host-specific, Maa causing avian tuberculosis in poultry whereas Map commonly cross-infects to ruminant. Veterinary diagnosis of M. avium infections is microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli or culture in Löwenstein-Jensen medium,which are time-consuming and low sensitivity. This present study aimed to apply real-time PCR coupled with High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis for differential detection of Maa in Thai domestic ducks. Specific primer targeting host-expression dependent (hed) region
was designed, PCR product of Maa were amplified from duck’s tissue lesions whereas Map were amplified from cow and deer. HRM real-time PCR was performed and analyzed. Different HRM patterns were showed and melting temperature were analyzed at 83.26 ± 0.12°C for Maa and 84.04 ± 0.09°C for Map. This technique can detect as few as 102 DNA copies and present high specifi city by negative amplification of other pathogenic bacterial species. This technique is sensitive, specific, rapid and does not require fluorescent probes or
post-PCR electrophoresis. Our technique is a possible new tool for the detection of Maa and Map infection in tissue specimens.
Transmission heterogeneity has consequences on malaria vaccine researches - Conférence du 5e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - Vincent ROBERT - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris - v.robert@mnhn.fr
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Unraveling Virus Complexes in Plants/ CIAT APR 2015CIAT
This document summarizes the work of Wilmer J. Cuellar on unraveling virus complexes in plants. It discusses that viruses occur in complex communities and interact in various ways. Historically, plant viruses were described based on symptoms alone, but it is now understood that single strains grown in pure culture do not reflect reality. Viruses often occur as mixed infections in nature, and can have varying impacts depending on the plant variety infected. The document outlines research on complex virus infections in cassava and sweet potato. It emphasizes the importance of early identification and surveillance of potential virus threats. Improving diagnostic tools is key to evaluating cleaning protocols and detecting early infections. Understanding virus diversity and interactions is important for disease management.
Bunyaviridae is a large family of viruses that includes over 300 species. They have a spherical virion measuring 90-100nm with three segments of negative sense RNA and a helical nucleocapsid. Bunyaviruses are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks or through inhalation of aerosols from infected rodents. They cause diseases in humans ranging from febrile illnesses to viral hemorrhagic fevers. Diagnosis involves serology, virus isolation, PCR and observing the geographic location and season of exposure. Prevention strategies include vaccines, controlling vector populations, personal protective measures and rodent control.
This document summarizes detection methods for tospoviruses. It discusses several methods including symptomology, transmission studies, physical properties analysis, electron microscopy, serological techniques like ELISA and dot blot, nucleic acid-based methods like hybridization and PCR. ELISA and PCR methods are widely used now for accurate diagnosis due to their sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect viruses in mixed infections. Electron microscopy can be used to observe viral particles while transmission studies provide information on host range. Together these methods help identify and characterize tospoviruses.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in warm-blooded animals. It is transmitted primarily through bites from infected animals like raccoons, skunks and bats. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine by inoculating emulsions of rabies virus in dogs and later in humans. His method saved thousands and led to significant declines in human rabies cases in developed nations. Today, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing and vaccination can prevent disease if started early. Rabies remains fatal once clinical symptoms appear.
Development and comparison of capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and i...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that developed and compared a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) test and an indirect immunofluorescent test (IIFA) for detecting Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV). NSDV was purified from an infected sheep sample and used to immunize animals to produce antibodies. A C-ELISA was developed using these antibodies. 20 samples were tested with both C-ELISA and IIFA (the current standard), finding 95% agreement between the tests. C-ELISA had higher specificity (100% vs IIFA 80%) and was more efficient than IIFA which requires skilled personnel and tissue culture facilities. The study demonstrated C-ELISA as a viable
Presentation 2.5 Ecology, virulence factors and global spread of pathogenic V...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
This study established a modified immunohistochemistry method using murine antiserum as the primary antibody to detect mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Mycoplasma pulmonis antigens in formalin-fixed tissue sections. Using this method, MHV antigen was detected in the liver, stomach, caecum, colon and spleen of infected mice. Mycoplasma pulmonis antigen was demonstrated on the luminal surface of bronchioles in infected rats. This technique provides a useful method for diagnosing MHV and M. pulmonis infections when commercial antibodies are unavailable or serological diagnosis is not possible due to immunosuppression.
This document summarizes information about Papaya Mosaic Virus (PapMV) which infects cucurbits and papaya. PapMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod 530nm in length containing a single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a capsid protein. It is transmitted mechanically or by the aphid Aphis craccivora. Infection causes mild mosaic and stunting symptoms on papaya leaves. Studies show that mixed infection of PapMV and Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) results in synergism if PRSV infects first, but antagonism if PapMV infects first. Management strategies include using virus-free seedlings, disinfecting tools, and
Similar to 2000 infectivity of malaria vector mosquitoes (20)
1. The study characterized antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum invasion ligands EBA-140 and EBA-181 in individuals from malaria-endemic areas of Brazil and Cameroon.
2. Responses differed between populations, with African individuals strongly reacting to most EBA fragments while Brazilian individuals from Mato Grosso reacted weakly and those from the Amazon had elevated but lower responses than Africans.
3. When compared to responses against other malaria proteins, the Brazilian population appeared to have more variable ability to recognize P. falciparum invasion ligands, distinct from the African population.
This document analyzes the frequency of two polymorphisms (C282Y and H63D) in the HFE gene in malaria patients and blood donors from four states in the Brazilian Amazon region. The study found:
1) No individuals were homozygous for the C282Y polymorphism, and only 5 heterozygous individuals were detected, all from Pará State.
2) The most common genotype for the H63D polymorphism was heterozygous in both patient groups.
3) Allele frequencies for the H63D polymorphism were higher than for the C282Y polymorphism, consistent with other studies on Brazilian populations.
This study investigated the relationship between variants of the glycophorin B (GPB) gene and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection in the Brazilian Amazon. The researchers found that individuals carrying the GYPB*S allele were more likely to be infected with P. falciparum than those without this allele. Additionally, population genetics analysis suggested that natural selection has shaped patterns of genetic diversity at the GYPB locus. This study provides evidence that genetic variation in GPB influences susceptibility to P. falciparum infection in this population.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on the production of antibodies against malaria antigens in individuals naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax in Brazil. The study found an association between HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR5 alleles and lack of antibody response to the amino terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). It also found an association between HLA-DR3 and higher antibody response to merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). No significant associations were found between HLA-DRB1 alleles and antibody responses to other malaria antigens tested.
1. Researchers studied Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Colombia, Peru, and Brazil to determine the invasion pathways and ligand polymorphisms used.
2. They found that most isolates from Colombia and Peru invade red blood cells through an atypical pathway that is resistant to all enzyme treatments, unlike known pathways.
3. This unusual pathway was associated with specific variants of PfRh2a, PfRh5, and EBA-181 ligands, suggesting these proteins play a major role in this pathway. The study demonstrates diversity in invasion mechanisms between regions.
This study examined 51 Brazilian Plasmodium falciparum isolates for polymorphisms in the Pfmdr1 gene thought to be associated with chloroquine resistance. 49 of the isolates were found to be resistant to chloroquine in vitro, while all were sensitive to mefloquine, amodiaquine, and quinine. The isolates were analyzed for three Pfmdr1 polymorphisms: Asn86Tyr, Asn1042Asp, and Asp1246Tyr. Asn86Tyr was not detected in any isolates, while Asn1042Asp was found in 50 isolates and Asp1246Tyr was found in all 51 isolates. This provides support that As
This document analyzes genetic variation at the Pfs48/45 gene and microsatellite loci in 255 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 5 populations. It finds:
1) Alleles and haplotypes of 5 SNPs in the Pfs48/45 gene varied extremely between populations, much more so than alleles at 11 neutral microsatellite loci.
2) Measurements of between-population allele frequency variation (FST) were 4-7 times higher for Pfs48/45 than microsatellites, both within and between continents.
3) The highly skewed Pfs48/45 patterns suggest divergent selection on the protein's amino acid sequence between populations, indicating it may determine game
This study evaluated four recombinant proteins representing the 19 kDa C-terminal region of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP119) for detecting P. vivax antibodies in human serum samples. The sensitivity of an ELISA using the recombinant proteins to detect antibodies in 200 samples from individuals with P. vivax infection ranged from 90-93.5%. Specificity using control samples without P. vivax exposure was 98.3-100%. The study demonstrates the potential of an ELISA using recombinant MSP119 proteins for serological detection of P. vivax infection.
1) O documento analisa os casos de malária no estado de Santa Catarina entre 1996-2001, com 5,5% das 4.707 amostras sendo positivas.
2) Plasmodium vivax causou 69% dos casos, Plasmodium falciparum 25,6%, infecções mistas 5% e Plasmodium malariae 0,4%.
3) 67,4% dos casos foram importados e 32,6% autóctones, com aumento de casos importados nos anos subsequentes.
This study analyzed genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in 5 populations in the Brazilian Amazon region. Microsatellite markers were analyzed in 196 parasite isolates. There was significant multilocus linkage disequificance within populations, particularly those with fewer mixed infections. However, most isolates had unique multilocus genotypes, indicating genetic diversity. Genetic divergence between populations was substantial but did not correlate simply with geographical distance. The findings suggest distinct population structures and minimal gene flow between foci in the region.
This study evaluated the frequency of asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers (APCs) among blood donors in four blood banks in the Brazilian Amazon region. Blood samples from 400 donors who passed screening were tested using PCR to detect Plasmodium DNA. The positivity rate varied from 1-3% between blood banks, with an overall rate of 2.3%. All positive samples contained mixed infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum. While screening methods used by the blood banks did not detect the infections, PCR revealed its superiority for detecting low levels of parasites. The results emphasize the need to improve screening for APCs in blood banks in malaria endemic areas to control transfusion-transmitted malaria.
This study investigated genetic mutations associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum samples from the Brazilian Amazon region. The study analyzed 40 samples from 4 localities for mutations in the pfmdr1, cg2, and pfcrt genes. It found 100% of samples contained mutations in pfmdr1 codons 184, 1042, and the cg2 gamma region associated with chloroquine resistance. Most samples also contained the pfcrt K76T mutation, except some from Porto Velho which matched a Thai resistant genotype. This research contributes to understanding the molecular basis of widespread chloroquine resistance in this region.
1. The study developed a new PCR/RFLP technique to identify the 3 genotypes of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) using DNA extracted from blood samples.
2. The technique uses PCR amplification of the central immunodominant region of the CSP gene followed by restriction enzyme digestion and fragment analysis to distinguish the genotypes.
3. Testing demonstrated the technique could accurately identify the genotypes using plasmid controls for each variant, and that it had high sensitivity detecting parasitemia levels as low as 0.0069 parasites per microliter.
We present evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in two homozygous FY*B-33 (Duffy-negative) individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region. Molecular analysis confirmed P. vivax infection through detection of P. vivax small subunit rRNA and circumsporozoite protein genes. One individual had a mixed infection of VK210 and P. vivax-like genotypes, while the other was infected with VK210. Both individuals also had antibodies to the P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1. This provides rare evidence that P. vivax may be capable of invading Duffy-negative red blood cells in some regions, though additional studies are needed to better understand this finding.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed Duffy blood group genotypes in Plasmodium vivax malaria patients and blood donors in four areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. The study found:
1) A high frequency of the FYA/FYB genotype in both patients and donors, followed by FYB/FYB.
2) Some Duffy genotypes showed significant differences in frequency between patients and donors.
3) Individuals with the FYA/FYB genotype may have higher susceptibility to malaria, while the presence of the FYB-33 allele could provide resistance.
Mixed Plasmodium falciparum infections were common in four areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. Molecular diagnosis found 73% of infections were single P. falciparum infections, while 27% were mixed infections, mostly double infections. Mixed infections were associated with weaker clinical malaria symptoms like lower rates of fever and headache compared to single P. falciparum infections. The study highlights the need for improved malaria diagnosis to better understand mixed infections and their impact on disease severity.
This study aimed to investigate the presence of arboviruses like dengue virus in clinical samples from 111 malaria patients in the Amazon region of Brazil.
Dengue virus serotype 2 was detected in two patients from Novo Repartimento, Pará who also had active Plasmodium vivax malaria infections. Despite limited data, concurrent dengue and malaria infections are likely more common in the Amazon region than detected, as both diseases co-circulate and have similar transmission vectors and clinical presentations, making dual diagnosis possible. Further research is needed to better understand the frequency of co-infection in this region.
This study investigated the frequencies of ABO blood group genotypes and alleles in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients and blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon region. The researchers found that over half of individuals had the ABO*O01O01 genotype. The ABO*AO01 genotype was the second most common. No significant differences were detected in genotype or allele frequencies between the malaria patients and blood donors. Analysis of O alleles found the O1 variant allele to be most frequent in both groups, with no evidence of the homozygous O2 allele.
1. A study analyzed genetic and immune response differences between P. vivax circumsporozoite (CS) genotypes VK210 and P. vivax-like.
2. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and CytB genes found high similarity between the genotypes, with zero nucleotide diversity, placing them in the same clade.
3. Individuals infected with P. vivax-like had a lower antibody response against CS repetitive region peptides than those with VK210, suggesting variation is limited to the CS repetitive region.
This study evaluated antibody responses to the Pv200L fragment of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1) in individuals from 4 malaria-endemic regions in Brazil. Plasma samples from 261 P. vivax infected individuals were tested for antibodies to Pv200L by ELISA. The frequency of antibody responders ranged from 71.9-98.7% between regions and correlated with malaria transmission intensity. Higher antibody levels were also associated with greater past exposure to malaria parasites. Results provide evidence that Pv200L elicits naturally acquired antibodies and could be a potential vaccine candidate.
More from Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do rio Preto (20)
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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2000 infectivity of malaria vector mosquitoes
1. 106 S.BONNETETAL
falciparum. Transactions of theRoyal Socieg of TropicalMedicine Roeffen, W., Geeraedts, F., Eling, W., Beckers, I’., Wizel, B.,
and Hygiene, 74,738-742. Kumar, N., Lensen, T. & Sauerwein, R. (1995). Transmis-
Graves, I’. M., Burkot, T. R., Carter, R., Cattani, J. A., Lagog, sion blockade of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by anti-
M., Parker, J., Brabin, B. J., Gibson, F. D., Bradley, D. J. & Pfs230-specific antibodies is isotype dependent. Infection
AlDers, M. P. (1988). Measurement of malaria infectivitv of and Immunity, 63,467-471.
himan populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua Rutledge, L. C., Ward, R. A. & Gould, D. J. (1964). Studies on
New Guinea. Parasitology, 96,251-263. the feeding response of mosquitoes to nutritive solutions in a
Jeffery, G. & Eyles, D. E. (1955). Infectivity to mosquitoes of new membrane feeder. Mosquito New!, 24, 407-419.
Plasmodium falcioarum as related to aametocvte densitv and Tchuinkam, T., Mulder, B., Dechermg, K., Stoffels, H.,
duration of ‘mfection. American Jot&al of Tiopical Me&&e Verhave, J. P., Cot, M., Carnevale, I’., Meuwissen, J. H. E.
and Hygiene, 4, 781-789. T. & Robert, V. (1993). Experimental infections of Anopheles
Kaslow, D. C. (1993). Transmission-blocking immunity gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected
against malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Current gametocvte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the
Opinion in Immunology, 5, 557-565. hfectiv& to mosquitoes. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,
Lensen, A., Vandruten, J., Bolmer, M., Vangemert, G., Eling, 44,271-276.
W. & Sauerwein, R. (1996). Measurement by membrane Vanderberg, J. P. & Gwadz, R. W. (1980). The transmission by
feeding of reduction in Plasmodium falciparum transmission mosquitoes of plasmodia in the laboratory. In: Malaria,
induced by endemic sera. Transactions of the Royal Society of Kreier, J. I’. (editor). New York: Academic Press, pp. 154-
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 20-22. 218.
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. (1957). The malarial infectivity of Yoeli, M. (1938). Note on the experimental infection of
an African village population to mosquitoes (Anopheles gam- Anopheles elutus with Plasmodium falciparum by feeding
biae) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 6, through a prepared animal membrane. Rivista diMaZariologia,
971-979. 17,62-66.
Ponnudurai, T., Lensen, A. H. W., Gemert Van, G. J. A.,
Bensink, M. P. E., Bolmer, M. & Meuwissen, J. H. E. T.
(1989). Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum game- Received 25 May 1999; revised 18 3;11y 1999; accepted for
tocytes to mosquitoes. Parasitology,98, 165-173. publication 3 August 1999
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2000) 94,106-107
Amapi, Rondbnia and Roraima States). The same num-
1 Short Report 1 ber of mosquitoes known to be negative for human
I I malaria parasites was also tested.
The source of PZusmodium DNA was the same material
Infectivity of malaria vector used for the ELISA test [triturated mosquitoes-head
and thorax ground in a blocking buffer containing 0.05%
mosquitoes: correlation of positivity nonidet P-40 (WIRTZ et al., 1987)], either 20 @spotted
between ELBA and PCR-ELISA tests on a glass fibre membrane (GFM) prepared for PCR,
using l/8 of the spot as DNA source directly into the PCR
mixture as described by WARHURST et al. (1991), or
Marinete M. l%voa’*, Ricardo L. D. Machado’, extracted as follows: 40 & of ELISA solution was
Maria N. 0. Segura’, Giselle M. R. Vianna’, centrifuged for 10 min at 22 500 g, the pellet was lysed
Adenildo S. Vasc&celds’ and Jan E. Conn3 ‘Pro: by adding 25 &of lysis buffer and incubating at 65°C for
wama de Malhia. Instituto Evandro ChaPaslFAWMS. 30 min, afterwards adding potassium acetate and placing
k. Almirante Bakroso, 492, 66.090-000, -Bel&m, Park, on ice for at least 60 min. The isolated DNA (obtained by
Brazil; ‘Institute Oswald0 Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, ethanol precipitation) was dissolved in 15 pL of TE-
436.5, 210 45-900, Rio deyaneiro, RJ, Brazil; 3Department buffer containing ribonuclease WILSON et al., 1998).
of Biology, Marsh Life Sciences Building, University of The DNA was amplified as described by MACHADO et al.
Vermont, Burlington, VT, 054050460, USA (1998) using primer sequence, concentrations and reac-
tion conditions indicated by OLIVEIRA et al. (1995). For
the identification of the human malaria parasites we used
Keywords: malaria transmission, anopheline mosquitoes, in- the liquid-phase, non-isotopic hybridization ELISA
fectivity, ELISA, PCR-ELISA, Brazil technique, following the protocol of OLIVEIRA et al.
(1995). For negative controls we used distilled water,
Studies on the infectivity of malaria vector mosquitoes male anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, and human
using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) DNA. Positive controls included strain Kl of I? fulcipar-
described by WIRTZ et al. (1987) have been carried out urn, and mosquitoes experimentally infected with l?
worldwide for several years. SOMBOON et al. (1993) falciparum and l? vivax.
reported false-positive results for the ELISA associated Our PCR results confirmed the ELISA test results for
with bovine and swine blood. In order to avoid these all positive and all negative mosquitoes, and in 5 (15.6%)
false-positive results it is advisable either to use only the of the positive mosquitoes (3 An. albitursis and 2 An.
anterior part of the mosquito (head and thorax) which, darlingi) the PCR-ELISA technique detected other
normally, is not contaminated by the ingested animal species of human Plasmodium that were not found by
blood (WIRTZ et al., 1987). or to confirm the ELISA the ELISA test alone (Table). The DNA source was
result by another method’such as polymerase chain obtained only by DNA extraction, which means that the
reaction (PCR). GFM technique is not applicable for this tvpe of material.
We have carried out the PCR-ELISA to confirm the These results indicate-&at the PCR-&ISA is more
detection of human malaria parasites in mosquitoes sensitive than a simnle ELISA test which. however. still
already recorded as positive by ELISA alone. Thirty remains a very goodand useful tool for testing mo&ito
two such mosquitoes were tested, belonging to different infectivity.
species of the genus Anopheles and collected during field
trips to different areas of the Amazonia Region (Pari, Acknowledgements
We thank the staff of the Malaria Entomology Laboratory at
the Evandro Chagas Institute for technical assistance and
*Author for correspondence; fax +55 91226 1284 or 2114417. Professor Ralph Lainson for reviewing the manuscript. This
2. lXA.SMODIUM DETECTION IN MOSQUITOES 107
Table. Comparison between ELISA and PCR-ELISA results for human
malaria parasites in Anopheles mosquitoes from several areas ofthe Amazon
region in Brazil
Species State ELISA PCR-ELISA
An. (NY.) albitarsis Roraima PVIPf PvllwPm
An. (Nys.) albitarsis PvlPj
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Roraima filpf
An. (N&.j albitarsis Roraima PvlPf
An. fNvs. ) braziliensis Roraima PvlPf
An. &$.j nuneztovari Roraima Pvlps
An. (Nys.) darlingi Rondbnia
An. (Nys.) darlingi Rondhnia g
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Amap y&k
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Amapi
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Amapi rym
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Amaph Pv
An. (Nys.) albitarsis AmapL l%
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Amapk Pm
An. (Nys.) albitarsis Amapi Pv
An. (Nys.) braziliensis Amapi Pv
An. (Nys.) darlingi Amapi
An. (Nys.) darlingi Amapi x
An. (Nys.) aquasalis ParP
An. (Nys.) aquasalis Pari
An. (Nys.) aquasalis Pari
An. (Nys.) darlingi Pari Pv
An. (Nys.) darling’ Pari PV
An. (Nys.) darlingi Pari
An. (Nys.) darlingi Pari
An. (Nys.) nuneztovari Pari
An. (Nys.) nuneztovari Pari
An. (Nys.) nuneztovari Pari
An. (Nys.) nuneztovan’ Pari
An. (Nys.) nuneztovari Pa&
An. (Nys.) nuneztovari Pari Pm
An. (Nys.) nuneztovari Pari Pm
Pv, Plasmodium vivax; pf, l? falciparum; Pm, I? malariae.
study received financial support from a National Institute of Warhurst, D. C., Awad-el-Karien, F. M. & Miles, M. A. (199 1).
Health Grant (A140116) to J.E.C. and Evandro Chagas In- Simplified preparation of malaria blood samples for polymer-
stitute/FNS. ase chain reaction. Lancet, 337, 303-304.
Wilson, M. D., Ofosu-Okyere, A., Okoli, A. U., McCall, P. J. &
References Snounou, G. (1998). Direct comparison of microscopy and
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