This document describes a study that compares the production of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) through an encapsulation method using two bacterial strains, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, versus a sol-gel chemical method. The bacteria were encapsulated in alginate beads which were then transferred to a calcium and phosphorus precursor solution to produce n-HA over 14 days. Characterization of the n-HA produced by each method was done using stereomicroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TGA analysis. The results showed that the sol-gel chemical method produced larger n-HA particles than the bacterial encapsulation methods and also contained some impurities. Both
Process-Properties and Correlation in Hydroxyapatite BioceramicsIJERA Editor
Nano-Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been synthesized via various methods like co-precipitation, sol-gel and solid-state reaction method. Ca/P ratio has been taken for HAp is 1.67. Amalgamated powder has calcined at 750°C for the phase formation and to remove the volatile impurities.The ultimate powder has been characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), and X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) which reveals the particle size and the phase formation of the synthesized HAp. The average particle sizes of HAp by co-precipitation, sol-gel and solid state reaction method has found 116.4nm, 171 nm, and 94.1nm respectively. More absorption has been found in UV spectra HAp synthesized via solid state reaction method.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Process-Properties and Correlation in Hydroxyapatite BioceramicsIJERA Editor
Nano-Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been synthesized via various methods like co-precipitation, sol-gel and solid-state reaction method. Ca/P ratio has been taken for HAp is 1.67. Amalgamated powder has calcined at 750°C for the phase formation and to remove the volatile impurities.The ultimate powder has been characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), and X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) which reveals the particle size and the phase formation of the synthesized HAp. The average particle sizes of HAp by co-precipitation, sol-gel and solid state reaction method has found 116.4nm, 171 nm, and 94.1nm respectively. More absorption has been found in UV spectra HAp synthesized via solid state reaction method.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Poly Vinyl Pyrroli...IJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 ), the main mineral component of bone and teeth, is native to the human body. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. In this study, nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP was synthesized at room temperature condition. The synthetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) prepared by wet chemical precipitation method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite is biocompatible with the human organism and is capable of integrating biologically into bone tissue. The synthesized sample were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays techniques (EDAX) and Micro hardness test.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
Robust Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalyst for N2O abatement – Valid...CarmenMoncada10
Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalysts were developed, optimizing washcoating procedure, active phase loading, and its deposition method via impregnation and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, μRS, SEM/EDS, and BET, revealing that the catalyst layer deposited over cordierite carrier, consists of a washcoated micrometric α-Al2O3 (0.1–0.3 µm grains), where spinel nanocrystals (30–50 nm) were uniformly dispersed. It was found out that the SCS method to synthesize and finely disperse spinel nanoparticles results in significant better catalytic performance in low-temperature N2O decomposition than the classic impregnation method. The effectiveness factor evaluated, based on catalyst morphological features and deN2O catalytic results, was found to be ≈1. The determined mass transfer coefficients and type of the catalyst working regime (purely kinetic in the whole temperature range) provide the useful platform for rational design of a real deN2O catalyst.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Cubosomal nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system of fluconazoleSidharth Mehta
The optimized cubosomal dispersion exhibited spherical nanosized particles and reasonable EE% along with higher
FCZ corneal permeation (twofold) as compared to that of FCZ solution.
Moreover, the in vivo study proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded
cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis
in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular
application.
Based on the previous results, the use of
cubosomal dispersion as an ocular drug delivery system is
expected to improve antifungal activity of FCZ in treatment
of fungal keratitis.
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange methodeSAT Journals
Abstract In the present work an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficiency of removal Cr(VI) from chrome plating industry wastewater by using fresh and reconditioned strong base anion exchanger Tulsion A-27(MP). The Experimental data is evaluated by plotting breakthrough curves and by employing Bohart-Adams Model. The maximum removal (80%) of Cr(VI) from plating wastewater is obtained at 14cm column bed height and flowrate 1mL/min for 1144.39mg/L of influent Cr(VI) concentration. The breakthrough curves for reconditioned and fresh resins indicates that breakthrough occurs early with decrease in bed height, increase in flow rate and influent Cr(VI) concentration. Regeneration of exhausted resin is also studied by using 2M NaCl and 2M HCl. Keywords: Chromium (VI) removal; Reused Anion-exchange resin; chrome plating industry wastewater;
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Studies on radiation grafting of hydrophilic monomer onto chitin for ion exchange application were examined . Over the past several years , chitin has been receiving increased attention for its application such as ion exchange . They are utilized scarcely because of problems associated with poor solubility, hidrophilicity and low reactivity. Graft copolymerization induced by irradiation is one of the methods for chitin modification in order to improve its properties such as hydrophilicity and reactivity. The aim of this research is to increasing the ability of chitin as ion exchange for heavy metal adsorbent.
Robust Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalyst for N2O abatement – Valid...CarmenMoncada10
Co3O4|α-Al2O3|cordierite structured catalysts were developed, optimizing washcoating procedure, active phase loading, and its deposition method via impregnation and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, μRS, SEM/EDS, and BET, revealing that the catalyst layer deposited over cordierite carrier, consists of a washcoated micrometric α-Al2O3 (0.1–0.3 µm grains), where spinel nanocrystals (30–50 nm) were uniformly dispersed. It was found out that the SCS method to synthesize and finely disperse spinel nanoparticles results in significant better catalytic performance in low-temperature N2O decomposition than the classic impregnation method. The effectiveness factor evaluated, based on catalyst morphological features and deN2O catalytic results, was found to be ≈1. The determined mass transfer coefficients and type of the catalyst working regime (purely kinetic in the whole temperature range) provide the useful platform for rational design of a real deN2O catalyst.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
Cubosomal nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system of fluconazoleSidharth Mehta
The optimized cubosomal dispersion exhibited spherical nanosized particles and reasonable EE% along with higher
FCZ corneal permeation (twofold) as compared to that of FCZ solution.
Moreover, the in vivo study proved the efficacy and safety FCZ-loaded
cubosomal dispersion in treatment of induced keratomycosis
in rats compared to aqueous FCZ solution after topical ocular
application.
Based on the previous results, the use of
cubosomal dispersion as an ocular drug delivery system is
expected to improve antifungal activity of FCZ in treatment
of fungal keratitis.
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange methodeSAT Journals
Abstract In the present work an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficiency of removal Cr(VI) from chrome plating industry wastewater by using fresh and reconditioned strong base anion exchanger Tulsion A-27(MP). The Experimental data is evaluated by plotting breakthrough curves and by employing Bohart-Adams Model. The maximum removal (80%) of Cr(VI) from plating wastewater is obtained at 14cm column bed height and flowrate 1mL/min for 1144.39mg/L of influent Cr(VI) concentration. The breakthrough curves for reconditioned and fresh resins indicates that breakthrough occurs early with decrease in bed height, increase in flow rate and influent Cr(VI) concentration. Regeneration of exhausted resin is also studied by using 2M NaCl and 2M HCl. Keywords: Chromium (VI) removal; Reused Anion-exchange resin; chrome plating industry wastewater;
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Silver Nanoparticles from a Plant Echinacea Purpurea Extract for its Antipath...ijtsrd
Nanotechnology is gaining tremendous impetus in the present century due to its capability of modulating metals into their nanosize. The synthesis, characterization, and application of biologically synthesized nanomaterials have become an important branch of nanotechnology. Research in nanotechnology highlights the possibility of green chemistry pathways to produce technologically important nanomaterials. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are often toxic and flammable. Silver nanoparticles are the metal of choice as they hold the promise to kill microbes effectively. The present study describes a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 1mM silver nitrate solution through the a plant Echinacea purpurea cone flower extract. The appearance of brown colour indicates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized using UV Vis absorption spectroscopy and SEM analysis. UV Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed absorption peak at 450nm. SEM analysis showed the average particle size of 50 70nm and spherical shape of the silver nanoparticles. Further studies on the silver nanoparticles showed that it has the antibacterial activities. Antipathogenic activity study was carried out by spread plate, pour plate on Escherichia coli and disc diffusion methods on pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaricus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared to spread plate, pour plate method showed the maximum antibacterial activity. Zone of inhibition was observed by disc diffusion methods and among these four pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli showed the maximum activity. Satheesh Kumar B. "Silver Nanoparticles from a Plant Echinacea Purpurea Extract for its Antipathogenic Efficacy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50001.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/50001/silver-nanoparticles-from-a-plant-echinacea-purpurea-extract-for-its-antipathogenic-efficacy/satheesh-kumar-b
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
In this study, we have developed the
transdermal patch with chitosan-gelatin composite (C-GC) film
embedded with silver nanoparticles to enhance the flexibility and to increase the strength of cross links, respectively
Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite reinforced with hardystoni...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objecttive(s):
Despite the poor mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite, its unique biological properties leads we think about study on improving its properties rather than completely replacing it with other biomaterials. Accordingly, in this study we introduced hydroxyapatite reinforced with hardystonite as a novel bio-nanocompositeand evaluate its in-vitro bioactivity with the aim of developing a mechanically strong and highly porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.
Materials and Methods:
Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHA)-Hardystonite (HT) nanocomposite with different percentage of HT was synthesized by mechanical activation method and subsequent heating annealing process. This study showed that the addition of HT to HA not only increases the mechanical properties of HA but also improves its bioactivity. Dissolution curves presented in this study indicated that the pH value of SBF solution in the vicinity of HA-HT nanocomposite increases during the first week of experiment and decreases to blood pH at the second weekend. Hardystonite was composed of nano-crystalline structure with approximately diameter 40 nm. Specimens were composed of a blend of pure calcite (CaCO3) (98% purity, Merck), silica amorphous (SiO2) (98% purity, Merck) powder and pure zinc oxide (ZnO) with 50 % wt., 30 %wt and 20 %wt., respectively. These powders were milled by high energy ball mill using ball-to- powder ratio 10:1 and rotation speed of 600 rpm for 5 and 10 h. Then, the mixture mechanical activated has been pressed under 20 MPa. The samples pressed have been heated at 1100 ºC for 3 h in muffle furnace at air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET performed on the samples to characterize.
Results:
According to XRD results, the sample milled for 10 h just indicated the hardystonite phase, while the sample milled for 5 h illustrate hardystonite phase along with several phases.
Conclusion:
In fact, our study indicated that hardystonite powder was composed of nano-crystalline structure, about 40 nm, can be prepared by mechanical activation to use as a new biomaterials for orthopedic applications.
Is Nano Medicine And Nano Technology The Most Trending Thing Now?science journals
Nano medicine is nothing but application of Nano technologies as medicines. It may include application of non-material as biological devices or nano-electronic biosensors. Molecular nanotechnology as biological machines may have medical applications in future.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Agar-Agar Bio-PolymerIJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. Agar agar is a biological polymer frequently used in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical for potential use in bone replacement. Nano hydroxyapatite was successfully synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method . In this work nHAp/agar composite were synthesized and characterization of the compound were done by using characterization Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffract ration (XRD), Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray spectrum(EDAX).
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
Evaluation of the effect of crocetin on antitumor activity of doxorubicin enc...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): The current study reports investigation of codelivery by PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with crocetin (Cro), a natural carotenoid dicarboxylicHYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid” acid that is found in the crocus flower, and Doxorubicin (DOX).
Materials and Methods: Double emulsion/solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of PLGA nanoparticles containing Dox and Cro. Characterizations of prepared NPs were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering analysis. In vitro Cytotoxicity of DOX and Cro loaded PLGA NPs (PLGA-DOX-Cro) on MCF-7 cell line was evaluated using MTT test. Flow cytometry experiments were implemented to distinguish cells undergoing apoptosis from those undergoing necrosis. Furthermore the expression of caspase 3 was examined by western blot analysis.
Results: The prepared formulations had size of 150- 300 nm. Furthermore, PLGA-DOX-Cro nanoparticles inhibited MCF-7 tumor cells growth more efficiently than either DOX or Cro alone at the same concentrations, as quantified by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Studies on cellular uptake of DOX-Cro-NPs demonstrated that NPs were effectively taken up by MCF-7 tumor cells.
Conclusion: This study suggested that DOX-Cro-NPs may have promising applications in breast cancer therapy.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Preparation and evaluation of electrospun nanofibers containing pectin and ti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib using combination of time-dependent polymers with pectin to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system for celecoxib.
Materials and Methods:Formulations were produced based on two multilevel 22 full factorial designs. The independent variables were the ratio of drug:time-dependent polymer (X1) and the amount of pectin in formulations (X2). Electrospinning process was used for preparation of nanofibers. The spinning solutions were loaded in 5 mL syringes. The feeding rate was fixed by a syringe pump at 2.0 mL/h and a high voltage supply at range 10-18 kV was applied for electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers were collected and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and drug release in the acid and buffer with pH 6.8 with and without pectinase.
Results:Electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib with appropriate morphological properties were produced via electrospinning process. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers was very low in the acidic media; while, drug release in the simulated colonic media was the highest from formulations containing pectin.
Conclusion: Formulation F2 (containing drug:ERS with the ratio of 1:2 and 10% pectin) exhibited acceptable morphological characteristics and protection of drug in the upper GI tract and could be a good candidate as a colonic drug delivery system for celecoxib.
The combined effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on wound heali...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): This study was aimed at investigating the synergy effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on the healing rate of the cutting wounds.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the concentration of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera gel, the MBC methods were applied on the most common bacteria infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cutting wounds with Full-thickness skin were dorsally created on rats; then the rats were divided into 4 groups. The treatments groups included: mixture of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles, Aloe vera gel alone and silver nanoparticles alone in addition to control groups. The treatment was carried out for 2 weeks and the size of the wound closures were measured by an image software analysis.
Results:There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in healing rate between the control and mixture group. However, there were significant differences between the silver nanoparticles and Aloe vera groups using Tukey’s analysis on the 6th, 8th and 10th days.
Conclusion:The Aloe vera gel increased the rate of wound healing whereas the silver nanoparticles had a delay effect; and when they were mixed, it was similar to the average effect of both Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles.
Simultaneous loading of 5-florouracil and SPIONs in HSA nanoparticles: Optimi...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been focused on utilizing biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications. In this study, production of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles using desolvation technique that were simultaneous loaded with high amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: 5-FU loading (%) and SPIONs entrapment efficiency (%) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The design expert software used to analyse the interactive effects of pH, 5-FU and SPIONs concentrations.
Results:The optimum conditions found to be pH of 8.2, drug concentration of 1.5 mg/ml and SPIONs concentration of 2.79 mg/ml. Under the mentioned optimum conditions, particles with the size of 111.8 nm, zeta potential of -37.1 mV, 5-FU loading of 15.8% and SPIONs entrapment efficiency of 41.1% were obtained. In vitro cumulative release of 5-FU from the nanoparticles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Results indicated that 85% of the 5-FU released during 95 h, which revealed a sustained release profile. In addition, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic properties of magnetic albumin nanoparticles manufactured under the optimum conditions.
Conclusion: According to the findings,SPIONs and 5-FU loaded HAS nanoparticles arepromising for use as novel targeted delivery system due to proper magnetic and drug release behaviours.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Investigation of the effect of different parameters on the phase inversion te...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Nanoemulsions are a kind of emulsions that can be transparent, translucent (size range 50-200 nm) or “milky” (up to 500 nm). Nanoemulsions are adequatly effective for transfer of active component through skin which facilitate the entrance of the active component . The transparent nature of the system and lack of the thickener and fluidity are among advantages of nanoemulsion.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a nanoemulsion of lemon oil in water was prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method in which the tween 40 was used as surfactant. The effect of concentration of NaCl in aqueous phase, pH and weight percent of surfactant and aqueous on the PIT and droplet size were investigated. Results: The results showed that with increasing of concentration of NaCl from 0.05 M to 1 M, PIT decrease from 72 to 50. The average droplet sizes, for 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M of NaCl in 25 ºC are 497.3, 308.1 and 189.9 nm, respectively and the polydispersity indexes are 0.348, 0.334 and 0.307, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of nanoemulsions such as being transparent, endurance of solution and droplet size can provide suitable reaction environment for polymerization process used in making hygienic and medical materials.
Mechanism of oxidative stress involved in the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles a...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) has generated significant scientific interest as a novel antibacterial and anticancer agent. Since oxidative stress is a critical determinant of ZnO NPs-induced damage, it is necessary to characterize their underlying mode of action. Different structural and physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs such as particle surface, size, shape, crystal structure, chemical position, and presence of metals can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. However, there are some inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between the physicochemical features of ZnO NPs and their plausible oxidative stress mechanism. Herein, the possible oxidative stress mechanism of ZnO NPs was reviewed. This is worthy of further detailed evaluations in order to improve our understanding of vital NPs characteristics governing their toxicity. Therefore, this study focuses on the different reported oxidative stress paradigms induced by ZnO NPs including ROS generated by NPs, oxidative stress due to the NPs-cell interaction, and role of the particle dissolution in the oxidative damage. Also, this study tries to characterize and understand the multiple pathways involved in oxidative stress induced by ZnO NPs. Knowledge about different cellular signaling cascades stimulated by ZnO NPs lead to the better interpretation of the toxic influences induced by the cellular and acellular parameters. Regarding the potential benefits of toxic effects of ZnO NPs, in-depth evaluation of their toxicity mechanism and various effects of these nanoparticles would facilitate their implementation for biomedical applications.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic effects in combination ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objectives:
Biofilms are communities of bacteria attached to surfaces through an external polymeric substances matrix. In the meantime, Acinetobacterbaumannii is the predominant species related to nosocomial infections. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with biocides and imipenem against planktonic and biofilms of A. baumannii was assessed.
Materials and Methods:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 75 planktonic isolates of A. baumannii were determined by using the microdilution method as described via clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Among all strains, 10 isolates which formed strong biofilms were selected and exposed to silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem, bismuth ethandithiol (BisEDT) and bismuth propanedithiol (BisPDT) to determine minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC). Subsequently, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem against mature biofilm of the isolates were evaluated.
Results:
Results showed that 29.3% of isolates were susceptible to silver nanoparticles and could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilms produced by the isolates. For this reason, ∑FIC, ∑FBIC and ∑FBEC ≤ 0.05 were reported which shows synergism between silver nanoparticles and imipenem against not only planktonic cells but also inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The results of ∑FBIC >2 indicated to antagonistic impacts between silver nanoparticles and BisEDT/BisPDT against biofilms.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that silver nanoparticles alone can inhibit biofilm formation but in combination with imipenem are more effective against A. baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.
Material and Methods:
Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfactants Tween 80, benzalkonium chloride and Pluronic and evaluated for pH, particle size, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability and drug release. Also, Draize test was used to evaluate the irritation of rabbit eye by formulations.
Results:
All formulations showed a small mean size that is well suited for ocular application. Also it was observed that the particle size decreased with increase in the amount of surfactant. Drug entrapment increased with increasing amount of surfactant. It was shown that initial and final drug release can be controlled by the ratio and the total amount of surfactants, respectively.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that the use of Tween 80 and Pluronic in the formualtions with a proper ratio does not show eye irritation and could be useful to achieve a suitable nanosuspension of vitamin A as a novel ocular delivery system.
A comparative study about toxicity of CdSe quantum dots on reproductive syste...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Medicinal benefits of quantum dots have been proved in recent years but there is little known about their toxicity especially in vivo toxicity. In order to use quantum dots in medical applications, studies ontheir in vivo toxicity is important.
Materials and Methods:
CdSe:ZnS quantum dots were injected in 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses to male mice10 days later, mice were sacrificed and five micron slides were prepared structural and optical properties of quantum dots were evaluated using XRD.
Results:
Histological studies of testis tissue showed high toxic effect of CdSe:ZnS in 40 mg/kg group. Histological studies of epididymis did not show any effect of quantum dots in terms of morphology and tube structure. Mean concentration of LH and testosterone and testis weight showed considerable changes in mice injected with 40 mg/kg dose of CdSe:ZnS compared to control group. However, FSH and body weight did not show any difference with control group.
Conclusion:
Although it has been reported that CdSe is highly protected from the environment by its shell, but this study showed high toxicity for CdSe:ZnS when it is used in vivo which could be suggested that shell could contribute to increased toxicity of quantum dots. Considering lack of any previous study on this subject, our study could potentially be used as an basis for further extensive studies investigating the effects of quantum dots toxicity on development of male sexual system.
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes and its application in nanomedicine: A ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
This review focuses on the latest developments in applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medicine. A brief history of CNTs and a general introduction to the field are presented.
Then, surface modification of CNTs that makes them ideal for use in medical applications is highlighted. Examples of common applications, including cell penetration, drug delivery, gene delivery and imaging, are given. At the same time, there are concerns about their possible adverse effects on human health, since there is evidence that exposure to CNTs induces toxic effects in experimental models. However, CNTs are not a single substance but a growing family of different materials possibly eliciting different biological responses. As a consequence, the hazards associated with the exposure of humans to the different forms of CNTs may be different. Understanding the structure–toxicity relationships would help towards the assessment of the risk related to these materials. Finally, toxicity of CNTs, are discussed. This review article overviews the most recent applications of CNTs in Nanomedicine, covering the period from 1991 to early 2015.
The role of surface charge of ISCOMATRIX nanoparticles on the type of immune ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite or tumor. In the present study, we investigated the role of ISCOMATRIX charge in induction of a Th1 type of immune response and protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.
Materials and Methods:
Positively and negatively charged ISCOMATRIX were prepared. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with different ISCOMATRIX formulations. Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) were mixed with ISCOMATRIX right before injection. The extent of protection and type of immune response were studied in different groups of mice.
Results:
The group of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX showed smaller footpad swelling upon challenge with L. major and the highest IgG2a production compared with positively charged one. The mice immunized with positively charged ISCOMATRIX showed the lowest splenic parasite burden compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay results indicated that the highest level of IFN- γ and IL-4 secretion was observed in the splenocytes of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX as compared to other groups.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that ISCOMATRIX formulations generate an immune response with mixed Th1/Th2 response that was not protective against challenge against L. major.
Abstract
In the last decade, developments in nanotechnology have provided a new field in medicine called “Nanomedicine”. Nanomedicine has provided new tools for photodynamic therapy. Quantum dots (QDs) are approximately spherical nanoparticles that have attracted broad attention and have been used in nanomedicine applications. QDs have high molar extinction coefficients and photoluminescence quantum yield, narrow emission spectra, broad absorption, large effective stokes shifts. QDs are more photostable and resistant to metabolic degradation. These photosensitizing properties can be used as photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT has been recommended for its unique characteristic, such as low side effect and more efficiency. Therefore, nanomedicine leads a promising future for targeted therapy in cancer tumor. Furthermore, QDs have recently been applied in PDT, which will be addressed in this review letter. Also this review letter evaluates key aspects of nano-particulate design and engineering, including the advantage of the nanometer scale size range, biological behavior, and safety profile.
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Comparison of nano-hydroxyapatite productivity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescense through encapsulation method
1. 276 Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
Original Research (font 12)
Received: Jan. 15, 2014; Accepted: Mar. 12, 2014
Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014, page 276-284
Received: Apr. 22, 2014; Accepted: Jul. 12, 2014
Vol. 1, No. 5, Autumn 2014, page 298-301
Online ISSN 2322-5904
http://nmj.mums.ac.ir
Original Research
Comparison of nano-hydroxyapatite productivity by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Serratia marcescense through encapsulation method
Anita Khanafari1*
, Tayebeh Akbari1
, Mahmoud Reza Sohrabi2
1
Microbiology Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Chemistry Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Objective(s): The production of nano-hydroxyapatite by two encapsulated bacterial strains
was the goal of current research.
Materials and Methods: Serratia marcscens ATCC 14756 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PTCC 1570 were used by two methods including encapsulated form in 2% (w/v) alginate
sodium powder and inoculated form (10%) in nutrient broth medium containing alginate
sodium blank beads. In both cases alginate beads transferred to calcium and phosphorus
precursors mineral medium for 48 h and were incubated at 32-35 °C for 14 days. To obtain
hydroxyapatite powder, alginate beads were dried at 60 °C and rubbed. Sol-gel as chemical
method was used for comparing with microbial analysis. The nature of produced powders
was evaluated in each step by XRD, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy.
Results: The results showed that the yield rate of sol-gel method was 18.3% and it was much
more than encapsulated method (3.032 and 3.203 w/w dried alginate bead). The size of the
particles in microbial method were smaller (8-68 nm cylindrical particles and 12-55 and 15-
37 nm spherical particles) than chemical method (350-880 nm of cylindrical and 34-67 nm of
spherical particles).
Conclusion: Nanoparticle sizes and distribution of microbial nano-hydroxyapatite powder
samples shows that it has excellent physical properties similar to natural bone and may be to
produce dense and porous bioactive bone implants with desired properties.
Keywords: Alginate beads, Hydroxylapatite, Nanoscale, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia
marcescens
*Corresponding Author: Anita Khanafari, Microbiology Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran.
Tel: +9821 2295 5900, Email: khanafari_a@yahoo.com,
2. Nano-hydroxyapatite productivity by encapsulation method
Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 277
Original Research (font 12)
Introduction
Hydroxyapatite (HA) or bioceramics [Ca10
(PO4)6(OH)2] was first identified as being
the mineral component of bone in 1926 by
DeJong (1, 2). But now due to its similarity
to the main mineral of bone, extraordinary
bioactivity, biocompatibility, osteo cond-
uctivity, noninflammatory, nontoxicity,
nonimmunogenic nature, great thermo
dynamicstability at physiological pH (1-
4). It is specially developed for medical
and dentistry applications such as used in
bone substituent materials (5-8),
constituent implants and dental materials
(3), scaffolds for tissue engineering (6,
9), deliver pharmacological matters with
sustained release capacity for the treatment
of osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, osseous
cancers and etc (2). The property of
hydroxyapatite including its high
bioactivity and particular adsorb ability
for various ions and organic molecules
has suited it for non-medical applications
like packing media for chromatography
column, gas sensors, catalysts and etc (6).
Production of materials with
nanostructures for biomaterials application
has been interested in this century (3).
Calcium phosphate presence in bone is in
the form of nano-sized needlelike crystals
of nearly 5-20 nm width and 60 nm
lengths, with an inconsiderable crystallized
nonstoichiometric apatite phase
containing CO
2-
, Na
+
, F
-
and other ions in
a collagen fiber matrix (8). Scale of nano is a
very important parameter to enhance the
contact and stability at the natural/artificial
interface of bone (6, 8). Nano HA particles
are similar to the apatite crystals of tooth
enamel in morphology, crystal structure
and crystallinity (6, 10). Moreover,
studies on the in vitro and in vivo Ca
2+
ions release from the nano HA powders
were discovered to be similar to bone
apatite and meaningfully faster than
micro scale sized counterparts (6).
Several methods have been developed for
calcium phosphate synthesis, considering
its multiple applications in biomedical
fields. These methods include
mechanochemical synthesis (11-13),
hydrothermal synthesis (14, 15), multiple
emulsion technique (16), deposition
technique (17, 18), precipitation (19, 20),
electrodeposition technique (21),
hydrolysis (22, 23), Sol-gel procedure as a
preferred method over the chemical
methods (24-27) and biomineralization as
a new cost effective and versatile
method (28, 29).
These techniques lead to generation of
nano to micrometric size HA crystals
(6).
The goal of current research was focused
on ability of two biofilm producing
bacterial strains, Serratia marcescens
ATCC 14756 and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa PTCC 1570, to biosynthesis
hydroxyapatite (HA) in nano scale via
encapsulation in alginate beads and its
comparison with Sol-gel procedure as a
common chemical method.
Materials and Methods
Materials
All of following chemicals were supplied
by Merck, Germany.
Two standard bacterial strains, Serratia
marcescens ATCC 14756 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1570,
were originally obtained from Pasteur
Institute of Iran and Persian Type Culture
Collection (PTCC), Tehran-Iran
respectively.
The purity of each bacterium was
confirmed by standard biochemical tests
(30).
Preparation n-HA Ca-mineralized
alginate beads
Cultures were grown in shaking incubators
at 27 °C and 120 rpm for 24-48 h in
capped 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks
containing nutrient broth medium (Merck,
Germany).
Bacterial cell density was adjusted on 0.8-
1 at 600 nm by UV-VIS scanning spectro-
photometer, UV 2101 pc, Shimadzu (31).
3. Khanafari A, et al
278 Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
Encapsulating bacteria in alginate
beads
Alginate powder (Sigma–Aldrich Co.) 2%
(w/v) was papered and autoclaved at 121
°C for 15 min. Bacterial inoculum was
added to the alginate solution. The
alginate/bacteria mixture (with stirring)
was added drop by drop into a cold, sterile
0.2 M CaCl2 solution through a sterile
1000 µL sampler. Gel beads of
approximately 3 mm diameter were
obtained. The beads were hardened by
maintenance at downstairs fridge at 4 °C
for 24 h. After that time, beads were
transferred to BHI medium (50 ml) and
were incubated at 32-35 °C. After
approximately 48 h, the biofilm-coated
alginate beads were transferred to mineral
medium, which included calcium chloride
(25 mM) and B-glycerophosphate
disodium salt hydrate (50 mM) were used
as calcium and phosphorus precursors,
respectively at pH 8.6. After 14 days,
alginate beads were dried at 60 °C for 5h.
Finally, dried beads were rubbed on each
other to obtain the HA powder for
analysis. The above-mentioned procedure
was repeated for preparing control alginate
beads to determine production ability of
HA by two mentioned bacteria (32).
Preparation by transmitting alginate
beads to medium contains 10%
inoculation cultures of bacteria
For preparation n-HA by this procedure,
alginate beads were prepared by pure
alginate with 2% concentration then these
beads were transferred to NB medium
which contain 10% inoculation cultures of
each bacterial strains, separately and the
rest of test was repeated same major
process (32).
Sol-gel as chemical method
The precursors used for preparation
hydroxyapatite in this experiment were
urea as ammonia donor and EDTA as the
chelating agent to prevent immediate
precipitate formation calcium in the course
of gel formation ions, respectively.
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate [Ca (NO3)2.
4H2O] and ammonium dihydrogen
phosphate [(NH4) H2PO4] were used as
calcium and phosphorus donors,
respectively and ammonium solution as a
basic solvent. (33).
Preparation of hydroxyapatite powder
EDTA (4.525 g/ml) ammonium solution
(pH 9) was prepared and added to aqueous
solution [calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (12.9
g), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (3.9
g) and urea (4.25 g)] 2:1 (v/v).
Solution was remained at 95 °C and
continuously stirred for 2 h to produce
milky white gel. According to calcinations
procedure, gel was dried at 350 °C and 800
°C for 1 and 2 h, respectively (33).
Stereomicroscopy
Stereomicroscopic study was carried out
by STMPRO-B, Italy instrument to
distinguish bacterial growth and
transfiguration of alginate beads at the end
of test (34).
X-Ray Diffraction analysis
The crystal structure and the content phase
present in prepared samples were analyzed
with X-ray diffraction (XRD) by
PANalitical, X'Pert PRO MRD (XL),
Netherlands. The crystallite size of the
powder was calculated from the XRD data
by using the Scherrer equation as follow:
D = 0.9 k/b cos h
Where:
D: the average crystallite size
k: the wavelength of X-rays (0.154 nm)
b: is the full width was measured at half-
maximum of the HA, and
h; is the peak diffraction angle (7).
Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
(FTIR)
The structure of obtained powders were
determined by FTIR spectroscopy. These
samples were analyzed by FTIR analysis
(ASTM D3677, Germany) spectrometer in
scanning range of 400-4000 cm-1
(34).
4. Nano-hydroxyapatite productivity by encapsulation method
Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 279
Original Research (font 12)
Electron microscopy analysis
Scanning electron microscopy (EM3200,
KYKY China) was used to characterize
the morphology and determine the size of
nanoparticle. Completely dried powder of
hydroxyapatite obtained from chemical
and microbial procedures, was mounted on
aluminum specimen stub using an
electrically conductive double-sided
adhesive tape, and sputter-coated with
gold alloy before examination in the
microscope (34).
Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) carried
out by STA1500, Shinko Korea, in
temperature region from 20 to 900 °C with
heating rate 20◦
C/min for HA produced by
sol-gel method (35).
Results and Discussion
Stereomicroscopic analysis
The results showed that the surface of
alginate beads encapsulated by two
bacterial strains were covered with white
precipitation of HA (Figure 1). In
compared with the blank sample, it seems
that metabolic and enzymatic activities of
bacteria in the medium causes
bioconversion of minerals precursor to HA
and in this situation alginate works as an
absorbent surface for precipitating this
product. In this method the product is
completely separated from medium and
bacterial samples.
The existence of pure bacteria of each
strain and their viability was confirmed by
light microscopy through the direct
examination of beads; and culturing of
encapsulation bacteria separately in NA
medium, Gram stain and observing under
light microscope.
XRD analysis
The XRD patterns are shown in Figure 2
and 3, respectively.
a b c
Figure 1. Alginate beads entrapped bacterial cells.
a) Encapsulated form of Ps. aeruginosa, b) Control
sample and c) Encapsulated form of S. marcescens.
In XRD patterns of obtained n-HA
powders from sol-gel process and S.
marcescense, there were some peaks
indicating the presence of other phases
such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and
small amounts of sodium chloride
(approximately 1%) as impurity.
Although the presence of sodium ions
within sample may not have adverse
clinical effects because bone contains
approximately 1% sodium (34) but the
level of carbonate impurities in sol-gel
methods can be controlled by regulating
the aging time, solution and calcination
temperatures (36).
However, the XRD pattern of n-HA
produced by P. aeroginosa confirmed the
purity of the prepared sample which is
depicted in Figure 4.
The high intensity and broadening of the
peaks show that the particles are highly
crystalline in nano-scale size.
Second approach using S. marcescens had
an ability to produce n-HA without
impurity such as NaCl indicated by XRD.
The average of crystallite size which was
calculated by Scherrer equation was 4 nm.
The XRD spectrum is shown in Figure 5.
The average crystallite sizes of n-HA
obtained using either sol-gel or
encapsulation method by S. marcescens
and P. aeruginosa estimated by Scherrer
equation were 57, 5.8, 19.3 nm,
respectively.
5. Khanafari A, et al
280 Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
Figure 2. The XRD pattern of HA produced
by S. marcescens encapsulated in alignate.
Figure 3. The XRD pattern of HA
synthesized by sol-gel process.
Figure 4. The XRD pattern of HA produced
by P. aeruginosa encapsulated in alignate.
FTIR analysis
The FTIR spectroscopy has provided
valuable information about the structure of
HA powder. The FT-IR spectra of
prepared samples from sol-gel process,
S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa are
shown in Figure 6, 7 and 8, respectively.
Figure 5. The XRD pattern of HA produced
by inoculum of S. marcescens on alginate
surface beads.
Presence of a weak peak in the region
around 873cm- 1
indicates CO3
-2
band
in sol-gel's sample confirming the minor
amount of carbonate which was indicated
in sol-gel XRD pattern.
The peak at 1104-1043 cm-1
, 572-596 cm-
1
and 470-471 cm-1
regions is indicative
of P-O band in PO4
-2
and P-O-P band in
PO4
-3
groups.
The peak at 860-877cm-1
region indicates P-
O-H band in HPO4
-
and the peak at 2600-
3500 cm-1
regions is due to O-H bands.
These peaks confirm the presence of HA
phase in each sample (34).
The XRD patterns and FTIR spectra of
synthesized HA were well consistent with
reported values in the literature (9, 34, 37, 38).
SEM analysis
SEM micrographs of the n-HA powder from
chemical and microbial procedures are
shown in Figure 9, 10 and 11, respectively.
The size of the particles were estimated
around 37-67 nm for sol-gel sample. As
compared to microbial samples, more
agglomerate shapes were observed in
chemical sample.
6. Nano-hydroxyapatite productivity by encapsulation method
Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 281
Original Research (font 12)
Figure 6. The FTIR spectrumof HA
synthesized by sol-gel process.
Figure 7. The FTIR spectrumof HA
produced by S. marcescens encapsulated in
alignate.
Figure 8. The FTIR spectrumof HA
produced by P. aeruginosa encapsulated in
alignate.
The presence of calcium carbonate crystal
impurity was observed in HA synthesized by
chemical method. The SEM images of HA
were produced by S. marcescences and P.
aeruginosa have shown uniform and
homogeneous distribution with circular
shape in dimension around 8-55 nm and 15-
37 nm, respectively.
Nanoparticle sizes and distribution of
samples prepared by S. marcescens and P.
aeruginosa showed comparable results
with those reported previously (28, 29, 34)
as well as with those prepared by chemical
methods such as Sol-gel (11-27).
TGA Analysis
According to TG analysis, the HA sample
was produced by sol-gel method showed
little weight loss of around 1.169% up to
872 °C which is due to water evaporation
demonstrating thermal stability of HA
powder.
Figure 9. SEM images of HA synthesized by
sol-gel method with 5.00 and 20.0 KX
magnifications.
The presence of stoichiometric HAP with
Ca/P ration: 1.67). The TGA pattern is
shown in (Figure 12).
Free O–H stretch
O–H band
H–O–H bending
O–Hbending
HPO4
-2
PO4
-3
PO4
-3
Free O–H stretch
O–H band
H–O–H bending
O–Hbending
PO4
-2
PO4
-3
PO4
-2
HPO4
-2
PO4
-3
CO3
-2
PO4
-2
O–Hbending
H–O–H
bending
Free O–H stretch
O–H band
HPO4
-2
PO4
-3
7. Khanafari A, et al
282 Nanomed J, Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
Figure 10. SEM images of HA produced by S.
marcescens with 20 and 40 KX
magnifications.
Figure 11. The SEM images of HA produced
by Ps. aeruginosa with 20.0, 40.0 and 60.0
KX magnifications.
Figure 12. TGA pattern of the sol-gel sample.
Conclusions
According to the results, it seems chemical
methods such as Sol-gel required more
control over experimental variables.
However, it is not economical because of
expensive precursors.
The results of this study indicates that by
using bacteria for the production of HA is
cheap and the procedure is non-toxic
resulting in HA similar to natural bone
making it a suitable candidate for dental
and medical applications.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Reza
Marandi, University Vice-Chancellor, and
assistance of microbiology laboratory for
providing research facility.
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