Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a common and cost-effective welding process that uses a continuous wire feed as an electrode. This document provides an overview of GMAW, including that it uses an electric arc between the wire electrode and workpiece to produce heat and join metals. The wire electrode is continuously fed into the weld pool and consumed, becoming the filler metal. The document discusses the different metal transfer modes in GMAW and that spray transfer mode is used for high productivity welding. It also reviews previous literature on optimizing GMAW parameters and microstructure for applications such as welding high-strength low-alloy steel.
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The effect of welding heat input and welding speed on microstructure of chrom...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Prope...ijtsrd
Tungsten Inert Gas TIG welding is widely used for weld the thin metal. Alloying metal is also welded by this process. Appearance and quality TIG weld is very superior as compare to other welding process. Melting the work piece and filler rod result in formation of smoke and gases. Helium and Argon are non reactive gases by this property it is used as a shielding gas. Most commonly mixture of Argon and Helium are favored to use for enhanced welding quality because they do not react with each other .Argon and Helium gases protect the welding area from outer environment and helps to maintain a stable arc due to low ionization potential. Aluminum is light in weight and for excellent performance it is used in aerospace industry, aviation, marine industry, automobile, defence and others. TIG welding parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and welding voltage are taken into account which influences the tensile strength, Hardness and Toughness of aluminum weld joint. Welding parameters are controlled with electronic control units. AC power supply is prefer to used for aluminium as compare to DC power supply because of its low melting point aluminium melt at low temperature Ravinder Kumar | Dr. Dinesh Kumar ""Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Properties of AA-6351 T6 Alloy"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23831.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23831/optimization-of-process-parameters-on-tig-welding-to-enhance-mechanical-properties-of-aa-6351-t6-alloy/ravinder-kumar
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The effect of welding heat input and welding speed on microstructure of chrom...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Prope...ijtsrd
Tungsten Inert Gas TIG welding is widely used for weld the thin metal. Alloying metal is also welded by this process. Appearance and quality TIG weld is very superior as compare to other welding process. Melting the work piece and filler rod result in formation of smoke and gases. Helium and Argon are non reactive gases by this property it is used as a shielding gas. Most commonly mixture of Argon and Helium are favored to use for enhanced welding quality because they do not react with each other .Argon and Helium gases protect the welding area from outer environment and helps to maintain a stable arc due to low ionization potential. Aluminum is light in weight and for excellent performance it is used in aerospace industry, aviation, marine industry, automobile, defence and others. TIG welding parameters such as welding current, gas flow rate and welding voltage are taken into account which influences the tensile strength, Hardness and Toughness of aluminum weld joint. Welding parameters are controlled with electronic control units. AC power supply is prefer to used for aluminium as compare to DC power supply because of its low melting point aluminium melt at low temperature Ravinder Kumar | Dr. Dinesh Kumar ""Optimization of Process Parameters on Tig Welding to Enhance Mechanical Properties of AA-6351 T6 Alloy"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23831.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23831/optimization-of-process-parameters-on-tig-welding-to-enhance-mechanical-properties-of-aa-6351-t6-alloy/ravinder-kumar
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of heat effected zone and weld metal of mild steel material is investigated in this paper. Mild steel weldment was welded under varying welding current i.e. 80, 85, 90, 95 & 100 ampere by using MMAW process in 1G position. The edge preparation, electrode diameter and electrode type, CCV, welding technique, polarity and welder remained constant during the test. The test specimen was then grinded and hardness of each specimen was measured at three point i.e. parent metal, HAZ and weld metal by using Brinell hardness tester. It was observed that with increase in welding current melting rate of electrode was increased hence welding time was reduced. So welding speed was increased. With increase in welding current hardness of HAZ and weld metal was also decreased due to increase in heat input. With increase in welding speed heat input decreased and hardness of the joint increased.
Keywords - MMAW, welding current, welding speed, Hardness, Parent metal, HAZ, weld metal, cooling rate
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Corrosion Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys: Unpredictabilit...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Corrosion Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys: Unpredictability and Protection by Uyime Donatus* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Development of Quality Acceptance Sampling Plan for Imported Hot Rolled Steel...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joint and its Efficiencyijtsrd
This work mainly pertains to improvement in the mechanical properties of IS 2062 steel plates welds through gas tungsten arc welding GTAW process. TIG Tungsten inert gas welding are well known welding techniques, that are being used in industries in the current age. Mild steel was the only commonly used material in TIG welding. Mild steel is the first material consumption. The comparison is done on the basis of the mechanical properties of the welded joint of TIG welding. This study is done on mechanical testing and non destructive tests DPT and radiography tests of TIG welding on IS 2062 Mild steel plates. Mr. I. S. N. V. R. Prashanth | K. Lavanya | Meherkeziah | P. Navya ""Investigation on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joint and its Efficiency"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23244.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/manufacturing-engineering/23244/investigation-on-mechanical-properties-of-tig-welded-joint-and-its-efficiency/mr-i-s-n-v-r-prashanth
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Research into Properties of Spot Welded Steel Sheetsijtsrd
The contribution deals with parameter optimalization of resistance spot welding for hot dip zinc coated steel sheets. The mechanical properties and metallographic observation of welded joints on galvanized steel sheets were performed. Uncoated sheets from the same material were used for comparison of particular properties. The results showed that welding parameter optimalization is very important for welding of galvanized steel sheets. LuboÅ¡ KaÅ¡c¡k | Denis Cmorej "Research into Properties of Spot Welded Steel Sheets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29773.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29773/research-into-properties-of-spot-welded-steel-sheets/lubo%C5%A1-ka%C5%A1c%C3%A1k
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Traffic signal poles play a role of mitigating traffic congestions in cities. It slender structure which is usually characteristics with high deformation. It is exposed to load, various environmental factor and natural hazards. The aspiration of modal analysis in structure mechanics is to negotiate the natural frequency of an object or structure in times of free vibration. Conventional poles are replaced with I and T section by applying various material such as structural steel (SS), stainless steel (STS) and grey cast iron (CI). By predicting the ultimate section with low deformation. The ultimate material is endowed and fracture behaviour is prompt, substitute crack is inserted in the maximum stress spot and life cycle of the ultimate material section is deliberate.
Key words: traffic poles, modal analysis, natural frequency, fracture analysis, crack, life cycle
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of heat effected zone and weld metal of mild steel material is investigated in this paper. Mild steel weldment was welded under varying welding current i.e. 80, 85, 90, 95 & 100 ampere by using MMAW process in 1G position. The edge preparation, electrode diameter and electrode type, CCV, welding technique, polarity and welder remained constant during the test. The test specimen was then grinded and hardness of each specimen was measured at three point i.e. parent metal, HAZ and weld metal by using Brinell hardness tester. It was observed that with increase in welding current melting rate of electrode was increased hence welding time was reduced. So welding speed was increased. With increase in welding current hardness of HAZ and weld metal was also decreased due to increase in heat input. With increase in welding speed heat input decreased and hardness of the joint increased.
Keywords - MMAW, welding current, welding speed, Hardness, Parent metal, HAZ, weld metal, cooling rate
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
Corrosion Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys: Unpredictabilit...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Corrosion Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys: Unpredictability and Protection by Uyime Donatus* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Development of Quality Acceptance Sampling Plan for Imported Hot Rolled Steel...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joint and its Efficiencyijtsrd
This work mainly pertains to improvement in the mechanical properties of IS 2062 steel plates welds through gas tungsten arc welding GTAW process. TIG Tungsten inert gas welding are well known welding techniques, that are being used in industries in the current age. Mild steel was the only commonly used material in TIG welding. Mild steel is the first material consumption. The comparison is done on the basis of the mechanical properties of the welded joint of TIG welding. This study is done on mechanical testing and non destructive tests DPT and radiography tests of TIG welding on IS 2062 Mild steel plates. Mr. I. S. N. V. R. Prashanth | K. Lavanya | Meherkeziah | P. Navya ""Investigation on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joint and its Efficiency"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23244.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/manufacturing-engineering/23244/investigation-on-mechanical-properties-of-tig-welded-joint-and-its-efficiency/mr-i-s-n-v-r-prashanth
A Review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry o...IOSR Journals
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is high quality and high precision welding process which are
suitable for welding thin metals. Inert gas as helium and argon are used as a shielding gas to prevent the weld
bead from air, dust and other contaminations in welding. There are so many welding process parameter affect
the weld quality in GTAW. Important process parameter which mainly affect the weld quality are welding
current, arc voltage, welding speed, gas flow rate, heat input, gun angle, stand of distance and specimen
thickness. Important quality parameters in GTAW process are depth of penetration and weld bead geometry.
Depth of penetration and weld bead width both are affected by welding speed. As welding speed increases,
depth of penetration increases but weld bead width decreases. The weld joint quality can be assessed in terms of
weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. Post weld heat treatment is done to improve the
weld quality by solutioning and aging which results in refinement of grain size and thus, mechanical properties
of weld joint improved. Heat input effects the filler rod deposition rate in the form of droplets in weld bead. This
paper covers review of process parameters of GTAW and their effect on weld quality.
Research into Properties of Spot Welded Steel Sheetsijtsrd
The contribution deals with parameter optimalization of resistance spot welding for hot dip zinc coated steel sheets. The mechanical properties and metallographic observation of welded joints on galvanized steel sheets were performed. Uncoated sheets from the same material were used for comparison of particular properties. The results showed that welding parameter optimalization is very important for welding of galvanized steel sheets. LuboÅ¡ KaÅ¡c¡k | Denis Cmorej "Research into Properties of Spot Welded Steel Sheets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29773.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29773/research-into-properties-of-spot-welded-steel-sheets/lubo%C5%A1-ka%C5%A1c%C3%A1k
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Traffic signal poles play a role of mitigating traffic congestions in cities. It slender structure which is usually characteristics with high deformation. It is exposed to load, various environmental factor and natural hazards. The aspiration of modal analysis in structure mechanics is to negotiate the natural frequency of an object or structure in times of free vibration. Conventional poles are replaced with I and T section by applying various material such as structural steel (SS), stainless steel (STS) and grey cast iron (CI). By predicting the ultimate section with low deformation. The ultimate material is endowed and fracture behaviour is prompt, substitute crack is inserted in the maximum stress spot and life cycle of the ultimate material section is deliberate.
Key words: traffic poles, modal analysis, natural frequency, fracture analysis, crack, life cycle
What is MIG welding?
Working process
Process Parameters
Advantages
Limitations
Applications
MIG welding is an arc welding process in which a continuous solid wire electrode is fed through a welding gun and into the weld pool, joining the two base materials together.
A shielding gas is also sent through the welding gun and protects the weld pool from contamination.
In fact, MIG stands for “Metal Inert Gas”. The technical name for it is "Gas Metal Arc Welding" (or GMAW).
Dissimilar Metal Welding - Issues, Solution & TechniquesVarun K M
Factors to be considered while welding dissimilar metals.
What are the issues faced?
What are different solutions and techniques to overcome this issues ?
The presentation also contain some case case studies to get a better understanding.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Wire Feed Rate Optimization for MIG Welding of Alu-minum Alloy 6063IJAEMSJORNAL
MIG welding (metal inert gas welding) is an arc welding technology that generates metal coalescences by heating them with an arc between a filler metallic electrode that is constantly fed, and the work. MIG welding process lends itself to semiautomatic, robotic automation and difficult automation welding packages. The alloy fabric variety for GMAW consists of carbon steel, chrome steel, aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and silicon bronze. This experimental study aims at optimization of the wire feed rate during MIG weld of aluminium sheets by developing the mathematically model for the tensile strength a hardness of the aluminium specimen. In this experiment Factorial design approach has been implemented for locating connection among diverse procedure parameters and weld deposit reason. MIG Welding of aluminium alloy 6063 with Al 4043 Wire and Argon gas shielding yields excellent results.
Qualityand productivity play important role in today’s manufacturing market. Now a
day’s due to very stiff and cut throat competitive market condition in manufacturing industries. The
main objective of industries reveals with producing better quality product at minimum cost and increase
productivity. Welding is the most vital and common operation use for joining of two similar and
dissimilar parts.In the present research paper an attempt is made to understand various welding
techniques and to find the best welding technique for steel. Special focuses have been put on TIG and
MIG welding. On hardness testing machine and UTM various characteristics such as strength,
hardness, modulus of rigidity, ductility, breaking point, % elongation etc. at constant voltage were
analyzed.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
a survey on gas metal arc welding (gmaw) review
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 7, Issue 01, 2019 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 595
A Survey on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-Review
Mr. Harender Kumar1 Mr.Neeraj Kumar2 Mr.Manmohan3
1,2,3
R.N. College of Engineering & Technology, Panipat, Haryana, India
Abstract— Welding is a system of immutable joining two
materials (regularly metals) through restricted blend coming
about due to a proper mix of temperature, weight and
metallurgical conditions. Dependent upon the blend of
temperature and weight from a high temperature with no
weight to a high weight with low temperature, a wide extent
of welding shapes has been made. There are various sorts of
welding including Metal Arc, Submerged Arc, Resistance
Butt, Flash, Spot, Seam and Projection. While there are
various procedures for joining metals, welding is a champion
among the most accommodating and quick systems
1available. The gas metal roundabout portion welding
(GMAW) process uses a solid wire terminal that is constantly
supported into the weld pool. The wire anode is eaten up and
transforms into the filler metal. GMAW equipment is
reasonably low in cost. The low beginning cost, the ability to
weld continually, and the ability to store weld metal faster,
settle on GMAW an appealing choice for welding. This
section uncovers each part of GMAW. It includes all parts of
GMAW, for example, welding machine, protecting gases,
filler/terminal wire and welding joint get together of welding
plates. V furrowed butt joint will be loaded up with 1.6 mm
cathode wire ( ER 90 BL-3) utilizing ESAB AUTO K 400
welding machine. Example for different tests, for example,
hardness, tractable, small scale structure, consideration and
gas ingestion will be drawn from the butt welded joint
according to particular.
Key words: Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
I. INTRODUCTION
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is described as "an electric
bend welding process that produces mix of metals by
warming them with a roundabout fragment between a
consistent filler metal anode and the work piece." Shielding
is obtained absolutely from a remotely given gas. The gas
metal roundabout section welding (GMAW) process uses a
solid wire terminal that is unendingly reinforced into the weld
pool. The wire anode is eaten up and transforms into the filler
metal. GMAW equipment is respectably low in cost. In like
manner, this technique gives high proclamation rate in lbs/hr
(kg/hr) than the ensured metal twist or gas tungsten round
portion welding frames. The low beginning cost, the ability
to weld continually, and the ability to store weld metal faster,
settle on GMAW an appealing choice for welding. GMAW
can be used to make stunning welds on all financially
fundamental metals, for instance, aluminum, magnesium,
treated steels, carbon and compound steels, copper, and
others. GMAW may similarly be done successfully in all
welding positions. For higher age rate shower trade strategy
for metal trade has been used in gas metal roundabout
fragment welding. Sprinkle technique for metal trade will
happen when the current and voltage settings are extended
over those required for globular trade. Right when sprinkle
trade occurs, fine globules of metal casing. These dots travel
at a high rate of speed clearly through the roundabout section
stream to the weld pool. The advancement current changes
with the anode width, its sythesis, and the proportion of
terminal extension. For 1.6 mm separate crosswise over wire
welding current has been taken 250-350A. It lessens as the
anode widens increasingly far off from the contact tube.
Before sprinkle trade can occur, a present setting over the
advancement current measurement must be made on the
welding machine. Until the change current is outperformed,
the metal trades as broad globules. Over the advancement
current measurement, the crush drive winds up adequately
unfathomable to press the metal off the tip of the cathode as
fine dots. Sprinkle trade happens exactly when in any
occasion 90% argon is used as the ensuring gas. Ordinary
ensuring gas mixes for carbon and low-compound steels are:
98% Ar + 2% O2, 95% Ar + 5% O2, 95% Ar + 5% CO2, and
90% Ar + 10% CO2.
II. PRINCIPLE OF GMAW
Gas metal bend welding (GMAW), at times alluded by its
subtypes metal idle gas (MIG) welding or metal dynamic gas
(MAG) welding, is a self-loader or programmed curve
welding process in which a constant and consumable wire
anode and a protecting gas are sustained through a welding
firearm. There are four essential strategies for metal move in
GMAW, called globular, shortcircuiting, splash, and beat
shower. Shower mode shows up at high present and voltage
and utilized for high profitability.
Fig. 1: Gas metal arc welding setup
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
As of late, GMAW has been generally created for the most
part compound steel and high killjoy obstruction steel. The
impact of warmth treatment for example pre-warming
temperature, between pass temperature, post welding heat-
treatment temperature (PWHT) has additionally been
examined. Many analytical models have been developed
using finite element analysis, and neural network. A summary
of the work previously done on GMAW is accessible in this
section.
2. A Survey on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-Review
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 01/2019/157)
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IV. BRIEF LITERATURE SURVEY
The work already done on the topic is presented below:
In overall, the services of GMAW on Cr-mo steel had been
successful; still a lot of work has to be done. The work already
done on the topic is presented below:
W. Provost (1982) explored the impacts of a
pressure alleviation warm behavior on the strength of weight
container quality steels [1]. The aftereffects of this work
depict the impact of post weld warm medicines on the
strength of welded joints in weight vessels quality steels.
Uncommon consideration is paid to the base plate thickness
for which a post weld warm treatment ought to be prescribed.
The acquired outcomes demonstrate that, in spite of the fact
that the present code prerequisites are tasteful for C-Mn steel.
They were totally modified for Nb-micro alloyed steel,
welded through high warmth input.
T.A Lechtenber and J.R. Foulds (1984) explored the
impact of pre-warm on the microstructure, hardness and
strength of HT-9 weldments [2]. A diminished preheat,
affecting a quicker weld metal cooling rate, results in an
expanded upper rack vitality and lower pliable weak progress
temperature with no charge in weld metal. SEM examinations
show a diminished dendrite separating and bring down
interdendritic isolation with a quicker cooling rate. It is
obvious that the shifting interdendritic ferrite substance and
morphology and the dendrite dividing, both constrained by
the cooling rate, assume a critical job on the weld metal
unique crack conduct. The outcomes propose the most
reduced preheat perfect with great welding practice causes in
to accomplish the greatest advantages to the weld metal crack
mechanics.
J.N Clark (1986) researched about the weld fix of
low compound downer safe steel castings without preheat and
post-weld warm treatment [3] Extra information on downer
pliability of the weld metal were given and talked about
reference to the more extended term honesty of fixes.
D.G. Crawford and T.N. Dough (1991) puncher
examined about microstructure and strength of low carbon
steel weld metal [4]. An investigation of the trial information
was completed, in view of the preface that minor stages were
the essential locales for fragile break inception, and that
effective proliferation or generally of such splits was an
element of the encompassing gross microstructure. The
subsequent connection among's microstructure and durability
given a methods for defending the impact of a scope of
compositional and different factors on sturdiness, through
their consequences for the microstructure.
O.M. Akselsen and O. Grong (1992) explored the
forecast of weld metal Charpy V score durability [5]. A
progression of exact conditions has been produced which
relates the durability to the weld metal microstructure and
elasticity. A correlation among expectations and analyses
demonstrated that the best understanding is accomplished by
the utilization of estimated qualities for a definitive elasticity
and the acicular ferrite content. The charts can, thus, fill in as
a reason for legitimate choice of consumables for welded
steel structures.
V.S.R. Murti, P.D. Srinivas, G.H.D. Banadeki and
K.S. Raju (1993) researched the impact of warmth
contribution on metallurgical properties of HSLA steel in
multi-pass MIG welding [6]. Here its weldability via Auto
MIG welding utilizing 309L terminal wire has been
examined. This outcomes in high welding rate, high
statement rates and more profound infiltration. The cooling
rates are higher contrasted with SMAW, where the slag cover
delivers low cooling rates of the weld dabs. Thus, the high
welding paces of Auto MIG welding causes air float into the
weld zone, prompting its defilement. Along these lines the
warmth input rate can be differed by changing the voltage and
current setting additionally, however this isn't ideal. Higher
voltages modify the dab geometry and combination zone,
which influences the resultant microstructure, and can
likewise destabilize the circular segment and deliver scatter.
Alberto Sánchez Osio, Stephen Liu and David L.
Olson (1996) explored the impact of cementing on the
development and development of considerations in low
carbon steel welds [7]. Since incorporations are nucleants to
proeutectoid stages, the nearness of these second stage
particles move the ceaseless cooling change (CCT) bends to
shorter occasions. In this manner, the displaying of the
arrangement and development of incorporations was alluring
to foresee weld metal microstructure and properties. In their
examination, they proposed another model, considering
solute redistribution amid. An intriguing component of this
model was that it predicts the adjustment in the state of the
size dissemination bend with the solute creation and the
nearby hardening time.
C.Smith, P.G.H. Pistorius and J. Wannenburg
(1997) researched the impact of a long post weld warm
treatment on the trustworthiness of a welded joint in a weight
vessel steel [8]. Multipass submerged-curve welds were made
at a warmth contribution of 1·2 and 4·3 kJ mm-1. Individual
microstructural locales saw in the warmth influenced zone of
the real weld were reenacted. These locales were fragile in
the as-reproduced condition. Post weld warm treatment for
times of up to 40 h at 620°C brought about a critical
enhancement in the Charpy affect strength. A break
sturdiness of 134 kJ m2 was estimated in the warmth
influenced zone of the 4·3 kJ mm-1 welds after delayed post
weld warm treatment. The enhancement in weldment
durability with post weld warm treatment was essentially
credited to mellowing of structure.
N.Orhan, M Aksoy and N Orhan (1999) researched
the impact of coarse introductory grain estimate on
microstructure and mechanical properties of weld metal and
warmth influenced zone (HAZ) of low carbon steel [9]. In this
examination, the impacts of coarse introductory grain
estimate with shifting warmth contributions on
microstructure and mechanical properties of weld metal and
HAZ were researched. In the welding tests, SAE 1020 steel
examples in hot-rolled and in grain-coarsened conditions
were utilized. Following the welding, microstructure,
hardness and sturdiness of weld metals and HAZs were
researched. From the outcomes, a connection between
introductory grain estimate of weld metals and HAZs has
been set up. Most extreme strength of HAZ of the coarse
starting grain measured example was accomplished with a
high info, while greatest sturdiness of unique example was
acquired with a medium warmth input.
S. H. Lalam, and H.K.D.H Bhadeshia et al.(2000)
distributed exploratory information on the propensity for 2.25
3. A Survey on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-Review
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 01/2019/157)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 597
Cr-1Mo to experience pollution instigated temper-
embrittlement [10]. Bruscato factor (X) has been determined
by the (10P + 5Sb + 4Sn + As)/100 (in ppm) quantitatively.
It was discovered that phosphorus, silicon and manganese all
make 2.25 Cr-1Mo helpless to temper-embrittlement, with
the embrittling power diminishing that arrange. Molybdenum
decline inclination of polluting influence initiated
embrittlement. The investigation likewise demonstrated that
there is no noticeable impact of arsenic, tin and antimony due
to overpowering impact of phosphorus.
J.C.F Jorge, L.F.G Souza and J.M.A Rebello(2001)
examined the impact of chromium on the
microstructure/strength relationship of C– Mn weld metal
stores Two carbon substance were gotten by weakening
utilizing diverse welding methodology [11]. The variety in
the chromium content was acquired by the expansion of
various measures of chromium powder to the weld groove.
The connection among microstructure and durability of weld
stores was concentrated by methods for hardness, Charpy-V
score and metallographic tests in examples slice transversely
to the weld dabs. Subjective and quantitative investigations
of microstructural constituents and fine stages were made by
light optical and filtering electron microscopy, individually.
The outcomes demonstrated that chromium weakens affect
durability, despite the fact that it advances an expansion in
level of acicular ferrite (AF). What's more, it was seen that an
expansion in carbon content advanced a further decline in
effect durability because of the complex volume part of the
M/A constituent.
M.A. Islam et al.(2003) researched impact of earlier
austenite grain estimate. It was discovered that phosphorus
was an exceptionally basic follow component that can isolate
at earlier austenite grain [12]. This paper examined isolation
of P amid reversible temper embrittlement (96 hrs. at 520°C)
of extinguished and completely tempered 2.25Cr-1Mo steel
by Auger electron spectroscopy and depicts the isolation
system. This paper additionally depicted the impact of P
isolation on break opposition and crack method of
unembrittled steels, individually, by crack sturdiness testing
over a temperature scope of −196 °C to 20°C and
fractography in examining electron magnifying lens. This
isolation caused a decrease in break strength estimations of
the extinguished and tempered steels at all test temperatures
and an expansion in the progress temperature. The
micromechanism of break at temperatures from the upper
rack, in any case, remained practically unaltered.
V. Muthupandi et al. (2003) researched the impact
of weld metal science and warmth contribution on the
structure and properties of duplex treated steel welds [13].
Solid mix of solidarity and erosion obstruction in hardened
steels (DSS) is because of their strict organization control and
small scale basic parity. To accomplish the ideal ferrite–
austenite balance and consequently properties, either the weld
metal piece and additionally the warmth input is controlled.
Results broke down that (I) concoction structure has a more
noteworthy effect on the ferrite– austenite proportion than the
cooling rate, and (ii) even EBW which is viewed as a juvenile
procedure in welding of DSS, can be utilized given methods
for filler expansion could be contrived.
L.F. Guimarães de Souza et al.(2003) have done
microstructural investigation of solitary pass 2.25% Cr-1.0%
Mo steel weld metal with various manganese substance. [14]
Weld metals of the 2.25% Cr-1.0% Mo type with 0.84%,
1.21% and 2.3% Mn created by submerged curve welding
were broke down in the as-welded (AW), post weld warm
treatment (PWHT) and PWHT pursued by step-cooling (SC)
warm treatment conditions. A checked carbide precipitation
was watched, specially at grain limits. This could be credited
to the SC warm treatment and related with the embrittlement.
Notwithstanding, the use of a de-embrittlement warm
treatment to this progression cooled weld metal has
demonstrated proficient, in light of the fact that the effect
vitality after this warmth treatment outperformed those
acquired in the pressure assuaged condition. This was
unmistakably shown that isolation of polluting influences to
grain limits were in charge of the low effect vitality levels.
Karl Million et al.(2005) explored the impacts of
warmth contribution on microstructure and durability of the
8 Mn-Mo-Ni 5 shape-welded atomic steel [15]. The weld
metal well demonstrated in the German atomic industry filled
in as the reason for the affirmation of a shape-welded steel to
be utilized as base material for fabricate of atomic essential
segments. The advanced plan for reactor vessel was viewed
as especially appropriate for utilization of shape welded parts
instead of forgings. Notwithstanding this the requirement for
plan and advancement of new shape-welded steel grades for
other new age reactor ventures was accentuated.
L. Bergquist et al.(2006) thought about welded
joints of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel for their resilience to long post
weld warm treatment (PWHT) when welded with manual
metal circular segment (MMA) welding and submerged bend
welding (SAW) [16]. Mechanical properties including the
effect change temperature have been resolved and the
microstructures have been described utilizing light optical
microscopy and field outflow weapon filtering electron
microscopy. The elasticity and the hardness of the weld
metals diminished with expanded tempering time. More
prominent intrigue was on the effect sturdiness results.
Examining the 47 J effect change temperatures, the MMA
weld metal withstands long term PWHT superior to anything
the SAW weld metals. The microstructures recommended
that it could be an impact of contrasts in bainite morphology
and grain measure, qualities represented by the cooling rate
and the synthetic arrangement.
M.A. Islam (2008) found that low amalgam steels
portion for quite a while at high temperature, e.g., around 500
0C, are extremely touchy to temper embrittlement because of
isolation of different follow components at earlier austenite
grain limits or potentially carbide/network interfaces [17].
This kind of isolation in blend with different ecological
impact filter antagonistically influence the break opposition
and weakness split proliferation amount with ensuing change
in crack morphology of low amalgam steels. As affirmed by
AES and FEG-STEM, phosphorus was observed to be the
primary embrittling component for isothermal embrittlement.
Sulfur and Mo isolation was just apparent. In the progression
cooling embrittlement, phosphorus was as yet observed to be
the principle embrittling component, however substantial
isolation of sulfur in disengaged intergranular features was
likewise watched. For P isolation, a Mo-C-P association was
watched, while sulfur isolation was credited to site rivalry
among sulfur and carbon iotas.
4. A Survey on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-Review
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 01/2019/157)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 598
G. Magudeeswaran et al. (2008) examined the
impact of welding forms and consumables on tractable and
affect properties of high quality extinguished and tempered
steel joints [18]. Extinguished and tempered steels were
inclined to hydrogen actuated splitting in the warmth
influenced zone subsequent to welding. The utilization of
austenitic tempered steel consumables to weld the above steel
was the main accessible cure in light of higher solvency for
hydrogen in austenitic stage. Two distinctive consumables, to
be specific, austenitic hardened steel and low hydrogen ferrite
steel, were utilized to manufacture the joints by protected
metal curve welding (SMAW) and motion cored bend
welding (FCAW) forms. The SMAW joints showed
unrivaled mechanical and affect properties, independent of
the consumables utilized, than their FCAW partners.
Da-Jiangn Ren et al. (2009) found the impacts of
alloying components in welding wires utilized for submerged
curve welding process [19]. The outcomes demonstrated that
the ideal substance of alloying components in welding wires
could enhance the low-temperature affect strength of weld
metals in light of the fact that the proeutectoid ferrite and
bainite developments was be stifled, and the part of acicular
ferrite was expanded. Higher warmth input requests higher
substance of alloying components. The microstructures for
the most part including of acicular ferrite was be acquired in
weld metals after four-wire submerged circular segment
welding utilizing the wires with a low carbon content.
Ehsan Gharibshahiyan et al.(2011) examined the
impact of microstructure on hardness and sturdiness of low
carbon welded steel utilizing latent gas welding. In this paper,
the impact of welding parameters and warmth contribution on
the HAZ and grain development has been explored [20]. The
job of grain measure on hardness and strength of low carbon
steel has additionally been examined. It was seen that, at high
warmth input, coarse grains showed up in the HAZ which
results in lower hardness esteems. High warmth info and low
cooling rates created fine austenite grains that outcome the
arrangement of fine grained polygonal ferrites at
encompassing temperature. In his exploration they expanded
the welding parameters, for example, amperage and voltage,
because of which HAZ and weld metal territory were
broadened. Rising voltage caused to expanded grain estimate
in HAZ, because of expanded grain size, hardness and
durability declined essentially.
S.Shen, I.N.A. Oguocha and S. Yannacopoulos
(2012) examined the impact of warmth contribution on weld
dab geometry of submerged bend welded ASTM A709 Grade
50 steel joint [21]. Reason for the work was to decide how
variety in warmth input utilizing single and twofold wires
influences the dab support, globule width, infiltration
profundity, contact point, warm influenced zone (HAZ)
measure, statement region, entrance region and all out liquid
territory. The cooling time from 800 to 500 °C was
additionally related for different weld dab qualities (e.g., all
out chunk region, warm exchange limit lengths, dot width-to-
profundity proportion, and piece parameter). The globule
fortification, dot width, entrance profundity, HAZ measure,
affidavit territory and infiltration region expanded with
expanding heat input, yet the dab contact edge diminished
with it. The cathode dissolving proficiency expanded at first
and after that diminished with expanding heat input. In any
case, there was a little impact broke down on plate liquefying
effectiveness and rate weakening. Cooling time displayed a
decent straight association with the complete piece region,
warm exchange limit length and chunk parameter
Dingjian Ye, Xueming Hua, and Yixiong Wu
(2013) In order to study arc interference behavior during twin
wire gas metal arc welding process, the synchronous
acquisition system has been established to acquire
instantaneous information of arc profile including dynamic
arc length variation as well as relative voltage and current
signals [22]. The results show that after trailing arc (T-arc) is
added to the middle arc (M-arc) in a stable welding process,
the current of M arc remains unchanged while the agitation
increases; the voltage of M arc has an obvious increase; the
shape of M arc changes, with increasing width, length, and
area; the transfer frequency of M arc droplet increases and the
droplet itself becomes smaller. The wire extension length of
twin arc turns out to be shorter than that of single arc welding.
(1)The experimental setup is established in order to study the
interference behavior between twin wire arcs including
measuring the synchronous signals of current and voltage and
observing the arc profile, droplet transfer process, and wire
extension length variation.(2)Because of the presence of arc
pressure, the arc length and the voltage increase. The current
remains unchanged, while the agitation increases in twin wire
welding process.(3)Due to the effect of arc interaction, twin
wire welding droplet transfer frequency increases quickly and
the droplet size becomes smaller. At the same time, wire
extension length decreases which indicates that the welding
point changes.
Y. Ali, k. Guenther, a. Burt (2015) The influence of
a laser preheated wire in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) on
the process behavior and deposit characteristics during
hardfacing was investigated [23]. Thereby, the continuous
and the pulsed waveform of globular transfer mode were
investigated. Focusing the diode laser beam on the welding
wire above the ignited arc enhances the wire melting. As a
result, the welding current decreased proportionally to the
increase of laser power, and thus the heat input in the
workpiece was reduced. This had a positive effect on the
hardfacing weld metal characteristics, especially the dilution,
which is a very important factor. In this work the welding
process was analyzed and evaluated by recordings of current
and voltage waveforms and high-speed camera
documentations of the metal transfer. It could be shown,
under the same wire feeding rate and voltage, that an increase
of the laser power resulted in a rise of the arc length and
droplet size. In addition, the welding beads were
metallographically analyzed and compared with the
conventional GMAW process. The results showed that the
dilution decreased by increasing the laser power. In this
paper, the effects of laser preheating of the welding wire in
the GMAW process, and its influences on the weld
characteristics, were investigated. The results showed that the
correlation between the wire feed rate and the welding current
can be uncoupled using laser preheating, so that increasing
the laser power leads to a decrease of the welding current.
This means that higher feeding rates can be used with lower
heat input compared to the conventional GMAW process.
The decrease in welding current goes along with an increase
in welding voltage, which appeared as an increase in arc
5. A Survey on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-Review
(IJSRD/Vol. 7/Issue 01/2019/157)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 599
length. As a result, the heat input in the substrate decreased
and led to a reduced dilution. These effects were clearer for
the continuous waveform compared to the the pulsed
waveform. It was also noticed that the decrease in welding
current (electromagnetic force) for the continuous waveform
and the increase of molten volume per pulse in the pulsed
waveform led to larger droplets, and the droplets were
detached irregularly by gravitational forces
Amit Kumar, M. K. Khurana and Pradeep K. Yadav
(2016) This study presents the application of Taguchi method
combined with grey relational analysis to optimize the
process parameters of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of
AISI 1020 carbon steels for multiple quality characteristics
(bead width, bead height, weld penetration and heat affected
zone) [24]. An orthogonal array of L9 has been implemented
to fabrication of joints. The experiments have been conducted
according to the combination of voltage (V), current (A) and
welding speed (Ws). The results revealed that the welding
speed is most significant process parameter. By analyzing the
grey relational grades, optimal parameters are obtained and
significant factors are known using ANOVA analysis. The
welding parameters such as speed, welding current and
voltage have been optimized for material AISI 1020 using
GMAW process. To fortify the robustness of experimental
design, a confirmation test was performed at selected optimal
process parameter setting. Observations from this method
may be useful for automotive sub-assemblies, shipbuilding
and vessel fabricators and operators to obtain optimal
welding conditions. This paper deals with the use of Taguchi
based Grey relational analysis to optimize gas metal arc
welding parameters. The multiple response optimization
process employs orthogonal array to conduct experiments
along with GRA and Taguchi method. The optimal setting of
welding parameters simultaneously minimizes bead width,
bead height HAZ and maximizes weld penetration. It has
been proven that multiple responses in gas metal arc welding
are improved by grey based Taguchi method. It was obtained
that the percentage contribution of welding speed, voltage,
and welding current was 90.08 %, 4.55 % and 0.66 %
respectively on weld bead geometry. Error also contributes
4.68% which is mainly due to machine vibration and human
error. The optimum values of welding parameters based on
GRA are voltage 27 V, current 180 A and welding speed 52
cm/min.
Lenin Singaravelu D , Rajamurugan (2018) It is
well known that, the major limitation of conventional short
circuiting gas metal arc welding process (GMAW) for
welding of various ferrous and non-ferrous materials is poor
bridgeability and generation of large number of spatters. To
overcome these difficulties, in recent years, waveform
controlled technology has been introduced in GMAW process
for specific application to meet required quality and
productivity [25]. However, the specific advantage of the
process for various welding application primarily depends on
the waveform parameters such as peak current, background
current, time and voltage. It is often found that, irregular
control of waveform leads defects like porosity, undercut and
burn through etc. which impairs the weld joint quality. Thus,
it is very important to study the effect of different waveform
on bead geometry and microstructure. In this regard, in the
present investigation aimed to carry out various waveforms
on root pass welding of carbon and alloy steels. The bead
appearance, soundness, macro and micro structure analysis
has been carried out. Based on the results the optimum range
of waveform has been derived and appropriately correlated
with process parameters. In the present investigation, the
advantages of modified short arc GMAW process were
studied. The major conclusions are as follows. 1) Under static
conditions, the relationship between wire feed rate, peak
current and base current were established. This relationship
will provide wider opportunity to optimize the modified short
arc GMAW process parameters in case of welding of carbon
and alloy steel. 2) During welding, in general, the V-I
characteristics of modified short arc GMAW process shows
that, the average current and arc voltage has been found to
increase with the increase of wire feed rate irrespective
variation of base current. 3) The quality of weld joint
produced by modified short arc GMAW process was
improved with respect to the smooth appearance of weld bead
geometry and less spatter generation in comparison to that of
conventional GMAW processes.
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