1) The document describes the design of an automatic landing system for unmanned aerial vehicles that accounts for ground effect.
2) A gain scheduling approach is used where linear models derived from the nonlinear aircraft model are used to design PID controllers for different phases of flight. Gains are scheduled based on altitude to account for changing aerodynamic coefficients.
3) The system controls airspeed and glide slope throughout landing for simplicity. Ground effect is modeled to obtain aerodynamic coefficients as a function of altitude from out-of-ground effect to in-ground effect.
Taking ground effect into account a longitudinal automatic landing system is designed. Such a system will be tested and implemented on board by using the Preceptor N3 Ultrapup aircraft which is used as technological demonstrator of new control navigation and guidance algorithms in the context of the “Research Project of National Interest” (PRIN 2008) by the Universities of Bologna, Palermo, Ferrara and the Second University of Naples. A general mathematical model of the studied aircraft has been built to obtain non–linear analytical equations for aerodynamic coefficients both Out of Ground Effect and In Ground Effect. To cope with the strong variations of aerodynamic coefficients In Ground Effect a modified gain scheduling approach has been employed for the synthesis of the controller by using six State Space Models. Stability and control matrices have been evaluated by linearization of the obtained aerodynamic coefficients. To achieve a simple structure of the control system, an original landing geometry has been chosen, therefore it has been imposed to control the same state variables during both the glide path and the flare.
This document discusses autonomous formation flight control for aerial refueling missions. It models the dynamics of a KC-130J tanker and F-16 receiver in close formation flight. A control strategy is designed using a rotating reference frame attached to the wingman aircraft. The strategy aims to control the wingman's position relative to the leader through state error feedback between the aircraft. Specifically, it controls the lateral and forward distance between the aircraft in the level flight plane, as well as the vertical distance. The control system design decomposes the problem into inner loop attitude control and outer loop trajectory control of the formation geometry.
shehabi - A Classical and Fuzzy Logic Control Design and Simulation of a Long...Abdul Ghafoor Al Shehabi
This document summarizes the derivation of the equations of motion for an aircraft. It begins by defining the aircraft body coordinate frame and describing the forces acting on the aircraft, including propulsion, aerodynamic, and gravitational forces. Newton's second law is applied to derive vector equations for the translational and angular motion of the aircraft in the body frame. Further sections describe how to transform between different reference frames, including relating the aircraft motion to an inertial earth-centered frame. The nonlinear vector equations are presented and then linearized to obtain decoupled linear equations of motion. Overall, the document methodically derives the fundamental equations modeling the six degrees of freedom dynamics of an aircraft in different reference frames.
Smart aerosonde UAV longitudinal flight control system based on genetic algor...journalBEEI
Synthesis of a flight control system for such an aircraft that achieves stable and acceptable performance across a specified flying envelope in the presence of uncertainties represents an attractive and challenging design problem. This study uses the genetic self-tuning PID algorithm to develop an intelligent flight control system for the aerosonde UAV model. To improve the system's transient responses, the gains of the PID controller are improved using a genetic algorithm (GA). Simulink/MATLAB software is used to model and simulate the proposed system. The proposed PID controller integrated with the GA is compared with the classical one. Three simulation scenarios are carried out. In the first scenario, and at normal conditions, the proposed controller performance is better than the classical one. While in the second scenario, identical results are achieved from both controllers. Finally, in the third scenario, the PID controller with GA shows the robustness and durability of the system compared with the classical PID in presence of external wind disturbance. The simulation results prove the system parameters optimization.
This article considers different approaches for autopilot controller gain values adjustment. The correct autopilot
performance is tested using modeling methods. A variant of land-based autopilot is considered. Examined are
scenarios of UAV airplanes in level flight. The latter are applicable to tasks such as remote sensing, controlled
area surveillance, etc.
This document describes the design of an aircraft control system for takeoff and landing using MATLAB/Simulink simulation. The objectives are to analyze and design the control system for takeoff and landing stages, and simulate and evaluate the developed system. The paper discusses aircraft flight principles, control surfaces, actuation systems, and flight instruments. It provides details on modeling the aircraft and control system in Simulink to analyze parameters like attitude, altitude, and indicators during takeoff and landing. The simulation results show the control system performs as intended.
IRJET- Design and Optimization of Sailplane for Static and Dynamic StabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and optimization of a sailplane for static and dynamic stability using open source software. The authors iteratively designed the plane to have stable flight characteristics. Their analysis showed the plane has static stability with its center of gravity 31mm forward of the neutral point. It also has dynamic stability, returning to its original position within 0.2 seconds for short periods, 6 seconds for Dutch rolls, and 400 seconds for phugoid oscillations. The designed sailplane demonstrates good static and dynamic stability.
The document describes the design of an autopilot control system for the NT-33 aircraft. The autopilot was designed to hold both altitude and velocity, allowing the pilot to input the desired hold. The control system includes separate models for altitude hold and velocity hold using PID controllers. Graphs of the aircraft's performance show it climbing from sea level to 20,000 feet in 500 seconds while staying within FAA speed restrictions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the autopilot control system design.
Taking ground effect into account a longitudinal automatic landing system is designed. Such a system will be tested and implemented on board by using the Preceptor N3 Ultrapup aircraft which is used as technological demonstrator of new control navigation and guidance algorithms in the context of the “Research Project of National Interest” (PRIN 2008) by the Universities of Bologna, Palermo, Ferrara and the Second University of Naples. A general mathematical model of the studied aircraft has been built to obtain non–linear analytical equations for aerodynamic coefficients both Out of Ground Effect and In Ground Effect. To cope with the strong variations of aerodynamic coefficients In Ground Effect a modified gain scheduling approach has been employed for the synthesis of the controller by using six State Space Models. Stability and control matrices have been evaluated by linearization of the obtained aerodynamic coefficients. To achieve a simple structure of the control system, an original landing geometry has been chosen, therefore it has been imposed to control the same state variables during both the glide path and the flare.
This document discusses autonomous formation flight control for aerial refueling missions. It models the dynamics of a KC-130J tanker and F-16 receiver in close formation flight. A control strategy is designed using a rotating reference frame attached to the wingman aircraft. The strategy aims to control the wingman's position relative to the leader through state error feedback between the aircraft. Specifically, it controls the lateral and forward distance between the aircraft in the level flight plane, as well as the vertical distance. The control system design decomposes the problem into inner loop attitude control and outer loop trajectory control of the formation geometry.
shehabi - A Classical and Fuzzy Logic Control Design and Simulation of a Long...Abdul Ghafoor Al Shehabi
This document summarizes the derivation of the equations of motion for an aircraft. It begins by defining the aircraft body coordinate frame and describing the forces acting on the aircraft, including propulsion, aerodynamic, and gravitational forces. Newton's second law is applied to derive vector equations for the translational and angular motion of the aircraft in the body frame. Further sections describe how to transform between different reference frames, including relating the aircraft motion to an inertial earth-centered frame. The nonlinear vector equations are presented and then linearized to obtain decoupled linear equations of motion. Overall, the document methodically derives the fundamental equations modeling the six degrees of freedom dynamics of an aircraft in different reference frames.
Smart aerosonde UAV longitudinal flight control system based on genetic algor...journalBEEI
Synthesis of a flight control system for such an aircraft that achieves stable and acceptable performance across a specified flying envelope in the presence of uncertainties represents an attractive and challenging design problem. This study uses the genetic self-tuning PID algorithm to develop an intelligent flight control system for the aerosonde UAV model. To improve the system's transient responses, the gains of the PID controller are improved using a genetic algorithm (GA). Simulink/MATLAB software is used to model and simulate the proposed system. The proposed PID controller integrated with the GA is compared with the classical one. Three simulation scenarios are carried out. In the first scenario, and at normal conditions, the proposed controller performance is better than the classical one. While in the second scenario, identical results are achieved from both controllers. Finally, in the third scenario, the PID controller with GA shows the robustness and durability of the system compared with the classical PID in presence of external wind disturbance. The simulation results prove the system parameters optimization.
This article considers different approaches for autopilot controller gain values adjustment. The correct autopilot
performance is tested using modeling methods. A variant of land-based autopilot is considered. Examined are
scenarios of UAV airplanes in level flight. The latter are applicable to tasks such as remote sensing, controlled
area surveillance, etc.
This document describes the design of an aircraft control system for takeoff and landing using MATLAB/Simulink simulation. The objectives are to analyze and design the control system for takeoff and landing stages, and simulate and evaluate the developed system. The paper discusses aircraft flight principles, control surfaces, actuation systems, and flight instruments. It provides details on modeling the aircraft and control system in Simulink to analyze parameters like attitude, altitude, and indicators during takeoff and landing. The simulation results show the control system performs as intended.
IRJET- Design and Optimization of Sailplane for Static and Dynamic StabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and optimization of a sailplane for static and dynamic stability using open source software. The authors iteratively designed the plane to have stable flight characteristics. Their analysis showed the plane has static stability with its center of gravity 31mm forward of the neutral point. It also has dynamic stability, returning to its original position within 0.2 seconds for short periods, 6 seconds for Dutch rolls, and 400 seconds for phugoid oscillations. The designed sailplane demonstrates good static and dynamic stability.
The document describes the design of an autopilot control system for the NT-33 aircraft. The autopilot was designed to hold both altitude and velocity, allowing the pilot to input the desired hold. The control system includes separate models for altitude hold and velocity hold using PID controllers. Graphs of the aircraft's performance show it climbing from sea level to 20,000 feet in 500 seconds while staying within FAA speed restrictions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the autopilot control system design.
An independent flush air data system (FADS) was designed and installed on a Boeing B707 aircraft to provide real-time air data for flight testing without interfering with the aircraft. The FADS used pressures measured by sensors on the nose radome to compute air data parameters like angle of attack and sideslip through a mathematical model. The model was calibrated and computations were performed in real-time at a rate of 2.5 Hz during flight tests to generate air data for simulator development. Post-flight processing recomputed the air data at 50 Hz for further analysis.
This document discusses the conceptual design, structural analysis, and flow analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) wing. It begins by providing background on UAVs and listing the design requirements and parameters for the wing. It then describes selecting a rectangular wing planform and NACA 2415 airfoil based on the design criteria. Aerodynamic analysis is conducted to determine performance parameters like lift coefficient and drag. Structural analysis of the wing is performed using two spar designs - a tubular spar with and without a strut. Maximum stresses and bending moments are calculated and compared for straight and tapered wing configurations. Flow simulation will also be conducted on the finalized wing design.
Robust second order sliding mode control for a quadrotor considering motor dy...ijctcm
In this paper, a robust second order sliding mode control (SMC) for controlling a quadrotor with uncertain
parameters presented based on high order sliding mode control (HOSMC). A controller based on the
HOSMC technique is designed for trajectory tracking of a quadrotor helicopter with considering motor
dynamics. The main subsystems of quadrotor (i.e. position and attitude) stabilized using HOSMC method.
The performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller are tested in a simulation study taking into
account external disturbances with consider to motor dynamics. Simulation results show that the proposed
controller eliminates the disturbance effect on the position and attitude subsystems efficiency that can be
used in real time applications.
The document analyzes the stability and control of the Zivko Edge 540T aerobatic aircraft. It estimates key physical properties and determines equilibrium flight conditions. Non-dimensional stability derivatives are then calculated, showing the aircraft is longitudinally stable. Lateral stability is also analyzed, with the aircraft found to be laterally stable except for an unstable spiral mode. Dimensional derivatives are used to examine specific stability modes, with most modes stable except the spiral mode.
j2 Universal - Modelling and Tuning Braking CharacteristicsJohn Jeffery
1) The document outlines tuning the braking characteristics of an aircraft model using flight test data. Key steps included generating test cases from the data, reconstructing the data for analysis, and performing a re-prediction analysis to identify discrepancies.
2) Regression analysis on acceleration errors was used to derive an improved braking friction coefficient table. Additional tuning of thrust reverser dynamics provided better matching of deceleration profiles.
3) Sanity checks confirmed the friction coefficients derived were feasible. The tuned model matched the flight data to tolerances required for pilot training simulation.
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский (1998) - Использование методов непрерывного продол...Project KRIT
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский "Использование методов непрерывного продолжения решений и бифуркационного анализа для синтеза систем управления", Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond. A (1998) 356, 2277-2295
M.G.Goman and A.V.Khramtsovsky "Application of continuation and bifurcation methods to the design of control systems", Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond. A (1998) 356, 2277-2295
In this paper the continuation and bifurcation methods are applied to aircraft nonlinear control design problems. The search for the recovery control from spin regimes is based on the minimization of an energy-like scalar function constrained by the aircraft's equilibria conditions. The design of a global stability augmentation system for severe wing-rock motion is performed by using bifurcation diagrams for equilibrium and periodical modes. The nonlinear control law, which totally suppresses wing-rock motion, is derived, taking into account both local stability characteristics of aircraft equilibrium states and domains of attraction, along with the requirement that all other attractors be eliminated.
This document discusses aerodynamic modeling and simulation of aircraft at high angles of attack. It outlines some of the challenges, including developing accurate mathematical models from wind tunnel data and flight tests. Nonlinear effects like separated and unsteady flow require dynamic modeling approaches. Qualitative analysis of the nonlinear dynamics can reveal critical flight conditions like departures and spins. Flight simulations are used alongside flight tests to evaluate control laws and train pilots. Accurate modeling of phenomena like aerodynamic asymmetry is important for understanding spin behavior.
CFD Analysis on an Atmospheric Re-Entry ModuleIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a CFD analysis of the aerodynamic heating and flow field around the Apollo AS-202 atmospheric re-entry module.
2) The analysis uses computational fluid dynamics to obtain the velocity profile, temperature, pressure, and heat flux distributions at various locations on the capsule during re-entry.
3) The results are compared to flight data from the AS-202 mission to evaluate the CFD model's ability to accurately model the aerothermodynamic environment experienced by the capsule during atmospheric re-entry.
This document summarizes the design of an optimal feedback control system for the final landing phase of an aircraft. It describes modeling the aircraft dynamics using a linearized transfer function relating elevator deflection and pitch rate. The design uses the parametric expansion method of optimization theory to synthesize time-varying feedback controls by minimizing an error index formulated from performance requirements. Several candidate control systems are compared by simulating aircraft landing trajectories.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
Thrust vector controlled (tcv) rocket modelling using lqr controllerMrinal Harsh
Design and state space modelling of a TCV Rocket using Simulink and Matlab with Gimbal Angle, Angular Velocity and Drift experienced as our control parameters.
- Using LQR control to stabilize the model.
- Support why LQR is used over PID control for TCV Modelling.
This document summarizes the design of the Jayhawk Economic Turboprop Transport (J.E.T.T.) aircraft for the 2013-2014 AIAA Undergraduate Team Aircraft Design Competition. It provides the mission specifications for a new regional turboprop airliner, including a 400 nautical mile economic mission carrying 75 passengers and a 1,600 nautical mile design mission carrying 67 passengers. It then describes the initial configurations considered and presents analysis on determining design parameters through statistical modeling techniques. Key aspects of the preliminary aircraft design are summarized, including engine selection, wing design, and layout of major systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hierarchical control method for a 3-degree-of-freedom laboratory helicopter. The hierarchical controller consists of an attitude controller and a position controller. The attitude controller tracks the desired elevation and pitch angles, while the position controller generates a desired pitch reference based on errors in tracking the desired travel angle. Experimental results on the laboratory helicopter demonstrate the effectiveness of the hierarchical control strategy in stabilizing the helicopter's angles and tracking desired trajectories, despite uncertainties in the helicopter's nonlinear dynamics.
Fuzzy Control of a Large Crane Structureijeei-iaes
The usage of tower cranes, one type of rotary cranes, is common in many industrial structures, e.g., shipyards, factories, etc. With the size of these cranes becoming larger and the motion expected to be faster and has no prescribed path, their manual operation becomes difficult and hence, automatic closed-loop control schemes are very important in the operation of rotary crane. In this paper, the plant of concern is a tower crane consists of a rotatable jib that carries a trolley which is capable of traveling over the length of the jib. There is a pendulum-like end line attached to the trolley through a cable of variable length. A fuzzy logic controller with various types of membership functions is implemented for controlling the position of the trolley and damping the load oscillations. It consists of two main types of controllers radial and rotational each of two fuzzy inference engines (FIEs). The radial controller is used to control the trolley position and the rotational is used for damping the load oscillations. Computer simulations are used to verify the performance of the controller. The results from the simulations show the effectiveness of the method in the control of tower crane keeping load swings small at the end of motion.
Strategies for Aerodynamic Development discusses computational techniques for aerodynamic shape optimization to reduce drag. Adjoint methods efficiently compute gradients with respect to design variables, allowing optimization of hundreds or thousands of variables at once. Free-form deformation uses control points to parameterize geometry changes, making complex geometry manipulation easier. Direct optimization of the Common Research Model wing minimized drag subject to constraints.
The document outlines the aircraft design process from initial requirements definition through detailed design, testing, and certification. It discusses establishing basic and general requirements, conducting feasibility studies, specifying detailed requirements, conceptual and preliminary design phases involving configuration selection, performance modeling, and optimization. Later phases include detailed design, ground and flight testing, and certification to clear the aircraft for intended operations. The process is iterative with frequent trade-offs and refinement of requirements and design.
This document summarizes a student aircraft design project to design a cargo plane. The objectives are to design a cargo plane to carry 600,000 kg over 4,000 km with a cruise speed of 850 km/h. The preliminary design was completed and included collecting comparative data, selecting parameters, estimating weights, selecting engines and airfoils, and creating a wing layout. Structural analysis was performed on the wing and fuselage.
El documento resume los principales conceptos sobre la Tierra. Explica que la Tierra gira alrededor del Sol causando las estaciones y que rota sobre su eje cada 24 horas causando el día y la noche. Describe las capas interiores de la Tierra y los componentes de la hidrosfera y atmósfera. También resume los procesos geológicos externos como la erosión, transporte y sedimentación, y conceptos sobre ríos como su curso, caudal y cuencas hidrográficas. Finalmente, brinda detalles sobre las capas del
El documento resume los principales cuerpos del sistema solar. Explica que el Sol es una estrella joven y caliente que provee luz y calor a los planetas. Describe los planetas interiores y exteriores, así como los satélites y cometas que orbitan alrededor de los planetas. Luego se enfoca en la Tierra, describiendo sus movimientos de rotación y traslación, y temperatura promedio. Finalmente, resume a la Luna, sus movimientos y temperaturas extremas.
A Revolução Cubana derrubou o governo de Fulgêncio Batista em 1959 e estabeleceu um regime socialista liderado por Fidel Castro. Isso ocorreu devido à insatisfação popular com as desigualdades, pobreza e influência dos EUA. Posteriormente, os EUA tentaram invadir Cuba na Baía dos Porcos em 1961, mas falharam, fortalecendo o governo de Castro.
Este documento presenta información sobre algunas de las playas más populares del Perú, incluyendo Mancora en Piura y Punta Hermosa al sur de Lima. Además, comenta que las playas de Perú tienen una gran variedad de flora y fauna, y recomienda estas playas como algunas de las mejores del país.
An independent flush air data system (FADS) was designed and installed on a Boeing B707 aircraft to provide real-time air data for flight testing without interfering with the aircraft. The FADS used pressures measured by sensors on the nose radome to compute air data parameters like angle of attack and sideslip through a mathematical model. The model was calibrated and computations were performed in real-time at a rate of 2.5 Hz during flight tests to generate air data for simulator development. Post-flight processing recomputed the air data at 50 Hz for further analysis.
This document discusses the conceptual design, structural analysis, and flow analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) wing. It begins by providing background on UAVs and listing the design requirements and parameters for the wing. It then describes selecting a rectangular wing planform and NACA 2415 airfoil based on the design criteria. Aerodynamic analysis is conducted to determine performance parameters like lift coefficient and drag. Structural analysis of the wing is performed using two spar designs - a tubular spar with and without a strut. Maximum stresses and bending moments are calculated and compared for straight and tapered wing configurations. Flow simulation will also be conducted on the finalized wing design.
Robust second order sliding mode control for a quadrotor considering motor dy...ijctcm
In this paper, a robust second order sliding mode control (SMC) for controlling a quadrotor with uncertain
parameters presented based on high order sliding mode control (HOSMC). A controller based on the
HOSMC technique is designed for trajectory tracking of a quadrotor helicopter with considering motor
dynamics. The main subsystems of quadrotor (i.e. position and attitude) stabilized using HOSMC method.
The performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller are tested in a simulation study taking into
account external disturbances with consider to motor dynamics. Simulation results show that the proposed
controller eliminates the disturbance effect on the position and attitude subsystems efficiency that can be
used in real time applications.
The document analyzes the stability and control of the Zivko Edge 540T aerobatic aircraft. It estimates key physical properties and determines equilibrium flight conditions. Non-dimensional stability derivatives are then calculated, showing the aircraft is longitudinally stable. Lateral stability is also analyzed, with the aircraft found to be laterally stable except for an unstable spiral mode. Dimensional derivatives are used to examine specific stability modes, with most modes stable except the spiral mode.
j2 Universal - Modelling and Tuning Braking CharacteristicsJohn Jeffery
1) The document outlines tuning the braking characteristics of an aircraft model using flight test data. Key steps included generating test cases from the data, reconstructing the data for analysis, and performing a re-prediction analysis to identify discrepancies.
2) Regression analysis on acceleration errors was used to derive an improved braking friction coefficient table. Additional tuning of thrust reverser dynamics provided better matching of deceleration profiles.
3) Sanity checks confirmed the friction coefficients derived were feasible. The tuned model matched the flight data to tolerances required for pilot training simulation.
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский (1998) - Использование методов непрерывного продол...Project KRIT
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский "Использование методов непрерывного продолжения решений и бифуркационного анализа для синтеза систем управления", Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond. A (1998) 356, 2277-2295
M.G.Goman and A.V.Khramtsovsky "Application of continuation and bifurcation methods to the design of control systems", Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond. A (1998) 356, 2277-2295
In this paper the continuation and bifurcation methods are applied to aircraft nonlinear control design problems. The search for the recovery control from spin regimes is based on the minimization of an energy-like scalar function constrained by the aircraft's equilibria conditions. The design of a global stability augmentation system for severe wing-rock motion is performed by using bifurcation diagrams for equilibrium and periodical modes. The nonlinear control law, which totally suppresses wing-rock motion, is derived, taking into account both local stability characteristics of aircraft equilibrium states and domains of attraction, along with the requirement that all other attractors be eliminated.
This document discusses aerodynamic modeling and simulation of aircraft at high angles of attack. It outlines some of the challenges, including developing accurate mathematical models from wind tunnel data and flight tests. Nonlinear effects like separated and unsteady flow require dynamic modeling approaches. Qualitative analysis of the nonlinear dynamics can reveal critical flight conditions like departures and spins. Flight simulations are used alongside flight tests to evaluate control laws and train pilots. Accurate modeling of phenomena like aerodynamic asymmetry is important for understanding spin behavior.
CFD Analysis on an Atmospheric Re-Entry ModuleIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a CFD analysis of the aerodynamic heating and flow field around the Apollo AS-202 atmospheric re-entry module.
2) The analysis uses computational fluid dynamics to obtain the velocity profile, temperature, pressure, and heat flux distributions at various locations on the capsule during re-entry.
3) The results are compared to flight data from the AS-202 mission to evaluate the CFD model's ability to accurately model the aerothermodynamic environment experienced by the capsule during atmospheric re-entry.
This document summarizes the design of an optimal feedback control system for the final landing phase of an aircraft. It describes modeling the aircraft dynamics using a linearized transfer function relating elevator deflection and pitch rate. The design uses the parametric expansion method of optimization theory to synthesize time-varying feedback controls by minimizing an error index formulated from performance requirements. Several candidate control systems are compared by simulating aircraft landing trajectories.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
Thrust vector controlled (tcv) rocket modelling using lqr controllerMrinal Harsh
Design and state space modelling of a TCV Rocket using Simulink and Matlab with Gimbal Angle, Angular Velocity and Drift experienced as our control parameters.
- Using LQR control to stabilize the model.
- Support why LQR is used over PID control for TCV Modelling.
This document summarizes the design of the Jayhawk Economic Turboprop Transport (J.E.T.T.) aircraft for the 2013-2014 AIAA Undergraduate Team Aircraft Design Competition. It provides the mission specifications for a new regional turboprop airliner, including a 400 nautical mile economic mission carrying 75 passengers and a 1,600 nautical mile design mission carrying 67 passengers. It then describes the initial configurations considered and presents analysis on determining design parameters through statistical modeling techniques. Key aspects of the preliminary aircraft design are summarized, including engine selection, wing design, and layout of major systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hierarchical control method for a 3-degree-of-freedom laboratory helicopter. The hierarchical controller consists of an attitude controller and a position controller. The attitude controller tracks the desired elevation and pitch angles, while the position controller generates a desired pitch reference based on errors in tracking the desired travel angle. Experimental results on the laboratory helicopter demonstrate the effectiveness of the hierarchical control strategy in stabilizing the helicopter's angles and tracking desired trajectories, despite uncertainties in the helicopter's nonlinear dynamics.
Fuzzy Control of a Large Crane Structureijeei-iaes
The usage of tower cranes, one type of rotary cranes, is common in many industrial structures, e.g., shipyards, factories, etc. With the size of these cranes becoming larger and the motion expected to be faster and has no prescribed path, their manual operation becomes difficult and hence, automatic closed-loop control schemes are very important in the operation of rotary crane. In this paper, the plant of concern is a tower crane consists of a rotatable jib that carries a trolley which is capable of traveling over the length of the jib. There is a pendulum-like end line attached to the trolley through a cable of variable length. A fuzzy logic controller with various types of membership functions is implemented for controlling the position of the trolley and damping the load oscillations. It consists of two main types of controllers radial and rotational each of two fuzzy inference engines (FIEs). The radial controller is used to control the trolley position and the rotational is used for damping the load oscillations. Computer simulations are used to verify the performance of the controller. The results from the simulations show the effectiveness of the method in the control of tower crane keeping load swings small at the end of motion.
Strategies for Aerodynamic Development discusses computational techniques for aerodynamic shape optimization to reduce drag. Adjoint methods efficiently compute gradients with respect to design variables, allowing optimization of hundreds or thousands of variables at once. Free-form deformation uses control points to parameterize geometry changes, making complex geometry manipulation easier. Direct optimization of the Common Research Model wing minimized drag subject to constraints.
The document outlines the aircraft design process from initial requirements definition through detailed design, testing, and certification. It discusses establishing basic and general requirements, conducting feasibility studies, specifying detailed requirements, conceptual and preliminary design phases involving configuration selection, performance modeling, and optimization. Later phases include detailed design, ground and flight testing, and certification to clear the aircraft for intended operations. The process is iterative with frequent trade-offs and refinement of requirements and design.
This document summarizes a student aircraft design project to design a cargo plane. The objectives are to design a cargo plane to carry 600,000 kg over 4,000 km with a cruise speed of 850 km/h. The preliminary design was completed and included collecting comparative data, selecting parameters, estimating weights, selecting engines and airfoils, and creating a wing layout. Structural analysis was performed on the wing and fuselage.
El documento resume los principales conceptos sobre la Tierra. Explica que la Tierra gira alrededor del Sol causando las estaciones y que rota sobre su eje cada 24 horas causando el día y la noche. Describe las capas interiores de la Tierra y los componentes de la hidrosfera y atmósfera. También resume los procesos geológicos externos como la erosión, transporte y sedimentación, y conceptos sobre ríos como su curso, caudal y cuencas hidrográficas. Finalmente, brinda detalles sobre las capas del
El documento resume los principales cuerpos del sistema solar. Explica que el Sol es una estrella joven y caliente que provee luz y calor a los planetas. Describe los planetas interiores y exteriores, así como los satélites y cometas que orbitan alrededor de los planetas. Luego se enfoca en la Tierra, describiendo sus movimientos de rotación y traslación, y temperatura promedio. Finalmente, resume a la Luna, sus movimientos y temperaturas extremas.
A Revolução Cubana derrubou o governo de Fulgêncio Batista em 1959 e estabeleceu um regime socialista liderado por Fidel Castro. Isso ocorreu devido à insatisfação popular com as desigualdades, pobreza e influência dos EUA. Posteriormente, os EUA tentaram invadir Cuba na Baía dos Porcos em 1961, mas falharam, fortalecendo o governo de Castro.
Este documento presenta información sobre algunas de las playas más populares del Perú, incluyendo Mancora en Piura y Punta Hermosa al sur de Lima. Además, comenta que las playas de Perú tienen una gran variedad de flora y fauna, y recomienda estas playas como algunas de las mejores del país.
Ane Larrinagak Euskal Kulturgintzaren Transmisioa aditu tituluan egindako hitzaldiaren aurkezpena: "Euskal kulturgintzari buruzko irakaspenak orain arte".
Este documento describe un programa de edición de fotografías que permite realizar diversos ajustes y modificaciones a imágenes, como recortar, cambiar el tamaño, agregar capas, mejorar la iluminación y aplicar efectos. El programa también ofrece herramientas para retocar fotografías mediante pinceles, ajustar el brillo y el contraste, agregar texto e imprimir las imágenes modificadas.
El documento describe las etapas del embarazo y el parto. Durante el embarazo, la placenta se une al feto a través del cordón umbilical y le proporciona alimento, mientras que la bolsa amniótica lo envuelve y protege. En el parto, el feto y la placenta salen al exterior a través de la vagina, cortándose el cordón umbilical y dejando una cicatriz en el ombligo del bebé.
This document describes the design of a control system for the takeoff and landing phases of flight for an aircraft. It discusses using MATLAB/Simulink software to model and simulate the aircraft's attitude, altitude, and other parameters during takeoff and landing. The simulation results show that the designed control system performs well for maintaining stability and achieving the desired trajectories. The document aims to advance aircraft control system design from conventional mechanical systems to electrical fly-by-wire systems using low-cost components.
Robust control of aircraft flight in conditions of disturbancesIJECEIAES
One of the most dangerous parts of the flight is the landing phase, as most accidents occur at this stage. In order to reduce the effect of the low-level wind shear on the longitudinal motion of the aircraft in the glide path landing mode (task) a robust H− control isproposed. Dynamic models of the plane and wind shear are built. 𝐻2 and 𝐻∞ synthesis methods are investigated for the task of aircraft flight control in a vertical plane during landing under conditions of undefined disturbances. Both control methods allow to reduce height deviation significantly. However, suboptimal control 𝐻∞ provides better quality of transition processes both in height and speed than optimal control 𝐻2. The results of simulation of the synthesized system confirm the effectiveness of 𝐻∞ − control for increasing robust stability to uncertainties caused by wind disturbances.
This document summarizes research on modeling unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight control over a circular path using manual takeoff and automatic landing. The researchers developed a simulation model using MATLAB Simulink to test control methods for a small UAV. The model used autopilot control to follow a programmed flight path that included a manual takeoff phase followed by automatic turns and location correction before landing. Testing showed the control approach provided simple control inputs for the operator while ensuring stability. The autopilot successfully executed the programmed flight path and automatic landing.
PID vs LQR controller for tilt rotor airplane IJECEIAES
This document summarizes and compares PID and LQR control strategies for controlling the maneuvers of a tilt rotor airplane. Multiple attitude and altitude PID controllers were used to control a simplified linear model, but this did not account for all coupling between degrees of freedom. An LQR controller was also adopted to provide a more feasible solution for complex maneuvering, though both controllers require linearization of the model. The mathematical modeling section describes the rigid body equations of motion for the tri-tilt rotor configuration in body and earth frames using Newton-Euler formalism. Control of attitudes, positions and transitions between helicopter and airplane modes are discussed.
Improvement of Pitch Motion Control of an Aircraft SystemsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The movement of the aircraft pitch is very important to ensure the passengers and crews are in
intrinsically safe and the aircraft achieves its maximum stability.The objective of this study is to provide a
solution to the control system that features particularly on the pitch angle motion of aircraft systemin order
to have a comfort boarding. Three controllers were developed in these projects which wereproportional
integral derivative (PID), fuzzy logic controller (FLC), and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controllers.
These controllers will help improving the pitch angle and achievingthe target reference. By improving the
pitch motion angle, the flight will be stabilized and in steady cruise (no jerking effect), hence provides all
the passengers withthe comfort zone. Simulation results have been done and analyzed using Matlab
software. The simulation results demonstrated LQR and FLC were better than PID in the pitch motion
system due to the small error performance. In addition, withstrong external disturbances, a single controller
is unable to control the system, thus, the combination of PID and LQR managed to stabilize the aircraft.
Visualizing the Flight Test Data and its SimulationIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a 3D virtual model of an aircraft using MATLAB Simulink. The Simulink model simulates the aircraft's control system and flight dynamics. Graphs of the aircraft's orientation and velocities over time are generated and compared to theoretical values. The simulation data is then used to animate a virtual aircraft model, verifying that its behavior matches the ideal simulation results. The virtual model allows flight test data to be visualized and bridges the gap between aircraft data and simulation.
Aircraft pitch control design using LQG controller based on genetic algorithmTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Designing a robust aircraft control system used to achieve a good tracking performance and stable dynamic behavior against working disturbances problem has attracted attention of control engineers. In this paper, a pitch angle control system for aircraft is designed utilizing liner quadratic Gaussian (LQG) optimal controller technique with a numerical tuning algorithm method in the longitudinal plane through cruising stage. Main design approach of LQG controller includes obtaining best weighting matrices values using trial and error method that consumes effort and takes more time, in addition, there is no guarantees to obtain optimum values for weighting matrices elements. In this research, genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the state and control weighting matrices and determine best values for their elements. The proposed traditional and optimized LQG pitch controller schemes are implemented utilizing Matlab simulation tool and their performance are presented and compared based on transient and steady state performance parameters. The simulation results reveal the ability of the optimized GA_LQG controller to reject the effect of the noises in the aircraft system dynamic and achieve a good and stable tracking performance compared with that of the conventional LQG pitch control system.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
muhammad zahid is the verry nice engineer in indus university...zawalbaloch75
This document describes the design of a flight stabilization system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing. Controllers were designed separately for longitudinal and lateral flight axes using simulations. The controllers successfully stabilized straight and level flight in HIL tests. The document discusses the aircraft dynamics, controller designs for elevators and ailerons, multivariable control system design, and HIL test platform used to validate the controllers.
Elevation, pitch and travel axis stabilization of 3DOF helicopter with hybrid...IJECEIAES
This research work introduces an efficient hybrid control methodology through combining the traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) optimal controlher. The proposed hybrid control approach is adopted to design three degree of freedom (3DOF) stabilizing system for helicopter. The gain parameters of the classic PID controller are determined using the elements of the LQR feedback gain matrix. The dynamic behaviour of the LQR based PID controller, is modeled in state space form to enable utlizing state feedback controller technique. The performance of the proposed LQR based LQR controller is improved by using Genetic Algorithm optimization method which are adopted to obtain optimum values for LQR controller gain parameters. The LQR-PID hybrid controller is simulated using Matlab environment and its performance is evaluated based on rise time, settling time, overshoot and steady state error parameters to validate the proposed 3DOF helicopter balancing system. Based on GA tuning approach, the simulation results suggest that the hybrid LQR-PID controller can be effectively employed to stabilize the 3DOF helicopter system.
Experimental investigation of stepped aerofoil using propeller test rigeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effectiveness of Fast Speed Yaw and Roll Control Switching Instead of Normal ...AM Publications
In this paper, the effectiveness of new position control strategy - fast speed yaw and roll control switching method instead of the roll control only in Parrot AR Drone 4 rotor helicopter in horizontal plane for automatic fixed position flight was confirmed. General 4 rotor basic flight controller considers only simple floating control and does not concern the position control in the space, the AR Drone was also developed as realizing the floating control only and it is necessary to control the position by the user. Instead of a simple roll control, fast speed switching yaw and roll controls (plus pitch control) could realize stable automatic fixed position control comparing with the simple roll plus pitch controls in the horizontal plane. Proposed method reduced the AR Drone automatic fixed control within S.D. of x and y axis to 31.6% and 54.8% comparing with the normal roll plus pitch controls S.D. of x and y in 3.5 x 5 x 2.4 m room, and it will useful for hobby-class 4 rotor system's the aircraft position control in such a small room condition.
Robust Second Order Sliding Mode Control for A Quadrotor Considering Motor Dy...ijctcm
This document presents a robust second order sliding mode control approach for controlling the position and attitude of a quadrotor helicopter that considers motor dynamics. A nonlinear dynamic model of the quadrotor is developed that includes motor dynamics. Based on this model, a controller is designed using higher order sliding mode control techniques to independently control the altitude, longitudinal, latitudinal, and heading motions of the quadrotor. Simulation results show that the proposed controller is effective at eliminating disturbances and can be used for real-time applications.
Robust Second Order Sliding Mode Control for A Quadrotor Considering Motor Dy...ijctcm
In this paper, a robust second order sliding mode control (SMC) for controlling a quadrotor with uncertain parameters presented based on high order sliding mode control (HOSMC). A controller based on the HOSMC technique is designed for trajectory tracking of a quadrotor helicopter with considering motor dynamics. The main subsystems of quadrotor (i.e. position and attitude) stabilized using HOSMC method. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller are tested in a simulation study taking into account external disturbances with consider to motor dynamics. Simulation results show that the proposed controller eliminates the disturbance effect on the position and attitude subsystems efficiency that can be used in real time applications.
Development and Implementation of a Washout Algorithm for a 6-dof Motion Plat...IJRES Journal
Flight simulators for pilot training is extremely important due safety and economic factors.
Flight simulator needs to simulate different kinds of complicated motion state such as roll, pitch and yaw
angles. It has six-degree of freedom, high precision, high rigid, modular design and many other advantages. The
motion system responds to the aircraft linear and angular accelerations in order to compute the most
appropriate cabin motion to replicate these accelerations, subject to the displacement limits and the velocity
limits of the actuators. The cabin accelerations are filtered in order to compute the most appropriate cabin
motion to replicate the actual airplane accelerations. This paper developed and implemented a motion washout
algorithm that can enhance the fidelity of motion platform and the cabin motion never exceeds the mechanical
limits of the motion platform, particularly the maximum actuator displacements and the maximum actuator
velocities.
The developed y4 copter is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with autonomous subsystems which reports the fully automated y4 copter for the first time. Automation is implemented through maintaining the desired roll, pitch and yaw therefore the flight stability as well as in case of controlling elevation. An improved and efficient algorithm that uses Quaternion is implemented to determine Euler angles avoiding Gimbal lock in case of developing an inertial measurement unit. It has a self-stabilization system powered by Proportional
Integral Derivative control system which is computationally affordable by an ordinary 8 bit microcontroller capable of performing only integer operations. A remote is designed to communicate with the y4 copter from the base station using XBee transceiver modules which come with secured communication with long range. The developed system demonstrates simple design offering lower cost and secured means of control.
The developed y4 copter is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with autonomous subsystems which reports the
fully automated y4 copter for the first time. Automation is implemented through maintaining the desired
roll, pitch and yaw therefore the flight stability as well as in case of controlling elevation. An improved and
efficient algorithm that uses Quaternion is implemented to determine Euler angles avoiding Gimbal lock in
case of developing an inertial measurement unit. It has a self-stabilization system powered by Proportional
Integral Derivative control system which is computationally affordable by an ordinary 8 bit
microcontroller capable of performing only integer operations. A remote is designed to communicate with
the y4 copter from the base station using XBee transceiver modules which come with secured
communication with long range. The developed system demonstrates simple design offering lower cost and
secured means of control.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Nose Landing Gear SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical analysis of the nose landing gear system of an aircraft using finite element analysis. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objective to determine stress behavior and displacement of the nose gear during landing. It then describes the modeling process where the nose gear was modeled in CAD software and imported into finite element analysis software for meshing and application of loads and constraints. Key steps of the finite element analysis are described including discretization, deriving element equations, assembling global equations, applying loads/boundaries, and solving for results. Results of the finite element analysis such as stress contours, displacement contours, and natural frequencies are presented and discussed.
Stability Control Structure of Hovercraft Prototype Utilising PID ControllerjournalBEEI
Hovercraft is a method of transportation as an option for clients who remain on the waterway and swamp surface. The issue with hovercraft is when dubious climate and natural condition, e.g. wind speed and wave tallness exasperate solidness of hovercraft to jeopardise the driver. We propose an approach to keep up adjust of the hovercraft by controlling the focal point of gravity (PG) to be determined position. The controller monitors the position of load to change the position. A 6-DOF IMU Sensor MPU 6050 was utilised to create information as an examination with setpoint. PID control strategy was employed. The test outcome demonstrates that the model of air cushion vehicle could keep its adjust the axis orientation of the roll in spite of the fact that it was less compelling in the pitch pivot direction.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A ADAPTIVE FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A VTOL ...ijctcm
The studies in aerial vehicles modeling and control have been increased rapidly recently. This paper presents the modeling and control of a four rotor vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicle. The modeling of the VTOL vehicle will be described by using Euler-Newton equations. In order to stable this vehicle and control the attitude of that, classical PID controller and a fuzzy system that adjusts the PID controller gains, have been designed. Although fuzzy control of various dynamical systems has been presented in literature, application of this technology to aerial vehicle control is quite new. This system has nonlinear characteristics where classical control methods are not adequate for stabilize that. On the other hand, fuzzy control is nonlinear and it is thus suitable for nonlinear system control. Matlab Simulink has been used to test, analyze and compare the performance of the controllers in simulations. Finally this
presented controller will be implemented on a real vehicle and performance of that will be showed. This study showed that although, both of the classical PID and the fuzzy self-tuning PID controllers, can control the system properly, the second controller performed better than the classical PID controller
This document discusses the impact of data mining on business intelligence. It begins by defining business intelligence as using new technologies to quickly respond to changes in the business environment. Data mining is an important part of the business intelligence lifecycle, which includes determining requirements, collecting and analyzing data, generating reports, and measuring performance. Data mining allows businesses to access real-time, accurate data from multiple sources to improve decision making. Using business intelligence and data mining techniques can help businesses become more efficient and make better decisions to increase profits and customer satisfaction. The expected results of applying business intelligence include improved decision making through accurate, timely information to support organizational goals and strategic plans.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
This document presents an algorithm for imperceptibly embedding a DNA-encoded watermark into a color image for authentication purposes. It applies a multi-resolution discrete wavelet transform to decompose the image. The watermark, encoded into DNA nucleotides, is then embedded into the third-level wavelet coefficients through a quantization process. Specifically, the watermark nucleotides are complemented and used to quantize coefficients in the middle frequency band, modifying the coefficients. The watermarked image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet transform. Extraction reverses these steps to recover the watermark without the original image. The algorithm aims to balance imperceptibility and robustness through this wavelet-based, blind watermarking scheme.
1) The document analyzes the dynamic saturation point of a deep-water channel in Shanghai port based on actual traffic data and a ship domain model.
2) A dynamic channel transit capacity model is established that considers factors like channel width, ship density, speed, and reductions due to traffic conditions.
3) Based on AIS data from the channel, the average traffic flow is calculated to be 15.7 ships per hour, resulting in a dynamic saturation of 32.5%, or 43.3% accounting for uneven day/night traffic volumes.
The document summarizes research on the use of earth air tunnels and wind towers as passive solar techniques. Key findings include:
- Earth air tunnels circulate air through underground pipes to take advantage of the stable temperature 4 meters below ground for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Testing showed the technique can reduce ambient temperatures by up to 14 degrees Celsius.
- Wind towers circulate air through tall shafts to cool air entering buildings at night and provide downward airflow of cooled air during the day.
- Experimental testing of an earth air tunnel system over multiple months found maximum temperature reductions of 33% in spring and minimum reductions of 15% in summer.
The document compares the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin films and sheets reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. LDPE/graphene thin films were produced via solution casting, while sheets were made by compression molding. Testing showed that the thin films had enhanced tensile strength, lower melt flow index, and higher thermal stability compared to sheets. The tensile strength of thin films increased by up to 160% with 1% graphene, while sheets increased by 70%. Melt flow index decreased more for thin films, indicating higher viscosity. Thin films also showed greater improvement in glass transition temperature. These results demonstrate that processing technique affects the properties of LDPE/graphene nanocomposites.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the steady, two-dimensional Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The flow considers a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity in the presence of a porous medium and viscous dissipation. Governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The equations are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically, so a numerical solver is used. Numerical results are presented for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles for varying parameters like the Falkner-Skan parameter and Eckert number.
An improvised white board compass was designed and developed to enhance the teaching of geometrical construction concepts in basic technology courses. The compass allows teachers to visually demonstrate geometric concepts and constructions on a white board in an engaging, hands-on manner. It supports constructivist learning principles by enabling students to observe and emulate the teacher. The design process utilized design and development research methodology to test educational theories and validate the practical application of the compass. The improvised compass was found to effectively engage students and improve their performance in learning geometric constructions.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
1) The document proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve voltage regulation and power quality in a transmission system.
2) A DPFC is placed at a load bus in an IEEE 4 bus system and its performance is compared using a PI controller and ANFIS controller.
3) Simulation results show the ANFIS controller provides faster convergence and better voltage profile maintenance during voltage sags and swells compared to the PI controller.
The document describes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve vehicle routing problems. It introduces concepts of leptons and hadrons to particles in the algorithm. Leptons interact weakly based on individual and neighborhood best positions, while hadrons (local best particles) undergo strong interactions by colliding with the global best particle. When stagnation occurs, particle decay is used to increase diversity. Simulations show the improved algorithm avoids premature convergence and finds better solutions compared to the basic particle swarm optimization.
This document presents a method for analyzing photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals using correlative analysis. The method involves calculating the autocorrelation function of the PPG signal, extracting the envelope of the autocorrelation function using a low pass filter, and approximating the envelope by determining attenuation coefficients. Ten PPG signals were collected from volunteers and analyzed using this method. The attenuation coefficients were found to have similar values around 0.46, providing a potentially useful parameter for medical diagnosis.
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
This document presents a numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of ventilated disc brake rotors using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two types of rotor configurations are considered: circular pillared (CP) and diamond pillared radial vane (DP). A 20° sector of each rotor is modeled and meshed. Governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved using ANSYS CFX. Boundary conditions include 900K and 1500K isothermal rotor walls for different speeds. Results show the DP rotor has 70% higher mass flow and 24% higher heat dissipation than the CP rotor. Velocity and pressure distributions are more uniform for the DP rotor at higher speeds, ensuring more uniform cooling. The
This document describes the design and testing of an automated cocoa drying house prototype in Trinidad and Tobago. The prototype included automated features like a retractable roof, automatic heaters, and remote control. It aims to address issues with the traditional manual sun drying process, which is time-consuming and relies on human monitoring of changing weather conditions. Initial testing with farmers showed interest in the automated system as a potential solution.
This document presents the design of a telemedical system for remote monitoring of cardiac insufficiency. The system includes an electrocardiography (ECG) device that collects and digitizes ECG signals. The ECG signals undergo digital signal processing including autocorrelation analysis. Graphical interfaces allow patients and doctors to view ECG data and attenuation coefficients derived from autocorrelation analysis. Data is transmitted between parties using TCP/IP protocol. The system aims to facilitate remote monitoring of cardiac patients to reduce hospitalizations through early detection of health changes.
The document summarizes a polygon oscillating piston engine invention. The engine uses multiple pistons arranged around the sides of a polygon within cylinders. As the pistons oscillate, they compress and combust air-fuel mixtures to produce power. This design achieves a very high power-to-weight ratio of up to 2 hp per pound. Engineering analysis and design of a prototype 6-sided engine is presented, showing it can produce 168 hp from a 353 cubic feet per minute air flow at 12,960 rpm. The invention overcomes issues with prior oscillating piston designs by keeping the pistons moving in straight lines within cylinders using conventional piston rings.
More from International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com (20)
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
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Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
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1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-ISSN: 2319-6491
Volume 4, Issue 6 (November 2014) PP: 44-51
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 44
Gain scheduling automatic landing system by modeling
Ground Effect
Caterina Grillo1
, Fernando Montano2
Department DICGIM, University of Palermo, Italy
Abstract: Taking ground effect into account a longitudinal automatic landing system is designed. Such a
system will be tested and implemented on board by using the Preceptor N3 Ultrapup aircraft which is used as
technological demonstrator of new control navigation and guidance algorithms in the context of the “Research
Project of National Interest” (PRIN 2008) by the Universities of Bologna, Palermo, Ferrara and the Second
University of Naples.
A general mathematical model of the studied aircraft has been built to obtain non–linear analytical
equations for aerodynamic coefficients both Out of Ground Effect and In Ground Effect. To cope with the strong
variations of aerodynamic coefficients In Ground Effect a modified gain scheduling approach has been
employed for the synthesis of the controller by using six State Space Models. Stability and control matrices have
been evaluated by linearization of the obtained aerodynamic coefficients. To achieve a simple structure of the
control system, an original landing geometry has been chosen, therefore it has been imposed to control the same
state variables during both the glide path and the flare.
Keywords: Automatic landing, gain scheduling, ground effect, UAS
I. INTRODUCTION
In spite of a number of potentially valuable civil UAS applications The International Regulations
prohibit UAS from operating in the National Air Space. Maybe the primary reasons are safety concerns. In fact
their ability to respond to emergent situations involving the loss of contact between the aircraft and the ground
station poses a serious problem. Therefore, to an efficient safe insertion of UAS in the Civil Air Transport
System one important element is their ability to perform automatic landing afterwards the failure. At the present,
a few number of UAS is fully autonomous from takeoff to landing [1]. Moreover, the mathematical model of
ground effect is usually neither included in the model of the aircraft during takeoff and landing nor in the design
requirements of the control system [1], [2], [3], [4]. Some authors take into account the ground effect using a
mean value of down-wash angle [5]. To cope with strong variation of aerodynamic characteristics most of
papers make use of two different mathematical models of the aircraft during landing: the first Out the Ground
Effect (OGE) and the second In Ground Effect (IGE).
Besides for an automatic longitudinal landing control, two different control systems are used: a glide
path control system during the glide slope phase and a flare control system in order to execute the flare
maneuver [2], [3], [4] [5]. Usually ,during the glide slope glide path angle, pitch attitude and air speed are
controlled [2], [3], [4] .Other authors use normal acceleration, air speed and pitch rate [5]. A lot of paper
employees altitude and descent velocity. Recently, because of either GPS use or the increase of sensor’s
performances for the angular rates measurement, pitch angle and pitch rate are often used [2], [3], [6], [7], [8].
Sometimes, instead of airspeed (V) , because of the small values of the glide slope angle, aircraft velocity along
the longitudinal axes (u) and elevation are controlled and the altitude is employed to tune the control laws[9]. As
the airplane gets very close to the runway threshold, the glide path control system is disengaged and the flare
control system is engaged. This one controls either the vertical descent rate of the aircraft, or the air speed and
altitude [2], [3], [4], [5]. To control height accurately in the presence of wind and gust the perpendicular
distance and velocity from the required flight path are used to calculate a demanded maneuver acceleration, this
one, by means of aircraft speed and orientation is converted to pitch rate [10].
Obviously the above mentioned approach leads to a complex structure of the control system, therefore
it could give rise to significant system errors due to unmodelled ground effect. To overcome these complexities,
the objective of this paper is the design of a longitudinal control system having the following characteristics:
a. The controlled variables are the same during both the glide path and the flare;
b. According to previous papers [11], [12]; the aerodynamic coefficient vs. altitude are modeled during takeoff
instead of using a mean value [13], [14];
c. Indirect flight path control is carried out by controlling the velocity vector (Airspeed V and glide path angle
γ).
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Item a. allows to achieve a simple structure of the control system independently of the actual flight
phases. Item b. permits to take into account the actual ground effect. Item c. implies that the elevator and the
throttle control the velocity vector, during the whole path.
Because of high angles of attack during landing, a nonlinear mathematical model of the aircraft should
be used for designing the controller [15], [16]. As a consequence, to obtain satisfactory performance, nonlinear
controllers should be developed [17]. To overcome the difficulties due to the use of nonlinear models of the
aircraft in ground effect, a gain scheduling flight control system has been designed using the following
approach:
The Landing flight path has been divided into two segments: the glide path for aircraft altitudes h >of the
wing span b (OGE) and the flare for h <= b (IGE);
The flare manoeuvre starts for h = b;
An acceptable number of linear models has been obtained by means of linearization of the original
nonlinear model in various flight conditions: one in OGE condition (from 300 ft to h = b) and five in IGE
conditions (during flare). (These ones are necessary to employ the linearization through the small
disturbance theory).
A modified gain scheduling approach has been employed for the synthesis of the controller. Initially, by
using the obtained linear models, various PID controllers have been designed. Afterwards the obtained PID
gains have been modelled by using analytical equations, taking into account the hyperbolic variations of the
aerodynamic coefficients. Finally, by linearization of the obtained equation for the gains a set of control
gains matrix has been calculated.
A flight control system has been implemented consisting of the above PID controllers and a supervisor
which schedules one of them to be inserted online, depending on the actual flight condition.
The contributions of this paper are: the general model of the aerodynamic coefficients in the whole
range of altitude from OGE to IGE condition, the original landing geometry, the simple structure of the control
system. Therefore, the system is easily configurable since to control the velocity vector only a small set of
sensors are necessary. In fact, by using both Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and air data boom, pitch attitude
(ϑ), airspeed (V) and angle of attack (AOA, α) are easy obtainable. Otherwise a low rate GPS may be used to
obtain glide path angle (γ) airspeed (V) and vertical ground speed (VZ).
II. FLIGHT CONTROL RESEARCH LABORATORY
The studied research aircraft is used for the Italian National Research Project PRIN2008.
The subject vehicle is an unpressurized 2 seats, 427 kg maximum take of weight aircraft. It features a
non retractable, tail wheel, landing gear and a power plant made up of reciprocating engine capable of
developing 60 HP, with a 60 inches diameter, two bladed, fixed pitch, tractor propeller. The aircraft stall speed
is 41.6 kts, therefore it is capable of speeds up to about 115 kts (Sea level) and it will be cleared for altitudes up
to 10.000 ft. (Fig. (1))
Because of it is used as a Flight Control Research Laboratory (FCRL) the studied aircraft is equipped
with a research avionic system composed by sensors and computers and their relative power supply subsystem.
In particular the Sensors subsystem consists of :
Inertial Measurement Unit (three axis accelerometers and gyros)
Magnetometer (three axis)
Air Data Boom (static and total pressure port, vane sense for angle of attack and sideslip)
GPS Receiver and Antenna
Linear Potentiometers (Aileron, Elevator, Rudder and Throttle Command)
RPM (Hall Effect Gear Tooth Sensor)
Outside air temperature Sensor
Geometrical characteristics of the subject vehicle are:
Wing area S: 120 ft2
Wing chord c: 3.934 ft
Wing span b: 30.5 ft
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Fig. 1 Flight Research Laboratory L.A.U.R.A.
III. UAS MATHEMATICAL MODEL
When an aircraft flies close to the ground, this imposes a boundary condition which inhibits the
downward flow of air associated with the lifting action of wing and tail. The reduced downwash mainly reduces
both the downwash angle ε and the aircraft induced drag, therefore it increases both the wing-body and the tail
lift slope. Therefore, the lift increases, the neutral point shifts, the pitching moment at zero lift varies. So,
stability derivatives In Ground Effect must be used during take-off and landing for aircraft altitudes similar to
the wing span b.
Because of these effects, stability derivatives have to be modified and so it is very important a
mathematical model which afford to evaluate their behavior in ground effect.
Therefore, for ground distance h ≤ b it's necessary to evaluate the h-derivatives.
In previous researches [11], [12], a mathematical general methodology has been tuned up to evaluate
the aerodynamic characteristics variation laws due to the altitude. Such a methodology permits the calculation of
aerodynamic coefficients either OGE or IGE. It has been found that aerodynamic coefficients can be expressed
by means of hyperbolic equations [11].
According to [18], to evaluate the influence of ground effect on aerodynamic coefficients the variation
of either angle of attack (α), or downwash angle (ε) or aspect ratio (A) due to flight altitude have been modeled
by using classical methodologies [13], [19] by:
(1)
where:
represents the vortex effect on the lift;
A represents the aspect ratio;
represents the cord in the wedge wing section;
represents the lift coefficient, in this case it is the value in the equilibrium position;
represents a correction factor that take into account of the vortex non linear effects on the lift;
represents the non linear correction factor for taking into account that the wing is finite
(2)
where:
Hh e Hw represent the tail and wing height from the ground;
beff represents a non linear term that links contributes due to the wing span in IGE condition. It can be
expressed by:
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where:
represents the lift coefficient in OGE condition;
represents the lift increase in OGE condition;
is calculated by and the ratio is known in literature;
is calculated by and the ratio is in literature.
(3)
By using Eq. (1), Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) the longitudinal stability derivatives may be determined as:
(4)
IV. FLIGHT PATH MODEL
As it is known, the landing procedure is constituted of a slope segment and a flare. Obviously the glide
slope phase start out of ground effect, afterwards ground effect is to take into account. Therefore because of, as
previous stated, strong variation of aerodynamic coefficients are due to ground effect, a non linear model of the
studied aircraft should be used. To overcome this difficulty an original landing geometry has been chosen:
The first part starts when UAS is at h=300ft and it is a constant speed descent until h=b with a glide slope
angle γ=-6° (because there are not passengers, and so it's not necessary take into account some wealth
requirement, it's possible don't consider flight path angle γ limitations);
The second part is a constant speed flare which start when h=b (UAS in IGE condition).
Therefore it has been divided the second condition in five steps based on the values of the h/b ratio.
Each one of these steps have a 0.2 h/b ratio size. So the first step is from h/b=1 to h/b=0.8 and so on (in this way
5. Automatic Landing System for Civil Unmanned Aerial System
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there are not strong variation of flight altitude in each step).
This subdivision has been necessary to employ the linearization at several equilibrium flight conditions
over the desired flight path; then the small disturbance theory may be applied. In this way difficulties due to the
use of nonlinear models of the aircraft in ground effect have been overcome and, in particular, it has been
obtained six stability matrices and six control matrices (one for OGE condition and five for IGE condition for
each kind of matrices).
The studied flight path is governed by the two following equations:
for
for
(5)
where x=0 h= 300 ft represents the beginning of the landing path.
V. AUTOMATIC LANDING SYSTEM
Because of the small disturbance theory permits to decouple longitudinal and lateral motion only
longitudinal equations have been used in the present study.
(6)
Considering Eq. (4), stability derivatives have been calculated in one value of h/b inside each of the
five steps considered. Because of altitude variation inside each step is small, it has been possible to consider
derivatives constant inside each step.
The above hypothesis bring to the following linear state space equation:
(7)
where the state vector is
(8)
and the control vector is
(9)
Air speed and flight path angle has been controlled during the whole procedure. In particular deflection
of elevator is used to control the speed while the deflections of elevator and throttle together are used to control.
the flight path angle.
Besides following requirements have been imposed:
maximum tracking error less than 10% during the studied flight path;
rise time smaller than 5 seconds;
settling time smaller than 15 seconds
Because of during the landing flare it is necessary to correlate the vertical speed to the instantaneous
distance from ground, an altitude control has been effected through an external P feed forward control loop.
Such a system is engaged from flight altitude from 6 m to touch down. Elevator deflections are employed to
control flight altitude. Obviously such a system improves the precision of the controller in flight path following.
Because of, as stated in the previous paragraph, six linear models of the studied aircraft have been
obtained six multiple PID controllers have been designed by using time domain specifications.
In particular the elevator PID controllers are MISO systems, whereas the throttle PID controllers are
SISO systems.
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Each one of the obtained sets of gains belongs to one value of the h/b ratio.
Afterwards a supervisor, has be implemented. This one, by using the actual flight altitude, schedules
the set of gains to be inserted online, depending on the real flight condition.
In this way it is possible to take into account the ground effect.
VI. RESULTS
Before its implementation on board the Flight Control System has been tested in MATLAB Simulink
environment, Fig. (1-a) shows the flight path of the center of mass (notice that because of the presence of the
landing gear the touchdown corresponds to h=1.1 m). As previous stated, the landing has been divided in
descent (that starts when UAS is at h=300ft) and flare covered both at constant speed. According to JAR VLA
the approach speed is equal to 1.3 times stall speed.
To test the system ability to perform autonomous landing in case of remote control failure, it has been
decided to use a horizontal flight condition as equilibrium condition. The selected initial conditions are:
h = 300ft
V = 54.08 kts
αe = 0.072 rad
q = 0
ϑe = αe
The beginning of Fig. (2-a) shows transition from horizontal flight to descent with a little knee and it's
possible to see such a transition also in Fig. (2-c) where the glide path angle is shown.
In the center-right side of Fig. (2-a) it's possible to note that the studied control system tracks the
desired path with minimal error. In fact in Fig. (2-b) it's possible to see that the maximum error is about 1.9 m
,when the UAS altitude is 94m: This error is due to the selected equilibrium condition. Then, during descent, the
tracking error is constantly about 0.05 m. When the flare start, at about 26 seconds, tracking error comes to 0.09
m but it quickly come back to values less than 0.05 m. So it's possible to say that the FCS permits to track the
desired trajectory with noticeable precision.
a)
b)
c)
Fig. 2 Indirect flight path following:
a) Desired and controlled flight path, b) tracking error, c) desired and controlled flight path angle.
7. Automatic Landing System for Civil Unmanned Aerial System
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This affirmation is comforted also with the Fig (2-c) observation, in fact it's possible to note that
desired flight path angle and real flight path angle are overlapped except for few. seconds when the descent
starts and when the flare starts.
Obviously, to design the Automatic Landing System the classical hypotheses of air at rest has been
made. To verify either robustness properties of the controller or its ability to reject disturbances several
operating situations such as flight in the presence of gust, rear or front wind and atmospheric turbulence have
been considered. Some of the most relevant results are shown in Fig. (3). It refers to a vertical gust that modifies
the aircraft angle of attack of Δα= -1 deg. The vertical gust is inserted into the model at the start of the flare
maneuver. Despite of the angle of attack reduction, due to the gust, it is interesting to note that the aircraft
performs the flare with a noticeable precision. In fact either the desired flight path or the flight path angle (Fig.
3-a) are followed with negligible errors. Figure (3-b) shows a comparison between tracking errors. It is possible
to note that the maximum error is 0.08 m. The mean value of the tracking error is 0.049 m during the whole flare
phase. Near the touch down the stabilized tracking error is about 0.02 m.
a)
b)
Fig. 3 Indirect flight path following with gust:
a) Desired and controlled flight path angle, b) tracking error comparison
8. Automatic Landing System for Civil Unmanned Aerial System
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VII. CONCLUSION
The obtained results show the effectiveness of the designed Automatic Landing System. Therefore
these ones show a good accuracy of the control system for trajectory tracking in ground proximity. In fact the
UAS follows the desired flight path with a noticeable precision. The following original contributions can be
highlight: 1) the obtained model of the aerodynamic coefficient In Ground Effect that afford to evaluate stability
and control derivatives variations during the landing 2) the use of airspeed and glide path angle as controlled
variables during the whole landing 3) the landing geometry.
Further developments of the present research will be the extension of the designed control system to
the take-off phase.
Afterwards the aircraft model will be improved by evaluating both lateral stability derivatives
variations In Ground Effect and the bank angle derivatives (φ derivatives). Since the present methodology will
be employed to design a Lateral Automatic Landing System.
At the present flight tests are performing to verify the effectiveness of the designed Automatic
Longitudinal Landing System by means of the above described Flight Control Research Laboratory. The
obtained results could be used later on, with the purpose to realize a fully autonomous UAS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper has been realized with the financial support of the Italian University and Scientific Research
Minister in the context of the PRIN 2008.
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