Abstract: It is very interesting to learn that though some consider swimming as Athletic Sports but when we
consider the best sportspersons in swimming and running, there is a totally different result in terms of Human
Race. It made us interested to find out the reason, why Swimming is not dominated by the Black race, what
physical disadvantages they have in swimming. Also what physical advantages an Asian have in comparison
with Dravidian to lead the Swimming World after White race! As we have analysed physical factors, there are
some prominent structural difference in between 'black' and 'white' races which clarifies why White people are
good in swimming. But these cannot reflect a clear difference in performance between Chinese and Dravidian.
The question remains, what might be the determined factors behind the performance of a swimmer! The other
factors can be (a) socio-cultural factor, (b) financial factor and most importantly (c) technical factor. We do
differentiate between 'blacks' and 'white' swimmers in that line of arguments. But if we again come to compare
between Chinese and Dravidians swimmers, it is difficult to get support from data in this context. Thus there
should be another important factor by which we can explain the missing link. That may be the factor by which a
swimmer can overcome his or her physical, socio-cultural as well as financial draw-backs. That factor may
reveal the reason behind the success of Chinese swimmers in recent past. This factor may point out the reason
behind absence of Dravidians in international swimming though they are very close to Chinese in terms of other
factors. That missing link is identified as ‘technical factor’. Despite having adverse physical factor upto certain
extend, it can be overcome by Systematic Training Pattern, Proper Filtration of Talent with Social recognition
and Financial Support.
Keywords: Competitive swimming, Socio-cultural, techniques, human races, physical
Running is a simple and universal sport this sport is practicable anytime and...bounouhmiloud
Man all times was looking to facilitate his life and make distances short and technology developped so much that you can stay at one place do your job and ask for anything you'll have it without moving. This facilitation reduces movements of human but the body must move to keep muscles and all body healthy that why running, jogging...moving is crucial to be all time well healthy cheerful thus put your shoes on and start running the benefits are greater.
This document provides an overview of athletics (track and field). It discusses the history and definition of athletics, which traces back to Ancient Olympic Games. It then describes the various events in athletics including track events like sprints, middle distance races, long distance races, relays, hurdles, and racewalking. It also discusses field events such as jumping events, throwing events, and combined events. Finally, it outlines the facilities and equipment used in athletics competitions, including the stadium, infield, implements for different events like batons, hurdles, shots, discuses, javelins, and hammers.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics. It begins with a brief history, noting that athletics originated in Ancient Greece and were featured in the first Olympic Games. It then describes the key components of the sport, including the oval running track and various track and field events. Finally, it provides more detailed explanations of specific track events like sprints, middle-distance races, long-distance races, hurdles, and relays. Rules and terminology related to running events are also outlined.
Athletics is a collection of sporting events involving competitive running, jumping, throwing and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running and race walking. Athletics has its origins in Ancient Olympic Games and is now governed by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It has been part of the modern Olympics since 1896 and the Paralympics since 1960. Athletics events take place on tracks, roads, cross country courses and involve sprint races, middle and long distance races, hurdles, relays, jumps and throws.
The document provides background information on the sport of athletics/track and field. It discusses how the sport originated in Ancient Greece during the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, with a single footrace event. It then covers the establishment of the modern Olympics in 1896 and the IAAF in 1913 to standardize rules. The document proceeds to describe the two main categories of events - track events and field events. It provides details on various track events like sprints, middle-distance, long-distance, hurdles, and relays. It also provides details on field events like various throwing events (shot put, discus, javelin, hammer), jumping events (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole vault
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different types of races including short distance, middle distance, and long distance races that take place on the track or as road events. It also outlines the various jumping events in athletics including high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault. The throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin, and shot put are summarized. Additionally, it mentions the heptathlon and decathlon mixed events that involve success in multiple disciplines. The document aims to comprehensively cover the different components and rules involved in track and field athletics competitions.
Sports 101: Get to Know the Types of Running Sportsjane arellano
Afterschool.ae is the largest dedicated provider of quality on-site after school activities, programs, tutoring, summer camps, sports and child care services in United Arab Emirates
The document summarizes various track and field athletics events. It describes short, middle, and long distance running races as well as jumping and throwing field events. Races include sprints from 50m to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 1500m, and long distance races from 3000m to 10000m. Jumping events include high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault while throwing events are hammer, discus, javelin, and shot put. Relay races and hurdles are also mentioned along with the heptathlon and decathlon combined events.
Running is a simple and universal sport this sport is practicable anytime and...bounouhmiloud
Man all times was looking to facilitate his life and make distances short and technology developped so much that you can stay at one place do your job and ask for anything you'll have it without moving. This facilitation reduces movements of human but the body must move to keep muscles and all body healthy that why running, jogging...moving is crucial to be all time well healthy cheerful thus put your shoes on and start running the benefits are greater.
This document provides an overview of athletics (track and field). It discusses the history and definition of athletics, which traces back to Ancient Olympic Games. It then describes the various events in athletics including track events like sprints, middle distance races, long distance races, relays, hurdles, and racewalking. It also discusses field events such as jumping events, throwing events, and combined events. Finally, it outlines the facilities and equipment used in athletics competitions, including the stadium, infield, implements for different events like batons, hurdles, shots, discuses, javelins, and hammers.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics. It begins with a brief history, noting that athletics originated in Ancient Greece and were featured in the first Olympic Games. It then describes the key components of the sport, including the oval running track and various track and field events. Finally, it provides more detailed explanations of specific track events like sprints, middle-distance races, long-distance races, hurdles, and relays. Rules and terminology related to running events are also outlined.
Athletics is a collection of sporting events involving competitive running, jumping, throwing and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running and race walking. Athletics has its origins in Ancient Olympic Games and is now governed by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It has been part of the modern Olympics since 1896 and the Paralympics since 1960. Athletics events take place on tracks, roads, cross country courses and involve sprint races, middle and long distance races, hurdles, relays, jumps and throws.
The document provides background information on the sport of athletics/track and field. It discusses how the sport originated in Ancient Greece during the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, with a single footrace event. It then covers the establishment of the modern Olympics in 1896 and the IAAF in 1913 to standardize rules. The document proceeds to describe the two main categories of events - track events and field events. It provides details on various track events like sprints, middle-distance, long-distance, hurdles, and relays. It also provides details on field events like various throwing events (shot put, discus, javelin, hammer), jumping events (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole vault
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different types of races including short distance, middle distance, and long distance races that take place on the track or as road events. It also outlines the various jumping events in athletics including high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault. The throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin, and shot put are summarized. Additionally, it mentions the heptathlon and decathlon mixed events that involve success in multiple disciplines. The document aims to comprehensively cover the different components and rules involved in track and field athletics competitions.
Sports 101: Get to Know the Types of Running Sportsjane arellano
Afterschool.ae is the largest dedicated provider of quality on-site after school activities, programs, tutoring, summer camps, sports and child care services in United Arab Emirates
The document summarizes various track and field athletics events. It describes short, middle, and long distance running races as well as jumping and throwing field events. Races include sprints from 50m to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 1500m, and long distance races from 3000m to 10000m. Jumping events include high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault while throwing events are hammer, discus, javelin, and shot put. Relay races and hurdles are also mentioned along with the heptathlon and decathlon combined events.
The document summarizes various track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the structure of the track, including lanes and distances for short, middle and long distance races. It also outlines the techniques and distances involved in jumping events like long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault. Throwing events like shot put, discus, javelin and hammer are also summarized. Finally, it mentions the mixed events of heptathlon and decathlon which combine multiple track and field disciplines.
World rowing.com an end to end data analysisLou Harwood
Ever wonder if 10,000 hours is really the baseline? Did some set of events make the difference in someone getting to the olympics? WorldRowing has captured data on races and athletes for decades but little has been done to analyze the data across countries, athletes and races to the possible outcomes and where investment might be best to identify impact to rowing at a high performance level. Data for each race, for each athlete is stored on the WorldRowing website. Varying amounts of personal information, plus race information, is available for athletes spanning several decades. This talk investigates the athlete race data from WorldRowing.com and demonstrates an end to end walk through of a data analysis problem using Python.
Yvana Allen S. Borra submitted a project on athletics to Sir Venendo Medrano. Athletics involves competitive running, jumping and throwing events. The most common events are track and field, road running, cross country running and race walking. Middle-distance running events include the 800m, 1500m and 3000m. The 800m is run over two laps of a 400m track. The 1500m has been an Olympic event since 1896. The 3000m requires both aerobic endurance and tolerance to lactic acid.
The document provides rules and information about various athletics events. It states that athletes must follow rules like staying in their lane during sprints and not obstructing other athletes. It then describes different event types like sprints, which require speed; middle-distance events from 400m to 1500m which require strength and stamina; long distance events over 3000m which require rhythm and endurance; relays which require teamwork and baton passing skills; long jump which requires flexibility and body control; and shot put which requires power, speed, and strength training. Athletics involves competitive running, jumping and throwing events.
This document provides information about track and field events categorized into running events, jumping events, throwing events, combined events, and walks. It lists the standard events in each category for men and women along with event records for various Indian and Asian track and field competitions. It also provides details on positioning of hurdles and steeplechase barriers for different races and concludes with listing some world records in athletics.
Jack Bray, a 59-year-old gerontologist, teaches race walking classes and provides private lessons. He is ranked number one in the world among male race walkers aged 55-59. While some people laugh at the peculiar gait of race walkers, Bray advocates it as an alternative to running due to its lower impact nature. Now pain-free, he demonstrates how race walking can be both an aerobic exercise and competitive sport for people of all ages.
The document is a practical file submitted by a student for their physical education class that outlines various aspects of athletics. It provides details on track and field events like sprints, middle and long distance races, relays, hurdles and walking. It also describes field events such as jumping, throwing, pole vault and various awards in athletics. The file aims to inform the reader about the different athletic events and competitions as well as the governing bodies that organize the sport.
The almost constant ratio of record speeds for women vs. men elite athletes :...אלין המרמן
Gender Differences in Sport Performance
Running, Swimming, Skating, Rowing, Kayaking, Cycling
sexual dimorphism
ira@mailaps.org
Ira Hammerman
Revava, Israel
This document summarizes a research study that compared body composition, physical fitness, and performance between canoe and kayak sprint paddlers. The study found no significant differences in anthropometric or fitness measures between the two groups. A correlation analysis revealed that canoe paddlers' performance correlated positively with lower body strength measures, while kayak paddlers' performance correlated with height, arm span, and leg length. The factors relating to performance differ between canoe and kayak disciplines.
1 athletics track events, field events & road eventsjuanmanuel2000
The document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the standard 400m oval track layout and different categories of running events including sprints (100m, 200m, 400m), middle distance (800m, 1500m), long distance (3000m, 5000m, 10000m), hurdles, relays, and steeplechase. It also briefly outlines field events such as jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document serves as a reference for the various athletic disciplines in track and field competitions.
Olympic weightlifting has numerous benefits for improving athletic performance. It develops strength, power, balance, coordination, and other physical attributes through explosive multi-joint movements like the snatch and clean and jerk. Research shows these attributes transfer well to other sports and that Olympic weightlifting is an effective training method for athletes of various ages when incorporated appropriately. The document provides definitions of the lifts and derivatives and discusses how Olympic weightlifting fits into models for long-term athlete development.
The document provides an overview of athletics and track and field events. It begins with a brief history of athletics from ancient times to the modern era. It then describes the key components of a track and field including outdoor and indoor tracks. The remainder of the document outlines and explains the rules for various track events like sprints, hurdles, steeplechase and relays as well as field events such as long jump, triple jump and high jump.
Athletics, also known as track and field, is a collection of sporting events involving competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. Athletics has been a modern Olympic sport since 1896 and a Paralympic sport since 1960. The highest governing body for athletics is the International Association of Athletics Federations.
The document describes the main types of athletic events which are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. Track and field events are divided into track events including sprints, middle distance, long distance, relays and hurdling, and field events consisting of jump events like long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault, as well as throw events such as shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. Road running involves long distance runs from 5km to marathons. Cross country running takes place on varied natural terrain over courses of 4-12km. Race walking requires one foot to be in contact with the floor at all times.
This document provides information about various types of athletics competitions including track & field, road running, cross country running, racewalking, and world records in athletics events. It defines athletics as exercises, sports or games engaged in by athletes, and describes the common types of athletics competitions such as track & field, road running, cross country running and racewalking. It also lists equipment used in athletics like timing devices, starting pistols, hurdles, relay batons, and provides world records for various athletics events.
Rowing ergometers as an aide to on-water training pros and consRebecca Caroe
Ivan Hooper from Australian Institute of Sport gave this presentation about the advantages and disadvantages of training on ergos. They don't replicate the water well, sliders and variable K drag factors and ratings don't match water boat rates.
Decathlon is a combined track and field event consisting of ten events that test athletes' speed, strength, and endurance over two days. For men, day one includes the 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400m, while day two comprises the 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500m. Women's events are similarly split over two days but in a different order. World champions in individual decathlon events include Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in the 1500m and Yelena Isinbayeva of Russia in pole vault. Several world records in decathlon events are held by athletes such as Usain Bolt
Swimming requires daily practice of several hours to learn techniques for each stroke and compete in almost any weather condition. It is a challenging sport that demands commitment to practice at least 5 days a week to master freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. While some see it as easy, competitive swimmers must perfect their technique for each stroke. Swimmers also compete in difficult conditions with hail or ice that other sports avoid. With daily practice and a willingness to compete in any weather, swimming demonstrates the commitment and challenges of a true competitive sport.
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystalsIOSR Journals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
Non Revenue Water Reduction- A Tool for Achiving 24x7 Water SupplyIOSR Journals
The availability of water at cheaper rates promotes the wasteful use of water. People give little or no
attention towards conservation of water. For sustenance of any water supply scheme it is essential that
revenue collected should be sufficient to maintain O & M cost and further development activities. Presently
there is major portion of Non Revenue Water (NRW) in the developing countries and there is urgent need to
curb it for efficient functioning of water supply schemes
There is increased use of nuclear energy after the Second World War which results in increase in artificial radioactivity on our planet. The objective of this article is to show the estimated amount of artificial radioactivity on earth surface and its effect by comparing it with the radioactive decay which took place in Hiroshima bombing by ‘little boy’. There is estimated amount of 100 trillion curie of radioactivity on earth surface for human use. This man made radioactivity on earth surface has capacity to change temperature of the earth by 0.97oC if heat is evenly distributed and unfortunately Hiroshima bombing did not stop but continued at rate of 39 ‘little boy’ bombing of the earth per second. Every second 39 atomic bombs of ‘little boy’ size are dropped. One can see the large amount of bombing taking place on the earth by artificial radioactivity and the bombing should be stopped and further analysis of artificial radioactivity should also be done
The document summarizes various track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the structure of the track, including lanes and distances for short, middle and long distance races. It also outlines the techniques and distances involved in jumping events like long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault. Throwing events like shot put, discus, javelin and hammer are also summarized. Finally, it mentions the mixed events of heptathlon and decathlon which combine multiple track and field disciplines.
World rowing.com an end to end data analysisLou Harwood
Ever wonder if 10,000 hours is really the baseline? Did some set of events make the difference in someone getting to the olympics? WorldRowing has captured data on races and athletes for decades but little has been done to analyze the data across countries, athletes and races to the possible outcomes and where investment might be best to identify impact to rowing at a high performance level. Data for each race, for each athlete is stored on the WorldRowing website. Varying amounts of personal information, plus race information, is available for athletes spanning several decades. This talk investigates the athlete race data from WorldRowing.com and demonstrates an end to end walk through of a data analysis problem using Python.
Yvana Allen S. Borra submitted a project on athletics to Sir Venendo Medrano. Athletics involves competitive running, jumping and throwing events. The most common events are track and field, road running, cross country running and race walking. Middle-distance running events include the 800m, 1500m and 3000m. The 800m is run over two laps of a 400m track. The 1500m has been an Olympic event since 1896. The 3000m requires both aerobic endurance and tolerance to lactic acid.
The document provides rules and information about various athletics events. It states that athletes must follow rules like staying in their lane during sprints and not obstructing other athletes. It then describes different event types like sprints, which require speed; middle-distance events from 400m to 1500m which require strength and stamina; long distance events over 3000m which require rhythm and endurance; relays which require teamwork and baton passing skills; long jump which requires flexibility and body control; and shot put which requires power, speed, and strength training. Athletics involves competitive running, jumping and throwing events.
This document provides information about track and field events categorized into running events, jumping events, throwing events, combined events, and walks. It lists the standard events in each category for men and women along with event records for various Indian and Asian track and field competitions. It also provides details on positioning of hurdles and steeplechase barriers for different races and concludes with listing some world records in athletics.
Jack Bray, a 59-year-old gerontologist, teaches race walking classes and provides private lessons. He is ranked number one in the world among male race walkers aged 55-59. While some people laugh at the peculiar gait of race walkers, Bray advocates it as an alternative to running due to its lower impact nature. Now pain-free, he demonstrates how race walking can be both an aerobic exercise and competitive sport for people of all ages.
The document is a practical file submitted by a student for their physical education class that outlines various aspects of athletics. It provides details on track and field events like sprints, middle and long distance races, relays, hurdles and walking. It also describes field events such as jumping, throwing, pole vault and various awards in athletics. The file aims to inform the reader about the different athletic events and competitions as well as the governing bodies that organize the sport.
The almost constant ratio of record speeds for women vs. men elite athletes :...אלין המרמן
Gender Differences in Sport Performance
Running, Swimming, Skating, Rowing, Kayaking, Cycling
sexual dimorphism
ira@mailaps.org
Ira Hammerman
Revava, Israel
This document summarizes a research study that compared body composition, physical fitness, and performance between canoe and kayak sprint paddlers. The study found no significant differences in anthropometric or fitness measures between the two groups. A correlation analysis revealed that canoe paddlers' performance correlated positively with lower body strength measures, while kayak paddlers' performance correlated with height, arm span, and leg length. The factors relating to performance differ between canoe and kayak disciplines.
1 athletics track events, field events & road eventsjuanmanuel2000
The document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the standard 400m oval track layout and different categories of running events including sprints (100m, 200m, 400m), middle distance (800m, 1500m), long distance (3000m, 5000m, 10000m), hurdles, relays, and steeplechase. It also briefly outlines field events such as jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document serves as a reference for the various athletic disciplines in track and field competitions.
Olympic weightlifting has numerous benefits for improving athletic performance. It develops strength, power, balance, coordination, and other physical attributes through explosive multi-joint movements like the snatch and clean and jerk. Research shows these attributes transfer well to other sports and that Olympic weightlifting is an effective training method for athletes of various ages when incorporated appropriately. The document provides definitions of the lifts and derivatives and discusses how Olympic weightlifting fits into models for long-term athlete development.
The document provides an overview of athletics and track and field events. It begins with a brief history of athletics from ancient times to the modern era. It then describes the key components of a track and field including outdoor and indoor tracks. The remainder of the document outlines and explains the rules for various track events like sprints, hurdles, steeplechase and relays as well as field events such as long jump, triple jump and high jump.
Athletics, also known as track and field, is a collection of sporting events involving competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. Athletics has been a modern Olympic sport since 1896 and a Paralympic sport since 1960. The highest governing body for athletics is the International Association of Athletics Federations.
The document describes the main types of athletic events which are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. Track and field events are divided into track events including sprints, middle distance, long distance, relays and hurdling, and field events consisting of jump events like long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault, as well as throw events such as shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. Road running involves long distance runs from 5km to marathons. Cross country running takes place on varied natural terrain over courses of 4-12km. Race walking requires one foot to be in contact with the floor at all times.
This document provides information about various types of athletics competitions including track & field, road running, cross country running, racewalking, and world records in athletics events. It defines athletics as exercises, sports or games engaged in by athletes, and describes the common types of athletics competitions such as track & field, road running, cross country running and racewalking. It also lists equipment used in athletics like timing devices, starting pistols, hurdles, relay batons, and provides world records for various athletics events.
Rowing ergometers as an aide to on-water training pros and consRebecca Caroe
Ivan Hooper from Australian Institute of Sport gave this presentation about the advantages and disadvantages of training on ergos. They don't replicate the water well, sliders and variable K drag factors and ratings don't match water boat rates.
Decathlon is a combined track and field event consisting of ten events that test athletes' speed, strength, and endurance over two days. For men, day one includes the 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400m, while day two comprises the 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500m. Women's events are similarly split over two days but in a different order. World champions in individual decathlon events include Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in the 1500m and Yelena Isinbayeva of Russia in pole vault. Several world records in decathlon events are held by athletes such as Usain Bolt
Swimming requires daily practice of several hours to learn techniques for each stroke and compete in almost any weather condition. It is a challenging sport that demands commitment to practice at least 5 days a week to master freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. While some see it as easy, competitive swimmers must perfect their technique for each stroke. Swimmers also compete in difficult conditions with hail or ice that other sports avoid. With daily practice and a willingness to compete in any weather, swimming demonstrates the commitment and challenges of a true competitive sport.
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystalsIOSR Journals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
Non Revenue Water Reduction- A Tool for Achiving 24x7 Water SupplyIOSR Journals
The availability of water at cheaper rates promotes the wasteful use of water. People give little or no
attention towards conservation of water. For sustenance of any water supply scheme it is essential that
revenue collected should be sufficient to maintain O & M cost and further development activities. Presently
there is major portion of Non Revenue Water (NRW) in the developing countries and there is urgent need to
curb it for efficient functioning of water supply schemes
There is increased use of nuclear energy after the Second World War which results in increase in artificial radioactivity on our planet. The objective of this article is to show the estimated amount of artificial radioactivity on earth surface and its effect by comparing it with the radioactive decay which took place in Hiroshima bombing by ‘little boy’. There is estimated amount of 100 trillion curie of radioactivity on earth surface for human use. This man made radioactivity on earth surface has capacity to change temperature of the earth by 0.97oC if heat is evenly distributed and unfortunately Hiroshima bombing did not stop but continued at rate of 39 ‘little boy’ bombing of the earth per second. Every second 39 atomic bombs of ‘little boy’ size are dropped. One can see the large amount of bombing taking place on the earth by artificial radioactivity and the bombing should be stopped and further analysis of artificial radioactivity should also be done
Channel Equalization of WCDMA Downlink System Using Finite Length MMSE-DFEIOSR Journals
The performance of WCDMA system deteriorates in the presence of multipath fading environment.
Fading destroys the orthogonality and is responsible for multiple access interference (MAI). Though
conventional rake receiver provides reasonable performance in the WCDMA downlink system due to path
diversity, but it does not restores the orthogonality. Linear equalizer restores orthogonality and suppresses
MAI, but it is not efficient, since its performance depends on the spectral characteristics of the channel. To
overcome this, Minimum Mean Square Error- Decision Feedback Equalizer (MMSE-DFE) with a linear,
anticausal feedforward filter, causal feedback filter and simple detector is proposed in this paper. The filter taps
of finite length DFE is derived using the cholesky factorization theory, capable of suppressing noise,
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and MAI. This paper describes the WCDMA downlink system using finite length
MMSE-DFE and takes into consideration the effects of interference which includes additive white gaussian
noise, multipath fading, ISI and MAI. Furthermore, the performance is compared with conventional rake
receiver and MMSE and the simulation results are shown.
A comparative analysis on qos multicast routing protocols in MANETsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Simultaneous transmission of data from one sender to multiple receivers is called multicasting.
Several widely used applications require multicasting at least at the logical level. Examples include audio video
teleconferencing, real time video streaming and the maintenance of distributed databases. In many cases it is
advantageous to implement multicasting at the level of the routing algorithm (other approaches would be oneto-all
unicast or the implementation of multicasting at the application layer). In this paper we are presenting a
comparative analysis on various multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks.
Keywords: multicasting, multicast protocols,dynamic core, performance evaluation,Qos Parameters
A Review of BSS Based Digital Image Watermarking and Extraction MethodsIOSR Journals
Abstract :The field of Signal Processing has witnessed the strong emergence of a new technique, the Blind Signal Processing (BSP) which is based on sound theoretical foundation. An offshoot of the BSP is known as Blind Source Separation (BSS). This digital signal processing techniques have a wide and varied potential applications. The term blind is indicative of the fact that both the source signal and the mixing procedures are unknown. One of the more interesting applications of BSS is in field of image data security/authentication where digital watermarking is proposed. Watermarking is a promising technique to help protect data security and intellectual property rights. The plethora digital image watermarking methods are surveyed and discussed here with their features and limitations. Thus literature survey is presented in two major categories-Digital image watermarking methods and BSS based techniques in digital image watermarking and extraction. Keywords – BSP, BSS, Mixing Coefficient, Digital Image Watermarking, Watermark Extraction.
Optimizing Mobile Robot Path Planning and Navigation by Use of Differential E...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Path planning and navigation is essential for an autonomous robot which can move avoiding the
static obstacles in a real world and to reach the specific target. Optimizing path for the robot movement gives
the optimal distance from the source to the target and save precious time as well. With the development of
various evolutionary algorithms, the differential evolution is taking the pace in comparison to genetic algorithm.
Differential evolution has been deployed quite successfully for solving global optimization problem. Differential
evolution is a very simple yet powerful metaheuristics type problem solving method. In this paper we are
proposing a Differential Evolution based path navigation algorithm for mobile path navigation and analyze its
efficiency with other developed approaches. The proposed algorithm optimized the robot path and navigates the
robot to the proper target efficiently.
Role of Virtual Machine Live Migration in Cloud Load BalancingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cloud computing has touched almost every field of the life. Hence number of cloud application
consumers is increasing every day and so as the number of application request to the cloud provider. This leads
increment of workload in many of the cloud nodes. The motive to use load balancing concepts in cloud
environment is to efficiently utilize available resources keeping in mind that no any single system is heavily
loaded or not a single system is idle during the active phase of the request completion. Even though cloud
computing being a software facility most often, how does it actually performs well in heavily loaded
environment at processor level, is discussed in the paper. This paper aims to throw some light on what is cloud
load balancing and what is the role of Virtual machine migration in improving it.
Keywords: Cloud load balancing, Live Migration, Migration, Virtualization, Virtual machine.
A New Speech Enhancement Technique to Reduce Residual Noise Using Perceptual ...IOSR Journals
Abstract- This paper deals with residual musical noise which results from the perceptual speech enhancement
type algorithms and especially using wiener filtering approach. Perceptual speech enhancement techniques
perform better than the non perceptual techniques, most of them still return a trouble residual musical noise.
This is due to that only noise above the noise masking threshold (NMT) is filtered out then noise below the noise
masking threshold (NMT) can become audible if its maskers are filtered. It can affect the performance of
perceptual speech enhancement method that process the audible noise only (Residual noise is still present). In
order to overcome this drawback a new speech enhancement technique is proposed here.The main aim here is
to improve the enhanced speech signal quality provided by perceptual wiener filtering and by controlling the
latter via a second filter regarded as a psychoacoustically motivated weighting factor. The simulation results
gives the information that the performance is improved compared to other perceptual speech enhancement
methods.
Crashing is the procedure by which project duration can be shorten up by expediting selective
activities with in the project. But it requires allocating more resources than usual to compress an activity’s
duration, which in turns increases the budget of that activity. So, crashing is basically a time-cost trade-off by
which specific deadline can be achieved. The traditional method of crashing only considers average activity
times for the calculation of the critical path, ignoring the stochastic nature of activity time. This report is written
to develop an algorithm for optimum crashing method to minimize the required cost while attaining a specified
completion time.
Shear Stress Prediction Using FEA-ANN Hybrid Modeling Of Eicher 11.10 Chassis...IOSR Journals
The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It
should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength (Shear
Stress), an important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness (Deflection). The
main objective of the research is to develop an ANN model for shear stress prediction. The chassis frame is
made of two side members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations,
cross-section and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame
model is to be developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are
more, the probable models are too many. The weight reduction of the sidebar is achieved by changing the
Parameters using the orthogonal array. Then FEA is performed on those models. ANN model is prepared using
the results of FEA. For the ANN modeling, the standard back-propagation algorithm is found to be the best
choice for training the model. A multi- layer perception network is used for non-linear mapping between the
input and output parameters. This model can save material used, production cost and time
Design of Adjustable Reconfigurable Wireless Single Core CORDIC based Rake Re...IOSR Journals
In wireless communication system transmitted signals are subjected to multiple reflections,
diffractions and attenuation caused by obstacles such as buildings and hills, etc. At the receiver end, multiple
copies of the transmitted signal are received that arrive at clearly distinguishable time instants and are faded by
signal cancellation. Rake receiver is a technique to combine these so called multi-paths [2] by utilizing multiple
correlation receivers allocated to those delay positions on which the significant energy arrives which achieves a
significant improvement in the SNR of the output signal. This paper shows how the rake, including dispreading
and descrambling could be replaced by a receiver that can be implemented on a CORDIC based hardware
architecture. The performance in conjunction with the computational requirements of the receiver is widely
adjustable which is significantly better than that of the conventional rake receiver
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
Fluidization Characteristics of Nano Particles with the Assist of StirrerIOSR Journals
Fluidization of ultrafine solid particles is widely used in a variety of industrial applications because of its
unusual capability of continuous powder handling, good mixing, large gas–solid contact area, and very high rates of
heat and mass transfer. As the particle size decreases the cohesive forces between particles increases. Therefore,
fluidization of ultrafine particles becomes much more difficult as compared to the larger size particles and it needs efficient method. In the present work, the fluidization experiments were conducted using air as fluidizing media and SiO2, ZnO and Al2O3
nano particles, with a size ranging from 15 to 30 nm in 2-dimensional fluidized bed with the assist of stirrer.
The fluidization behavior of the nanoparticle, including the fluidization regime, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the
bed expansion are also investigated. . The results showed that smoother fluidization was observed with increasing agitation
speed, because the agglomeration and channeling were reduced by the mechanical agitation. It was found that with the assist of stirrer ,by increasing in the speed of stirrer initial bed voidage increased and terminal velocity and agglomerate diameter decreased.
Ensuring Distributed Accountability for Data Sharing Using Reversible Data Hi...IOSR Journals
Recently, more and more attention is paid to reversible data hiding (RDH) in encrypted images,
since it maintains the excellent property that the original cover can be lossless recovered after embedded data is
extracted while protecting the image content’s confidentiality. All previous methods embed data by reversibly
vacating room from the encrypted images, which may be subject to some errors on data extraction and/or image
restoration. In this paper, we propose a novel method by reserving room before encryption with a traditional
RDH algorithm, and thus it is easy for the data hider to reversibly embed data in the encrypted image. The
proposed method can achieve real reversibility, that is, data extraction and image recovery are free of any
error. A major feature of the centralized database services is that users’ data are usually processed remotely in
unknown machines that users do not own or operate. While enjoying the convenience brought by this new
emerging technology, users’ fears of losing control of their own data (particularly, financial and health data)
can become a significant barrier to the wide adoption of centralized database services. To address this problem,
in this paper, we propose a novel highly decentralized information accountability framework to keep track of the
actual usage of the user’s data in the cloud Over-lay Network. We leverage the LOG file create a dynamic and
traveling object, and to ensure that any access to users’ data will trigger authentication and automated logging
local to the LOGs. To strengthen user’s control, we also provide distributed auditing mechanisms. We provide
extensive experimental studies that demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Index Terms : Reversible data hiding, image encryption, privacy protection, data sharing.
Global Perspective and Issues Relating to Product RecallIOSR Journals
The paper aims to analyze the various issues related to a product recall in the globalized world where the market has become a single trading place. A recall acts like an alarm that makes the company realize that it is the time to take corrective action by reviewing and making changes in the required areas. It is very important to understand the various issues related to the product recall like the factors related to costing, legal framework, recall planning, and management’s perspective and so on. The paper aims to discuss the issues identified with recall with the examples of global companies that have faced a recall. Further the paper also focuses on the recall framework with respect to India. The paper has a practical implication both for the academicians and for the readers in terms of their concern with the aspect issues regarding product recall.
“An analytical study on medal tally of top ten countries in 2012 Olympic Game...IOSR Journals
The origin of the ancient Olympic Games is lost the midst of pre-history, but for many centuries they
were only a festival of the Greek people. The Games were first held in honour of the Greek God, Zeus in 776
BC in the plain of kingdom of Elis, nestled in lush valley between the Alpheus River and Mount Kronion, 15
km from the Ionian Sea. The Olympiad celebrated that year was considered as the first and was used to date
subsequent historic events.
The Real Time Drowisness Detection Using Arm 9IOSR Journals
This document describes a real-time driver drowsiness detection system using an ARM9 microcontroller. The system uses a webcam to capture images of the driver's eyes and an electrooculography (EOG) sensor to monitor visual activity. Image processing techniques are used to detect eye closure and blinking patterns. If drowsiness is detected, an alarm is activated to warn the driver. The system was tested on 15 people with 80% accuracy. The document concludes that image processing provides a non-invasive way to accurately detect drowsiness without interfering with the driver.
A Survey of Image Segmentation based on Artificial Intelligence and Evolution...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In image analysis, segmentation is the partitioning of a digital image into multiple regions (sets of
pixels), according to some homogeneity criterion. The problem of segmentation is a well-studied one in
literature and there are a wide variety of approaches that are used. Different approaches are suited to different
types of images and the quality of output of a particular algorithm is difficult to measure quantitatively due to
the fact that there may be much correct segmentation for a single image. Image segmentation denotes a process
by which a raw input image is partitioned into nonoverlapping regions such that each region is homogeneous
and the union of any two adjacent regions is heterogeneous. A segmented image is considered to be the highest
domain-independent abstraction of an input image. Image segmentation is an important processing step in many
image, video and computer vision applications. Extensive research has been done in creating many different
approaches and algorithms for image segmentation, but it is still difficult to assess whether one algorithm
produces more accurate segmentations than another, whether it be for a particular image or set of images, or
more generally, for a whole class of images.
In this paper, The Survey of Image Segmentation using Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Approach
methods that have been proposed in the literature. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. 1.
Introduction, 2.Literature review, 3.Noteworthy contributions in the field of proposed work, 4.Proposed
Methodology, 5.Expected outcome of the proposed research work, 6.Conclusion.
Keywords: Image Segmentation, Segmentation Algorithm, Artificial Intelligence, Evolutionary Algorithm,
Neural Network, Fuzzy Set, Clustering.
Running has been a human activity for millions of years. Key events in the history of running include Pheidippides' famous run in 490 BC and the introduction of the marathon event in the 1896 Olympics. There are health benefits to running such as weight loss, improved cardiovascular health, and reduced disease risk. Proper running form includes an upright posture, arm movement, and adjusting stride based on distance. Common injuries can result from changes in volume or pace, or from repetitive stress without recovery.
Track and field is a sport comprising running, jumping, and throwing events performed in a stadium with an oval running track and a central grass field. Running events include sprints, middle-distance, and long-distance races held on the track, while jumping and throwing events take place in the central field. The sport has its origins in ancient religious festivals and the first recorded Olympic Games in 776 BCE.
Lou Harwood & Andrew Fisher, PhD - WorldRowing.com: End To End Data AnalysisPyData
This document summarizes an analysis of rowing competition data from WorldRowing.com. It describes how the authors collected data on over 50,000 rowers from junior, U23, senior, and Olympic competitions. Their analysis found that around 20% of junior rowers transitioned to the U23 level, and 13% of U23 rowers became Olympians. They also examined which countries had the most rowers with experience on junior national teams later compete in Olympic boats. The top nations for this pathway to the Olympics were the USA, GBR, AUS, ITA, and NED.
Rowing ergometers as an aide to on-water training pros and consrowperfect
Ivan Hooper from Australian Institute of Sport gave this presentation about the advantages and disadvantages of training on ergos. They don't replicate the water well, sliders and variable K drag factors and ratings don't match water boat rates.
Presentation on the topic of athletic game.Athletics is called the mother of all the games.in this presentation history of athletics is covered.technology and equipment used in athletics are also covered
Final Marathon or sprint launch Les Mayhew slides 19 April.pptxILC- UK
Research by the International Longevity Centre UK (ILC) funded by Bayes Business School — based on Commonwealth Games competitor records since the inaugural event in 1930 — shows large differences in the longevity of medal winners compared to people in the general population that were born in the same year. A report finds that top-level sports people can live over 5 years longer than the rest of the population.
This study compared the effects of three different modes of feedback on improving the glide performance of elite swimmers - video feedback alone, video plus verbal feedback, and feedback using the GlideCoach software which provides quantitative data on glide variables. Nineteen swimmers performed dives over five sessions and received one of the three types of feedback for the first four sessions. In the fifth session, all swimmers received GlideCoach feedback. The results showed that feedback led to improvements in glide variables for all groups, but the improvements were greater for the group receiving GlideCoach feedback, with effect sizes 1.0-2.5 compared to less than 0.6 for the other groups. The study concluded that GlideCo
Swimming has been an important part of the author's life for 11 years. The document provides a history of swimming dating back to 2000 BC when ancient Egyptians were depicted swimming. Modern competitive swimming began in 1837 in Great Britain. The author was unaware of swimming's rich history and health benefits until conducting research. Swimming provides physical and mental health benefits such as low-impact exercise, reduced stress, anxiety and depression, and can delay cognitive decline in older adults. Life skills like goal setting and problem solving can also be learned through swimming.
Athletics involves running, jumping, and throwing sports. It originated in ancient Greece where track and field events were featured in the Olympic Games. The Greeks promoted athletics to showcase soldiers' strength and skills. Over time, women were included in events and international governing bodies were established. Popular athletics events include relays, hurdles, long jump, high jump, pole vault, shot put, discus throw, and javelin throw. Tracks for running events are oval shaped with eight lanes while field events take place in designated areas.
Comparison of Selected Anthropometric and Physical Fitness Variables between ...IOSR Journals
1) The study compared selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables between offensive (chasers) and defensive (runners) female Kho-Kho players from Annamalai University.
2) Speed, agility, cardio-respiratory endurance, arm length, and leg length were measured for 10 chasers and 10 runners.
3) The results showed no significant differences between chasers and runners for any of the physical fitness or anthropometric variables tested.
A Study on selected anthropometric characteristics of heightweight matched fe...iosrjce
The main objective of IOSR-JSPE is to reunite specialists from different fields, such as sport, physical activity, Kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, in order to provide the opportunity of multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas related to sport and health will be invited to publish their newest gathered information and its practical applicability. The target group involves specialists from different fields, such as: academic researchers, kinesitherapists, Physical Education and sport teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches or any other specialists related to the sport domain.
Comparative study on growth status of Teen age Male Volleyball players on sel...ijsrd.com
The game of Volleyball was invented a long way since 1895 when W. G. Morgan hang a tennis net six feet across the Holyoke "Y" gym and volleyed a basketball bladder back and forth and named it as "mignonette. Initially, the game was managed by Indian Olympic Association and the Interstate volleyball Championship was conducted every two years between the years 1936 and 1950.The purposes of the study were to find out the relationship of growth status between the variables of U-14 years and U-19 years groups. Sixty two (62) male subjects were selected for this study. Among them, thirty one (31) male subjects for U-14 and thirty one (31) male subjects for U-19 years groups. Findings revealed that the relationship between variables of the three growth variables, relationship existed in all of the two age groups except in height and BMI of two groups.
ANALYSIS OF INJURIES, OVERTRAINING AND DEHYDRATION IN THE ELITE FEMALE ATHLET...ROBELYN GARCIA PhD
This document analyzes injuries, overtraining, and dehydration in elite female beach handball athletes. It discusses how the fast-paced nature and increasing popularity of beach handball has led to more pressure on athletes to perform at high levels, which can result in injury, dehydration, and overtraining if athletes do not get sufficient recovery. The document outlines symptoms of overtraining syndrome for beach handball coaches and players to watch for. It also notes that injuries often rise following breaks in play due to factors like fatigue, dehydration, and improper training and recommends ways for coaches to help prevent and address overtraining, injuries, and dehydration in their athletes.
Asca 2015 top to bottom dryland training for 12 uCharlie Hoolihan
This document provides information on dryland training for swimmers. It begins by establishing the need for dryland training to address muscle imbalances from repetitive swimming motions and improve strength, power, and injury prevention. It then discusses principles for dryland workout design for swimmers, emphasizing exercises that lengthen muscles, improve stability, and mimic swimming motions. Core stability is highlighted as important for technical development in young swimmers. The document concludes by demonstrating exercises and discussing considerations like breathing patterns, mobility assessments, and corrective exercises.
This study examined the relationship between hydration and race performance in cyclists. Ten cyclists were surveyed about their hydration levels and race results for two races - one while dehydrated and one while hydrated. It was found that 4 out of 10 cyclists placed in the top 10 when dehydrated, while 7 out of 10 placed in the top 10 when hydrated. However, feelings during the race did not differ much between conditions. The hypothesis that hydrated cyclists would feel better and perform better was partially supported, as hydration improved results but not feelings.
The document discusses modern trends in competitive swimming training. It summarizes the concepts of baby swimming and aqua therapy. It then discusses problematic trends in competitive swimming coaching such as overtraining, misguided motor learning principles, excessive use of drills, reliance on swimming equipment for training, and performing weight and cross training. The document argues these trends are not evidence-based and can be detrimental to performance. It stresses the importance of refining swimming technique through valid pool practice to drive performance enhancement.
The participant performed an exercise where they would move to different markers on the investigator's instruction and then return to the middle. The assistant investigator moved with the participant carrying altitude sacks to simulate different altitudes. Heart rate and oxygen levels were measured after.
A tennis drill was also performed where balls were machine hit to the participant and they would return them to a target. The investigator recorded hits and misses. Heart rate and oxygen were measured after 12 balls at different simulated altitudes.
Sebastian Coe was an Olympic gold medalist in the 1500m known for his innovative training methods. He utilized a periodized yearly plan with high weekly mileage that incorporated extensive aerobic conditioning, tempo runs, and intervals targeting various energy systems. While pioneering for his time, modern analysis finds his strength training could be improved with higher intensity approaches and plyometrics were underutilized. Overall, his systematic approach revolutionized middle distance training.
Presentation examining the track and field events from a strength coach's perspective. Part of a presentation I did at the 2013 Australian Track and Field Coach's Association's Coaching Congress.
Similar to Reasons for Success in Competitive Swimming among Various Human Races (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
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Reasons for Success in Competitive Swimming among Various Human Races
1. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE)
e-ISSN: 2347-6737, p-ISSN: 2347-6745, Volume 1, Issue 3 (Jan. 2014), PP 24-30
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Reasons for Success in Competitive Swimming among Various
Human Races
Mr. Partha Pratim Majumder1
, Dr. Sayantani Roy Choudhury2
1. Director, Swimming, Indian life saving society, CSC, Saturday Club, Kolkata, India
2. Associate Professor, Unitedworld School of Business, Kolkata, India
Abstract: It is very interesting to learn that though some consider swimming as Athletic Sports but when we
consider the best sportspersons in swimming and running, there is a totally different result in terms of Human
Race. It made us interested to find out the reason, why Swimming is not dominated by the Black race, what
physical disadvantages they have in swimming. Also what physical advantages an Asian have in comparison
with Dravidian to lead the Swimming World after White race! As we have analysed physical factors, there are
some prominent structural difference in between 'black' and 'white' races which clarifies why White people are
good in swimming. But these cannot reflect a clear difference in performance between Chinese and Dravidian.
The question remains, what might be the determined factors behind the performance of a swimmer! The other
factors can be (a) socio-cultural factor, (b) financial factor and most importantly (c) technical factor. We do
differentiate between 'blacks' and 'white' swimmers in that line of arguments. But if we again come to compare
between Chinese and Dravidians swimmers, it is difficult to get support from data in this context. Thus there
should be another important factor by which we can explain the missing link. That may be the factor by which a
swimmer can overcome his or her physical, socio-cultural as well as financial draw-backs. That factor may
reveal the reason behind the success of Chinese swimmers in recent past. This factor may point out the reason
behind absence of Dravidians in international swimming though they are very close to Chinese in terms of other
factors. That missing link is identified as ‘technical factor’. Despite having adverse physical factor upto certain
extend, it can be overcome by Systematic Training Pattern, Proper Filtration of Talent with Social recognition
and Financial Support.
Keywords: Competitive swimming, Socio-cultural, techniques, human races, physical.
I. Introduction
Competitive Swimming has taken a great part to build the Nations Pride, specially when the major
sporting event like Olympic is considered. Swimming which has been part of Modern Olympic Games first
held in 1896 at Athens. In 1908 the World Swimming Association called Fédération Internationale de
Natation (FINA), was formed. [Lisa Porter, 2010]
This sport contributes the 2nd
large numbers of medals in the Medal tally (after Athletics). Let us analyse few
factors that involve competitive swimming in terms of various human races.
The different type humans races are as follows:-[11]
Australian Aborigines and Papuans
American Indians (Native Americans)
Pacific Islanders
Blacks (Sub-Saharan Africans)
Whites (Caucasians)
Dravidians (Indians)
Asians
Mixed Race Population.
Table 1: Composition of world population
Composition of World Populations
Race Per Cent Geographic Origin
Negroid or Black 10.5 Sub-Saharan Africa
Caucasians or Whites 19 Europe, Near East, North Africa
Dravidians 12 India
Asians or Mongolian’s 48 Asia
Mixed Race, Aborigine, American Indian,
Pacific Islanders etc.
10.5 Various
2. Reasons For Success In Competitive Swimming Among Various Human Races
www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
As we can see there are, four Major Human Race in the World Population and Balance is Mixed and other
human races. When we consider the performance in terms of some major Swimming and Running events, the
results of last four Olympics are as Follows in term of the above four human races (or if it mixed the Dominant
race):-[14]
TABLE 2: Comparison through Olympic results
Swimming
Event
Olympic Result 2000 Olympic Result 2004 Olympic Result 2008 Olympic Result 2012
With country code With country code With country code With country code
Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze
50 mt Freestyle
(Men)
USA USA NED USA CRO RSA BRA FRA FRA FRA USA BRA
400mt
Freestyle(Men)
AUS ITA USA AUS AUS USA KOR CHI USA CHI KOR USA
100mt Back
Stroke (Men)
USA AUS GER USA AUT JPN USA USA AUS USA USA JPN
100mt
Butterfly(Men)
SWE AUS AUS USA USA URK USA SRB AUS USA RUS RSA
100mt Breast
Stroke(Men)
ITA USA RUS JPN USA FRA RUS AUS USA JPN NOR FRA
50mt (Women)
Freestyle
NED SWE USA NED FRA AUS GER USA AUS NED BLR NED
400mt Freestyle
(Women)
USA USA CRC FRA POL USA GBR USA GBR FRA USA GBR
100Back Stroke
(Women)
ROM JPN SPN USA ZIM FRA USA ZIM USA USA AUS JPN
100 Butterfly
(Women)
NED SVK USA AUS POL NED AUS USA AUS USA CHN AUS
100mt Breast
Stroke(Women)
USA AUS RSA CHI AUS AUS AUS USA AUT LUT USA JPN
ALTHLETIC
EVENTS
100mt
RUN[MEN]
USA TRI BAR USA POR USA JAM TTO USA JAM JAM USA
10000M
RUN[MEN]
ETH KEN ETH ETH ETH ERI ETH ETH KEN GBR USA ETH
100M
RUN[WOMEN]
GRE JAM JAM BLR USA JAM JAM JAM JAM JAM USA JAM
10000M
RUN[WOMEN]
ETH ETH GRE CHI ETH ETH ETH TUR USA ETH KEN KEN
Table -2 : Colour code:
Caucasian or White Race : white colour
Mongolian or Asian Race: yellow colour
Negroid or Black Race : Grey colour
Dravidian : N.A.
Note : This colour doesn’t ensure of the Pure or Mixed race, but it indicate the dominant race of the
participating sportspersons.]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Swimming Running
White
Black
Asian
Dravidian
Figure 1: Medal Winning Chart (on % basis) between Swimming and Running comparing last four Olympic
Result, among Different Human Race in reference to TABLE-2
3. Reasons For Success In Competitive Swimming Among Various Human Races
www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
1.2. Objective-
It is very interesting to learn that though some consider swimming as an Athletic Sports but when we
consider the best sportspersons in swimming and running, there is a totally different result in terms of Human
Race. As we can see from the “Table 2” and “Figure 1”, Swimming (both Short and Long Distance and different
strokes) is Dominated (Both men and women) by the White (Aryans or Aryans dominant mix) and part being
leaded by Asian, the existence of Black or Dravidian race are not in the lead. Whereas the Running (Both Short
and Long Distance) is mainly dominated by the Black race and quite few White are there in the league among
the top performers.
It made us interested to find out the reason, why Swimming is not dominated by the Black race, what
physical disadvantages they have in swimming and Advantages they have in running. Also what physical
advantages an Asian have in comparison with Dravidian to lead the Swimming World after White race.
1.3. Comparative study of Physical structure of different human race in respect of competitive swimming-
1.3.1 Floatation Capacity
a)
Centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy are behind swimming capabilities. Adrian Bejan (2010), a
professor of mechanical engineering at Duke University in North Carolina, and Dr Edward Jones (2010) of
Howard University in Washington discussed in The Daily Telegraph that mass that falls from a higher
altitude falls faster. In running, the altitude is set by the location of the center of gravity. For the fastest
swimmers, longer torsos allow the body to fall forward farther, riding the larger and faster wave. The
researchers concluded that, on average, blacks have
about a 3% higher center of gravity than whites. That may make black sprinters 1.5 percent faster than
white sprinters. Using that formula, whites may have a similar advantage over blacks in swimming
[Mathu Moore, 2010]. The paper also reported that although Asians have lower centers of mass/longer
relative torsos like whites, European whites have an advantage in swimming due to longer overall
torsos (Adrian Bejan; Edward C. Jones; Jordan D. Charles; 2010).
b) Racial differences could come through the structure of bone. Asian Indians are lean "sinkers" because they
have little fat and a high percentage of bone and muscle in their physical make-up. On the other hand, the
Inuit are fat and round, adaptations that minimize heat loss. That combination also makes them float well.
Similarly, because blacks have such dense bones, they are less buoyant and less likely to be swimming
champions. [William Robertson Boggs, 1992]
c)
The volume of air in the lungs has an important effect. After inhalation, a greater amount of water is
displaced without any increase in weight. Thus, floating is easier when the lungs and chest are expanded but
the angle of float will be increased. But from different study, it is found that there is no significance
difference among the races in this respect.(Brent S. Rushall, 2007)
1.3.2 Height . The average height for male swimmers is 187.1 ± 7.2 cm. It is about 14 cm higher than in
female swimmers. The height in male swimmers is more variable between events than in female
swimmers. Tall Swimmers are at an advantage because they have Bigger Feet to Kick with Longer Arms
i.e. “Longer Lever” to pull with.
Although if we consider general height among different Human Races, Aryans and Part of Black Race
have higher average height compare to Asians & Dravidians. But we have observed in Modern Swimming the
top swimmers have nearly same height despite of different races. This may be because of Proper Screening
Process. E.g. Although the average male height of Chinese (1.663 mt. or 5 ft 5½ in) is lower than the average
height of American (1.789 mt or 5 ft 10½ in) or Australian (1.784 mt or 5ft 10in), but the Top Swimmers from
China also have good height. Recent world champion Sun Yang is 1.98mt (6 ft 6 in) tall. However there are
exceptions also. The average height for an Olympic Gold Medalist in Men 200 Free Style is 6ft 4 inches over
past 12 years (Eugena Jung, 2012), but South Korean swimmer Park Tae Hwan despite having a height of 6 feet
only (which is 3.6 inches below the Olympic Average height) won Gold in 400 Free Style in 2008 Olympic and
Silver in 2012 Olympic [13].
After the above detailed discussion, it can be stated clearly that though physical structure is an
important factor but not the sole factor behind difference in swimming capability. There are some prominent
structural difference in between 'black' and 'white' which clarifies why White people are good in swimming
compare to Black in swimming, though Black race are better in running; but these cannot reflect a clear
4. Reasons For Success In Competitive Swimming Among Various Human Races
www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
difference in performance between Chinese and Dravidian. As per body fat, Chinese are same as Dravidian and
more surprisingly adipose tissue concentration with Chinese are less than all other race along with the Dravidian
(Dale R Wagner and Vivian H Heyward, 2000).
Therefore the question remains, what might be the determined factors behind the performance of a
swimmer! Is it only the Physical Factor in different human race?
Let us discuss some other factors:
The other factors can be (a) socio-cultural factor, (b) financial factor and most importantly (c) technical factor.
1.4. Socio-cultural factors-
As we have discussed early, swimming is not a sport in which we tend to see black faces. Contrast this
with sprinting and basketball, which are dominated by black athletes from all over the world. The 10 fastest
100m male sprinters in the world are all black, as are eight of the world's 10 fastest women. There is
undoubtedly a wide gap between black and white participation in certain sports. According to a recent study by
USA Swimming, nearly 60% of African-American children between the ages of six and 16 are unable to swim,
in comparison to 31% of white children (Chin MK, So RC, Yuan YW, Li RC, Wong AS, 1994). It shows socio-
cultural factors are very much influential. Biology alone cannot account for success.
One of the past studies (Lola Adesioye, 2008) of the survey evidently justify the hypothesis that the social status
of families from where the swimmers originated is one dimension of inequalities encountered in competitive
swimming. This sport is chosen mostly by the children of upper-middle class people in USA.
Different study shows that, children whose parents were of former performers in swimming and children of
former elite athletes in other individual sports who are getting engaged with competitive swimming, mostly on
the initiative of their parents. This reveals the high degree of self-reproduction of sport society, a tendency
which is expected to continue in the future as well (Lola Adesioye, 2008).
1.5. Financial factors-
A 1999 study by the University of Arizona actually shows that so ingrained are the stereotypes about
racial superiority and inferiority in certain sports that they affect not only which sports both black and white
people gravitate toward but also their performance in those sports.
The environment in which we live and are educated also plays a role. Although Eric the Eel was mocked for his
slowness, the reality is that in his hometown in Equatorial Guinea, he only had access to a 20m pool. (Lola
Adesiove, 2008)
In the west, where the vast majority of black people live in the inner cities, the types of sports they engage in are
the ones most suited to an inner-city environment, not only in terms of access but also cost. This may explain
why basketball courts are found on most inner-city blocks in African-American neighborhoods: they are cheap
to build, require little maintenance and participation is affordable.
There are very few swimming pools, tennis courts and golf courses built in black communities, and they tend to
require higher financial outlay. Golf and tennis are usually the domain of private membership clubs, and – even
with the stunning successes of Tiger Woods and the Williams sisters – are still considered white, upper middle-
class sports. The USA Swimming study found that swimming ability, regardless of race, actually increases in
relation to parents' income and education.
In the same way, Black Africans have had restricted access to swimming pools that are both be privately or
publicly owned. Private swimming pools in residential areas are owned by homeowners and access is
determined by the home owner. The majority of home owners with pools are wealthy. Many Black people
cannot afford the high costs of building and maintaining an individually owned pool.
It has been shown in the study by Karen D. Berukoff and Grant Michael Hill (2010), 'A Study of Factors That
Influence the Swimming Performance of Hispanic High School Students' that swimming opportunity has a very
strong significant positive relationship with swimming performance.
The characteristics of the personality which are necessary for competition – independence, assuming risks, long-
term planning (to be discussed in Technical Factor), and acceptance of deferred gratification – are precisely
overlapping with those elements of the life-style which children and youth growing up in an entrepreneurial
culture are socialized in. The financial situation of sport worsened to such an extent that the families of young
athletes are necessarily overtaking the financial burden of sporting careers.
A lot of discussion has been done in two earlier paragraphs. We do differentiate between 'blacks' and 'white'
swimmers in that line of arguments. But if we again come to compare between Chinese and Dravidians
swimmers, it is difficult to get support from data in this context.
Thus there should be another important factor by which we can explain the missing link. That may be the factor
by which a swimmer can overcome his or her physical, socio-cultural as well as financial draw-backs. That
factor may reveal the reason behind the success of Chinese swimmers in recent past. This factor may point out
5. Reasons For Success In Competitive Swimming Among Various Human Races
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
the reason behind absence of Dravidians in international swimming though they are very close to Chinese in
terms of other factors.
1.6. Technical Factor
Swimming is a Technique Driven Sports. The Performance of a Swimmers not merely dependent on the
physical advantage of a Swimmer (Though it is a factor) as we can understand from the study of Olympic result
of different human race, but it also depend on few major factors (for which the Swimmers of China and Japan
are doing so well despite having less physical advantage then the White Americans, Australians and Europeans).
These factors are:-
1. Stroke Technique: Good technique enable a swimmer to pull more water in an efficient manner (that mean
without wasting too much of energy per pull/kick) with less Body Drag.
2. Mental Strength: It has been seen that many swimmers despite having less basic physical advantages like
height, power etc., outperform the race with great mental determination. Some of the major metal strength
requirement is the pain bearing capacity at the lactic pic level, managing race pressure against some tough
competitor; learn from loosing, killer instinct.
3. Nutrition: Nutrition and proper food habit with the required supplement are not easy to maintain for a low
economic background swimmers.
4. Sacrifice: Any Elite Sportsperson need to sacrifice a lot of small thing in their life for the achievement.
Some of this thinks are balancing or time management of their personal and education life, lot of small
entertainment factor, other sports.
5. X Factor: It has been seen that in a group of Swimmers of same class of physical advantage and doing
same in practice one swimmer is doing better in the Vital Swimming Meet, this type of difference can be
treated as the X Factor or Competitive spirit of a Swimmer.
6. Long term planning though a systematic training program: All the technical factors discussed above to
be imposed on swimmers through a long term planning and well build systematic training program. Though
Dravidian and Asian have similar structure but one of the thing that differentiate Asian performance in
swimming compare to Dravidian is the Social recognition of Sports and target setting towards the
performance. Let us take an example of Chinese swimming in term of Long Term Planning.
In Barcelona Olympic China got four Gold and five Silver medals in Women section [12], but this did not
happen on sudden program rather through a long term planning. This success was in part due to the standards
used for selecting swimmers of Olympic potential:
1. Evaluation of growth to future performance: In 1980, all All-Chinese swimmers were surveyed for setting up
a Chinese outstanding swimmer's model and they found,
a) There was a significant difference between the Chinese male swimmer's height and the Olympic swimmer's.
b) The strength of the Chinese women and men swimmers was much weaker compared with Olympic
swimmers.
2. Evaluation of morphology, fitness, and physiology: Understanding the physiological factor, specifically,
importance of height of swimmers in the selection procedure was more specific from the basic stages which
encourage the tall swimmers to get better opportunity.
3. Final selection and training.
For the Chinese Olympic Swimmers, the coaches increased practice intensity, and improved the
swimmer's strength.
In 1980, research showed that practice intensity of the Chinese swimmers was too low.
Altitude training is an effective training method, although there is controversy about the effects of altitude
training on subsequent performance at sea level. Since 1985, the Chinese swimmers have been to Kunming
(where the altitude is almost the same as the Olympic training centre in Colorado Springs) to do altitude
training. Usually, the training lasts three to four months, then swimmers return to sea level about two weeks
before championships. Before the Barcelona Olympics, the Chinese swimmers and the Unified team all
experienced altitude training. [Jinri Jiang, ]
This clearly indicates how a long term well build planning can overcome the physical drawback.
Whereas no such long term measure has been taken to build the swimmers of South East Asian Countries (who
are Dravidian Dominant origin), this clarifies the poor result in Swimming by these country in the said Olympic.
6. Reasons For Success In Competitive Swimming Among Various Human Races
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
1.7. Conclusion -
We can conclude the entire discussion in the following way,
Efficiency in swimming = A function of (factors come from race, socio-cultural factors, financial factors,
technical factors). All the factors are very important. A champion swimmer can be a combination of all the
above factors.
Fig 5: Venn diagram showing four factors and common portion
Above figure can be a good representative of our discussion. We have identified four influencing factors on
which performance of a swimmer depends. Suppose 'A' is the factors from race, 'B' is the socio-cultural factors,
'C' is the financial factor and 'D' is the technical factor. In the diagram, 'B' and 'C' are shown as a part of 'A'.
Because 'socio-economic' and 'financial' factors can come from different race. A good swimmer may be a
combination of all four. In the diagram, 'red' portion represents the common zone. Thus, if a swimmer lies in the
'red' zone, he got all positive influences from all four factors, and could be a champion.
But, there is a very high chance that most of the swimmers stand outside that zone. Somebody can have one, two
or three positive factors; may not have all four. Question arises, how to overcome the absence of positive impact
of some factors?
A swimmer can never change his or her race. Similarly, it is almost impossible to change his/her socio-cultural
factors. One can try to change his/her financial condition, but according to our discussion total economic
financial condition should be changed to find some positive influence on the performance of a swimmer. That is
a long term phenomenon, beyond the capacity of an individual. So, we are left with the sole factor, that is,
technical factor. The performance of a swimmer can definitely be changed with improved technique. Negativity
of all other factors can definitely be reduced by proper technique. Therefore, 'B' can lift a swimmer out of all
negative impacts of his/her race; it can bring him/her out of 'A'.
1.8. Recommendations -
In the above discussion and study it has been understood that the performance of swimmer in terms of
different Human Race are dependent not only on the Physical Factor of each Race but also on the (a) socio-
cultural factor, (b) financial factor and most importantly (c) technical factor. Despite having Adverse Physical
Factor upto a certain extend can be overcome by Systematic Training Pattern, Proper Filtration of Talent with
Social recognition and Financial Support. We strongly believe that in Near Future we can see some of the
Quality Swimmers will come from Dravidian and Black Race also if the above stated factor supports this sport.
References:
[1]. Adrian Bejan, Edward C Jones, Jordon D Charles, 2010. The Evolution Of Speed In Athletics: Why The Fastest Runners Are Black
And Swimmers White.International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics. 5(3):199-211.
[2]. Brent S. Rushall. 2007. Floating In Swimming: The Forgotten Technique Modifier. Swimming Science Bulletin, Number 36.
[3]. Chin MK, So RC, Yuan YW, Li RC, Wong AS. 1994. Cardiorespiratory fitness and isokinetic muscle strength of elite Asian junior
soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1994 Sep; 34(3):250-7.
[4]. Dale R Wagner and Vivian H Heyward (2000). Measures of body composition in blacks and whites: a comparative review1,
2, Am J
Clin Nutr, June 2000 vol. 71 no. 6 1392-1402.
[5]. Eugena Jung (2012). Swimmer Overcome Height Challenges, Yale Baily News , 11/09/12
[6]. Jinri Jiang, M.S. How to select potential Olympic swimmers. www.geocities.ws/ddstcoach/Coach.htm
[7]. Karen D. Berukoff and Grant Michael Hill, 2010. A Study of Factors That Influence the Swimming Performance of Hispanic High
School Students. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education,2010, 4, 409-421
[8]. Lisa Porter, 2010.The History of Competitive Swimming. Livestrong.com (http://www.livestrong.com/article/342427-the-history-of-
competitive-swimming/).