Ivan Hooper from Australian Institute of Sport gave this presentation about the advantages and disadvantages of training on ergos. They don't replicate the water well, sliders and variable K drag factors and ratings don't match water boat rates.
Over the past 150 years of competitive rowing:
- Winning times have decreased by around 25-30%, with the average velocity of boats increasing.
- Physical dimensions of elite rowers have increased, with current average heights around 197cm compared to 173-180cm in the late 19th century.
- Aerobic capacity of elite rowers has also increased significantly, from an estimated maximum of around 5 liters/minute in the 1920s to over 7 liters/minute currently.
- Training methods and volumes have advanced enormously over the decades, with current elite rowers training over 30 hours per week compared to 1-2 hours in the 1860s.
- Improved boat design, equipment, training and
The 100m Sprint: a Basic Needs AnalysisJill Costley
Draft 100m sprint needs analysis from my Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes IAAF rules, basic sprint mechanics and physiology, the most commonly associated sprint injuries (e.g. HSI, navicular stress fracture and Achilles tendinopathy) and general applications of the needs analysis to training and testing of athletes.
Baseball players today are bigger, stronger, leaner, and faster than 10 years ago due to increased athleticism demands in the modern game. Training has become necessary year-round to develop the qualities of athleticism needed, such as coordination, balance, agility, speed, power, and flexibility. Developing athleticism requires addressing all aspects through methods like rhythm and coordination drills, balance training, agility work, and implementing speed, power and dynamic flexibility training while avoiding long slow distance training that hinders explosiveness.
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation Jill Costley
Periodisation presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, principles of training, homeostasis of stress, main types of periodisation, periodisation of sprinting and athlete case study. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but it might be a useful starting point for someone. Feel free to comment.
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training Jill Costley
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
This document summarizes a research study that compared body composition, physical fitness, and performance between canoe and kayak sprint paddlers. The study found no significant differences in anthropometric or fitness measures between the two groups. A correlation analysis revealed that canoe paddlers' performance correlated positively with lower body strength measures, while kayak paddlers' performance correlated with height, arm span, and leg length. The factors relating to performance differ between canoe and kayak disciplines.
VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) refers to the amount of oxygen that can be consumed within 1 minute – this value has been called the absolute VO2max and this parameter is one of the highest in rowers among other sport disciplines.
Olympic weightlifting snatch presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, snatch phases and bar trajectory (first and second pull) etc. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but they might be a useful starting point for someone studying the area. Feel free to comment.
Over the past 150 years of competitive rowing:
- Winning times have decreased by around 25-30%, with the average velocity of boats increasing.
- Physical dimensions of elite rowers have increased, with current average heights around 197cm compared to 173-180cm in the late 19th century.
- Aerobic capacity of elite rowers has also increased significantly, from an estimated maximum of around 5 liters/minute in the 1920s to over 7 liters/minute currently.
- Training methods and volumes have advanced enormously over the decades, with current elite rowers training over 30 hours per week compared to 1-2 hours in the 1860s.
- Improved boat design, equipment, training and
The 100m Sprint: a Basic Needs AnalysisJill Costley
Draft 100m sprint needs analysis from my Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes IAAF rules, basic sprint mechanics and physiology, the most commonly associated sprint injuries (e.g. HSI, navicular stress fracture and Achilles tendinopathy) and general applications of the needs analysis to training and testing of athletes.
Baseball players today are bigger, stronger, leaner, and faster than 10 years ago due to increased athleticism demands in the modern game. Training has become necessary year-round to develop the qualities of athleticism needed, such as coordination, balance, agility, speed, power, and flexibility. Developing athleticism requires addressing all aspects through methods like rhythm and coordination drills, balance training, agility work, and implementing speed, power and dynamic flexibility training while avoiding long slow distance training that hinders explosiveness.
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation Jill Costley
Periodisation presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, principles of training, homeostasis of stress, main types of periodisation, periodisation of sprinting and athlete case study. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but it might be a useful starting point for someone. Feel free to comment.
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training Jill Costley
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
This document summarizes a research study that compared body composition, physical fitness, and performance between canoe and kayak sprint paddlers. The study found no significant differences in anthropometric or fitness measures between the two groups. A correlation analysis revealed that canoe paddlers' performance correlated positively with lower body strength measures, while kayak paddlers' performance correlated with height, arm span, and leg length. The factors relating to performance differ between canoe and kayak disciplines.
VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) refers to the amount of oxygen that can be consumed within 1 minute – this value has been called the absolute VO2max and this parameter is one of the highest in rowers among other sport disciplines.
Olympic weightlifting snatch presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, snatch phases and bar trajectory (first and second pull) etc. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but they might be a useful starting point for someone studying the area. Feel free to comment.
The development of anthropometric profileSportlyzer
Rowing is a weight-dependent sport where anthropometric parameters of elite rowers emphasize the importance of body mass and size. Successful elite rowers are lean, relatively tall and have a high proportion of muscle mass compared to other endurance disciplines. Long arms are of advantage for giving an extra leverage.
Sweep rowers are taller and more muscular compared to scullers, which is related to different biomechanics of rowing with one oar and different dynamics of boat movement.
This document provides an overview, needs analysis, test results, training plan summary, and evaluation for a 23-year old tight head prop rugby player over a 3-month pre-season period. The needs analysis examines the positional demands of open play and set pieces for forwards. Test results show improvements in strength, power, and speed over the pre-power testing period. The training plan progressed from technique to maximum strength and power over 17 weeks utilizing various periodization models and exercise variations. Future plans include better communication between coaches and improving post-season testing for a more precise pre-season program.
The document provides an athlete profile and needs analysis for a 22 year old male semi-professional rugby player. It analyzes the physical and physiological demands of rugby, including high aerobic and anaerobic demands, high levels of strength, power, acceleration and agility. It also discusses common injuries in rugby and injury mechanisms. A 3-month training program is proposed focusing on hypertrophy, maximal strength, and speed-strength development. Pre and post testing results show improvements in body composition, jumping, sprinting and strength.
This document provides an analysis of an athlete's needs for wrestling. It summarizes the athlete's profile, including that he is a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who competes in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. It analyzes the physiological and biomechanical demands of wrestling, including the predominant muscle groups used and energy systems relied upon. It also evaluates the athlete's current strength, power, speed, flexibility and injury risk to identify areas for improvement in his training to better meet the physical demands of wrestling.
Lightweight rowers have specific body build requirements due to weight restrictions. Ideal physiques include being relatively tall (180-185cm for males, 170-175cm for females) with high muscle mass and low body fat (2-5%). Maintaining this composition is challenging as additional muscle risks exceeding the weight limit. Studies show physiques of lightweight rowers have remained stable over decades, indicating the limits shape their bodies. Performance relies more on physiological traits like aerobic threshold than anthropometric attributes like muscle mass.
Maximal aerobic power refers to the power output that the rower can generate using mainly aerobic energy pathways. It is a power output that corresponds to the maximal oxygen consumption intensity.
The document compares pre-season preparation programs in rugby union from two sources. Gamble's program was 13 weeks total with 2 weeks of hypertrophy work, 8 weeks of strength work, and 3 weeks of power work. Corcoran and Bird's program was 20 weeks total with 8 weeks of hypertrophy, 6 weeks of strength, and 6 weeks of power. The document discusses factors like exercise selection and how it relates to mechanical specificity, as well as differences in volume and intensity between strength and power phases.
Effects of a six week hip thrust versus front squatFernando Farias
Hip thrust training resulted in greater improvements in the isometric mid-thigh pull peak
force compared to squat training, even though the pull involved a vertical force vector. It is
proposed that this is due to the hip extension moment-angle curves of the squat versus that of the
hip thrust, in that the hip thrust likely has a greater hip extension moment requisite at the angle at
which the isometric mid-thigh pull is performed, but these joint-specific kinetic hypotheses
require further investigation.
This document discusses load carriage and its impacts on female soldiers. It begins by noting the lack of research considering the specific needs of female soldiers in load carriage tasks, despite knowledge of gender differences in athletic performance. As more women serve in combat roles, carrying heavy loads of 40-60kg, understanding load carriage impacts is important. Physiologically, load carriage increases energy costs, with heavier and stronger women better able to handle loads. Biomechanically, loads alter posture, gait, and forces on the body, potentially increasing injury risk. Health issues from load carriage can include blisters, fractures, pain and injuries to the back, knees and feet.
This document provides a 3-month conditioning program for a 17-year old central defender completing a football scholarship. The needs analysis identifies that the player needs to increase lean muscle mass, speed, strength, agility, and functional movement. The program consists of a 6-week hypertrophy block followed by a 6-week max strength block. The strength program focuses on multi-joint exercises at 85-100% of 5RM. The conditioning program emphasizes developing high-speed running, sprinting, and muscular resilience through small-sided games and position-specific drills. Training is periodized and volume is reduced later in the week to optimize readiness for games. The program aims to reduce injury risk and increase performance.
The Role of the Strength and Conditioning CoachMatt Smith
The role of the strength and conditioning coach is to develop athletes physically and physiologically for elite sports performance through improving strength, speed, flexibility, and muscular endurance. The strength coach bridges the gap between training theory and practice to help athletes perform better and reduce injury risk. A strength coach wears many hats, acting as a disciplinarian, friend, mentor, organizer, manager, public relations officer, teacher, trainer, motivator, fundraiser, and analyst focused on taking any action to upgrade the physical qualities needed for athletic success. The quality of a coach's work depends on the quality of relationships built through effective communication.
This document discusses converting lab test results to on-water rowing performance. While rowing ergometry and on-water rowing have similar physiological demands at different intensities, the position of the rower in the boat can affect their physiological response. Lab tests of two rowers in a coxless pair showed completely different lactate performance curves compared to their on-water performance, with the stroke-side rower having higher lactate values in the boat despite appearing to have a better performance curve in the lab. Care must be taken to account for a rower's position when setting training intensities based on lab tests to avoid excessively high training loads.
Postactivation potentiation in elite youth rugby players: the acute effects o...Sam Collins
This document provides an overview of a study that investigated the potentiating effects of heavy back squats, heavy front squats, and depth jumps on subsequent countermovement jump and 10m sprint performance in elite youth rugby players. Nine participants performed one of the voluntary conditioning activities and were tested on countermovement jump and sprint times at 4, 7, and 10 minutes post-activity. The depth jumps elicited the most significant potentiation for countermovement jump performance compared to the other activities. While all activities improved sprint times over the control, the heavy back squats produced the most significant results and greatest potentiation compared to the other activities.
Distribution of training intensities - an annual training planSportlyzer
In order to get the maximal benefit of training, the rower (coach) should know the categories of training intensities, or in different terms – the intensity zones.
The individual intensity zones help the coach to describe training intensities for particular athlete in order to maximize the benefit of each training session.
This document provides a case study for a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who is in the early pre-season phase. It outlines his athletic goals of improving upper and lower body strength and power. It analyzes his biomechanics, movement patterns, physiological demands, injury risks, and current testing results. It proposes a macrocycle consisting of an off-season hypertrophy phase focusing on muscle growth, a pre-season strength phase emphasizing maximal strength right before competition, and an in-season maintenance phase to preserve strength during competition while preventing overtraining. Workouts are prescribed for each phase focusing on exercises like squats, cleans, and presses using various set/rep schemes and intensities.
The document discusses the scientific basis and development of the Performance Manager concept for quantitatively relating an athlete's training load to their performance over time. It describes how most studies have used the impulse-response model or its variations to model this relationship mathematically. The Performance Manager was developed based on this model to help coaches and athletes determine optimal training loads, identify overreaching, plan tapers, and monitor performance changes. Examples are given of Performance Manager charts for an elite cyclist over different seasons.
This case study documents a strength and conditioning program for a 22-year-old wide receiver on an American football team. The athlete's goals were to improve upper and lower body strength. Testing showed strengths in lower body power but weaknesses in speed, flexibility, and proprioception. A periodized program was designed with general preparation, specific preparation, and competition phases. After 12 weeks, the athlete showed improvements in strength, power, and agility, though speed and flexibility did not significantly improve. Future programs should focus more on these areas.
With COVID-19 still disrupting training and coaches looking to plan for returning to play, I thought I would share my UKSCA presentation which I recently passed. I used an example at Heriots Rugby and shows our return to play program in the aim of playing back in October. I'm keen to share this to help any other coaches and to create any discussion/feedback for myself and see if there is other things I could have done to improve on this. Really keen to start sharing more work and see how I can improve and changes things from feedback!
LT refers to the exercise intensity at which lactate production exceeds removal and begins to accumulate. It is an important determinant of endurance performance and provides a measure of metabolic fitness compared to VO2max as a measure of cardiovascular fitness. LT can be measured in various ways that are closely related. Factors like muscle mitochondria, fiber type, exercise mode determine LT. Training, especially continuous training around threshold, can significantly improve LT over a season in athletes. Interval training may also effectively raise LT.
Rowing ergometers as an aide to on-water training pros and consRebecca Caroe
Ivan Hooper from Australian Institute of Sport gave this presentation about the advantages and disadvantages of training on ergos. They don't replicate the water well, sliders and variable K drag factors and ratings don't match water boat rates.
This study aimed to compare VO2max scores in wheelchair athletes using an upper-body ergometer and a new wheelchair ergometer prototype. Ten male wheelchair basketball players performed VO2max tests on both ergometers. No significant differences were found between the ergometers, though there was a trend toward higher scores on the wheelchair prototype. Data screening removed outliers due to large differences in body mass. While inconclusive, the study provided insights to improve the wheelchair ergometer prototype for better testing wheelchair athletes' aerobic fitness.
The development of anthropometric profileSportlyzer
Rowing is a weight-dependent sport where anthropometric parameters of elite rowers emphasize the importance of body mass and size. Successful elite rowers are lean, relatively tall and have a high proportion of muscle mass compared to other endurance disciplines. Long arms are of advantage for giving an extra leverage.
Sweep rowers are taller and more muscular compared to scullers, which is related to different biomechanics of rowing with one oar and different dynamics of boat movement.
This document provides an overview, needs analysis, test results, training plan summary, and evaluation for a 23-year old tight head prop rugby player over a 3-month pre-season period. The needs analysis examines the positional demands of open play and set pieces for forwards. Test results show improvements in strength, power, and speed over the pre-power testing period. The training plan progressed from technique to maximum strength and power over 17 weeks utilizing various periodization models and exercise variations. Future plans include better communication between coaches and improving post-season testing for a more precise pre-season program.
The document provides an athlete profile and needs analysis for a 22 year old male semi-professional rugby player. It analyzes the physical and physiological demands of rugby, including high aerobic and anaerobic demands, high levels of strength, power, acceleration and agility. It also discusses common injuries in rugby and injury mechanisms. A 3-month training program is proposed focusing on hypertrophy, maximal strength, and speed-strength development. Pre and post testing results show improvements in body composition, jumping, sprinting and strength.
This document provides an analysis of an athlete's needs for wrestling. It summarizes the athlete's profile, including that he is a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who competes in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. It analyzes the physiological and biomechanical demands of wrestling, including the predominant muscle groups used and energy systems relied upon. It also evaluates the athlete's current strength, power, speed, flexibility and injury risk to identify areas for improvement in his training to better meet the physical demands of wrestling.
Lightweight rowers have specific body build requirements due to weight restrictions. Ideal physiques include being relatively tall (180-185cm for males, 170-175cm for females) with high muscle mass and low body fat (2-5%). Maintaining this composition is challenging as additional muscle risks exceeding the weight limit. Studies show physiques of lightweight rowers have remained stable over decades, indicating the limits shape their bodies. Performance relies more on physiological traits like aerobic threshold than anthropometric attributes like muscle mass.
Maximal aerobic power refers to the power output that the rower can generate using mainly aerobic energy pathways. It is a power output that corresponds to the maximal oxygen consumption intensity.
The document compares pre-season preparation programs in rugby union from two sources. Gamble's program was 13 weeks total with 2 weeks of hypertrophy work, 8 weeks of strength work, and 3 weeks of power work. Corcoran and Bird's program was 20 weeks total with 8 weeks of hypertrophy, 6 weeks of strength, and 6 weeks of power. The document discusses factors like exercise selection and how it relates to mechanical specificity, as well as differences in volume and intensity between strength and power phases.
Effects of a six week hip thrust versus front squatFernando Farias
Hip thrust training resulted in greater improvements in the isometric mid-thigh pull peak
force compared to squat training, even though the pull involved a vertical force vector. It is
proposed that this is due to the hip extension moment-angle curves of the squat versus that of the
hip thrust, in that the hip thrust likely has a greater hip extension moment requisite at the angle at
which the isometric mid-thigh pull is performed, but these joint-specific kinetic hypotheses
require further investigation.
This document discusses load carriage and its impacts on female soldiers. It begins by noting the lack of research considering the specific needs of female soldiers in load carriage tasks, despite knowledge of gender differences in athletic performance. As more women serve in combat roles, carrying heavy loads of 40-60kg, understanding load carriage impacts is important. Physiologically, load carriage increases energy costs, with heavier and stronger women better able to handle loads. Biomechanically, loads alter posture, gait, and forces on the body, potentially increasing injury risk. Health issues from load carriage can include blisters, fractures, pain and injuries to the back, knees and feet.
This document provides a 3-month conditioning program for a 17-year old central defender completing a football scholarship. The needs analysis identifies that the player needs to increase lean muscle mass, speed, strength, agility, and functional movement. The program consists of a 6-week hypertrophy block followed by a 6-week max strength block. The strength program focuses on multi-joint exercises at 85-100% of 5RM. The conditioning program emphasizes developing high-speed running, sprinting, and muscular resilience through small-sided games and position-specific drills. Training is periodized and volume is reduced later in the week to optimize readiness for games. The program aims to reduce injury risk and increase performance.
The Role of the Strength and Conditioning CoachMatt Smith
The role of the strength and conditioning coach is to develop athletes physically and physiologically for elite sports performance through improving strength, speed, flexibility, and muscular endurance. The strength coach bridges the gap between training theory and practice to help athletes perform better and reduce injury risk. A strength coach wears many hats, acting as a disciplinarian, friend, mentor, organizer, manager, public relations officer, teacher, trainer, motivator, fundraiser, and analyst focused on taking any action to upgrade the physical qualities needed for athletic success. The quality of a coach's work depends on the quality of relationships built through effective communication.
This document discusses converting lab test results to on-water rowing performance. While rowing ergometry and on-water rowing have similar physiological demands at different intensities, the position of the rower in the boat can affect their physiological response. Lab tests of two rowers in a coxless pair showed completely different lactate performance curves compared to their on-water performance, with the stroke-side rower having higher lactate values in the boat despite appearing to have a better performance curve in the lab. Care must be taken to account for a rower's position when setting training intensities based on lab tests to avoid excessively high training loads.
Postactivation potentiation in elite youth rugby players: the acute effects o...Sam Collins
This document provides an overview of a study that investigated the potentiating effects of heavy back squats, heavy front squats, and depth jumps on subsequent countermovement jump and 10m sprint performance in elite youth rugby players. Nine participants performed one of the voluntary conditioning activities and were tested on countermovement jump and sprint times at 4, 7, and 10 minutes post-activity. The depth jumps elicited the most significant potentiation for countermovement jump performance compared to the other activities. While all activities improved sprint times over the control, the heavy back squats produced the most significant results and greatest potentiation compared to the other activities.
Distribution of training intensities - an annual training planSportlyzer
In order to get the maximal benefit of training, the rower (coach) should know the categories of training intensities, or in different terms – the intensity zones.
The individual intensity zones help the coach to describe training intensities for particular athlete in order to maximize the benefit of each training session.
This document provides a case study for a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who is in the early pre-season phase. It outlines his athletic goals of improving upper and lower body strength and power. It analyzes his biomechanics, movement patterns, physiological demands, injury risks, and current testing results. It proposes a macrocycle consisting of an off-season hypertrophy phase focusing on muscle growth, a pre-season strength phase emphasizing maximal strength right before competition, and an in-season maintenance phase to preserve strength during competition while preventing overtraining. Workouts are prescribed for each phase focusing on exercises like squats, cleans, and presses using various set/rep schemes and intensities.
The document discusses the scientific basis and development of the Performance Manager concept for quantitatively relating an athlete's training load to their performance over time. It describes how most studies have used the impulse-response model or its variations to model this relationship mathematically. The Performance Manager was developed based on this model to help coaches and athletes determine optimal training loads, identify overreaching, plan tapers, and monitor performance changes. Examples are given of Performance Manager charts for an elite cyclist over different seasons.
This case study documents a strength and conditioning program for a 22-year-old wide receiver on an American football team. The athlete's goals were to improve upper and lower body strength. Testing showed strengths in lower body power but weaknesses in speed, flexibility, and proprioception. A periodized program was designed with general preparation, specific preparation, and competition phases. After 12 weeks, the athlete showed improvements in strength, power, and agility, though speed and flexibility did not significantly improve. Future programs should focus more on these areas.
With COVID-19 still disrupting training and coaches looking to plan for returning to play, I thought I would share my UKSCA presentation which I recently passed. I used an example at Heriots Rugby and shows our return to play program in the aim of playing back in October. I'm keen to share this to help any other coaches and to create any discussion/feedback for myself and see if there is other things I could have done to improve on this. Really keen to start sharing more work and see how I can improve and changes things from feedback!
LT refers to the exercise intensity at which lactate production exceeds removal and begins to accumulate. It is an important determinant of endurance performance and provides a measure of metabolic fitness compared to VO2max as a measure of cardiovascular fitness. LT can be measured in various ways that are closely related. Factors like muscle mitochondria, fiber type, exercise mode determine LT. Training, especially continuous training around threshold, can significantly improve LT over a season in athletes. Interval training may also effectively raise LT.
Rowing ergometers as an aide to on-water training pros and consRebecca Caroe
Ivan Hooper from Australian Institute of Sport gave this presentation about the advantages and disadvantages of training on ergos. They don't replicate the water well, sliders and variable K drag factors and ratings don't match water boat rates.
This study aimed to compare VO2max scores in wheelchair athletes using an upper-body ergometer and a new wheelchair ergometer prototype. Ten male wheelchair basketball players performed VO2max tests on both ergometers. No significant differences were found between the ergometers, though there was a trend toward higher scores on the wheelchair prototype. Data screening removed outliers due to large differences in body mass. While inconclusive, the study provided insights to improve the wheelchair ergometer prototype for better testing wheelchair athletes' aerobic fitness.
Presentation examining the track and field events from a strength coach's perspective. Part of a presentation I did at the 2013 Australian Track and Field Coach's Association's Coaching Congress.
This document summarizes a thesis on the effects of an ankle stretching and strengthening program on flutter kick speed in collegiate swimmers. The study involved splitting 21 subjects into 3 groups - a stretching group, strengthening group, and control group. The stretching and strengthening groups each performed a specific ankle program 4 times per week for 4 weeks, while the control group did not. All groups performed pre- and post-tests of a 50-yard flutter kick time trial. The study hypothesized that the strengthening program would significantly decrease kick time and the stretching program would increase ankle range of motion. The document provides background on the importance of ankle flexibility and strength for swimming and reviews previous studies supporting ankle programs.
The document discusses a study that tested whether a Constant Force Resistive Exercise Unit (CFREU) machine could maintain muscle strength over 10 weeks as effectively as free weights. 9 subjects were split into CFREU and free weight groups and performed leg exercises 3 times per week. The CFREU group saw significantly greater improvements in strength gains compared to the free weight group. The results suggest the CFREU machine was as effective or possibly more effective than free weights at maintaining muscle strength over time.
This study investigated the preparation phase of the seated double poling cycle in sledge hockey through biomechanical analysis. A solid-static prototype representing an adult male was used with motion capture and force plates to measure kinematics and kinetics. Results showed peak impact forces occurred before 5 milliseconds post contact. Forces were greatest when preparation began slightly below the horizon. Data provides baseline measures to understand preparation phase importance and insights to improve sledge hockey performance and shoulder joint health.
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...Sergio Gaggioni
This document summarizes a study that assessed the reliability of using single leg countermovement jumps (CMJs) to measure power output in elite rugby players. Twenty professional rugby players performed 3 maximal single leg CMJs with each leg. Power output was measured using a force platform. Results showed excellent reliability for power output measurements between jumps, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.963-0.974 for left and right legs. Power output was similarly reliable when comparing forwards and backs, suggesting single leg CMJs could reliably measure limb asymmetries and be used to assess an athlete's readiness to return to play following injury. However, further research is needed to address limitations like jumping form.
This document summarizes the results of physiological and anthropometric tests conducted on a male collegiate volleyball player. Testing included measures of height, weight, body composition, vertical jump height, drop jump height, 5m and 10m sprint times, and performance on a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. The athlete's results were generally higher or better than values reported for elite national volleyball teams, despite the athlete being shorter than average for the sport. This suggests that the athlete's extensive strength and conditioning program, with a focus on lower body power and plyometrics, has allowed him to outperform taller athletes. While genetics may play a role in his height, training appears to be a major factor in his physical capabilities. Further improvements could
This study investigated peak impact and push-off reaction forces during skating in sledge hockey to understand stresses on load-bearing limbs and predict potential overuse injuries. Five able-bodied male athletes propelled themselves off-ice using a sledge and motion capture was used to measure ground reaction forces. Results showed impacts of 1.2-3.1 times body weight created stresses on each arm for initiation, while push-offs generated 0.3-0.4 times body weight. Impacts posed greater injury risk than push-offs, with potential for shoulder and muscle soreness. Proper mechanics, weight training and care were recommended to protect shoulders.
1. The document discusses the concept of dynamic correspondence and how it relates to selecting training exercises that are similar to target sports skills. It examines five criteria for determining correspondence between the hang clean exercise and the vertical jump.
2. An analysis of the hang clean and vertical jump based on the five criteria finds some similarities but also differences, such as the hang clean producing greater force but taking longer to reach peak rates of force development compared to the vertical jump.
3. While the hang clean meets some criteria for training vertical jump ability, it is noted that no single exercise can meet all criteria and other factors like variation in training and periodization must be considered as well. Dynamic correspondence is presented as one tool among many for
199192 - LGB556 - Strength And Conditioning ProgrammeMatt St Clair
This document provides a research proposal for a project investigating vascular occlusion resistance training. The study aims to measure the physiological responses and strength/hypertrophy gains from occlusion training at the elbow flexors. It will compare the effects of a constant occlusion pressure of 40% 1RM versus an increasing pressure over 6 weeks. Outcome measures will include 1RM strength tests, arm circumference measurements, and electromyography. The methodology describes a 3 group design, data analysis plan, and considerations for cuff pressure and width.
Walk and Run For Life! Through Lever Mechanisms Or Spring Mechanisms? Melbour...Dr. James Stoxen DC
Running, as decades of studies have shown, is one of the best ways for your patients to put distance between themselves and the aging process. The medical quandary, though, has been determining for mature patients when the physical demands of running – the wear and tear on bone and joints — outweigh the enormous anti-aging benefits. Many physicians err on the side of caution, supportive footwear, orthotics and even prematurely advising patients to stop running. It’s been a pleasure to be here in Australia. Many of you know the “Blue Wiggle” Anthony Field, and it’s interesting that you’re coming to a medical conference and you’re hearing a doctor talk about anti-aging medicine and the application of bare-foot running and that was certainly the exact same thing that the client said, when I recommended barefoot running and barefoot training to him back in 2004. What happened was this individual had chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, which obviously was misdiagnosed, and he had clinical depression. To learn more about Dr. Stoxen’s other Lecture he gave entitled, ‘The Inflammation-Depression Connection at The 6th Annual A5M Conference In Anti-Aging & Aesthetic Medicine, click here I’m talking about the ‘Wiggles’ by the way and they were only in Chicago for approximately 48 hours, and we had a limited amount of time to try to fix this chronic condition that Anthony had for 25 years. What I did was what he called “the pain exorcism” which was a 15-hour-straight treatment broken up between, shows. Basically this was a grueling release of the human spring mechanism, and the flushing of the inflammatory chemicals with various therapies that was, extremely aggressive. - See more at: http://teamdoctorsblog.com/2013/03/lecture-video-and-power-point-notes-for-walk-and-run-for-life-through-lever-mechanisms-or-spring-mechanisms-melbourne-australia-august-19-2012/#sthash.oT1pIjK6.dpuf
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
This study aims to define gait for shoulder-produced locomotion using the double-poling technique from sledge hockey. A solid-static prototype mimicking the average male torso was used to determine baseline measures during the preparation phase. The prototype's trajectory and reaction forces supported that preparation initiation should begin slightly below the horizon to produce the greatest force. Results from sledge hockey players and able-bodied controls will be used to illustrate the complete seated gait cycle, including phases for static-start, start cycle, contact, and recovery. This evidence could improve training and rehabilitation for people who use their shoulders for mobility.
Stress Fracture Management and prevention tobyrsmith
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The almost constant ratio of record speeds for women vs. men elite athletes :...אלין המרמן
Gender Differences in Sport Performance
Running, Swimming, Skating, Rowing, Kayaking, Cycling
sexual dimorphism
ira@mailaps.org
Ira Hammerman
Revava, Israel
The use of stretching in the training programs of recrea-
tional and competitive athletes has been historically common-
place. The role of stretching in enhancing athletic performance
has been debated (49). The purpose of this review was to
examine the literature regarding the effect of stretching on
performance, without regard to any of the other purported
effects of stretching, including improvements in joint range
of motion, muscle length, or recovery from or susceptibility
to injury.
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1) Bilateral and unilateral isometric squat strength assessments were reliable measures for youth athletes and improved with maturation. Bilateral strength predicted change-of-direction (COD) performance over short distances, while unilateral strength predicted longer COD courses.
2) Acute turn-around time (4mTAT) was useful for assessing COD performance but not as a standalone test. As maturation and COD course distances increased, correlations between COD performance and isometric strength also increased.
3) Researchers examined relationships between isometric squat strength, COD performance, and maturation in youth athletes over different COD course lengths and distances. Bilateral and unilateral strength improved with maturation and better predicted longer COD courses.
Squash requires repeated short bursts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with brief rest periods. The athlete's goals are to increase strength, power, and injury prevention. Testing shows needs in areas like rate of force development and power. A training program will utilize complex training, focusing on strength, power, mobility and injury prevention for the shoulder. Exercise selection will consider factors like muscle damage recovery and incorporating different modalities efficiently.
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Rowing ergometers as an aide to on-water training pros and cons
1. The Rowing Ergometer; It’s
Relevance to Training and Testing
Ivan Hooper
M.Phty.St (Sports), B.Sc (HMS)
AIS Sports Physiotherapist & RA SSSM Coordinator
2. Relevance to Training and Testing
1. Discussion of some fundamentals
about the rowing ergometer
2. Presentation of Drag Factor study
results
3. Advice & recommendations
I AM NOT HERE TO TELL YOU TO
STOP USING THE ERGOMETER!
3. The Rowing Ergometer
Does it accurately reflect what happens on water?
– Kleshnev (2001, 2003, 2005) lists six key differences
1. Stroke rate is always 10-15% lower *
2. The stroke length is 3-5% longer *
3. Handle force has a higher peak and develops later
4. Handle and footstretcher forces nearly equal as opposed to
footstretcher force on water being 30% higher
5. Difference in the timing of stretcher and handle forces *
6. Maximal legs velocity is lower on an ergometer *
* a dynamic ergometer significantly alters or eliminates this difference
“Rowers with fast legs produce more power on water, while athletes
with slower legs and stronger upper bodies have relatively higher ergo
scores”
6. The rowing ergometer
• While static ergometers may
have been useful for training
physical fitness, they may also
adversely alter the coordination
of the muscles used in on water
rowing. (Elliot, 2002)
7. Fixed vs Dynamic Ergometers
• Bernstein et al, 2002
– Athletes rowed average 53mm longer on a fixed
ergometer
– As pieces progressed, there was an increase in stroke
length at the catch on a fixed ergometer
– The mean forces developed during the power phase were
significantly higher with the fixed ergometer
• Colloud et al, 2006
– Rowing on a dynamic ergometer seems to require
different muscular coordination to produce external force
contact patterns
– The lower catch and maximum values for external contact
forces on a dynamic ergometer could decrease the risk
factors for injuries
8. Ergometer Use and Low Back Pain
• Teitz et al, 2002
– Ergometer training for longer than 30 mins was the most
significant and consistent predictor of back pain for all age
groups
• Holt et al 2003
– 5% increase in lumbar flexion during a one hour ergometer
at training intensities
– Attributed to fatigue of the lumbar muscles
• Reid & McNair, 2000
– The combination of lumbar flexion and muscular fatigue
has long been identified as a cause of lumbar spine injury
amongst rowers
9. Ergometer Use and Low Back Pain
• Bernstein et al, 2002
– In elite rowers, land based training carries a 10-fold higher
risk of injury per hour than water based training, the
leading causes suggested being weights and ergometer
training
• Wilson et al, 2008
– Time spent ergometer training had the most significant
impact on injury risk
– This confirms biomechanical observations that the loading
to the joints in ergometer sessions is different to the
patterns seen on water
– Nov, Dec & Jan highest months for injuries and this is
related to high volumes of land training during winter
months
10. If we can confidently say that the
ergometer is not the same as on
water rowing, and that it is clearly
linked to injury, isn’t it time we did
something about it?
11. The effect of manipulating drag factor and
Concept II sliders on stroke rate
Scott Coleman1, Margy Galloway1, Ivan Hooper2,
Angela McCoombe1, Mark Osbourne3
1. Biomechanics Dept, Australian Institute of Sport
2. Physical Therapies Dept, Australian Institute of Sport
3. Sports Science, Queensland Academy of Sport
12. Background
• Ergometer testing is often completed
at stroke rates well below on water
race pace
• Many athletes report the current drag
factor (DF) settings feel too heavy
• Many coaches now prescribe
ergometer training at lower DF’s
• There is increased interest in using
the Concept II sliders as training tools
13. What Do Crews Rate?
2007 World Championships
Class SR Class SR
M8+ 40 W8+ 39.1
M4- 40.5 W4x 37.4
M4x 39.3 W2x 35.9
M2x 38.2 W2- 37.4
M2- 38.8 W1x 34.1
M1x 36.3 LW2x 36.1
LM4- 40.6
LM2x 38.8
14. The Current Situation
• What are the current settings?
• Where did these come from?
Category Drag Factor
HM 130
HW 120
LM 120
LW 110
15. Study Concept
• Small study designed to add some knowledge to
the following questions:
– Are the current drag factor settings appropriate?
– What effect do Concept II sliders have on stroke rate?
– Can we manipulate DF +/- sliders to get stroke rate closer
to on water race rates?
– Are Concept II sliders a reliable form of testing?
16. On Water vs Ergometer?
• Can we compare forces?
• Assumption
– If we manipulate variables to get
rate similar to on water racing, then
forces must be close to similar
17. Study
• 7 x 500m pieces at variable drag factors
– 3 @ 80% 2000m PB wattage
– 4 @ 100% 2000m PB wattage
• Manipulation of DF outlined below
• Testing order was randomised for each subject
• Done on fixed Concept II and on Sliders one week
apart
Study Settings
DF 1 DF 2 DF 3
HM 130 115 100
HW 120 105 90
LM 120 105 90
LW 110 100 90
18. Subjects
Study Subjects
Category No Crew
HM 4a Olympic Men's 4-
1 Sen A Men's 2+
4 U/23 Men's 4x
HW 4b U/23 Women's 4-
4 WUG Women’s 2x, 4-
LW 3 Sen A Women's LW4x
a) 1 athlete completed both sessions on sliders, 1 athlete didn’t do sliders
b) 1 athlete didn’t complete sliders
19. Results
• Mean rates for current settings
Study Results
Category Group mean
HM 29.8
HW 28.4
LW 31.3
WC Results
Sculling Sweep
36.3 (17.9%) 38.8 (23.2%)
34.1 (16.7%) 37.4 (24.1%)
36.1 (13.3%)
WC Results
Sculling Sweep
36.3 (17.9%) 38.8 (23.2%)
34.1 (16.7%) 37.4 (24.1%)
36.1 (13.3%)
20. Results
Sub Max Dynamic Ergo
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
DF1 DF2 DF3
StrokeRate(spm)
HMA
HMB
HWB
HWUG
LWA
Sub Max Fixed Ergo
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
DF1 DF2 DF3
StrokeRate(spm)
HMA
HMB
HWB
HWUG
LWA
22. Results
• Most athletes subjectively reported that they found
the lightest setting too light compared to the feel of
“on water rowing”
Combined FE vs DE
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
FE DF1 DE DF2
StrokeRate(spm)
HM A
HM B
HWB
HWUG
LWA
24. Results
• Error measurements
• Well within current accepted error
measurements for stationary ergometer
Time %
Fixed 0.4 sec 0.4
Dynamic 0.58 sec 0.58
25. Recommendations
• Change to the following DF’s
• Test on sliders
• Train on sliders
Category Drag Factor
HM 115
HW 105
LM 105
LW 100
26. Thanks To:
• All the subjects
• Tim Conrad
• Ellen Randell
• Lincoln Handley
• Peter Howard
• Alan Bennett
• Phil Gardiner & Sykes Racing
27. What Would Change?
• Marsden, 2006
– Comparison between physiological variables on fixed vs
slider Concept II
– No differences in curves, thresholds, peak metabolic data
(n=4)
– Mean 4.6 secs quicker on sliders (n=11)
– Mean 5.3 points higher in rate on sliders (n=11)
• Mahony et al, 1999
– No physiological differences during incremental rowing on
a fixed and dynamic ergometer
• Kane et al, 2008
– No significant differences in physiological variables with
altering drag factors
28. What Would Change?
• Perhaps a test that is more predictive of on
water performance??
• A training tool that may be closer to
enhancing the correct skill pattern??
• Likely decrease in low back injury rates!!
29.
30. Reference List
1. Bernstein, I. A., O. Webber, et al. (2002). "An ergonomic comparison of rowing machine designs: possible
implications for safety." Br J Sports Med 36(2): 108-12.
2. Colloud, F., P. Bahuaud, et al. (2006). "Fixed versus free-floating stretcher mechanism in rowing ergometers:
Mechanical aspects." Journal of Sports Sciences 24(5): 479 - 493.
3. Dudhia, A. (1999). "The physics of rowing: dynamic vs static ergometers." from
http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/rowing/physics/index.html.
4. Elliott, B., A. Lyttle, et al. (2002). "The RowPerfect ergometer: a training aid for on-water single scull rowing." Sports
Biomechanics 1(2): 123-134.
5. Hollinger, N. R., I. Marchand, et al. (1995). A comparison of kinematic and kinetic performance among athletes
during ergometer rowing. Aviron Canada Rowing. 1995: 9-13.
6. Holt, P. J. E., A. M. J. Bull, et al. (2003). "Kinematics of Spinal Motion During Prolonged Rowing." International
Journal of Sports Medicine(8): 597-602.
7. Howell, D. W. (1984). "Musculoskeletal profile and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in lightweight women
rowers." Am J Sports Med 12(4): 278-82.
8. Kane, D. A., R. L. Jensen, et al. (2008). "Effects of Drag Factor on Physiological Aspects of Rowing." International
Journal of Sports Medicine(5): 390-394.
9. Kelshnev, V. (2003). Discussion of ergometer rowing vs on water rowing. Rowing Biomechanics Newsletter. 3: 1.
10. Kelshnev, V. (2005). Discussion of ergometer rowing vs on water rowing. Rowing Biomechanics Newsletter. 5: 1.
11. Kleshnev, V. (2001). Discussion of ergometer rowing vs on water rowing. Rowing Biomechanics Newsletter. 1: 1.
12. Lamb, D. H. (1989). "A kinematic comparison of ergometer and on-water rowing." Am J Sports Med 17(3): 367-73.
13. Mahony, N., B. Donne, et al. (1999). "A comparison of physiological responses to rowing on friction-loaded and air-
braked ergometers." J Sports Sci 17(2): 143-9.
14. Marsden, J. (2006). 2 in 1 Results: Slider vs fixed Concept II. NSWIS Rowing Coaches Workshop. Sydney.
15. Reid, D. A. and P. J. McNair (2000). "Factors contributing to low back pain in rowers." Br J Sports Med 34(5): 321-2.
16. Rumball, J. S., C. M. Lebrun, et al. (2005). "Rowing injuries." Sports Med 35(6): 537-55.
17. Teitz, C. C., J. O'Kane, et al. (2002). "Back pain in intercollegiate rowers." Am J Sports Med 30(5): 674-9.
18. Wilson, F., C. Gissane, et al. (2008). "A 12 month prospective cohort study of injury in international rowers." Br J
Sports Med.