This document presents a study on implementing an extremely low power fifth-order FIR digital filter using sub-threshold source coupled logic (STSCL) in a 45nm CMOS process. STSCL allows logic gates to operate at sub-threshold voltage levels, enabling significantly lower power consumption compared to traditional CMOS implementations. The paper designs basic logic gates like XOR, OR, AND in STSCL. A fifth-order FIR filter with transposed direct form structure is implemented using the STSCL gates, with five-bit canonic signed digit multipliers for coefficient multiplication. Simulation results show the STSCL-based FIR filter achieves lower power-delay product than a comparable CMOS implementation, demonstrating the potential for STS
Low Power Design of Standard Digital Gate Design Using Novel Sleep Transisto...IJMER
In the nanometer range design technologies static power consumption is very important
issue in present peripheral devices. In the CMOS based VLSI circuits technology is scaling towards
down in respect of size and achieving higher operating speeds. We have also considered these
parameters such that we can control the leakage power. As process model design are getting smaller
the density of device increases and threshold voltage as well as oxide thickness decrease to maintain
the device performance. In this article two novel circuit techniques for reduction leakage current in
NAND and NOR inverters using novel sleepy and sleepy property are investigated. We have proposed a
design model that has significant reduction in power dissipation during inactive (standby) mode of
operation compared to classical power gating methods for these circuit techniques. The proposed
circuit techniques are applied to NAND and NOR inverters and the results are compared with earlier
inverter leakage minimization techniques. All low leakage models of inverters are designed and
simulated in Tanner Tool environment using 65 nm CMOS Technology (1volt) technologies. Average
power, Leakage power, sleep transistor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Low Power Design of Standard Digital Gate Design Using Novel Sleep Transisto...IJMER
In the nanometer range design technologies static power consumption is very important
issue in present peripheral devices. In the CMOS based VLSI circuits technology is scaling towards
down in respect of size and achieving higher operating speeds. We have also considered these
parameters such that we can control the leakage power. As process model design are getting smaller
the density of device increases and threshold voltage as well as oxide thickness decrease to maintain
the device performance. In this article two novel circuit techniques for reduction leakage current in
NAND and NOR inverters using novel sleepy and sleepy property are investigated. We have proposed a
design model that has significant reduction in power dissipation during inactive (standby) mode of
operation compared to classical power gating methods for these circuit techniques. The proposed
circuit techniques are applied to NAND and NOR inverters and the results are compared with earlier
inverter leakage minimization techniques. All low leakage models of inverters are designed and
simulated in Tanner Tool environment using 65 nm CMOS Technology (1volt) technologies. Average
power, Leakage power, sleep transistor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation and analysis of power reduction in 2 to 4 decoder design using...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vlsi Design of Low Transition Low Power Test Pattern Generator Using Fault Co...iosrjce
Now a day’s highly integrated multi layer board with IC’s is virtually impossible to be accessed
physically for testing. The major problem detected during testing a circuit includes test generation and gate to
I/O pin problems. In design of any circuit, consuming low power and less hardware utilization is an important
design parameter. Therefore reliable testing methods are introduced which reduces the cost of the hardware
required and also power consumed by the device. In this project a new fault coverage test pattern generator is
generated using a linear feedback shift register called FC-LFSR which can perform fault analysis and reduces
the total power of the circuit. In this test, it generates three intermediate patterns between the random patterns
which reduces the transitional activities of primary inputs so that the switching activities inside the circuit under
test will be reduced. The test patterns generated are applied to c17 benchmark circuit, whose results with fault
coverage of the circuit being tested. The simulation for this design is performed using Xilinx ISE software using
Verilog hardware description language
Energy efficient and high speed domino logic circuitsIJERA Editor
Domino CMOS circuit family finds a wide variety of application in microprocessors due to low device count and high speed.In this paper, various conventional and proposed designs for low leakage and high speed wide fan-in domino circuits are reviewed. The techniques used in the paper reduces the total power dissipation and delay by 25% and 58% respectively as compared to the conventional footed domino logic circuit. Simulations are performed on tanner tool at 65nm technology for 16 input OR gate.
Back track input vector algorithm for leakage reduction in cmos vlsi digital ...VLSICS Design
A new algorithm based on Input Vector Control (IVC) technique is proposed, which shifts logic gate of a
circuit to its minimum leakage state, when device goes into its idle state. Leakage current in CMOS VLSI
circuit has become a major constrain in a battery operated device for technology node below 90nm, as it
drains the battery even when a circuit is in standby mode. Major concern is the leakage even in run time
condition, here aim is to focus on run time leakage reduction technique of integrated Circuit. It is inherited
by stacking effect when the series transistors are maximized in OFF state condition. This method is
independent of process technology and does not require any additional power supply. This paper gives an
optimized solution of input pattern determination of some small circuit to find minimum leakage vector
considering promising and non-promising node which helps to reduce the time complexity of the algorithm.
Proposed algorithm is simulated using HSPICE simulator for 2 input NAND gate and different standard
logic cells and achieved 94.2% and 54.59 % average leakage power reduction for 2 input NAND cell and
different logics respectively.
Implementation and analysis of power reduction in 2 to 4 decoder design using...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vlsi Design of Low Transition Low Power Test Pattern Generator Using Fault Co...iosrjce
Now a day’s highly integrated multi layer board with IC’s is virtually impossible to be accessed
physically for testing. The major problem detected during testing a circuit includes test generation and gate to
I/O pin problems. In design of any circuit, consuming low power and less hardware utilization is an important
design parameter. Therefore reliable testing methods are introduced which reduces the cost of the hardware
required and also power consumed by the device. In this project a new fault coverage test pattern generator is
generated using a linear feedback shift register called FC-LFSR which can perform fault analysis and reduces
the total power of the circuit. In this test, it generates three intermediate patterns between the random patterns
which reduces the transitional activities of primary inputs so that the switching activities inside the circuit under
test will be reduced. The test patterns generated are applied to c17 benchmark circuit, whose results with fault
coverage of the circuit being tested. The simulation for this design is performed using Xilinx ISE software using
Verilog hardware description language
Energy efficient and high speed domino logic circuitsIJERA Editor
Domino CMOS circuit family finds a wide variety of application in microprocessors due to low device count and high speed.In this paper, various conventional and proposed designs for low leakage and high speed wide fan-in domino circuits are reviewed. The techniques used in the paper reduces the total power dissipation and delay by 25% and 58% respectively as compared to the conventional footed domino logic circuit. Simulations are performed on tanner tool at 65nm technology for 16 input OR gate.
Back track input vector algorithm for leakage reduction in cmos vlsi digital ...VLSICS Design
A new algorithm based on Input Vector Control (IVC) technique is proposed, which shifts logic gate of a
circuit to its minimum leakage state, when device goes into its idle state. Leakage current in CMOS VLSI
circuit has become a major constrain in a battery operated device for technology node below 90nm, as it
drains the battery even when a circuit is in standby mode. Major concern is the leakage even in run time
condition, here aim is to focus on run time leakage reduction technique of integrated Circuit. It is inherited
by stacking effect when the series transistors are maximized in OFF state condition. This method is
independent of process technology and does not require any additional power supply. This paper gives an
optimized solution of input pattern determination of some small circuit to find minimum leakage vector
considering promising and non-promising node which helps to reduce the time complexity of the algorithm.
Proposed algorithm is simulated using HSPICE simulator for 2 input NAND gate and different standard
logic cells and achieved 94.2% and 54.59 % average leakage power reduction for 2 input NAND cell and
different logics respectively.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Low Power Full Adder Design in Different ...ijcisjournal
This paper gives the comparison of performance of full adder design in terms of area, power and delay in
different logic styles. Full adder design achieves low power using the Transmission Gate logic compared to
all other topologies such as Basic CMOS, Pass Transistor and GDI techniques but it make use of more
number of transistors compared to GDI. GDI occupies less area compared to all other logic design styles.
This paper presents the simulated outcome using Tanner tools and also H-Spice tool which shows power
and speed comparison of different full adder designs. All simulations have been performed in 90nm, 45nm
and 22nm scaling parameters using Predictive Technology Models in H-Spice tool.
FORCED STACK SLEEP TRANSISTOR (FORTRAN): A NEW LEAKAGE CURRENT REDUCTION APPR...VIT-AP University
Reduction in leakage current has become a significant concern in nanotechnology-based low-power, low-voltage, and high-performance VLSI applications. This research article discusses a new low-power circuit design the approach of FORTRAN (FORced stack sleep TRANsistor), which decreases the leakage power efficiency in the CMOS-based circuit outline in VLSI domain. FORTRAN approach reduces leakage current in both active as well as standby modes of operation. Furthermore, it is not time intensive when the circuit goes from active mode to standby mode and vice-versa. To validate the proposed design approach, experiments are conducted in the Tanner EDA tool of mentor graphics bundle on projected circuit designs for the full adder, a chain of 4-inverters, and 4-bit multiplier designs utilizing 180nm, 130nm, and 90nm TSMC technology node. The outcomes obtained show the result of a 95-98% vital reduction in leakage power as well as a 15-20% reduction in dynamic power with a minor increase in delay. The result outcomes are compared for accuracy with the notable design approaches that are accessible for both active and standby modes of operation.
ANALYSIS OF CMOS AND MTCMOS CIRCUITS USING 250 NANO METER TECHNOLOGYcscpconf
The low-power consumption with less delay time has become an important issue in the recent
trends of VLSI. In these days, the low power systems with high speed are highly preferable
everywhere. Designers need to understand how low-power techniques affect performance
attributes, and have to choose a set of techniques that are consistent with these attributes .The
main objective of this paper is to describe, how to achieve low power consumption with
approximately same delay time in a single circuit. In this paper, we make circuits with CMOS
and MTCMOS techniques and check out its power and delay characteristics. The circuits
designed using MTCMOS technique gives least power consumption.
All the pre-layout simulations have been performed at 250nm technology on tanner EDA tool.
Analysis of CMOS and MTCMOS Circuits Using 250 Nano Meter Technology csandit
The low-power consumption with less delay time has become an important issue in the recent
trends of VLSI. In these days, the low power systems with high speed are highly preferable
everywhere. Designers need to understand how low-power techniques affect performance
attributes, and have to choose a set of techniques that are consistent with these attributes .The
main objective of this paper is to describe, how to achieve low power consumption with
approximately same delay time in a single circuit. In this paper, we make circuits with CMOS
and MTCMOS techniques and check out its power and delay characteristics. The circuits
designed using MTCMOS technique gives least power consumption.
All the pre-layout simulations have been performed at 250nm technology on tanner EDA tool.
Low Power-Area Design of Full Adder Using Self Resetting Logic with GDI Techn...VLSICS Design
Various electronic devices such as mobile phones, DSPs,ALU etc., are designed by using VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integration) technology. In VLSI dynamic CMOS logic circuits are concentrating on the Area
,reducing the power consumption and increasing the Speed by reducing the delay. ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Circuits) are designed by using adder, subtractors, multiplier, divider, etc.Various adder circuits designs
have been proposed over last few years with different logic styles. To reduce the power consumption
several parameters are to be taken into account, such as feedthrough, leakage power single-event upsets,
charge sharing by parasitic components while connecting source and drain of CMOS transistors There are
situations in a logic that permit the use of circuits that can automatically precharge themselves (i.e., reset
themselves) after some prescribed delays. These circuits are hence called postcharge or self-resetting logic
which are widely used in dynamic logic circuits. Overall performance of various adder designs is
evaluated by using Tanner tool . The earlier and the proposed SRLGDI primitives are simulated using
Tanner EDA with BSIM 0.250 lm technology with supply voltage ranging from 0 V to 5 V in steps of 0.2 V.
On comparing the various SRLGDI logic adders, the proposed adder shows low power, delay and low
PDP among its counterparts.
AREA EFFICIENT 3.3GHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP WITH FOUR MULTIPLE OUTPUT USING 45NM ...VLSICS Design
This paper present area efficient layout designs for 3.3GigaHertz (GHz) Phase Locked loop (PLL) with four multiple output. Effort has been taken to design Low Power Phase locked loop with multiple output, using VLSI technology. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD and practical experience in layout design. The proposed PLL is designed using 45 nm CMOS/VLSI technology with microwind 3.1. This software allows designing and simulating an integrated circuit at physical description level. The main novelties related to the 45 nm technology are the high-k gate oxide, metal gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric. The effective gate length required for 45 nm technology is 25nm. Low Power (0.211miliwatt) phase locked loop with four multiple outputs as PLL8x, PLL4x, PLL2x, & PLL1x of 3.3 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 0.825 GHz, and 0.412 GHz respectively is obtained using 45 nm VLSI technology.
Addition is a fundamental arithmetic operation that is broadly used in many VLSI systems, such as application-specific digital signal processing (DSP) architectures and microprocessors. This addition module is also the core of other arithmetic operations such as subtraction, multiplication, division and address generation. The prime objective of this project is to design a full-adder having low-power consumption and low propagation delay which may result in the efficient implementation of modern digital systems. This model is referred as “hybrid” because of the combination of two different design logic styles namely CMOS logic and pass transistor logic. Performance parameters such as power, delay and hence energy were compared with the existing designs such as complementary CMOS logic full adder. In the existing hybrid systems, over 28 transistors were used. While the optimized hybrid full adder circuit reduces this count to 8 transistors, it still obtains better energy efficiency. Further the proper working of proposed full adder is verified by applying it in a Ripple carry Adder circuit.
CMOS LOW POWER CELL LIBRARY FOR DIGITAL DESIGNVLSICS Design
Historically, VLSI designers have focused on increasing the speed and reducing the area of digital systems.
However, the evolution of portable systems and advanced Deep Sub-Micron fabrication technologies have
brought power dissipation as another critical design factor. Low power design reduces cooling cost and
increases reliability especially for high density systems. Moreover, it reduces the weight and size of
portable devices. The power dissipation in CMOS circuits consists of static and dynamic components. Since
dynamic power is proportional to V2
dd and static power is proportional to Vdd, lowering the supply voltage
and device dimensions, the transistor threshold voltage also has to be scaled down to achieve the required
performance.
In case of static power, the power is consumed during the steady state condition i.e when there are no
input/output transitions. Static power has two sources: DC power and Leakage power. Consecutively to
facilitate voltage scaling without disturbing the performance, threshold voltage has to be minimized.
Furthermore it leads to better noise margins and helps to avoid the hot carrier effects in short channel
devices. In this paper we have been proposed the new CMOS library for the complex digital design using
scaling the supply voltage and device dimensions and also suggest the methods to control the leakage
current to obtain the minimum power dissipation at optimum value of supply voltage and transistor
threshold. In this paper CMOS Cell library has been implemented using TSMC (0.18um) and TSMC
(90nm) technology using HEP2 tool of IC designing from Mentor Graphics for various analysis and
simulations.
Implementation of Area Effective Carry Select AddersKumar Goud
Abstract: In the design of Integrated circuit area occupancy plays a vital role because of increasing the necessity of portable systems. Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is a fast adder used in data processing processors for performing fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, the scope is reducing the area of CSLA based on the efficient gate-level modification. In this paper 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and 128 bit Regular Linear CSLA, Modified Linear CSLA, Regular Square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) and Modified SQRT CSLA architectures have been developed and compared. However, the Regular CSLA is still area-consuming due to the dual Ripple-Carry Adder (RCA) structure. For reducing area, the CSLA can be implemented by using a single RCA and an add-one circuit instead of using dual RCA. Comparing the Regular Linear CSLA with Regular SQRT CSLA, the Regular SQRT CSLA has reduced area as well as comparing the Modified Linear CSLA with Modified SQRT CSLA; the Modified SQRT CSLA has reduced area. The results and analysis show that the Modified Linear CSLA and Modified SQRT CSLA provide better outcomes than the Regular Linear CSLA and Regular SQRT CSLA respectively. This project was aimed for implementing high performance optimized FPGA architecture. Modelsim 10.0c is used for simulating the CSLA and synthesized using Xilinx PlanAhead13.4. Then the implementation is done in Virtex5 FPGA Kit.
Keywords: Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), efficient, Carry Select Adder (CSLA), Square-root CSLA (SQRTCSLA).
Reducing power in using different technologies using FSM architectureVLSICS Design
As in today’s date fuel consumption is important in everything from scooters to oil tankers, power consumption is a key parameter in most electronics applications. The most obvious applications for which power consumption is critical are battery-powered applications, such as home thermostats and security systems, in which the battery must last for years. Low power also leads to smaller power supplies, less expensive batteries, and enables products to be powered by signal lines (such as fire alarm wires) lowering the cost of the end-product. As a result, low power consumption has become a key parameter of microcontroller designs . The purpose of this paper is to summarize, mainly by way of examples,what in our experience are the most trustful approaches to lowpower design. In other words, our contribution should not be intended as an exhaustive survey of the existing literature on low-power esign; rather, we would like to provide insights a designer can rely upon when power consumption is a critical constraint.We will focus on the reduction of power consumption on different technologies for different values of oicapacitance and also compare power saving in technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In our project, we propose a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities. LP-TPG (Test pattern Generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter; gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The m-bit counter is initialized with Zeros and which generates 2m test patterns in sequence. The m-bit counter and gray code generator are controlled by common clock signal [CLK]. The output of m-bit counter is applied as input to gray code generator and NOR-gate structure. When all the bits of counter output are Zero, the NOR-gate output is one. Only when the NOR-gate output is one, the clock signal is applied to activate the LP-LFSR which generates the next seed. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is Exclusive–OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The patterns generated from the Exclusive–OR array are the final output patterns. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE 13.2 and it will be implemented on XC3S500e Spartan 3E FPGA board for hardware implementation and testing. The Xilinx Chip scope tool will be used to test the FPGA inside results while the logic running on FPGA.
Power Gating Based Ground Bounce Noise ReductionIJERA Editor
As low power circuits are most popular the decrease in supply voltage leads to increase in leakage power with respect to the technology scaling. So for removing this kind of leakages and to provide a better power efficiency many power gating techniques are used. But the leakage due to ground connection to the active part of the circuit is very high rather than all other leakages. As it is mainly due to the back EMF of the ground connection it was called it as ground bounce noise. To reduce this noise different methodologies are designed. In this paper the design of such an efficient technique related to ground bounce noise reduction using power gating circuits and comparing the results using DSCH and Microwind low power tools. In this paper the analysis of adders such as full adders using different types of power gated circuits using low power VLSI design techniques and to present the comparison results between different power gating methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Performance Analysis of XORXNOR Function Based High-Speed CMOS Fu...VLSICS Design
This paper presents comparative study of high-speed, low-power and low voltage full adder circuits. Our approach is based on XOR-XNOR design full adder circuits in a single unit. A low power and high performance 9T full adder cell using a design style called “XOR (3T)” is discussed. The designed circuit commands a high degree of regularity and symmetric higher density than the conventional CMOS design style as well as it lowers power consumption by using XOR (3T) logic circuits. Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) technique of low-power digital combinatorial circuit design is also described. This technique helps in reducing the power consumption and the area of digital circuits while maintaining low complexity of logic design. This paper analyses, evaluates and compares the performance of various adder circuits. Several simulations conducted using different voltage supplies, load capacitors and temperature variation demonstrate the superiority of the XOR (3T) based full adder designs in term of delay, power and power delay product (PDP) compared to the other full adder circuits. Simulation results illustrate the superiority of the designed adder circuits against the conventional CMOS, TG and Hybrid full adder circuits in terms of power, delay and power delay product (PDP).
Design of 64 bit SRAM using Lector Technique for Low Leakage Power with Read ...IOSRJVSP
: In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) the power dissipation predominantly comprises of dynamic as well as static power. Prior to introduction of “Deep submicron technologies” it is observed that in case of technology process with feature size larger than 1micro meter, the consumption of dynamic power out of the overall power consumption of any circuit is more than 90%,while that of static power is negligible. But in the present deep submicron technologies in order to, reduce the dynamic power consumption in VLSI circuits, the power supply is being scaled down, keeping in view the principle that the dynamic power dissipated is directly proportional to the square of the supply voltage (Vdd).The threshold voltage also needs to be reduced since the supply voltage is scaled down. Overcoming the inherent limitations in the existing method for leakage power reduction, The Lector (Leakage controlled transistor) technique which works efficiently both in active and idle states of the circuit and results in better leakage power reduction is now proposed. The proposed system presents the analysis of power on “64-bit SRAM array using leakage controlled transistor technique
Optimized Design of an Alu Block Using Power Gating TechniqueIJERA Editor
Power is the limiting factor in traditional CMOS scaling and must be dealt with aggressively. With the scaling
of technology and the need for high performance and more functionality, power dissipation becomes a major
bottleneck for a system design. Power gating of functional units has been proved to be an effective technique to
reduce power consumption. This paper describe about to design of an ALU block with sleep mode to reduce the
power consumption of the circuit. Local sleep transistors are used to achieve sleep mode. During sleep mode
one functional unit is working and another functional unit is in idle state. i.e., it disconnects the idle logic
blocks from the power supply. Architecture and functionality of the ALU implemented on FPGA and is tested
using DSCH tool. Power analysis is carried out using MICROWIND tool.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Extremely Low Power FIR Filter for a Smart Dust Sensor Module
1. Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Murad Kabir Nipun & Sajib Roy
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (3) : 2012 178
Extremely Low Power FIR Filter for a Smart Dust Sensor Module
Md. Moniruzzaman monir_706@yahoo.com
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Southeast University
Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
Md. Murad Kabir Nipun nipun83_aiub@yahoo.com
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Southeast University
Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
Sajib Roy sajib_roy22@yahoo.com
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
Abstract
Digital filters are common components in many applications today, also in for sensor systems,
such as large-scale distributed smart dust sensors. For these applications the power consumption
is very critical, it has to be extremely low. With the transistor technology scaling becoming more
and more sensitive to e.g. gate leakage, it has become a necessity to find ways to minimize the
flow of leakage in current CMOS logic. This paper studies sub-threshold source coupled logic
(STSCL) in a 45-nm process. The STSCL can be used instead of traditional CMOS to meet the
low power and energy consumption requirements. The STSCL style is in this paper used to
design a digital filter, applicable for the audio interface of a smart dust sensor where the sample
frequency will be 44.1 kHz. A finite-length impulse response (FIR) filter is used with transposed
direct form structure and for the coefficient multiplication five-bit canonic signed digit [7] based
serial/parallel multipliers were used. The power consumption is calculated along with the delay in
order to present the power delay product (PDP) such that the performance of the sub-threshold
logic can be compared with corresponding CMOS implementation. The simulated results shows a
significant reduction in energy consumption (in terms of PDP) with the system running at a supply
voltage as low as 0.2 V using STSCL.
Keywords: STSCL, CMOS, PDP, CSD Multiplier, FIR Filter.
1. INTRODUCTION
This Smart dust is a new and emerging technology in the fields of small wireless sensor
development. They are very small and each sensor has the capability of communicating with
other sensors. They are run by battery power supply and its lifetime depends on the application
and environment it is being used by. Currently these sensors are applied in forest services and in
chemical plants. The basic purpose of these sensors are to gather important data (excluding
noise or unwanted data) from the environment it is being applied to, and then transfer them to a
main server by wireless medium. It has basic DSP (digital signal processing) sections to perform
processing of the gathered input signals. One of the key components of that DSP section is a
digital filter which is required for eliminating any unwanted signals or noise. It is important for the
longevity of these sensors that they should consume as low power/energy during application
(without degrading performance by too much) and have a long lasting battery life. For achieving
such longevity in respect to battery life, the digital sections of these sensors need to be run under
lower supply and also dissipate as low leakage as possible. But it has to be kept in mind system
performance or delay must not be harmed by great amount in the course of reducing supply
voltage. Thus low power and low energy consumption with desirable performance are highly
2. Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Murad Kabir Nipun & Sajib Roy
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (3) : 2012 179
demanding requirements in the field of small-scale sensor applications. Integrated circuitry used
in these types of sensors must be efficiently employed and optimized such that the overall system
consumes very low energy from its battery or source of energy without any or with minor
degradation of performance. For current MOSFET processes at channel lengths below 65 nm the
leakage currents and its impact on performance has become a factor of concern. At a 45 nm
node, or below, the trend is that the leakage current continues to have a negative impact on
performance as well as the energy consumption. The usage of dynamic voltage scaling can
reduce the dynamic energy dissipation, but quite often this also increase the leakage current.
Further on, in 45 nm or lower the gate-to-channel tunneling effects is a large contributor to the
overall energy consumption. Leakage current can also consist of subthreshold leakage, which is
significant during the off-state operation mode. In CMOS the sub-threshold leakage can be
reduced by using MOSFET devices with high threshold value which in turn narrows down the
possible range for voltage scaling. Further on, reducing supply voltage in attempt to reduce power
consumption has a drawback as it increases the propagation delay. So even though power
consumption is less but due to larger delay - the energy consumption of the system increases,
hence performance as well as battery life for the system degrades. The mentioned drawbacks
can be solved using several different techniques like power gating [1] or multi-threshold CMOS
libraries [2]. In some sense, this increases the design complexity and imposes difficulties for the
verification and verification tools. For example, we might have to introduce several different clock
domains and power modes/domains to maintain the system performance under all conditions.
Thus the use of new types of logic styles, instead of CMOS, is a welcomed approach. Sub-
threshold source coupled logic (STSCL) is a fairly new kind of logic style that have recently came
into consideration for its ability to operate and perform at sub- threshold region (Vin < Vt) of a
MOSFET device [3]. This operating ability at sub-threshold or linear region allows the use of
gates implemented with STSCL and they can be operated at very low supply voltage without little
harm on system performance. Thus providing a low energy consumption rate for a system
implemented with STSCL gates. The understandings of the STSCL topology is applied to a fifth-
order FIR transposed direct form filter. We are aware that FIR filters might require more
computational power, but as we are focusing on observing the advantages of using STSCL
topology over CMOS in terms of energy consumption, this type of filter architecture is better
suited for serving the purpose. The basic STSCL inverter circuit and the required bias circuit for
operating the logic at sub-threshold region have already been designed and tested in other
research papers [1]. Thereby focus in this specific paper is given on the STSCL implemented
gates needed for filter designing, and the minimal configuration at which the gates can operate
suitably. Section II and III insights on the implementation of the STSCL based gates, the amplifier
needed for the replica bias circuit and the 5th order filter in STSCL gates. Finally the paper
concludes with the comparison of their performance with CMOS gate implementation.
2. BASIC LOGIC GATES IN STSCL
The Exclusive or (XOR/XNOR), or (OR/NOR), and (AND/NAND) gates, along with flip-flops
(DFF/DNFF) are the most commonly required logic gates to design a digital filter that will be
applicable to smart dust sensor modules implementation. The logic gates are designed to perform
under sub-threshold region at scaled down supply voltages; down to 0.2 V. The provided bias
currents per stage are in the order of 250 pA. The PMOS (acting as high resistive load [4]) widths
are 135 nm (has to be low in order to achieve a high load resistive value, this is mandatory for
running the gates at sub-threshold region) and the NMOS input devices are off widths 675 as
they need to have stronger driving capability to perform full logic swing of the next logic stages..
The circuit schematics for the XOR, OR, AND gates and DFF are given in Figure 1. The results of
performed simulations on XOR, OR and AND given in TABLE 1. The simulations are performed
with inputs at a rate of 10 kHz. For the DFF a clock frequency of 44.1 kHz is applied with the input
data rate at 10 kHz, like before, and an output duty factor of 50 %.
3. Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Murad Kabir Nipun & Sajib Roy
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (3) : 2012 180
Logic Temperature Power[nW] Delay [µs]
XOR/XNOR - 20 0.152 2.52
70 1.11 0.096
OR/NOR -20 0.157 1.489
70 1.15 0.129
AND/NAND -20 0.15 1.422
70 1.15 0.135
DFF -20 0.442 2.97
Logic Temperature Power[nW] Delay [µs]
DFF 70 3.366 0.152
TABLE 1: Power-Delay table for STSCL based logic gates
FIGURE 1: XOR/XNOR, OR/NOR, AND/NAND, DFF
2.1 Sub-threshold Amplifier for Bias Circuit [1]
Folded-cascode architecture has been used to design the amplifier required for the design of
replica bias circuit. In Figure 2 shows a schematic view of the amplifier with modified PMOS load
device [4]. Similar PMOS load devices have been used for the design of the amplifier's
4. Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Murad Kabir Nipun & Sajib Roy
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (3) : 2012 181
architecture in order to operate it at sub-threshold region. Even-though this architecture uses
more number of transistors but it can easily be applicable to operate at very low voltage. Other
architectures like two-stage OTA can also be used which require less number of transistors but is
difficult to be operated at sub-threshold regime.
FIGURE 2: Folded-cascode amplifier (operates in sub-threshold region)
3. STSCL BASED FIR FILTER
The fifth order FIR filter designed in this paper is a conventional, widely-used and foremost
verified structure (as in Figure 3). IIR filter can be also used instead of the FIR filter but IIR filters
have more design complications compare to FIR filter. The filter has a of serial-input and serial-
output form with a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz, and for the multiplication with fixed
coefficients a five-bit of serial/parallel multiplier [6] has been used. The response for the filter is
given in Figure 4. The coefficients are represented in canonic signed digit (CSD) form. CSD is an
optimized form compares to the more conventional two’s complement form [5]. The CSD based
S/P multiplier uses lesser hardware resources and hence lower the power down to further level.
The supply voltage is 0.2 V with a bias current at 250 pA per stage as discussed before. The
supply voltage of 0.2 V is the limit up to which the system can be operated. The basic tryout for
the different supplies allowed seeing how well a system could perform under critical situation
while STSCL gates have been configured to run at their minimum operating specification.
Simulations have been operated and compiled on Cadence Virtuoso v6.14, using both CMOS
and STSCL at -20°C and 70°C temperature. The results of the PDP along with the delay for the
fifth-order filter are shown in TABLE 2.
TABLE 2: PDP values for STSCL and CMOS based Fifth-order FIR filter.
Logic STSCL CMOS
Temp [°C] -20 70°C -20°C 70°C
PDP [fJ] 600.4 45.81 784.6 46.23
Delay [µs] Value 8 1.06 5.65 0.67
5. Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Murad Kabir Nipun & Sajib Roy
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (3) : 2012 182
FIGURE 3: Fifth-order FIR Filter
FIGURE 4: Response Fifth-order FIR Filter
4. CONCLUSION
The performance for STSCL at extreme condition is comparatively better than CMOS in a 45 nm
process at a supply voltage of 0.2 V. The most important factor found in the simulations is that the
energy consumption for STSCL is less than CMOS which suggests trying out further
implementation of all the digital components of the sensor in STSCL.
5. REFERENCES
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[3] H. Soeleman, K. Roy, and C.Paul, “Robust subthreshodl logic for ultra-low power operation”.
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International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (6) : Issue (3) : 2012 183
[6] M. Vesterbacka, K. Palmkvist, and L. Wanhammar, "Realization of Serial/Parallel Multipliers
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