The presentation will support to the students about rural development, urban development schemes.

1. TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
Rural, Urban and Rurban
Dr. Anil Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Sociology
STJM PG College, Bilhaur, Kanpur
E-mail: anil.aina@gmail.com, Mob. 9451087122

2. Rural Development
Introduction
• Rural development is too important for the nation, as a whole, to be
treated in this routine fashion. Indeed a prerequisite of urban
development in India is rural development. The poor and unemployed
of the villages will makeup the city slums of tomorrow. Such mindless
migration must be stopped so that cities do not get chocked in the way
they are today. Indeed, rural development is inescapable in India if the
rural-urban relationship is to be corrected. (Shriram Maheshwari)
• It is the need of current scenario that socio-economic life of the people
living in rural areas should become a priority item, even on the selfish
ground.
• Not a single political party in India could ignore the rural people due to
their votes.

3. Why Rural Development Required
I. Transform the traditional mode of economy in to modern economy.
II. Transform traditional mode of technology to modern technology.
III. Transform agricultural patterns- from traditional to modern:
i. Improvement in the land-use patterns (including Consolidation of Land)
ii. Land preparation methods
iii. Improvement in the cropping intensity
iv. Improvement in the pre-sowing practices
v. Seed replacement and cropping pattern- mixing the crops
vi. Mode of irrigation from traditional flooding method to sprinkler, drip irrigation
vii. Change in the use of pesticides and weedisides
viii. Harvesting and post harvesting process
ix. Transportation and marketing
x. Credit and Social Capital
xi. Extension services etc.
IV. Transform the transportation system- for agriculture produces as
well for the population.

4. Meaning of Rural Development
• World Bank (1975) observes that "rural development is a strategy designed to improve
the economic and social life of a specific group of people - the rural poor. It involves the
extension of the benefits of development to the poorest among those who seek a
livelihood in the rural areas. The group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the
landless.“
• Rural development as "improving the living standards of the low-income population
residing in rural areas and making the process of their development self-sustaining”.
• Rural development must be viewed as a process of raising the capacity of the rural
people:
• to control their environment. Environment does not mean only agricultural or economic
development, it includes all aspects of rural life – socio- cultural, economic and political.
• to influence their total environment, enabling them to become initiators and controllers of
change in their environment rather than being merely the passive objects of external
manipulation and Control.
• According to Michael Torado rural development encompasses:
1. Improvement in levels of living including employment, education, health and nutrition,
housing and a variety of social services,
2. Decreasing inequality in the distribution of rural incomes and in rural-urban balances in
Incomes and economic opportunities, and
3. The capacity of the rural sector to sustain and accelerate the pace of these.

5. Rural Development Programmes in India: Before 1947
There were many efforts for rural development made during British
Rules, some of them are:
• Gandhian Approach in Rural Development in Champaran, Bihar
(1917),
• Gandhian Experiment in Rural Reconstruction (1920),
• Sriniketan Project (1921) of Poet Rabindra Nath Tagore,
• Marthamdom Project (1921)– Spencer Hatch of YMCA,
• Gurgaon Project (1927) – F.LK. Bryne,
• Rural Reconstruction Movement (1932) –V.T. Krishanmachari,
• Sevagram (1936) – Mahatma Gandhi,
• Grow More Food Campaigns 1942 – F. L. Bryne,
• Indian village up-liftment Scheme in 1945, were started for rural
development.

6. Community Development Programme (CDP)
• Role of Chester Bowel (U.S. Ambassador in India)
• CDP was launched in the year 1952, under this programme community
development Blocks were launched (100 CDBs)- BDOs
National Extension of Service 1953
• In 1953, the National Extension Service (NES) programme was
launched. There were 100 Community Development Blocs established.
• Each NES block had about 100 villages and about 65 thousand
population. Block Development Officers (BDOs) and Extension Officers
were responsible for community development programmes.
Training Rural Youths for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
• This scheme was launched in 1979 to provide technical skills
(training) to rural youths (between 18-35 years) living below the
poverty line, to enable them to seek employment.
National Rural Employment Programme (NREP):
• This is redesigned programme of FWP, planned for creating
additional employment opportunities in the rural areas with the
help of surplus food grains. It was started in 1980 as a part of the
Sixth Plan (1980-85).
Rural Development Programmes in India: After 1947

7. Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)-1978
• This program was first introduced in 1978–79 in some selected areas, but covered all the
areas by November 1980.
• During the sixth five-year plan (1980–85) assets worth 47.6 billion rupees were distributed
to about 16.6 million poor families.
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)-1985
• To provide housing facilities to the poor (BPL) families residing in the rural areas by Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
• Present PM renamed it as PM Awas Yojana in 2015.
Jawahar Rojgar Yojna (JRY)-April 1989
• To merge National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment
Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
• Central-state contribution was on the basis of 50:50 ratio.
• Under this scheme, it was expected to provide at least one member of each poor family
(BPL family) an employment for 50 to 100 days in a year at a work near his/her residence.
• About 30 per cent of the jobs under this programme were reserved for women. The
scheme was implemented through Village Panchayats.
MNREGA
• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005 came into force
on February 2, 2006 in 200 backward districts.
Rural Development Programmes in India: After 1947

8. Other Programmes/Missions Supporting the Rural Development
• National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) -2001-02
• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)- 2005
• Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) -1975
• State Nutrition Mission, UP – November 2014
• National Nutrition Mission- 8 March 2018
• National Rural Livelihood Mission
• Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Sadak Yojana (PMAGSY)
• Swachha Bhrat Abhyan- Gramin
Rural Development Programmes in India: After 1947

9. Ministry of Rural Development (Union Government)
Ministry of Rural Development (State Government)
Additional Chief/Principal Secretary, Rural Development
Commissioner Rural Development
Chief Development Officer
Project Director, DRDA
Block Development Officer
Village Development Officers
Rural Development : Administrative Structure
Zila Panchayat
Kshetra Panchayat
Gram Panchayat

10. • There are various International and National agencies working for
development in India.
• International Funding Organizations
• World Bank- www.worldbank.org
• WHO- www.who.int
• UNICEF- www.unicef.org
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation- https://www.gatesfoundation.org/
• National Organizations
• NABARD
• TATA Trust
• ITC- CSR for Rural Development
• SIFPSA for Family Planning
• Local Organizations
• Grameen Development Services- https://gdsindia.ngo/
• Centre for Education and Communication (CEC), New Delhi- https://www.cec-india.org/
• The Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA)- for Rural Management Education
• AMUL- Cooperative for Dairy - https://www.amul.com
NGOs in Rural Development

11. • Globally, over 50% of the population lives in urban areas today. By
2045, the world's urban population will increase by 1.5 times to 6
billion. City leaders must move quickly to plan for growth and provide
the basic services, infrastructure, and affordable housing their
expanding populations need. (World Bank,
https://www.worldbank.org)
• With more than 80% of global GDP generated in cities, urbanization
can contribute to sustainable growth if managed well by increasing
productivity, allowing innovation and new ideas to emerge.
Urban Development

12. Theories of Urban Development
A. The classical theories of urban development include:
1. Von Thunen Model,
2. Concentric Zone Theory,
3. Wedge or Radial Sector Theory and
4. Multiple-Nuclei Theory.
5. Central Place Theory
6. Weber’s Theory of Location
B. The Modern theories of urban development:
• Public Choice Theory
C. Planning Theories
1. Traditional Planning Theories
2. Synoptic Planning
3. Incremental Planning
4. Advocacy Planning
5. Radical Planning
6. Urban Regime Theory
7. Transactive Planning

13. Major urban development programmes in India
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) -2005
• National Urban Livelihood Mission-2013
• Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) or Housing for All by 2022 Mission- 2015
• The Smart Cities Mission-2015
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Project-2015
• Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)-2015
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)- Urban-2014

14. Rurban Development
G. S. Ghurye- Anatomy of Rururban Community-1963
• Anatomy of a Rururban Community (1963) was intended as a pilot study to be
followed up by an intensive work.
• This book presents the results of the pilot study of the whole community, town, and
country, of Haveli (pseudonym), ‘the cultural centre of linguistic Maharashtra’; it is
conceptualised as ‘rururban’ because ‘the central unit is formed by the great city of
Poona [now Pune], still retaining its rural vestiges as seen ... in the matters of crops
and acting as the inspiring focus of the religio-cultural features of the rural units.
• The salient features of ancient cities were a fortress, religious institutions and the
socio-economic separation of people into distinct neighborhoods or natural areas
(Ghurye 1961 cf. Rao 1991).
• In “Cities and Civilization-1962”. G. S. Ghurye developed the framework for natural
history of cities.
• As per his views cities in India was not developed as like western counties, but due to
expansion of agriculture people required market to sale-out their produces. Varanasi
and Kanchipuram to for marketing of silk.
• Now government has started a Rurban Mission in the year- 2016
• The National Rurban Mission (NRuM) follows the vision of "Development of a cluster of
villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with focus on equity
and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to be essentially
urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of "Rurban Villages".
• https://rurban.gov.in/