This is about agricultural extension system of 3 different countries: India, Japan and Sri Lanka

1. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM OF DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
COURSE NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
Prepared by:
SUDIP KUMAR GORAI
M.Sc Student
Division of Agricultural
Extension
ICAR-IARI

2. INTRODUCTION:
Agricultural extension continues to be transition worldwide
Different countries all over the world are advancing
structural, financial and managerial reforms to improve
agricultural extension services
Apart from public extension system, private extension,
pluralistic extension, e-extension through application of ICT
etc. are some of the innovations in extension’s current
transition all over the world
I have selected
a) a developed country: Japan
b) a developing country: Sri Lanka
c) my own country: India

3. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
A. Land area
i. Irrigated 24,690 sq.
Km
5700 sq. Km 667,000 sq.
Km
ii. Total area 364560 sq.
Km
65610 sq.
Km
3,287,263
sq. Km
iii. Arable
land
11.52% 20.7% 52.8%
iv. Area
under
permanent
crops
0.80% 15.8% 4.2%
v. Area under
forest/wood
68.46% 29.4% 23.1%
vi. Area
under
1.7% 7% 3.5%

4. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
2. Date of
Independence
May 3, 1947 February 4,
1948
August
15,1947
3. Border
countries
None None Bangladesh,
Bhutan,
Burma, China,
Nepal,
Pakistan
4. Coast line 29,751 Km 1340 km 7000 km
5. Climate Tropical in
South, cool
temperate in
North
Tropical
monsoon,
northeast
monsoon
(Dec- March),
S-W monsoon
(june-october)
Varies from
tropical
monsoon in
South to
temperate in
North
6. Natural
resources
Ocean, forests Limestone,gra
phite, mineral
Coal, iron ore,
manganese,

5. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
7.
Transportation
i. Railways 27,311 km 1447 km 68525 km
ii. Highways 1,218,772 km 114093 km 4699024 km
iii. Waterways 1770 km 160 km 14500 km
iv. Pipelines Gas: 4456 km,
oil: 174 km
Gas: 13581
km, oil: 8943
km, LPG: 2054
km, refined
products:
11069 km
v. Ports and
harbors
Chiba,
Kawasaki,
Kobe, Moji,
Osaka
Colombo Chennai,
Kandla,
Kolkata,
Mumbai,
Vishakhapatna
m

6. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
9. GDP:
purchasing
power parity
$5.405 trillion $278.2 billion $9.447 trillion
10. GDP: real
growth rate
1.5% 4.7% 6.7%
11. GDP- per
capital: ppp
$42,700 $13000 $7200
12. GDP-
composition
by sector
i. Agriculture
ii. Industry
iii. Services
1%
29.7%
69.3%
7.8%
30.5%
61.7%
17.4%
28.9%
53.7%
13. Population
below poverty
line
16.1% 6.7% 21.9%

7. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
14. Household
income or
consumption
by percentage
share
i. Lowest 10%
ii. Highest
10%
2.7%
24.8%
1.6%
39.5%
3.6%
29.8%
15. Inflation
rate
0.4% 6% 3.8%
16. Labor
force
67.77 million 8.937 million 521.9 million
17. Labor
force- by
occupation
i. Agriculture
ii. Industry
iii. Others
2.9%
26.2%
70.9%
28.4%
25.7%
45.9%
47%
22%
31%

8. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
19. Budget
I. Revenue
II. expenditur
e
$1.678 trillion
$1.902 trillion
$12.64 billion
$16.66 billion
$248.7 billion
$330.3 billion
20. Industries Among
world’s largest
and most
technologically
advanced
products of
motor vehicle,
electronic
equipment,
machine tools
etc
Processing of
rubber,tea,
coconuts,toba
cco,
telecommunic
ation,
banking,
insurance,
Tourism
Textiles,
chemicals,
food
processing,
steel, cement,
software
21. Industrial
production
growth rate
1.4% 5.4% 7.5%

9. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
Natural
hazards
Earthquake,
tsunami,
volcanic
eruption
Cyclones and
tornadoes
Drought,
floods
Electricity
production
976.3 billion
kW-h
12.64 billion
kW-h
1.289 trillion
kW-h
Electricity
consumption
933.6 billion
kW-h
11.72 billion
kW-h
1.048 trillion
kW-h
Agricultural
products
Vegetables,ric
e,fish, poultry,
fruit,pork,flow
ers
Rice,
sugarcane,
grains,pulses,
oilseed,spices,
vegetables,tea
Rice, wheat,
oilseeds,cotto
n, just, tea,
sugarcane,
lentils, dairy
products

10. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka Indian
Exports $683.3 billion $10.93 billion $299.3 billion
Export
commodities
Motor vehicle,
iron and steel
products,
semiconductors
Textiles,tea,spic
es,
rubber,stones
Petroleum
products,stones
, vehicle,
machinery,
chemicals
Export partners US, China, South
Korea
US, UK, India US, UAE, Hong
Kong
Imports $625.7 billion $21.14 billion $426.8 billion
Import
commodities
Petroleum,
liquid natural
gas,
clothing,coal
Petroleum,
textiles,
machinery and
transportation
equipment
Crude oil,
stones,
machinery,
chemicals,
fertilizer
Import partners China, US,
Australia
India, China,UAE China, US, UAE
Debt-external $3.24 trillion $47.8 billion $483.4 billion
Currency Yen Sri Lankan Indian Rupee

11. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
Population :
Agricultural
population :
126.71 million
2.09
million(1.64%)
22.4 million
7.12
million(31.8%)
1281 million
691.7
million(54%)
Age structure:
0-14 years
15-64 years
65 years and
over
12.3%
59.9%
27.8%
24.06%
66.3%
9.67%
27.34%
66.43%
6.24%
Population
growth rate
-0.03% 0.76% 1.17%
Birth rate 7.6 births/1000
population
15.2
births/1000
population
19 births/1000
population
Death rate 10.8
deaths/1000
6.2
deaths/1000
7.3
deaths/1000
Net migration
rate
0 -1.3
migrants/1000
0
Infant mortality 2.1/1000 births 8.4/1000 births 39.1/1000

12. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
Sex ratio at
birth:
Under15 years:
15-64 years:
65 years and
above:
Total
population:
1.056
male/female
1.06
male/female
1.02
male/female
0.74
male/female
0.95
male/female
1.04
1.04
0.95
0.74
0.96
1.12
1.13
1.06
0.9
1.08
Life expectancy
-
Total
population:
Male:
Female:
83.3 years
81.09 years
87.26 years
76.9 years
73.5 years
80.6 years
68.8 years
67.6 years
70.1 years
Nationality Japanese Sri Lankan Indian
Ethnic groups Japanese:
98.5%, Korean:
Sinhalese: 74.9%
Tamil: 11.2%
Indo-aryan: 72%
Dravidian: 25%

13. Parameters Japan Sri Lanka India
Literacy rate-
Total
population:
Male:
Female:
100%
100%
100%
92.6%
93.6%
91.7%
74.04%
81.3%
69.6%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Japan Sri Lanka India
Comparison of Literacy Rate
total male female

14. Extension System of Japan:

15. Extension System in Japan
Early Extension Efforts:
Extension work in Japan was first started by farmer’s
organizations and later it was taken up by government
Before the second world war, the cooperatives used to be the
main agency for agricultural extension
They employed the agricultural expert who worked directly
under village cooperatives. He looked after most of the needs
of the farmers.
After the world war, an extension organization on the
American patern has been introduced in 1948

16. Three principles followed in extension
organization :
A complete separation of the regulatory and service
duties from the educational aspects of extension
Giving prominence to the home improvement
Joint financing by the National and Provincial
governments

18. National level:
The Ministry of Agriculture and forestry is responsible
The extension division has three section: 1. Extension 2.
Extension education 3. Home improvement
The extension division coordinates the work of
prefectures. Main function is pre-service and in-service
training and rural youth programmes
The home improvement section covers food, clothing
and home management problems

19. Prefectural level:
Responsible for planning, training and appointment of the
local advisors
Supply of equipment, plans for extension work and deals
with administrative matters of local functionaries

20. Local level:
Farm advisors and home advisors are local government
officers
They are paid half by local and half by national funds
Extension work in Japan is organized for what is called “area”.
An “Area” consists of about 3000 families with about 7000
acres of land
The local staff assists guides the farmers in farm management
and all aspects of home economy
The village local leaders are selected to be the promoters of
the extension work

21. Main features of extension in Japan:
Due to high rate of literacy, extension teaching is readily
accepted by the farmers
It functions through the agency of a department of Agriculture
and has no direct links with the research organization except
at the prefectural level through SMS
Extension is done by a team of farm advisors(7-9), in each of
the local area
Each person serves on an average about 600 farm households.
The representatives of local bodies have little control over
extension, but adequate contact is provided through
cooperatives

22. Extension is entirely educational and democratic with no
coercive approach
Since the national government does not directly offer
extension services, agricultural research-extension linkage in
Japan operates at the prefectural(state) level
It is a bottom-up management system in which decisions on
linkage activities are taken at prefectual level without direct
involvement of national officers
Japan Agricultural Development and Extension Association
(JADEA) established a system that could share information
possessed by most extension advisors in 1975
In 2000, the new EI-NET system started, so that users can

23. Role of Agril. Extension Service in Japan:
To improve agricultural production
To improve the standard of living in rural areas
National government financially supports 40% of prefectural
extension services

24. Extension System in Sri Lanka:

25. Extension system in Sri Lanka
With the beginning of colonial regime, which drove
towards the establishment of a centralized
administration, the village based social system
deteriorated
Priority was given on plantation sector
Later Division of Agriculture Extension was established
under Department of Agriculture in 1963 and
agriculture extension which was confined to rice only
was extended to other crops as well
T &V system was established in 1980 by the assistance
of the World Bank

26. Cyber agriculture extension mechanism has been implemented
in 2004 to deliver information which is affordable to rural
farmers to satisfy their thirst for information, which is dynamic
The project established 45 Cyber Extension Units at 45
Govijana Kendra offices (Agrarian Service Centres)
Farmers are being educated through use of call centres (toll
free on 1920), educational CDs etc.

27. Extension System of India:

28. Agriculture Extension System of India
There are 4 major components of agricultural extension
system in India:
Extension system of ICAR
Agricultural extension approaches of Central and State
government
Extension role of SAUs
Extension role of input industries in public and private
sector and role of voluntary organisations and NGOs

29. Extension approaches of ICAR:
ICAR plays a catalystic and supportive role in
agricultural extension system
This system has three approaches:
Special transfer of technology programme
Transfer of technology and training by the KVKs
Training to the master trainers (subject matter
specialist) through monthly workshop

30. Special Transfer of Technology programme:
 NDP (National Demonstration Project)
 ORP (Operational Research Project)
 KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra)
 LLP (Lab to Land Programme)

31. Transfer of technology and training by the KVKs:
The ICAR started a scheme to establish KVKs during 1974
The main objective of KVK is to provide need based and skill
oriented vocational training to the farmers
It conduct on farm testing to identify location specific
agricultural technologies
KVKs are creating awareness about improved agricultural
technologies through large number of extension programmes
Critical and quality inputs are produced by the KVKs and made
available to farmers

33. Extension approaches of the Central and State
government:
The central government implements several scheme having transfer of
technology through state government
The main extension system comprises the Directorate of Extension in
Union Ministry of Agriculture & farmers welfare, that plans extension
activities at national level and disseminates information through mass
media and publication of literature
The Sub Mission on Agricultural Extension (SMAE) pertains to Extension
activities. It focuses on awareness creation and enhanced use of
appropriate technologies in agriculture & allied sectors. It has four main
components, namely:
 Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms
 Mass Media Support to Agricultural Extension
 Establishment of Agri-Clinic and Agri-Business Centres by Agriculture

34. Organisation structure of ATMA

35. Extension role of SAUs:
SAUs have evolved several innovative extension models to effectively
reach the farming community
SAUs publish agriculture literature (books, booklets, folders and leaflets)
in local languages
Mobile message services and Kisan Call Centre are providing timely
information to the farming community regarding agricultural
technologies, weather data and market information
Provides specialized training to the rural youth, adult men and women
Conduct survey and points farmers’ problems for research
Conduct demonstration on farmer’s field
Conduct training programmes
Provide advisory service to the farmers

37. Role of voluntary organizations or NGOs:
They are more competent at facilitating farmers to learn from
own experiences and from each other
Most VOs are small organisations that concentrate on a
particular area
VOs may be able to persuade farmers to adopt new
technologies
VOs can modify general plans and models to suit local needs
VOs are generally efficient in comparison to government
extension agencies

38. Role of input industries in public and private sectors:
Private input companies are involved only in the
transfer of chemical, mechanical and biological
technologies developed by them
Public sector companies and seed corporations also
undertake transfer of technology activities

39. Reference:
Mondal, Sagar 2013, Agricultural Extension,
Kalyani Publication
Annonymous, Development of Japanese
Agriculture extension system, retrieved from
http://fao.org, on 14 November,2018
Katharina Raabe, Reforming the agriculture
extension system of India, retrieved from
http://ifpri.org, on 14 November,2018
Anonymous, India: country profile, retrieved from
http://indexmundi.com, on 15 November,2018