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EXPRESIONES
ALGEBRAICAS
ALUMNA:
-Karla Alejandra Salones
CI: 28.555.094
Sección: CO 0101
República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria
Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Lara
«Andrés Eloy BLANCO»
PNF Contaduría Pública
Barquisimeto - Lara
Suma y Resta
Para sumar o restar expresiones algebraicas se deben
ordenar los términos semejantes dependiendo de la
potencia. Se suman o restan los coeficientes de acuerdo a
los signos de cada monomio o polinomio como resultado de
sacar como factor común la parte literal.
Suma Resta
1) P(x)+Q(x)= R(x)
P(x) 5𝑥3
+ 2𝑥2
− 3𝑥 + 6
+ Q(x) 3𝑥3
− 4𝑥2
+ 7𝑥 − 1
R(x)= 8𝑥3
− 2𝑥2
+ 4𝑥 + 5
2) B(x)+F(x)= C(x)
B(x) −6𝑥4
+ 4𝑥3
− 2𝑥2
+ 7𝑥 + 3
+ F(x) 5𝑥4
+ 2𝑥3
+ 4𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 8
C(x)= −𝑥4
+ 6𝑥3
+ 2𝑥2
+ 9𝑥 − 5
1) P(x)+ (-Q(x))= R(x)
= 5𝑥3
+ 2𝑥2
− 3𝑥 + 6 − ( 3𝑥3
− 4𝑥2
+ 7𝑥 − 1)
P(x) 5𝑥3
+ 2𝑥2
− 3𝑥 + 6
+ Q(x) −3𝑥3
+ 4𝑥2
− 7𝑥 + 1
R(x)= 2𝑥3
+ 6𝑥2
− 10𝑥 + 7
2) B(x)+ (-F(x))= C(x)
= −6𝑥4
+ 4𝑥3
− 2𝑥2
+ 7𝑥 + 3 − 5𝑥4
+ 2𝑥3
+ 4𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 8
B(x) −6𝑥4
+ 4𝑥3
− 2𝑥2
+ 7𝑥 + 3
+ F(x) −5𝑥4
− 2𝑥3
− 4𝑥2
− 2𝑥 + 8
C(x)= −11𝑥4
+ 2𝑥3
− 6𝑥2
+ 5𝑥 + 11
Valor numérico de expresiones
algebraicas
Para hallar el valor
numérico de una
expresión algebraica, se
reemplaza el valor dado de
las letras y se realizan las
operaciones indicadas en
la expresión, ahora, entre
números, El valor
obtenido, es el valor
numérico de la expresión
dada.
Ejercicio 1
Evalúe la expresión (3(−𝑥)3
− 2)2
para x = -1
=(3.(−(−1))3
− 2)2
=(3.(1)3
− 2)2
=(3 −2)2
= 1
Luego el valor numérico de la expresión (3(−𝑥)3
− 2)2
para x = -1 , es 1.
Ejercicio 2
Evalúe la expresión 2𝑎2
+ 3𝑏3
para a= -3; b= -2
= 2(−3)2
+ 3(−2)3
= 2(9) + 3(−8)
= 18 − 24
= −6
Multiplicación de
expresiones algebraicas
Para multiplicar expresiones algebraicas con uno o más
términos usar la propiedad distributiva de la multiplicación con
respecto de la suma y las reglas de los exponentes.
Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2
Efectúe la operación: 2x(3 - x)
2x(3 - x)= 2𝑥.3 – 2𝑥.𝑥
= 6𝑥 – 2𝑥2
Luego 2x(3 - x)= – 2𝑥2
+6𝑥
Efectúe la operación: (13𝑥 + 3).(−7𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 6)
(13𝑥 + 3).(−7𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 6) = 13x −7𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 6 + 3 (−7𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 6)
= −91𝑥3
+ 26𝑥2
− 78𝑥 − 21𝑥2
+ 6𝑥 − 18
= −91𝑥3
+ 26𝑥2
− 21𝑥2
− 78𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 18
= −91x3
+ 5x2
− 72x − 18
Entonces: (13𝑥 + 3).(−7𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 − 6) = −91x3
+ 5x2
− 72x − 18
División de expresiones
algebraicas
La división algebraica es una
operación entre dos
expresiones algebraicas
llamadas dividendo y divisor
para obtener otra expresión
llamado cociente por medio
de un algoritmo.
División normal
Método de Ruffini
1) 5𝑥2
− 7𝑥 − 10 ÷ 𝑥 − 2
5𝑥2
− 7𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 2
−5𝑥2
+ 10𝑥 5x+3
3𝑥 − 10
−3𝑥 + 6
−4
1) 3𝑥2
− 2𝑥 − 8 ÷ 𝑥 + 2
3𝑥2
− 2𝑥 − 8 𝑥 + 2
−3𝑥2
− 6𝑥 3x-4
−4𝑥 − 8
+4𝑥 + 8
0
1) Dado P(x)= 16𝑥4
+ 8𝑥3
+ 4𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 + 1 hallar
C(x) y R(x) para que P(x) sea divisible por x+1
𝑥 + 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1
16 8 4 2 1
-1 -16 8 -12 10
16 -8 12 -10 11
C(X)= 16𝑋3
− 8𝑋2
+ 12𝑋 − 10 R(x)= 11
2) Dado P(x)= 3𝑥3
− 5𝑥2
+ 2 hallar
C(x) y R(x) para que P(x) sea divisible por x-2
𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 2
3 -5 0 2
2 6 2 4
3 1 2 6
C(x)= 3𝑥2
+ 𝑥 + 2 R(x)= 6
Productos notables
Se llama productos notables a ciertas expresiones algebraicas que se
encuentran frecuentemente y que es preciso saber factorizarlas a
simple vista; es decir, sin necesidad de hacerlo paso a paso.
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 1. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
= (−1)2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2
= ( −1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏))2
= (−𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)2
Ejercicio 1
Ejercicio 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 3𝑥 − 2𝑦
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = (3𝑥)2
− (2𝑦)2
= 9𝑥2
− 2𝑦2
Factorización por productos
notables
Es una técnica que consiste en la descomposición de una
expresión matemática (que puede ser un número o una suma).
Antes que todo, hay que decir que todo polinomio se
puede factorizar utilizando números reales, si se consideran los
números complejos.
Factorice completamente 3x - √27.
3x − 27 = 3. x − 9.3
= 3. x − 9. 3
= 3. x − 9 3
= 3(x − 3)
La factorización de 3x - √27 es 3(x - √3)
Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2
Factorice completamente 6𝑥3
− 9𝑥2
+ 4𝑥 − 6
6𝑥3
− 9𝑥2
+ 4𝑥 − 6 = 6𝑥3
− 9𝑥2
+ (4𝑥 − 6)
= 3𝑥2
2𝑥 − 3 + 2(2𝑥 − 3)
= (2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥2
+ 2)
La factorización de 6𝑥3
− 9𝑥2
+ 4𝑥 − 6 = (2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥2 + 2)
Bibliografía
-- Arenas de Arias Gladys, Matemáticas 11°, Caracas, Editorial
Santillana, 2001.
-- J. Arvesú y otros, Álgebra lineal y aplicaciones. Síntesis, 1999.
-- Andueza, Aalto, Forjadores de la humanidad, Caracas, Bloque
editorial de Armas, 1993.

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Expresiones algebaicas

  • 1. EXPRESIONES ALGEBRAICAS ALUMNA: -Karla Alejandra Salones CI: 28.555.094 Sección: CO 0101 República Bolivariana de Venezuela Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Lara «Andrés Eloy BLANCO» PNF Contaduría Pública Barquisimeto - Lara
  • 2. Suma y Resta Para sumar o restar expresiones algebraicas se deben ordenar los términos semejantes dependiendo de la potencia. Se suman o restan los coeficientes de acuerdo a los signos de cada monomio o polinomio como resultado de sacar como factor común la parte literal. Suma Resta 1) P(x)+Q(x)= R(x) P(x) 5𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 6 + Q(x) 3𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 − 1 R(x)= 8𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 5 2) B(x)+F(x)= C(x) B(x) −6𝑥4 + 4𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 + F(x) 5𝑥4 + 2𝑥3 + 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 8 C(x)= −𝑥4 + 6𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 9𝑥 − 5 1) P(x)+ (-Q(x))= R(x) = 5𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 6 − ( 3𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 − 1) P(x) 5𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 6 + Q(x) −3𝑥3 + 4𝑥2 − 7𝑥 + 1 R(x)= 2𝑥3 + 6𝑥2 − 10𝑥 + 7 2) B(x)+ (-F(x))= C(x) = −6𝑥4 + 4𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 − 5𝑥4 + 2𝑥3 + 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 8 B(x) −6𝑥4 + 4𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 3 + F(x) −5𝑥4 − 2𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 8 C(x)= −11𝑥4 + 2𝑥3 − 6𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 11
  • 3. Valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas Para hallar el valor numérico de una expresión algebraica, se reemplaza el valor dado de las letras y se realizan las operaciones indicadas en la expresión, ahora, entre números, El valor obtenido, es el valor numérico de la expresión dada. Ejercicio 1 Evalúe la expresión (3(−𝑥)3 − 2)2 para x = -1 =(3.(−(−1))3 − 2)2 =(3.(1)3 − 2)2 =(3 −2)2 = 1 Luego el valor numérico de la expresión (3(−𝑥)3 − 2)2 para x = -1 , es 1. Ejercicio 2 Evalúe la expresión 2𝑎2 + 3𝑏3 para a= -3; b= -2 = 2(−3)2 + 3(−2)3 = 2(9) + 3(−8) = 18 − 24 = −6
  • 4. Multiplicación de expresiones algebraicas Para multiplicar expresiones algebraicas con uno o más términos usar la propiedad distributiva de la multiplicación con respecto de la suma y las reglas de los exponentes. Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2 Efectúe la operación: 2x(3 - x) 2x(3 - x)= 2𝑥.3 – 2𝑥.𝑥 = 6𝑥 – 2𝑥2 Luego 2x(3 - x)= – 2𝑥2 +6𝑥 Efectúe la operación: (13𝑥 + 3).(−7𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 6) (13𝑥 + 3).(−7𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 6) = 13x −7𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 6 + 3 (−7𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 6) = −91𝑥3 + 26𝑥2 − 78𝑥 − 21𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 18 = −91𝑥3 + 26𝑥2 − 21𝑥2 − 78𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 18 = −91x3 + 5x2 − 72x − 18 Entonces: (13𝑥 + 3).(−7𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 6) = −91x3 + 5x2 − 72x − 18
  • 5. División de expresiones algebraicas La división algebraica es una operación entre dos expresiones algebraicas llamadas dividendo y divisor para obtener otra expresión llamado cociente por medio de un algoritmo. División normal Método de Ruffini 1) 5𝑥2 − 7𝑥 − 10 ÷ 𝑥 − 2 5𝑥2 − 7𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 2 −5𝑥2 + 10𝑥 5x+3 3𝑥 − 10 −3𝑥 + 6 −4 1) 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 8 ÷ 𝑥 + 2 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 8 𝑥 + 2 −3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 3x-4 −4𝑥 − 8 +4𝑥 + 8 0 1) Dado P(x)= 16𝑥4 + 8𝑥3 + 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1 hallar C(x) y R(x) para que P(x) sea divisible por x+1 𝑥 + 1 = 0 → 𝑥 = −1 16 8 4 2 1 -1 -16 8 -12 10 16 -8 12 -10 11 C(X)= 16𝑋3 − 8𝑋2 + 12𝑋 − 10 R(x)= 11 2) Dado P(x)= 3𝑥3 − 5𝑥2 + 2 hallar C(x) y R(x) para que P(x) sea divisible por x-2 𝑥 − 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 2 3 -5 0 2 2 6 2 4 3 1 2 6 C(x)= 3𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 R(x)= 6
  • 6. Productos notables Se llama productos notables a ciertas expresiones algebraicas que se encuentran frecuentemente y que es preciso saber factorizarlas a simple vista; es decir, sin necesidad de hacerlo paso a paso. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 1. (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = (−1)2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = ( −1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏))2 = (−𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)2 Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = (3𝑥)2 − (2𝑦)2 = 9𝑥2 − 2𝑦2
  • 7. Factorización por productos notables Es una técnica que consiste en la descomposición de una expresión matemática (que puede ser un número o una suma). Antes que todo, hay que decir que todo polinomio se puede factorizar utilizando números reales, si se consideran los números complejos. Factorice completamente 3x - √27. 3x − 27 = 3. x − 9.3 = 3. x − 9. 3 = 3. x − 9 3 = 3(x − 3) La factorización de 3x - √27 es 3(x - √3) Ejercicio 1 Ejercicio 2 Factorice completamente 6𝑥3 − 9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 6 6𝑥3 − 9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 6 = 6𝑥3 − 9𝑥2 + (4𝑥 − 6) = 3𝑥2 2𝑥 − 3 + 2(2𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥2 + 2) La factorización de 6𝑥3 − 9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 6 = (2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥2 + 2)
  • 8. Bibliografía -- Arenas de Arias Gladys, Matemáticas 11°, Caracas, Editorial Santillana, 2001. -- J. Arvesú y otros, Álgebra lineal y aplicaciones. Síntesis, 1999. -- Andueza, Aalto, Forjadores de la humanidad, Caracas, Bloque editorial de Armas, 1993.