EXPONENTIAL GRAPH.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•17 views
The document discusses exponential graphs. It defines exponential growth as a process that increases quantities exponentially over time, generating a J-shaped curve. An exponential graph is a graph with a positive variable other than 1 as an exponent in the function. Bacterial growth in a lab provides an example of an exponential growth curve. Exponential graphs can model real-world problems like population growth or decline. The relationship between logarithmic and exponential functions is that logarithmic is the inverse of exponential.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
eukaryotik dna elongation.pptx
During DNA elongation, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand using the template strand as a guide. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so Okazaki fragments are formed that later need to be joined together. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3' end that is open for elongation as the replication fork moves along.
DNA IS GENETIC METERIAL.pptx
This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
- In 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty treated bacteria with enzymes that broke down proteins, RNA and DNA, finding that only treatment with DNAses inhibited bacterial transformation, proving DNA was the genetic material.
- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL(Experimental Proof).pptx
DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring and determines characteristics. This was proven through experiments like Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment on bacterial transformation showing genetic material could be transferred, and experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty in 1944 and Hershey and Chase in 1952 that directly demonstrated DNA was the molecule transformed during bacterial infection that affected traits.
DNA Repair Mechanism And Their Types .pptx
DNA repair is the process by which damaged DNA is corrected. DNA cannot replace itself if damaged, and unrepaired DNA can lead to cancer. There are several mechanisms of DNA repair: direct reversal, excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-stranded break repair. DNA repair is crucial because it prevents unrepaired DNA damage from causing mutations that can lead to cancer.
DNA REPAIR MECHANISM AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
There are five major DNA repair pathways that cells use to repair different types of DNA damage: base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, and non-homologous end joining. These pathways repair damage caused by mismatches during replication, removal of damaged bases, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and DNA cross-links. Nucleotide excision repair removes a variety of lesions that cause distortions to the DNA structure by cleaving segments of DNA containing damage.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES .pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand to form the sides of the DNA ladder. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick who proposed a double helix model with the bases forming rungs and the sugar-phosphate backbones forming the sides. There are different conformations of DNA including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which differ in their structural features such as helical sense, base pair orientation, and distance between base pairs.
TOPIC- DIFFERENT TYPES OF RNA, THEIR SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE.pptx
There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries DNA's message to direct protein synthesis, is short-lived, and single-stranded. tRNA is small and stable, carrying amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA composes most of the ribosome's mass, ensuring proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes during protein synthesis.
PROKARYOTS DNA REPLICATION.pptx
This document summarizes prokaryotic DNA replication. It describes prokaryotic replication as the process by which a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule in prokaryotic cells is copied to produce two identical molecules. The key steps are initiation at a single origin of replication, elongation of DNA strands by DNA polymerases, and termination resulting in two circular chromosomes. The replication occurs rapidly in the cytoplasm and requires enzymes including DNA polymerases I and III.
Recommended
eukaryotik dna elongation.pptx
During DNA elongation, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand using the template strand as a guide. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so Okazaki fragments are formed that later need to be joined together. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3' end that is open for elongation as the replication fork moves along.
DNA IS GENETIC METERIAL.pptx
This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
- In 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty treated bacteria with enzymes that broke down proteins, RNA and DNA, finding that only treatment with DNAses inhibited bacterial transformation, proving DNA was the genetic material.
- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL(Experimental Proof).pptx
DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring and determines characteristics. This was proven through experiments like Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment on bacterial transformation showing genetic material could be transferred, and experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty in 1944 and Hershey and Chase in 1952 that directly demonstrated DNA was the molecule transformed during bacterial infection that affected traits.
DNA Repair Mechanism And Their Types .pptx
DNA repair is the process by which damaged DNA is corrected. DNA cannot replace itself if damaged, and unrepaired DNA can lead to cancer. There are several mechanisms of DNA repair: direct reversal, excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-stranded break repair. DNA repair is crucial because it prevents unrepaired DNA damage from causing mutations that can lead to cancer.
DNA REPAIR MECHANISM AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
There are five major DNA repair pathways that cells use to repair different types of DNA damage: base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, and non-homologous end joining. These pathways repair damage caused by mismatches during replication, removal of damaged bases, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and DNA cross-links. Nucleotide excision repair removes a variety of lesions that cause distortions to the DNA structure by cleaving segments of DNA containing damage.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES .pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand to form the sides of the DNA ladder. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick who proposed a double helix model with the bases forming rungs and the sugar-phosphate backbones forming the sides. There are different conformations of DNA including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which differ in their structural features such as helical sense, base pair orientation, and distance between base pairs.
TOPIC- DIFFERENT TYPES OF RNA, THEIR SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE.pptx
There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries DNA's message to direct protein synthesis, is short-lived, and single-stranded. tRNA is small and stable, carrying amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA composes most of the ribosome's mass, ensuring proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes during protein synthesis.
PROKARYOTS DNA REPLICATION.pptx
This document summarizes prokaryotic DNA replication. It describes prokaryotic replication as the process by which a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule in prokaryotic cells is copied to produce two identical molecules. The key steps are initiation at a single origin of replication, elongation of DNA strands by DNA polymerases, and termination resulting in two circular chromosomes. The replication occurs rapidly in the cytoplasm and requires enzymes including DNA polymerases I and III.
Lac Operon System(Catabolite Repression).pptx
The document describes the lac operon system in E. coli for lactose catabolism. It explains that when glucose is absent and lactose is present, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac genes encoding β-galactosidase and other proteins for lactose metabolism. However, when glucose is present, even if lactose is also present, transcription is repressed due to low cAMP levels inhibiting the CAP-cAMP complex from activating transcription.
DNA POLYMERASE.pptx
There are five different DNA dependent DNA polymerases in E. coli bacteria: DNA polymerase I, II, III, IV and V. DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication, forming a high-speed, high-fidelity multiprotein complex. DNA polymerases IV and V are Y-family polymerases that replicate damaged DNA with lower fidelity than polymerase III. DNA polymerases I and II serve backup roles in DNA repair through their exonuclease activities when the template is damaged.
DNA POLYMERASE AND RNA POLYMERASE.pptx
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads existing DNA strands as templates and creates two new strands through phosphodiester bond formation. It was first discovered in E. coli by Arthur Kornberg. DNA polymerase has a structure resembling an open right hand with palm, finger, and thumb domains that each perform different functions in nucleotide recognition and binding. RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for copying DNA sequences into RNA during transcription from 5' to 3'. It contains alpha, beta, and sigma subunits that play various roles in binding to promoter regions and catalytic activity.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION .pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication site, where proteins bind and unwind the DNA. Elongation then uses DNA polymerase III to simultaneously synthesize the leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet at the termination site and halt, resolving issues through proteins like TUS and topoisomerases.
Prokaryotic DNA replication.pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms, including direct repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS repair. DNA repair has advantages of maintaining genetic integrity between generations and preserving individual health, but defects can lead to increased cancer risks and premature aging syndromes.
TOPIC NAME Structure of DNA and their Type.pptx
DNA has a double helix structure that resembles a twisted ladder. It is composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G). The bases on opposite strands bond together via hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G to form the structure. Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of A and T are equal, as are the amounts of C and G in any DNA sample. There are three types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
LAC OPERON SYSTEM.pptx
The document describes the lac operon system, which was the first operon described in 1961 and controls the catabolism of lactose in prokaryotes. The lac operon has 5 structural units - a promoter, operator, three structural genes (LacZ, LacY, LacA) that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown, CAP binding sites, and a regulatory gene. When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and the breakdown of lactose.
LAC OPERON 2.pptx
The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
TOPIC-DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
Structure of DNA & Their Types.pptx
This document discusses the structure and types of DNA. It begins by introducing DNA and its components. DNA is made up of deoxyribonucleotides and carries genetic information found in chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei. The structure of DNA is a double helix formed from nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases. There are three main types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form found in cells under normal physiological conditions. It is a right-handed double helix with 10.5 base pairs per turn and a diameter of 20 angstroms. A-DNA and Z-DNA are less common structures
STRUCTURE OF DNA AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix shape and found in chromosomes, mitochondria, where it carries genetic information. Each DNA nucleotide is composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group. The structure of DNA was elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick and provides the basic unit of heredity.
DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATION.pptx
DNA damage can occur endogenously through normal cellular processes like respiration or replication errors, or exogenously through environmental factors like radiation, chemicals, and alkylating agents used in chemotherapy. Common types of DNA damage include depurination, deamination of cytosine and adenine, alkylation of bases, insertion/deletions of nucleotides, base analog incorporation, cross-linkages induced by bifunctional alkylating agents and UV light, and oxidative free radical formation. This damage can lead to mutations in the DNA sequence, including point mutations like missense, nonsense, and silent mutations, or frameshift mutations involving insertions, deletions, or inversions.
RNA Polymerase.pptx
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that copies DNA sequences into RNA sequences during transcription. There are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase consists of four subunits and a sigma factor and only one type exists, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase has five types with 10-12 subunits each. The types of RNA polymerase are RNA polymerase 1 which synthesizes rRNA in the nucleolus, RNA polymerase 2 which synthesizes pre-mRNAs and mRNAs, and RNA polymerase 3 which synthesizes tRNAs and rRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase 4 and 5 are found in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Splicing and m-RNA formation.pptx
This document summarizes RNA splicing and mRNA formation. It discusses how introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined in a process called RNA splicing that occurs in the nucleus after transcription. It describes different splicing pathways and explains that most genes contain introns and exons, with introns being removed by splicing and exons being joined to form mRNA that can then be transported to the cytoplasm and translated into protein. Alternative splicing is discussed as a mechanism for generating multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Examples are given of how mutations can affect splicing and cause diseases.
LAC OPERON.pptx
The lac operon controls the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli. It contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. When lactose is absent, the lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription of the genes. However, when lactose is present, it binds to the lac repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and expression of the lac genes. The lac operon was the first to be discovered and helped establish the operon model of gene regulation.
Different Types and Structure.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of repeating nucleotides that form a helical structure and contains the genetic information of organisms. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases thymine (T) and cytosine (C). Different DNA structures include A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which vary in their helical sense, base pair orientation, and groove size.
DNA Polymerase And RNA Polymerase .pptx
DNA polymerase is the enzyme required for DNA replication and copies DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, while RNA polymerase is required for transcription and contains subunits that allow it to copy DNA into RNA. Both polymerases have a structure resembling an open right hand with sub-domains for catalysis, nucleotide recognition, and binding the DNA or RNA substrate. The main differences between them are that DNA polymerase requires the separation of DNA strands before copying, while RNA polymerase can copy double-stranded DNA directly.
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
More Related Content
More from CHIRANTANMONDAL2
Lac Operon System(Catabolite Repression).pptx
The document describes the lac operon system in E. coli for lactose catabolism. It explains that when glucose is absent and lactose is present, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac genes encoding β-galactosidase and other proteins for lactose metabolism. However, when glucose is present, even if lactose is also present, transcription is repressed due to low cAMP levels inhibiting the CAP-cAMP complex from activating transcription.
DNA POLYMERASE.pptx
There are five different DNA dependent DNA polymerases in E. coli bacteria: DNA polymerase I, II, III, IV and V. DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication, forming a high-speed, high-fidelity multiprotein complex. DNA polymerases IV and V are Y-family polymerases that replicate damaged DNA with lower fidelity than polymerase III. DNA polymerases I and II serve backup roles in DNA repair through their exonuclease activities when the template is damaged.
DNA POLYMERASE AND RNA POLYMERASE.pptx
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads existing DNA strands as templates and creates two new strands through phosphodiester bond formation. It was first discovered in E. coli by Arthur Kornberg. DNA polymerase has a structure resembling an open right hand with palm, finger, and thumb domains that each perform different functions in nucleotide recognition and binding. RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for copying DNA sequences into RNA during transcription from 5' to 3'. It contains alpha, beta, and sigma subunits that play various roles in binding to promoter regions and catalytic activity.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION .pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication site, where proteins bind and unwind the DNA. Elongation then uses DNA polymerase III to simultaneously synthesize the leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet at the termination site and halt, resolving issues through proteins like TUS and topoisomerases.
Prokaryotic DNA replication.pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms, including direct repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS repair. DNA repair has advantages of maintaining genetic integrity between generations and preserving individual health, but defects can lead to increased cancer risks and premature aging syndromes.
TOPIC NAME Structure of DNA and their Type.pptx
DNA has a double helix structure that resembles a twisted ladder. It is composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G). The bases on opposite strands bond together via hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G to form the structure. Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of A and T are equal, as are the amounts of C and G in any DNA sample. There are three types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
LAC OPERON SYSTEM.pptx
The document describes the lac operon system, which was the first operon described in 1961 and controls the catabolism of lactose in prokaryotes. The lac operon has 5 structural units - a promoter, operator, three structural genes (LacZ, LacY, LacA) that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown, CAP binding sites, and a regulatory gene. When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and the breakdown of lactose.
LAC OPERON 2.pptx
The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
TOPIC-DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
Structure of DNA & Their Types.pptx
This document discusses the structure and types of DNA. It begins by introducing DNA and its components. DNA is made up of deoxyribonucleotides and carries genetic information found in chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei. The structure of DNA is a double helix formed from nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases. There are three main types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form found in cells under normal physiological conditions. It is a right-handed double helix with 10.5 base pairs per turn and a diameter of 20 angstroms. A-DNA and Z-DNA are less common structures
STRUCTURE OF DNA AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix shape and found in chromosomes, mitochondria, where it carries genetic information. Each DNA nucleotide is composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group. The structure of DNA was elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick and provides the basic unit of heredity.
DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATION.pptx
DNA damage can occur endogenously through normal cellular processes like respiration or replication errors, or exogenously through environmental factors like radiation, chemicals, and alkylating agents used in chemotherapy. Common types of DNA damage include depurination, deamination of cytosine and adenine, alkylation of bases, insertion/deletions of nucleotides, base analog incorporation, cross-linkages induced by bifunctional alkylating agents and UV light, and oxidative free radical formation. This damage can lead to mutations in the DNA sequence, including point mutations like missense, nonsense, and silent mutations, or frameshift mutations involving insertions, deletions, or inversions.
RNA Polymerase.pptx
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that copies DNA sequences into RNA sequences during transcription. There are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase consists of four subunits and a sigma factor and only one type exists, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase has five types with 10-12 subunits each. The types of RNA polymerase are RNA polymerase 1 which synthesizes rRNA in the nucleolus, RNA polymerase 2 which synthesizes pre-mRNAs and mRNAs, and RNA polymerase 3 which synthesizes tRNAs and rRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase 4 and 5 are found in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Splicing and m-RNA formation.pptx
This document summarizes RNA splicing and mRNA formation. It discusses how introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined in a process called RNA splicing that occurs in the nucleus after transcription. It describes different splicing pathways and explains that most genes contain introns and exons, with introns being removed by splicing and exons being joined to form mRNA that can then be transported to the cytoplasm and translated into protein. Alternative splicing is discussed as a mechanism for generating multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Examples are given of how mutations can affect splicing and cause diseases.
LAC OPERON.pptx
The lac operon controls the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli. It contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. When lactose is absent, the lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription of the genes. However, when lactose is present, it binds to the lac repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and expression of the lac genes. The lac operon was the first to be discovered and helped establish the operon model of gene regulation.
Different Types and Structure.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of repeating nucleotides that form a helical structure and contains the genetic information of organisms. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases thymine (T) and cytosine (C). Different DNA structures include A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which vary in their helical sense, base pair orientation, and groove size.
DNA Polymerase And RNA Polymerase .pptx
DNA polymerase is the enzyme required for DNA replication and copies DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, while RNA polymerase is required for transcription and contains subunits that allow it to copy DNA into RNA. Both polymerases have a structure resembling an open right hand with sub-domains for catalysis, nucleotide recognition, and binding the DNA or RNA substrate. The main differences between them are that DNA polymerase requires the separation of DNA strands before copying, while RNA polymerase can copy double-stranded DNA directly.
More from CHIRANTANMONDAL2 (20)
Recently uploaded
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
How to Fix [Errno 98] address already in use
This slide will represent the cause of the error “[Errno 98] address already in use” and the troubleshooting steps to resolve this error in Odoo.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Recently uploaded (20)
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
EXPONENTIAL GRAPH.pptx
- 1. TOPIC NAME : EXPONENTIAL GRAPH
- 2. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH • Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity exponentially over time. • Generally it generates a “J” shaped curve.
- 3. EXPONENTIAL GRAPH • A exponential graph is defined as a graph with a positive variable other than ‘1’ increases as a exponent. • General formula of an Exponential Graph is ---------- Where, f(x)= function of ‘x’ e= Exponential growth function x= Number of time interval f(x)=ex
- 4. EXAMPLES • Bacterial growth in a lab provides an excellent example of exponential growth curve. • Like exponential growth graph, there also be exponential decay graph.
- 6. EXPONENTIAL GRAPHS • The scenario when the value of ‘a’ is between 0 and 1.
- 7. PROBLEMS OF EXPONENTIAL GRAPH • Sketch the graph of :
- 8. PROBLEMS OF EXPONENTIAL GRAPH
- 9. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION • The relationship tells that logarithmic function is the inverse of exponential function.
- 10. APPLICATIONS • Exponential graphs are often used to represent real-world problems. • Such as Bacterial growth/decay, population growth/decline can be model by exponential graph.
- 11. THANK YOU