Presented at the 26th Annual Conference on New England Archaeology: "Through theKaleidoscope: Refocusing the Lens." May 13, 2006, Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge, MA.
The document discusses several principles of relative dating that allow geologists to determine the sequence of rock layers based on their order of formation. The Law of Superposition states that lower layers are older than those above. Index fossils found in rock layers can also be used to relatively date the layers, as some fossil types were present only during short, distinct periods of geologic time. Unconformities in the rock record indicate periods where deposition stopped and erosion occurred.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to determining the relative ages of rock layers using principles like the law of superposition and index fossils.
2. The law of superposition states that undisturbed rock layers are oldest at the bottom and youngest at the top, allowing scientists to relatively date rock layers.
3. Index fossils, which are fossil organisms that existed for a short period of time, can be used to relatively date the rock layers they are found in.
Fossils and the Rock Record acloutier copyright 2011 FebruaryAnnie C. Cloutier
This document summarizes key concepts about measuring geological time and dating rocks and fossils. It explains that Earth's history is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs on the geologic time scale (GTS). It describes the major eras - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - and the distribution of life over time. The document also discusses relative dating methods based on principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships, and absolute dating using radioactive isotopes to determine the precise ages of rocks and fossils.
The document discusses methods scientists use to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks, including the law of superposition and index fossils. The law of superposition states that in an undisturbed rock sequence, younger rocks will be above older rocks. Index fossils are fossils of organisms that existed for a short period of time, and can be used to compare the ages of different rock layers and help determine their relative ages.
1) The solar system formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Early Earth was very different than today, and geological evidence shows the dramatic effects of asteroid impacts on shaping planets.
2) The solar system is located in the outer edge of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains billions of stars. Galaxies make up most of the visible mass of the universe, which has been expanding for 10-20 billion years according to the big bang model.
3) Impact craters provide evidence that asteroids and comets frequently strike planets like Earth, Mars, and Jupiter's moons, with typical impact speeds around 20 km/s producing craters 10-20 times the object
Obj 3 rock and fossil evidence used to infer earth's historySpencer56
1) James Hutton proposed uniformitarianism, which states that the same geological processes shaping the Earth today have operated throughout its history.
2) Early geologists debated between uniformitarianism and catastrophism, which proposed sudden geological changes, but uniformitarianism became widely accepted due to the works of Charles Lyell.
3) Relative dating techniques like superposition and identifying index fossils in the geologic column are used to determine the age of rock layers and fossils.
This document discusses fossils found in and near Fort Worth, Texas that provide evidence about the area's history. The fossils are of marine animals like gastropods, oysters, clams, and scallops that lived 100 million years ago. This indicates that the Fort Worth area was once covered by a shallow sea. At that time, a large inland sea also covered much of the central United States. Similarly, marine fossils found in Colorado and Utah show that region was also underwater in the past. The land has since been uplifted, showing the surface of the Earth is constantly changing over millions of years through geological forces.
Presented at the 26th Annual Conference on New England Archaeology: "Through theKaleidoscope: Refocusing the Lens." May 13, 2006, Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge, MA.
The document discusses several principles of relative dating that allow geologists to determine the sequence of rock layers based on their order of formation. The Law of Superposition states that lower layers are older than those above. Index fossils found in rock layers can also be used to relatively date the layers, as some fossil types were present only during short, distinct periods of geologic time. Unconformities in the rock record indicate periods where deposition stopped and erosion occurred.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to determining the relative ages of rock layers using principles like the law of superposition and index fossils.
2. The law of superposition states that undisturbed rock layers are oldest at the bottom and youngest at the top, allowing scientists to relatively date rock layers.
3. Index fossils, which are fossil organisms that existed for a short period of time, can be used to relatively date the rock layers they are found in.
Fossils and the Rock Record acloutier copyright 2011 FebruaryAnnie C. Cloutier
This document summarizes key concepts about measuring geological time and dating rocks and fossils. It explains that Earth's history is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs on the geologic time scale (GTS). It describes the major eras - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - and the distribution of life over time. The document also discusses relative dating methods based on principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships, and absolute dating using radioactive isotopes to determine the precise ages of rocks and fossils.
The document discusses methods scientists use to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks, including the law of superposition and index fossils. The law of superposition states that in an undisturbed rock sequence, younger rocks will be above older rocks. Index fossils are fossils of organisms that existed for a short period of time, and can be used to compare the ages of different rock layers and help determine their relative ages.
1) The solar system formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Early Earth was very different than today, and geological evidence shows the dramatic effects of asteroid impacts on shaping planets.
2) The solar system is located in the outer edge of the Milky Way galaxy, which contains billions of stars. Galaxies make up most of the visible mass of the universe, which has been expanding for 10-20 billion years according to the big bang model.
3) Impact craters provide evidence that asteroids and comets frequently strike planets like Earth, Mars, and Jupiter's moons, with typical impact speeds around 20 km/s producing craters 10-20 times the object
Obj 3 rock and fossil evidence used to infer earth's historySpencer56
1) James Hutton proposed uniformitarianism, which states that the same geological processes shaping the Earth today have operated throughout its history.
2) Early geologists debated between uniformitarianism and catastrophism, which proposed sudden geological changes, but uniformitarianism became widely accepted due to the works of Charles Lyell.
3) Relative dating techniques like superposition and identifying index fossils in the geologic column are used to determine the age of rock layers and fossils.
This document discusses fossils found in and near Fort Worth, Texas that provide evidence about the area's history. The fossils are of marine animals like gastropods, oysters, clams, and scallops that lived 100 million years ago. This indicates that the Fort Worth area was once covered by a shallow sea. At that time, a large inland sea also covered much of the central United States. Similarly, marine fossils found in Colorado and Utah show that region was also underwater in the past. The land has since been uplifted, showing the surface of the Earth is constantly changing over millions of years through geological forces.
This document discusses key concepts in geology including the difference between a timeline and timescale, relative and absolute dating, fossils, index fossils, rock layers, and unconformities. It explains that timelines show events in order while timescales assign numerical ages. Relative dating compares rock layers while absolute dating assigns numerical ages. Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock. Index fossils found in specific rock layers worldwide can help correlate rock sequences. The oldest rock layers are on the bottom according to the law of superposition, though layers can be disturbed by folding, faulting, or volcanic intrusions creating unconformities.
Earth Science 3.2 : Relative Dating : Which Came First?Chris Foltz
Geologists use the principle of superposition and the geologic column to determine the relative ages of rock layers. The principle of superposition states that lower layers are older than upper layers, unless the sequence has been disturbed. Forces can disrupt layers by tilting, folding, faulting or intrusion. Geologists also look for unconformities, which are gaps in the geologic record caused by erosion or nondeposition. Determining the sequence of events is like a puzzle as geological features may cut across disturbed rock layers.
1) The document discusses different methods geologists use to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks, including the principle of superposition and examining fossils and unconformities.
2) Unconformities occur when rock layers are missing due to erosion, and can be angular, disconformities, or nonconformities depending on the relationship between the rock layers.
3) Geologists can correlate and match up rock layers over large distances by looking for consistent fossil types that indicate the rock layers are from the same period of deposition.
This document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the relative age of rocks and fossils. It explains key principles of relative dating, including superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusion, and faunal succession. Geologists use these principles to sequentially order geological events and deduce that organisms found in lower layers are older than those in upper layers. The document also discusses how Nicholas Steno first theorized that mysterious stones called "tonguestones" were actually fossilized shark teeth.
This document contains 20 questions from a paleontology test review game along with their answers. The questions cover various topics about relative age, the geologic time scale, fossils, extinction, uniformitarianism, the principles of superposition and original horizontality, sedimentary rocks, and major eras like the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. The answers define key terms, name major geologic eras, and explain how fossils provide evidence about past environments and climate change over time.
This document discusses the geologic time scale and the history of life on Earth. It describes how paleontologists divide Earth's history into major eras including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each era is characterized by the dominant life forms present in the rocks and fossils from that time period. The document also discusses concepts like mass extinctions, absolute dating using radioactive decay, and half-life.
This document provides a review of key concepts in relative dating, absolute dating, and fossils. It discusses principles of original horizontality and superposition that allow geologists to relatively date rock layers. Absolute dating techniques like radiometric dating that measure radioactive decay are described, specifically carbon-14 and uranium-238 dating. Details are given about fossils, including trace fossils, casts, molds and index fossils used as evidence in dating the age of rocks and fossils.
The document discusses the rise of megalith structures in prehistoric Europe during the Neolithic period from 4500-2000 BC. Two main types of megaliths are described - dolmens, which were tombs made of large upright stones and covered burial chambers; and menhirs, which were single large upright stones often arranged in circles. Examples of important dolmen sites mentioned are Newgrange in Ireland and Stonehenge in Britain, both built around 3200 BC and 2500 BC respectively using very large stones to precisely track the sun's movements. The megaliths demonstrated advanced engineering skills and suggested the rise of warrior chieftains, religious practices, and calendar systems during the Neolithic period in Europe.
This document contains several "Do Now" questions about watershed drainage, the location of Earth's freshwater, and the causes of upwelling in oceans. It also provides the codes for students to take a pre-test and post-test on Study Island about adaptation. The questions are meant to be answered by students without using their notes in order to assess their understanding of key concepts.
A monolith is a single massive stone, sometimes moved and incorporated into monuments. Megaliths are large stones used to construct monumental structures. Stonehenge is a famous megalithic structure composed of arranged monoliths. Various Neolithic stone circles and structures from the Bronze Age are described, including Long Meg and her Daughters, Stonehenge, the Ring of Brodgar, and the Adam and Eve longstones. While the original rituals are unknown, megalithic structures were likely created for religious purposes focused on solstices, though uses have changed over time.
The document discusses NASA's plans to send astronauts to Mars to search for evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface. Scientists believe Mars was once warmer and contained liquid water based on images showing features formed by water erosion. When astronauts visit Mars, they will look for sedimentary rocks, minerals like limestone that require water to form, and signs of weathering caused by water. The document provides background on different rock types and geological processes to help astronauts identify evidence of ancient water on Mars.
This document discusses principles of relative dating used to determine the sequence of geological events and the age of rock layers. It describes three key rules: 1) the law of superposition stating that younger layers are above older layers, 2) uniformitarianism stating that geological processes today are the same as in the past, and 3) cross-cutting relationships showing intrusions and faults occurred after existing rock layers. It also defines three types of unconformities - angular, disconformity, and nonconformity - which indicate gaps in the geologic record due to erosion.
Geologic time primer & carbon dating reviewMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document discusses how programs like the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and Time Team have changed public perceptions of archaeology. It notes that PAS has recorded over 1 million finds from the public. Time Team was successful in bringing archaeology to a mass audience in an accessible way through its documentary style. Both programs helped show that archaeology is not just about valuable objects and sites, but that artifacts and history are all around us. They portrayed archaeologists as friendly and helped archaeology seem more approachable and interesting to the public.
This presentation discusses evidence of potential alien contact throughout history, including the Nazca lines in Peru, ancient pyramids in Egypt and Mexico, and crop circles. It also examines areas of interest related to UFOs and aliens, such as Area 51 and the unusual Star Child skull discovered in Mexico. The complex structures of the pyramids and similarities between pyramids in different regions are used as possible evidence that aliens helped ancient humans with construction. The presentation explores mysteries surrounding these topics and considers the possibility of past contact with extraterrestrial beings.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England consisting of giant stones arranged in a circular pattern. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it was built between 3000 BC and 2200 BC and may have served as an astronomical calendar, place of worship, or cemetery. The stones are precisely aligned with astronomical events like the solstices. Archaeologists still study Stonehenge to understand its construction and significance during prehistoric times in Britain.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and standing stones. Archaeologists believe it was erected around 2500 BC and served as a burial ground from its earliest existence. It went through three phases of construction, with Stonehenge III being the stone circle of sarsen stones still visible today. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it functioned as an astronomical observatory or religious site.
This document discusses key concepts in relative dating of geologic materials. It introduces important figures like James Hutton and Charles Lyell who were influential in developing theories of geology. The key principles of relative dating are described, including the law of superposition, law of original horizontality, and law of cross-cutting relationships. The document also discusses using index fossils and unconformities to correlate rock layers between locations and determine their relative ages.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 5. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses the landscape changes between 850-1100 CE that led to the shaping of the medieval landscape, including the development of manors, villages, open field systems, and castles. It then examines key themes in the medieval landscape such as rural settlement patterns, agriculture, and feudal structures. Finally, it provides the example of Laxton, a village that retains its medieval open field system, to illustrate these themes.
The document provides information over 12 days about changing Earth and plate tectonics. Day 1 introduces the four layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. Day 2 reviews the layers and their characteristics. Day 3 discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and how plate tectonics explains the movement of continents. It also introduces the concept of Pangaea. Day 4 identifies the three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent and transform. Later days discuss earthquakes, volcanoes, and how volcanic activity forms new land and islands.
This document discusses key concepts in geology including the difference between a timeline and timescale, relative and absolute dating, fossils, index fossils, rock layers, and unconformities. It explains that timelines show events in order while timescales assign numerical ages. Relative dating compares rock layers while absolute dating assigns numerical ages. Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock. Index fossils found in specific rock layers worldwide can help correlate rock sequences. The oldest rock layers are on the bottom according to the law of superposition, though layers can be disturbed by folding, faulting, or volcanic intrusions creating unconformities.
Earth Science 3.2 : Relative Dating : Which Came First?Chris Foltz
Geologists use the principle of superposition and the geologic column to determine the relative ages of rock layers. The principle of superposition states that lower layers are older than upper layers, unless the sequence has been disturbed. Forces can disrupt layers by tilting, folding, faulting or intrusion. Geologists also look for unconformities, which are gaps in the geologic record caused by erosion or nondeposition. Determining the sequence of events is like a puzzle as geological features may cut across disturbed rock layers.
1) The document discusses different methods geologists use to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks, including the principle of superposition and examining fossils and unconformities.
2) Unconformities occur when rock layers are missing due to erosion, and can be angular, disconformities, or nonconformities depending on the relationship between the rock layers.
3) Geologists can correlate and match up rock layers over large distances by looking for consistent fossil types that indicate the rock layers are from the same period of deposition.
This document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the relative age of rocks and fossils. It explains key principles of relative dating, including superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusion, and faunal succession. Geologists use these principles to sequentially order geological events and deduce that organisms found in lower layers are older than those in upper layers. The document also discusses how Nicholas Steno first theorized that mysterious stones called "tonguestones" were actually fossilized shark teeth.
This document contains 20 questions from a paleontology test review game along with their answers. The questions cover various topics about relative age, the geologic time scale, fossils, extinction, uniformitarianism, the principles of superposition and original horizontality, sedimentary rocks, and major eras like the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. The answers define key terms, name major geologic eras, and explain how fossils provide evidence about past environments and climate change over time.
This document discusses the geologic time scale and the history of life on Earth. It describes how paleontologists divide Earth's history into major eras including the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each era is characterized by the dominant life forms present in the rocks and fossils from that time period. The document also discusses concepts like mass extinctions, absolute dating using radioactive decay, and half-life.
This document provides a review of key concepts in relative dating, absolute dating, and fossils. It discusses principles of original horizontality and superposition that allow geologists to relatively date rock layers. Absolute dating techniques like radiometric dating that measure radioactive decay are described, specifically carbon-14 and uranium-238 dating. Details are given about fossils, including trace fossils, casts, molds and index fossils used as evidence in dating the age of rocks and fossils.
The document discusses the rise of megalith structures in prehistoric Europe during the Neolithic period from 4500-2000 BC. Two main types of megaliths are described - dolmens, which were tombs made of large upright stones and covered burial chambers; and menhirs, which were single large upright stones often arranged in circles. Examples of important dolmen sites mentioned are Newgrange in Ireland and Stonehenge in Britain, both built around 3200 BC and 2500 BC respectively using very large stones to precisely track the sun's movements. The megaliths demonstrated advanced engineering skills and suggested the rise of warrior chieftains, religious practices, and calendar systems during the Neolithic period in Europe.
This document contains several "Do Now" questions about watershed drainage, the location of Earth's freshwater, and the causes of upwelling in oceans. It also provides the codes for students to take a pre-test and post-test on Study Island about adaptation. The questions are meant to be answered by students without using their notes in order to assess their understanding of key concepts.
A monolith is a single massive stone, sometimes moved and incorporated into monuments. Megaliths are large stones used to construct monumental structures. Stonehenge is a famous megalithic structure composed of arranged monoliths. Various Neolithic stone circles and structures from the Bronze Age are described, including Long Meg and her Daughters, Stonehenge, the Ring of Brodgar, and the Adam and Eve longstones. While the original rituals are unknown, megalithic structures were likely created for religious purposes focused on solstices, though uses have changed over time.
The document discusses NASA's plans to send astronauts to Mars to search for evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface. Scientists believe Mars was once warmer and contained liquid water based on images showing features formed by water erosion. When astronauts visit Mars, they will look for sedimentary rocks, minerals like limestone that require water to form, and signs of weathering caused by water. The document provides background on different rock types and geological processes to help astronauts identify evidence of ancient water on Mars.
This document discusses principles of relative dating used to determine the sequence of geological events and the age of rock layers. It describes three key rules: 1) the law of superposition stating that younger layers are above older layers, 2) uniformitarianism stating that geological processes today are the same as in the past, and 3) cross-cutting relationships showing intrusions and faults occurred after existing rock layers. It also defines three types of unconformities - angular, disconformity, and nonconformity - which indicate gaps in the geologic record due to erosion.
Geologic time primer & carbon dating reviewMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document discusses how programs like the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and Time Team have changed public perceptions of archaeology. It notes that PAS has recorded over 1 million finds from the public. Time Team was successful in bringing archaeology to a mass audience in an accessible way through its documentary style. Both programs helped show that archaeology is not just about valuable objects and sites, but that artifacts and history are all around us. They portrayed archaeologists as friendly and helped archaeology seem more approachable and interesting to the public.
This presentation discusses evidence of potential alien contact throughout history, including the Nazca lines in Peru, ancient pyramids in Egypt and Mexico, and crop circles. It also examines areas of interest related to UFOs and aliens, such as Area 51 and the unusual Star Child skull discovered in Mexico. The complex structures of the pyramids and similarities between pyramids in different regions are used as possible evidence that aliens helped ancient humans with construction. The presentation explores mysteries surrounding these topics and considers the possibility of past contact with extraterrestrial beings.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England consisting of giant stones arranged in a circular pattern. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it was built between 3000 BC and 2200 BC and may have served as an astronomical calendar, place of worship, or cemetery. The stones are precisely aligned with astronomical events like the solstices. Archaeologists still study Stonehenge to understand its construction and significance during prehistoric times in Britain.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and standing stones. Archaeologists believe it was erected around 2500 BC and served as a burial ground from its earliest existence. It went through three phases of construction, with Stonehenge III being the stone circle of sarsen stones still visible today. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it functioned as an astronomical observatory or religious site.
This document discusses key concepts in relative dating of geologic materials. It introduces important figures like James Hutton and Charles Lyell who were influential in developing theories of geology. The key principles of relative dating are described, including the law of superposition, law of original horizontality, and law of cross-cutting relationships. The document also discusses using index fossils and unconformities to correlate rock layers between locations and determine their relative ages.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 5. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses the landscape changes between 850-1100 CE that led to the shaping of the medieval landscape, including the development of manors, villages, open field systems, and castles. It then examines key themes in the medieval landscape such as rural settlement patterns, agriculture, and feudal structures. Finally, it provides the example of Laxton, a village that retains its medieval open field system, to illustrate these themes.
The document provides information over 12 days about changing Earth and plate tectonics. Day 1 introduces the four layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. Day 2 reviews the layers and their characteristics. Day 3 discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and how plate tectonics explains the movement of continents. It also introduces the concept of Pangaea. Day 4 identifies the three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent and transform. Later days discuss earthquakes, volcanoes, and how volcanic activity forms new land and islands.
The document discusses relative dating techniques used by geologists to determine the ages of rock layers. It explains that Nicolaus Steno established the concept of relative dating by observing that sedimentary rock layers are ordered chronologically. The two main laws of relative dating are the law of original horizontality and the law of superposition. Unconformities in the rock record, caused by erosion, and the cross-cutting relationships of intrusions and extrusions also provide clues about relative ages. Fossils can be used to relatively date rock layers if they are index fossils that have been absolutely dated elsewhere.
Rocks record geological events and changing life forms of the past. Geologists have discovered that Earth is much older than previously believed based on studying the rock record. The geologic time scale is a hierarchical timeline that divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on significant events in the rock record and fossil evidence. Fossils found in rocks indicate what types of life existed in the past and can be used to correlate between different rock formations and interpret ancient environments.
The document discusses plate tectonics and provides evidence that supports the theory of continental drift. It describes how the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other. The plates interact in different ways as they move, including colliding, pulling apart, and scraping past one another, which causes geological features like mountains and volcanoes to form. It also explains Alfred Wegener's early theory of continental drift and the fossil, geological, and geographical evidence he used to support the idea that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea.
The document discusses the history of life on Earth. It states that Earth is very old, and since the first living forms appeared, organisms have changed over time to survive. Today, the world contains many diverse species. The history of life on Earth shows evidence of two types of extinction: background extinction of continuous low levels, and mass extinction where many species die at once. Scientific evidence indicates mass extinction occurred five times over millions of years, where species unable to adapt to environmental changes like climate shifts, meteorite impacts, and volcanic activity went extinct. Each mass extinction was followed by a period of diversification as surviving species filled empty ecological niches.
The document discusses the Sutter Buttes region in northern California. It describes the Sutter Buttes as small volcanic mountains formed 1.6-1.4 million years ago. The climate is mild with low rainfall. Local animals like rabbits, bats, and foxes have evolved adaptations like longer ears and leaner bodies to cope with the warm, dry environment. The region has oak woodlands and features various igneous rock types formed from volcanic activity.
The document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth. It discusses the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil evidence. The five major mass extinction events are identified, including the most severe Permian extinction approximately 250 million years ago which wiped out over 95% of species. The document also notes recent proposals for the Anthropocene epoch to represent the geological era of human civilization's impact on the planet.
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Evidence for plate tectonics includes the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries, as well as the movement of continents over geologic time as described by Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Sea levels around Shetland have fluctuated since the last ice age, rising and falling by several meters. This has implications for understanding Iron Age settlement patterns on the islands. Examining a group of three potential broch sites, rising sea levels would have flooded the area between them, adding agricultural land and possibly supporting more settlements during the broch period from 400 BC to AD 400. However, evidence of smaller structures may now be underwater and lost to erosion. A revised coastline changes interpretations of relationships between the brochs and their economic and communication networks during this period.
The document provides an overview of several geological models that were used in the early 20th century to understand global geological features, including continental drift. It discusses the theory of contractionism, which proposed that continents separated as the Earth cooled and shrank. It also discusses permanentenism, which argued that continents have always been in largely the same positions. The land-bridge hypothesis suggested that land bridges once connected continents to explain terrestrial fossil distributions. The document examines problems with each of these early models and how they helped address questions about matching fossil distributions across continents.
Alfred Wegener traveled through time to collect evidence to prove his theory of continental drift. He discovered that plate tectonics caused the continents to drift apart. Wegener found six key pieces of evidence to support continental drift: 1) the coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces, 2) matching rock sequences and ages across continents, 3) matching diamond patterns across oceans, 4) mountain ranges torn apart by continental movement, 5) matching past glacier patterns, and 6) matching fossil distributions across continents. Wegener concluded that billions of years ago the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart due to plate tectonics.
This document provides an overview of geology, meteorology, and astronomy. It discusses the definition of geology, minerals, rocks, rock formations, and the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Minerals are defined as naturally occurring, inorganic solids with an ordered structure and exact chemical composition. Rocks form from minerals and undergo the rock cycle. The document also covers earthquakes, volcanoes, the composition and structure of the Earth, continental drift theory, plate tectonics, and geological timescales. Key concepts explained include Moh's hardness scale, the rock cycle, igneous rock classification, sedimentary rock formation processes, and Steno's laws of superposition, original
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geologic time and dating methods. It discusses the historical development of ideas around catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Methods of relative dating like stratigraphy and cross-cutting relationships are explained. Radiometric dating techniques are also summarized, including how different isotopes like carbon-14 are used to date rocks and fossils. The document concludes by presenting the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized eons, eras, periods and epochs.
Geologists use the study of rocks and fossils to divide Earth's history into a geological time scale consisting of eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Each time period is defined by the characteristic lifeforms that existed during that period. By examining the order and inclusions of rock layers, as well as using radiometric dating techniques, geologists can determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks to reconstruct Earth's history over its 4.6 billion year existence.
Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth based on observable data and the principle of uniformitarianism. Observable data can be qualitative descriptions or quantitative measurements. In the 17th century, Irish Bishop James Usher estimated the age of the Earth to be around 4004 BC based on biblical accounts, but in the 18th century, Scottish geologist James Hutton developed the principle of uniformitarianism from his observations of rock formations. Modern geology uses both relative dating methods based on principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships, as well as absolute dating techniques like radiometric dating to determine ages of rocks and the Earth in the billions of years.
This document provides an overview of geologic time and the development of the geologic time scale. It discusses how the time scale is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on changes in fossil records. Key principles that helped establish the time scale are described, such as superposition, horizontality, original lateral continuity, and biologic succession. Important scientists like Steno, Hutton, and Smith who contributed to understanding geologic time and stratigraphy are also mentioned. Absolute and relative dating methods are briefly introduced.
Similar to "Exploring Stone Walls" by Robert M Thorson (20)
The document proposes updates to Massachusetts' stretch energy code to help achieve the state's climate goals. It recommends (1) tightening the residential stretch code to require Home Energy Rating System scores of 42 for gas heating or 45 for electric heating, (2) introducing a specialized opt-in stretch code defining "net-zero" buildings and requiring solar panels and electric readiness for gas buildings, and (3) updating the commercial stretch code with more stringent efficiency standards tailored to different building types to lower emissions cost-effectively. Public comments are sought on the straw proposal.
Critical Conversations: Mental Health & Substance Use - 11/18/21Franklin Matters
The Franklin Public Schools Substance Abuse Task Force teamed up with the SAFE Coalition to host the Critical Conversations Panel. This event was held online and in person at Franklin High School on November 18th, 2021. The panel featured 7 speakers with various perspectives representing education, health care, law enforcement, parent/guardians, and people with lived experience. The conversation focused on identifying and addressing mental health and substance use among families and within our community.
The Town Administration and Board of Assessors prepared the following to present the FY 2022 tax rate info for the public hearing at the Town Council meeting on Wednesday, Dec 1, 2021.
My version shares the information with some chart views that I think help tell the story better (my 2 cents)
Town of Franklin: Human Resources Update - 10/13/21Franklin Matters
Town of Franklin (MA) - Human Resources presentation to the Finance Committee on Oct 13, 2021. HR Director Karen Bratt presents the updates and answers questions along with Town Administrator Jamie Hellen.
Franklin (MA) Housing Production Plan Presentation - 20210714Franklin Matters
The document summarizes Franklin's draft 2021 Housing Production Plan (HPP), which is an update to the town's 2011 HPP. The draft HPP contains a comprehensive housing needs assessment that finds increasing housing prices, an aging population, and a shortage of affordable housing units. It sets goals to maintain over 10% affordable housing and increase units for low-income and special needs residents. The draft identifies strategies like zoning changes and incentives to produce more affordable housing. Public feedback is being incorporated before final adoption and DHCD approval to help guide the town's housing development.
Davis Thayer Presentation - School Committee Meeting 06/08/21Franklin Matters
The presentation deck used to show the highlights of the Davis Thayer Elementary school for the 2020-2021 school year. The school building closes at the end of this school year and students in September will join the Keller Elementary School.
Municipal Affordable Housing Trust - presentation - 06/02/21Franklin Matters
The document summarizes Franklin's draft Housing Production Plan (HPP), which is an update to the town's 2011 HPP. The draft HPP includes a housing needs assessment, goals to increase affordable housing units above 10% as required by law, and implementation strategies. It finds Franklin's housing costs and ownership rates are high while supply is low. Goals aim to maintain and increase affordable units for low-income residents, seniors, disabled, and employers' workforce. Strategies could include zoning changes, density bonuses, and funding programs. Public comments are accepted through June 25th.
The updated school budget pages to be reviewed at the Franklin (MA) School Committee meeting Tuesday, Apr 13,2021. These pages reflect changes to the FY 2022 budget preview shared 2 weeks ago and are due to be voted on at the meeting.
Franklin Downtown Partnership planning Ladybug TrailFranklin Matters
The Franklin Downtown Partnership is developing the Ladybug Cultural & Historical Trail to highlight Franklin's unique downtown sites. The trail will feature 25 sites tied together with ladybug sculptures, each having an informational sign. It began as a public art project in 2014 and the partnership took over coordinating outdoor sites in 2018. Their goal is to encourage foot traffic downtown and remind residents of Franklin's history, like how it became the state bug. They have partnered with local groups and have 12 business and 13 cultural and historical sites planned. Installations will continue through 2022 with an unveiling planned for Spring 2022.
The presentation doc used for the Franklin, MA School Committee meeting on Feb 9, 2021 to provide insights on the proposed pool testing pilot for COVID-19
This document summarizes Massachusetts' COVID-19 vaccine timeline and distribution plan. It outlines that 300,000 vaccine doses will be available in phase one in December through February for priority groups like healthcare workers, long term care residents and staff, first responders, and those with two or more comorbidities. Phase two from March through April will include 1.9 million additional doses for groups like educators, grocery workers, those 65 and older, and those with one comorbidity. By phase three, the vaccine will be available to the general public. It emphasizes that the vaccine will only be distributed once the FDA confirms it is safe, and that the state will promote equitable access, with 20% of doses going to hard-hit communities
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
How To Cultivate Community Affinity Throughout The Generosity JourneyAggregage
This session will dive into how to create rich generosity experiences that foster long-lasting relationships. You’ll walk away with actionable insights to redefine how you engage with your supporters — emphasizing trust, engagement, and community!
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAYnarinav14
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
Presentation by Rebecca Sachs and Joshua Varcie, analysts in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the 13th Annual Conference of the American Society of Health Economists.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
71. Epilogue
Last Paragraph:
“New England is a place where human
activities are so thoroughly blended
into the otherwise natural landscape
that the distinction between them is
moot and meaningless.”
72. Epilogue
FINAL SENTENCE:
“To strip-mine stone walls from such a
landscape thoughtlessly, to sell them
as if they were so much blast rubble is
to unravel the binding threads that
hold our patchwork landscape of
culture and nature together. “