Exploring language technologies to provide support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Ricardo Revert. 2015. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
This document discusses using natural language processing (NLP) to help make text more accessible according to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. It presents NLP approaches like language detection, abbreviation detection, and topic detection that could help with text simplification. A proof of concept prototype simplifies drug package leaflets by replacing complex medical terms with simpler synonyms. The document concludes that NLP can provide semi-automatic support for making text more readable and understandable as required by accessibility guidelines.
DICTIONARY BASED AMHARIC-ARABIC CROSS LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVALcsandit
The demand for multilingual information is becoming erceptive as the users of the internet throughout the world are escalating and it creates a problem of retrieving documents in one language by specifying query in another language. This increasing demand can be addressed by designing automatic tools, which accepts the query in one language and retrieves the relevant documents in other languages. We have developed prototype Amharic-Arabic Cross Language
Information Retrieval System by applying dictionary-based approach that enables the users to retrieve relevant documents from Amharic-Arabic corpus by entering the query in Amharic and retrieving the relevant documents both Amharic and Arabic.
Language Identifier for Languages of Pakistan Including Arabic and PersianWaqas Tariq
Language recognizer/identifier/guesser is the basic application used by humans to identify the language of a text document. It takes simply a file as input and after processing its text, decides the language of text document with precision using LIJ-I, LIJ-II and LIJ-III. LIJ-I results in poor accuracy and strengthen with the use of LIJ-II which is further boosted towards a higher level of accuracy with the use of LIJ-III. It also helps in calculating the probability of digrams and the average percentages of accuracy. LIJ-I considers the complete character sets of each language while the LIJ-II considers only the difference. A JAVA based language recognizer is developed and presented in this paper in detail.
Hybrid approaches for automatic vowelization of arabic textsijnlc
Hybrid approaches for automatic vowelization of Arabic texts are presented in this article. The process is
made up of two modules. In the first one, a morphological analysis of the text words is performed using the
open source morphological Analyzer AlKhalil Morpho Sys. Outputs for each word analyzed out of context,
are its different possible vowelizations. The integration of this Analyzer in our vowelization system required
the addition of a lexical database containing the most frequent words in Arabic language. Using a
statistical approach based on two hidden Markov models (HMM), the second module aims to eliminate the
ambiguities. Indeed, for the first HMM, the unvowelized Arabic words are the observed states and the
vowelized words are the hidden states. The observed states of the second HMM are identical to those of the
first, but the hidden states are the lists of possible diacritics of the word without its Arabic letters. Our
system uses Viterbi algorithm to select the optimal path among the solutions proposed by Al Khalil Morpho
Sys. Our approach opens an important way to improve the performance of automatic vowelization of
Arabic texts for other uses in automatic natural language processing.
WRITER RECOGNITION FOR SOUTH INDIAN LANGUAGES USING STATISTICAL FEATURE EXTRA...ijnlc
The comprehension of whole manually written records is a testing issue which incorporates various
difficult undertakings. Given a written by hand archive, its format needs to be dissected to detach different
content sorts in a first step. These different content sorts can then be coordinated to specific frameworks,
including writer style, image, or table recognizers. Research in programmed author recognizable proof has
principally centred around the measurable methodology. This has prompted the particular and extraction
of factual elements, for example, run-length appropriations, incline dissemination, entropy, and edge-pivot
conveyance. The edge-pivot conveyance highlight out flanks all other measurable elements. Edge-pivot
circulation is an element that portrays the adjustments in bearing of a written work stroke in written by
hand content. The edge- pivot circulation is extricated by method for a window that is slid over an edgerecognized
on offline scanned images. At whatever point the focal pixel of the window is on, the two edge
pieces (i.e. associated successions of pixels) rising up out of this focal pixel are considered. Their bearings
are measured and put away as sets. A joint likelihood dissemination is gotten from an extensive recognition
DINTO An Ontology for Drug-Drug InteractionsGrupo HULAT
Authors: María Herrero Zazo, Janna Hastings, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, Samuel Croset, Paloma Martínez and Christoph Steinbeck
SWAT4LS, International Workshop Semantic Web Applications and tools for life sciences, Edinburgh, UK (December 10, 2013)
DINTO, An Ontology for Drug-Drug Interactions
Mujeres, ciencia y tecnología. Encuesta sobre la percepción de las dificultad...Grupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Yolanda González, Isabel Segura, Paloma Martínez
XV Congreso Interacción Persona Ordenador
10-12 de septiembre de 2014, Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife
DICTIONARY BASED AMHARIC-ARABIC CROSS LANGUAGE INFORMATION RETRIEVALcsandit
The demand for multilingual information is becoming erceptive as the users of the internet throughout the world are escalating and it creates a problem of retrieving documents in one language by specifying query in another language. This increasing demand can be addressed by designing automatic tools, which accepts the query in one language and retrieves the relevant documents in other languages. We have developed prototype Amharic-Arabic Cross Language
Information Retrieval System by applying dictionary-based approach that enables the users to retrieve relevant documents from Amharic-Arabic corpus by entering the query in Amharic and retrieving the relevant documents both Amharic and Arabic.
Language Identifier for Languages of Pakistan Including Arabic and PersianWaqas Tariq
Language recognizer/identifier/guesser is the basic application used by humans to identify the language of a text document. It takes simply a file as input and after processing its text, decides the language of text document with precision using LIJ-I, LIJ-II and LIJ-III. LIJ-I results in poor accuracy and strengthen with the use of LIJ-II which is further boosted towards a higher level of accuracy with the use of LIJ-III. It also helps in calculating the probability of digrams and the average percentages of accuracy. LIJ-I considers the complete character sets of each language while the LIJ-II considers only the difference. A JAVA based language recognizer is developed and presented in this paper in detail.
Hybrid approaches for automatic vowelization of arabic textsijnlc
Hybrid approaches for automatic vowelization of Arabic texts are presented in this article. The process is
made up of two modules. In the first one, a morphological analysis of the text words is performed using the
open source morphological Analyzer AlKhalil Morpho Sys. Outputs for each word analyzed out of context,
are its different possible vowelizations. The integration of this Analyzer in our vowelization system required
the addition of a lexical database containing the most frequent words in Arabic language. Using a
statistical approach based on two hidden Markov models (HMM), the second module aims to eliminate the
ambiguities. Indeed, for the first HMM, the unvowelized Arabic words are the observed states and the
vowelized words are the hidden states. The observed states of the second HMM are identical to those of the
first, but the hidden states are the lists of possible diacritics of the word without its Arabic letters. Our
system uses Viterbi algorithm to select the optimal path among the solutions proposed by Al Khalil Morpho
Sys. Our approach opens an important way to improve the performance of automatic vowelization of
Arabic texts for other uses in automatic natural language processing.
WRITER RECOGNITION FOR SOUTH INDIAN LANGUAGES USING STATISTICAL FEATURE EXTRA...ijnlc
The comprehension of whole manually written records is a testing issue which incorporates various
difficult undertakings. Given a written by hand archive, its format needs to be dissected to detach different
content sorts in a first step. These different content sorts can then be coordinated to specific frameworks,
including writer style, image, or table recognizers. Research in programmed author recognizable proof has
principally centred around the measurable methodology. This has prompted the particular and extraction
of factual elements, for example, run-length appropriations, incline dissemination, entropy, and edge-pivot
conveyance. The edge-pivot conveyance highlight out flanks all other measurable elements. Edge-pivot
circulation is an element that portrays the adjustments in bearing of a written work stroke in written by
hand content. The edge- pivot circulation is extricated by method for a window that is slid over an edgerecognized
on offline scanned images. At whatever point the focal pixel of the window is on, the two edge
pieces (i.e. associated successions of pixels) rising up out of this focal pixel are considered. Their bearings
are measured and put away as sets. A joint likelihood dissemination is gotten from an extensive recognition
DINTO An Ontology for Drug-Drug InteractionsGrupo HULAT
Authors: María Herrero Zazo, Janna Hastings, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, Samuel Croset, Paloma Martínez and Christoph Steinbeck
SWAT4LS, International Workshop Semantic Web Applications and tools for life sciences, Edinburgh, UK (December 10, 2013)
DINTO, An Ontology for Drug-Drug Interactions
Mujeres, ciencia y tecnología. Encuesta sobre la percepción de las dificultad...Grupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Yolanda González, Isabel Segura, Paloma Martínez
XV Congreso Interacción Persona Ordenador
10-12 de septiembre de 2014, Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife
Building a Graph of Names and Contextual Patterns for Named Entity Classifica...Grupo HULAT
Authors: César de Pablo Sánchez and Paloma Martínez
31st European Conference on Information Retrieval, Tolouse, France (April 6-9, 2009)
Building a Graph of Names and Contextual Patterns for Named Entity Classification
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
An aspect of the invention is directed to a polymer comprising a sulfonated
perfluorocyclopentyl compound. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a sulfonated
copolymer comprising one or more sulfonated polymers. A further aspect of the invention is
directed to membranes prepared from the polymers of the claimed invention.
Detecting Drugs and Adverse Events from Spanish Health Social Media StreamsGrupo HULAT
Authors: Isabel Segura-Bedmar, Ricardo Revert, Paloma Martínez
Louhi 2014 (The Fifth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis). Gothenburg, Sweden (April 27, 2014) (http://dsv.su.se/en/research/research-areas/language/description/louhi-2014-1.154970)
Abstract: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that does drug and adverse event detection from Spanish posts collected from a health social media. First, we created a gold-standard corpus annotated with drugs and adverse events from social media. Then, Textalytics, a multilingual text analysis engine, was applied to identify drugs and possible adverse events. Overall recall and precision were 0.80 and 0.87 for drugs, and 0.56 and 0.85 for adverse events.
You have the freedom of choice to select whomever you wish to pursue your personal injury claim. Select an injury lawyer that suits your needs and meets your requirement. There are many Compensation Packages that can be offered to you. Know what you want and need. If you require a replacement vehicle then appoint a lawyer who can provide you with this service.
Lourdes Moreno, Rodrigo Alarcon, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Paloma Martínez. 2019. Lexical simplification approach to support the accessibility guidelines. In Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacción '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3335595.3335651
A NOVEL APPROACH OF CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLIRcscpconf
Recent and continuing advances in online information systems are creating many opportunities
and also new problems in information retrieval. Gathering the information in different natural
language is the most difficult task, which often requires huge resources. Cross-language
information retrieval (CLIR) is the retrieval of information for a query written in the native
language. This paper deals with various classification techniques that can be used for solving
the problems encountered in CLIR.
Building a Graph of Names and Contextual Patterns for Named Entity Classifica...Grupo HULAT
Authors: César de Pablo Sánchez and Paloma Martínez
31st European Conference on Information Retrieval, Tolouse, France (April 6-9, 2009)
Building a Graph of Names and Contextual Patterns for Named Entity Classification
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
An aspect of the invention is directed to a polymer comprising a sulfonated
perfluorocyclopentyl compound. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a sulfonated
copolymer comprising one or more sulfonated polymers. A further aspect of the invention is
directed to membranes prepared from the polymers of the claimed invention.
Detecting Drugs and Adverse Events from Spanish Health Social Media StreamsGrupo HULAT
Authors: Isabel Segura-Bedmar, Ricardo Revert, Paloma Martínez
Louhi 2014 (The Fifth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis). Gothenburg, Sweden (April 27, 2014) (http://dsv.su.se/en/research/research-areas/language/description/louhi-2014-1.154970)
Abstract: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that does drug and adverse event detection from Spanish posts collected from a health social media. First, we created a gold-standard corpus annotated with drugs and adverse events from social media. Then, Textalytics, a multilingual text analysis engine, was applied to identify drugs and possible adverse events. Overall recall and precision were 0.80 and 0.87 for drugs, and 0.56 and 0.85 for adverse events.
You have the freedom of choice to select whomever you wish to pursue your personal injury claim. Select an injury lawyer that suits your needs and meets your requirement. There are many Compensation Packages that can be offered to you. Know what you want and need. If you require a replacement vehicle then appoint a lawyer who can provide you with this service.
Similar to Exploring language technologies to provide support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Ricardo Revert. 2015. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Lourdes Moreno, Rodrigo Alarcon, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Paloma Martínez. 2019. Lexical simplification approach to support the accessibility guidelines. In Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacción '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3335595.3335651
A NOVEL APPROACH OF CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLIRcscpconf
Recent and continuing advances in online information systems are creating many opportunities
and also new problems in information retrieval. Gathering the information in different natural
language is the most difficult task, which often requires huge resources. Cross-language
information retrieval (CLIR) is the retrieval of information for a query written in the native
language. This paper deals with various classification techniques that can be used for solving
the problems encountered in CLIR.
Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, the prominent lexicographer, describes a person who has difficulty in grasping knowledge as someone who “Cannot understand something without knowing all its details.” If the knowledge required by somebody is in a language other than the person’s mother tongue, access to this knowledge will surely meet special difficulties resulting from the person’s lack of mastery over the second
language. Any project that can monitor knowledge sources written in English and change them into the
user’s language by employing a simple understandable model is capable of being a knowledge-based
project with a world view regarding text simplification. This article creates a knowledge system,
investigates some algorithms for analyzing contents of complex texts, and presents solutions for changing
such texts simple and understandable ones. Texts are automatically analyzed and their ambiguous points
are identified by software, but it is the author or the human agent who makes decisions concerning
omission of the ambiguities or correction of the texts.
Blackboard is committed not only to delivering accessible products, but also to providing accessibility consulting. Understanding that a digital accessibility program encompasses so much more than their products, Blackboard works with schools to develop comprehensive eLearning accessibility plans.
In this webinar, you'll learn more about Blackboard's accessibility initiatives and core beliefs. Presented by JoAnna Hunt (Accessibility Manager), Scott Ready (Director of Customer Relations), and Nicolaas Matthijs (Ally Product Manager), this session will cover:
Blackboard's accessibility mission statement & core beliefs
How Blackboard makes their products accessible
How Blackboard works with schools to plan for accessibility
How Blackboard developed their rubric for accessibility
Common challenges of making eLearning programs accessible
Using Blackboard Ally to get insight into how accessible your courses are
The future of accessibility at Blackboard
Detecting Good Practices and Pitfalls when Publishing Vocabularies on the Web María Poveda Villalón
The uptake of Linked Data (LD) has promoted the proliferation of datasets and their associated ontologies bringing their semantic to the data being published. These ontologies should be evaluated at different stages, both during their development and their publication. As important as correctly modelling the intended part of the world to be captured in an ontology, is publishing, sharing and facilitating the (re)use of the obtained model. In this paper, 11 evaluation characteristics, with respect to publish, share and facilitate the reuse, are proposed. In particular, 6 good practices and 5 pitfalls are presented, together with their associated detection methods. In addition, a grid-based rating system is generated showing the results of analysing the vocabularies gathered in LOV repository. Both contributions, the set of evaluation characteristics and the grid system, could be useful for ontologists in order to reuse existing LD vocabularies or to check the one being built.
Seminario eMadrid sobre "Nuevas experiencias en laboratorios remotos". Estand...eMadrid network
Seminario eMadrid sobre "Nuevas experiencias en laboratorios remotos". Estandarización de laboratorios online para educación basados en objetos de aprendizaje inteligentes. Miguel Rodríguez Artacho, UNED. 26/02/2016.
Information retrieval (IR) system aims to retrieve
relevant documents to a user query where the query is a set of
keywords. Cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) is a
retrieval process in which the user fires queries in one language to
retrieve information from another language. The growing
requirement on the Internet for users to access information
expressed in language other than their own has led to Cross
Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) becoming established as
a major topic in IR.
Similar to Exploring language technologies to provide support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Ricardo Revert. 2015. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (20)
Lourdes Moreno, Xabier Valencia, J. Eduardo Pérez, and Myriam Arrue. 2018. Exploring the Web navigation strategies of people with low vision. In Proceedings of the XIX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacción 2018). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 13, 8 pages
Babelfy: Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation.Grupo HULAT
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Integration of Accessibility Requirements in the Design of Multimedia User Agents Interfaces
PhD presentation
María Gonzalez, UC3M
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Slides used in Course "Combining Language and Semantic Web Techonologies" held in UNED, January 21-22, 2015.
The talk is about the challenges in understanding health related natural language and the work done in TrendMiner European Project.
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BioSEPLN 2010 Workshop on Language Technology applied to biomedical and health documents, Valencia, España (September 6, 2010)
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Building a Graph of Names and Contextual Patterns for Named Entity Classifica...Grupo HULAT
Authors: César de Pablo Sánchez, Paloma Martínez
ECIR 2009: Proceedings of the 31th European Conference on IR Research on Advances in Information Retrieval, Tolouse, France (April 6-9 2009)
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Authors: Jose Manuel Díaz-Bossini, Lourdes Moreno
DSAI 2013: 5th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fightin Info-exclusion (November 2013, Vigo, Spain).
Accessibility to mobile interfaces for older people
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Authors: Mary Luz Sánchez, Lourdes Moreno
DSAI 2013: 5th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fightin Info-exclusion (November 2013, Vigo, Spain).
Toward an integration of Web accessibility into testing processes
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Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez
Interacción 2012: XIII edición del congreso internacional fomentado desde la Asociación para la Interacción Persona-Ordenador (AIPO) (Octubre 2012, Elche, España)
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Author: Lourdes Moreno
V Congreso Nacional sobre Universidad y discapacidad y XIV Reunión del Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad (Diciembre 2011, Madrid, España).
Formación y tecnologías en accesibilidad para la Universidad
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Authors: María González-García, Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Ana Iglesias
Interacción 2011: XII Congreso de Interacción Persona-Ordenador, (September 2011, Lisboa, Portugal).
Requisitos de accesibilidad web en los reproductores multimedia
Integrating HCI in a Web accessibility engineering approachGrupo HULAT
Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
HCII 2009: 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. 5th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (HCII 2009), (July 2009, San Diego, CA, USA).
Integrating HCI in a Web accessibility engineering approach
A MDD approach for modelling web accessibilityGrupo HULAT
Authores: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
IWWOST 2008: 7th International Workshop on Web-Oriented Software Technologies, in conjuntion the 8th International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE'2008) (July 2008, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA).
A MDD approach for modelling web accessibility,
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Authors: Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Belén Ruiz-Mezcua
IWWUA 2007: 1st International Workshop on Web Usability and Accessibility in conjuntion with the 8th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, (January 2007, Nancy, France).
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Authors: María González, Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez
Interacción 2014: XV International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (September 2014, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain). Proceedings of the XV International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (INTERACCIÓN 2014), ACM, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4503-2, Número: 5
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Authors: María González, Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez
DSAI 2112, 4th International Conference on Software Development for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (July 2012, Douro Region, Portugal). Elsevier, Volumen: 14, Páginas: 254-262.
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Authors: Lourdes Moreno, María González, Paloma Martínez, Ana Iglesias
HCII 2011: 14th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. 6th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, (July 2011, Orlando, Florida, USA). Springer Computer Science Editorial, Volumen: LNCS 6765 , Páginas: 249-257.
A study of accessibility requirements for media players on the Web
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
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- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
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Exploring language technologies to provide support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and Ricardo Revert. 2015. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
1. Exploring language technologies to provide
support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines
Lourdes Moreno * Paloma Martínez, Isabel Segura-Bedmar
and Ricardo Revert
Grupo LaBDA
Departamento de Informática
Universidad Carlos II de Madrid
(*) lmoreno@inf.uc3m.es
Vilanova I la Geltrú (Universitat Politècnica
Catalunya ), septiembre 2015
Reference ACM Digital Library:
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2829927&CFID=573822944&CFTOKEN=54544041
2. Contents
• Motivation and introduction
• EASY-TO-READ (E2R) Guidelines
• WCAG 2.0: readability and understandability
• Natural language processing (NLP) approaches for text
simplification
• Proof of Concept: Lexical Simplification of Drug Package
Leaflets
• Conclusions
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
3. MOTIVATION
• Part of citizenship faces accessibility barriers when texts
containing:
long sentences
unusual words
complex linguistic structures
…
• Environment: web content
• Readability and understanding should be considered when
texts are created
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
4. INTRODUCTION
Target groups
• People with cognitive or learning
disabilities
• Also:
Pre lingually deaf persons
Older people (Individual cognitive
abilities such as attention span and
memory)
Non-alphabetized people
Immigrants (different native language)
People with aphasia, dyslexia, autism
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
5. INTRODUCTION
Initiatives
• Easy-to-Read (E2R)
Inclusion Europe 2009
Guidelines of IFLA 2010
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
Regulatory framework
Hard Success criteria
Conformance level AA
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
6. EASY-TO-READ (E2R) Guidelines
• In general terms these guidelines are:
Use simplest and most common words
Avoid long words
Avoided use of abbreviations
The same term used to refer to the same concept
Use short sentences
Avoid complex sentences with dependent clauses
Use active language and avoid passive voice
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
7. EASY-TO-READ (E2R) Guidelines
What can be done?
• To make online texts more accessible and readable
• In complex words or phrases are replaced with more
commonly used words
• These adaptations are carried out with the use of text
simplification techniques:
www.noticiasfacil.es
www.e-include.info/
simple.wikipedia.org/
www.simplext.es/
• Manual process? In some cases it is unfeasible
• Support Technology
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
8. EASY-TO-READ (E2R) Guidelines
• These E2R guidelines are aimed only to text content.
• In addition: page structure, presentation, …
=> For this reason, accessibility requirements of WCAG 2.0
must be taken into account
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
9. WCAG 2.0: READABILITY AND UNDERSTANDABILITY
understandable vs readability
“a text could be highly readable, since the syntax is extremely
simple, but extremely hard to understand because of the lexicon
used”
Readability gives an evaluation about the structure of
sentences (it concerns syntax and consequently requires
syntactic simplification approaches)
understandability captures the lexical aspects and lexical
simplification approaches are required
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
10. WCAG success criteria
concerning text
• 3.1 (Readable: Make text
content readable and
understandable)
Readability - 3.1.5 (Reading
Level)
Understandable - 3.1.3
(Unusual Words) and 3.1.4 (
Abbreviations)
Code(Level
Conformance)
Description
1.1.1 Non-text
Content (Level A).
Every non-text content that is presented to the
user has a alternative text that serves the
equivalent purpose
2.4.2 Page Titled
(Level A).
Web pages have titles that describe topic or
purpose.
2.4.4 Link Purpose (In
Context):
(text type)
The purpose of each link can be determined
from the link text alone or from the link text
together with its programmatically determined
link context
2.4.6 Headings and
Labels (Level AA).
Headings and labels describe topic or purpose.
2.4.9 Link Purpose
(Link Only) (Level
AAA).
(text type)
A mechanism is available to allow the purpose
of each link to be identified from link text
alone, except where the purpose of the link
would be ambiguous to users in general.
2.4.10 Section
Headings (Level
AAA).
Section headings are used to organize the
content.
3.1.1 Language of
Page (Level A).
The default human language of each Web page
can be programmatically determined.
3.1.2 Language of
Parts (Level AA).
The human language of each passage or phrase
in the content can be programmatically
determined.
3.1.3 Unusual Words
(Level AAA).
A mechanism is available for identifying
specific definitions of words or phrases used in
an unusual.
3.1.4 Abbreviations
(Level AAA).
A mechanism for identifying the expanded
form or meaning of abbreviations is available.
3.1.5 Reading Level
(Level AAA).
When text requires reading ability more
advanced than the lower secondary education
level after removal of proper names and titles,
supplemental content, or a version that does not
require reading ability more advanced than the
lower secondary education level, is available.LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
11. WCAG 2.0: READABILITY AND UNDERSTANDABILITY
Additional accessibility requirements
• WCAG 2.0 document does not specify guidelines to these matters as
concerning visual or auditory accessibility
• A set of additional WCAG 2.0 success criteria has been obtained regarding
the presentation, navigation, structure, cognitive aspects in user task,…
• Some of these additional success criteria are:
1.4.8 (Visual Presentation)
2.2.3 (No Timing)
2.4.5 (Multiple Ways)
3.2.3 (Consistent Navigation)
3.2.4 (Consistent Identification)
2.2.3 (No Timing)
3.3.1 (Error Identification)
3.3.2 (Labels or Instructions)
3.3.5 (Help)
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
12. WCAG 2.0: READABILITY AND UNDERSTANDABILITY
Discussion and conclusions
• No correspondence between concepts in E2R guidelines and
success criteria of WCAG 2.0
=> The professional closely to the field of the accessibility
conformity WCAG does not know how to accomplish
requirements E2R
• Aside from WCAG 2.0 regarding the text, further accessibility
features should be considered
• WCAG 2.0 support is not enough
• Technology supporting the authorship of texts is required
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
13. WCAG 2.0: READABILITY AND UNDERSTANDABILITY
Discussion and conclusions
• Proposal:
PLN approaches with a use of E2R and WCAG 2.0 resources
provide the semi-automatic support
Different NLP strategies to simplify texts depending on
whether you want to analyse understandable or
readability
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
14. Natural language processing (NLP)
• The discipline devoted to develop technology to understand
natural language
• Applications:
Machine translation
Information retrieval
Information extraction from unstructured data
Summarization
Question answering
….
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
15. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Support to accessibility
• NLP processes are applied with the objective of transforming
a text in an equivalent one, but more accessible to people
with any kind of cognitive disability
• Three NLP processes that could be applied to text
simplification tasks are described:
Language detection
Abbreviations detection
Topic detection
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
16. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Language detection
• Language detection consists on identifying the language of a
text
• It is helpful for example: when screen readers are used
• Approaches:
To find out it is to check if language-specific characters, (e.g. Dutch if
string “ik” appears, German is “ich” or “β” is used, Polish if “czy” or
“ń”, “Ł”, “ź” are included in words)
To use n-grams frequency distributions. All languages have words that
occur more frequently than others (Zipf´s Law)
• if two texts of a same language are compared then they should
have similar n-grams frequency distributions)
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
17. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Abbreviations
• Approaches to recognized abbreviations and corresponding
expansions:
Pattern-matching methods based on rules and heuristics to
detect upper alphanumeric strings
• To identify Long form (short form) or Short form (long form)
A sequence of words co-occurs frequently with an
abbreviation and the sequence does not occur with other
near words => it is an “abbreviation-definition”
relationship.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
18. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Text summarization or topic detection
• Goal : to obtain a set of sentences that reflects the content
• This technique offers accessibility support to editors of web
contents to create:
Titles of paragraphs
Sections that faithfully represent the content
• Approach:
Automatic text extraction: considering relevant sentences
of a text has a big amount of important words
The importance of a word is calculated with a measure
that relies on how frequent is a word in a document and in
how many documents from a collection the word appears.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
19. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Text Simplification
• It is essential in several types of texts: News, Government and
administrative information, laws and rights, etc.
• There are three subtasks of text simplification
1 Syntactic simplification that divides complex sentences in
simplest sentences
2 Lexical simplification whose objective is to replace
complex vocabulary by common vocabulary
3 Clarification that provides definitions and explanations.
These tasks are not completely automatic, they have to be
manually reviewed in some cases.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
20. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Text Simplification
Lexical simplification:
• Replacing words (taking into account the context) and
complex utterances by easier words or phrases.
• Heuristic: complex words have a low frequency
• Proposals based on frequency give better results compared to
other sophisticated systems [Semeval 2012]
• Resource: lexical resources as Wordnet are used to extract
synonyms as candidates to replace a complex or difficult
word.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
21. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
Text Simplification
Lexical simplification
• Complexity measures: frequency of words in texts as well as
the length of phrases
FOX index
Flesch-Kinaid
These indexes have to be validated by final users
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
22. NLP APPROACHES FOR TEXT SIMPLIFICATION
WCAG 2.0 PLN Approach
2.4.2 (Page Titled)
2.4.6 (Headings and Labels)
2.4.10 (Section Headings)
Text summarization
3.1.4 (Abbreviations ) Abbreviations
3.1.3 (Unusual Words) Dictionaries with definition
3.1.5 (Reading Level) Syntactic simplification
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
23. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
• The principal text source of information for patients
• This document provides information about a its
appearance, actions, side effects and drug
interactions, contraindications, special warnings
• It is difficult to understand by patients:
Vocabulary is specific, technical.
Long paragraphs, especially those containing lists of
side effects.
Using a small font size (9 points)
• Problems: Patient misunderstanding could be a
potential source of medication errors and adverse
drug reactions.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
24. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
• Goal of the system:
Provide information in an easy and clear way to read.
• Medical terms (in particular, drug effects) are translated into
lay terms, which patients can understand.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
25. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
FIRST Module:
Named Entity Recognition
(NER)
• Detects the mentions of
drug effects
• Use MedDRA (medical
multilingual terminology
dictionary about events
associated with drugs )
• MeaningCloud integrates
MedDRA, into GATE
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
26. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
SECOND module:
Lexical Simplifier
• To Identify the effects whose
names are considered
complex with the objective
of replacing them by a
simpler synonym
• Two different strategies:
preferred term substitution
and most frequent term
substitution.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
27. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
SECOND module. Lexical Simplifier
• Preferred Term Substitution
MedDRA allows to defining sets of synonyms and providing
a preferred term for each set
• Cefalalgia (cephalalgia) would be substituted for cefalea
(headache)
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
28. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
SECOND module. Lexical Simplifier
• Most Frequent Term Substitution
Corpus of MedlinePlus website documents (1,536 documents)
• 939 belonging to drug package leaflets
• 597 to general health related articles about diseases, effects and
diagnoses.
Elasticsearch to index the MedLinePlus documents
Hypothesis: complex terms should be less frequent than simpler terms
in the corpus
1) The frequency of each effect in the corpus is calculated
2) an effect will be substituted for its synonym with the highest
frequency (if it is not itself) in the corpus.
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
29. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
SECOND module. Lexical Simplifier
Synonyms from MedDRA appear in
MedLinePlus
corpus
catarro (nasopharyngitis), 12
resfriado (cold), 48
resfriado común (common
cold)
7
síntomas de resfriado (cold
symptoms)
6
The complex term
replaced by resfriado
(cold)
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
30. PROOF OF CONCEPT
Lexical Simplification of Drug Package Leaflets
SECOND module. Lexical Simplifieroriginal
Muy frecuentes: diarrea e indigestión.
Frecuentes: náuseas, vómitos, dolor abdominal.
Poco frecuentes: hemorragia.
Raros: perforación gástrica, flatulencia, estreñimiento
PT
Muy frecuentes: diarrea e dispepsia.
Frecuentes: náuseas, vómitos, dolor abdominal.
Poco frecuentes: hemorragia.
Raros: perforación gástrica, flatulencia, estreñimiento
freq
Muy frecuentes: diarrea e pirosis.
Frecuentes: náuseas, vómitos, dolor abdominal.
Poco frecuentes: sangrado.
Raros: perforación gástrica, gases, estreñimiento
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
31. CONCLUSIONS
• For some people, it is difficult to infer the meaning of an unusual
word or phrase from context
• Long sentences and complex linguistic structures can cause barriers
in access to the text content as indicated in WCAG and E2R
guidelines
However, these guidelines do not provide precise methods and
support (semi) automatic with which to address these
accessibility issues concerning to text readable and
understandable
• PLN approaches with a use of E2R and WCAG 2.0 resources provide
the semi-automatic support
Proof of concept: Prototype to simplify drug package leaflet that
implements a component for lexical simplificationLaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
32. CONCLUSIONS
Work in progress
• New approaches to offer support: abbreviations, summaries,
definitions of unusual words, etc.
• Evaluations by users (In addition, by experts)
• Taking into account other important issues as:
Presentation elements
Page structure
Navigation structures
LaBDA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
33. REFERENCE
Lourdes Moreno, Paloma Martínez, Isabel Segura-Bedmar, and
Ricardo Revert. 2015. Exploring language technologies to provide
support to WCAG 2.0 and E2R guidelines. In Proceedings of the XVI
International Conference on Human Computer Interaction
(Interacción '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, , Article 57 , 8 pages.
DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2829875.2829927