The document discusses the Semantic Web, which refers to extending the current web by giving information well-defined meaning that computers can understand. It describes the evolution of the web from Web 1.0 to 3.0 and outlines key components that enable the Semantic Web like URIs, RDF, RDFS, OWL, and SPARQL. The technology brings benefits like improved search, interoperability, and opportunities for applications in areas like healthcare, e-learning, and more. Realizing its full potential will take generating vocabularies and developing applications that make use of shared semantic data.
Linkator: enriching web pages by automatically adding dereferenceable semanti...Samur Araujo
In this paper, we introduce Linkator, an application architecture that
exploits semantic annotations for automatically adding links to previously
generated web pages. Linkator provides a mechanism for dereferencing these
semantic annotations with what it calls semantic links. Automatically adding
links to web pages improves the users’ navigation. It connects the visited page
with external sources of information that the user can be interested in, but that
were not identified as such during the web page design phase. The process of
auto-linking encompasses: finding the terms to be linked and finding the
destination of the link. Linkator delegates the first stage to external semantic
annotation tools and it concentrates on the process of finding a relevant
resource to link to. In this paper, a use case is presented that shows how this
mechanism can support knowledge workers in finding publications during their
navigation on the web.
The new economy and the globalization trends have brought new needs for increasing international business communication and cooperation. However, it is often difficult to discover relevant information across languages and cultures in conventional information management system. In this study, we have proposed a multilingual semantic communication for automated information management through a user-friendly localized system. The theoretical model is made of a multilingual ontology based on linguistic knowledge from Wikipedia in order to provide a powerful search engine and suggestion system. Our current solution includes English, French and Chinese.
Open Data Management for Public Automated TranslationDave Lewis
A proposal developed jointly by FALCON (www.falcon-project.eu) and LIDER (www.lider-project.eu) projects for Open Data Management for Public Automated Translation Services. This was offered as input to the MLi project, which is capturing procurement requirements for future Automated Translation service under the EU’s Connecting Europe Facilities, CEF.AT
Linkator: enriching web pages by automatically adding dereferenceable semanti...Samur Araujo
In this paper, we introduce Linkator, an application architecture that
exploits semantic annotations for automatically adding links to previously
generated web pages. Linkator provides a mechanism for dereferencing these
semantic annotations with what it calls semantic links. Automatically adding
links to web pages improves the users’ navigation. It connects the visited page
with external sources of information that the user can be interested in, but that
were not identified as such during the web page design phase. The process of
auto-linking encompasses: finding the terms to be linked and finding the
destination of the link. Linkator delegates the first stage to external semantic
annotation tools and it concentrates on the process of finding a relevant
resource to link to. In this paper, a use case is presented that shows how this
mechanism can support knowledge workers in finding publications during their
navigation on the web.
The new economy and the globalization trends have brought new needs for increasing international business communication and cooperation. However, it is often difficult to discover relevant information across languages and cultures in conventional information management system. In this study, we have proposed a multilingual semantic communication for automated information management through a user-friendly localized system. The theoretical model is made of a multilingual ontology based on linguistic knowledge from Wikipedia in order to provide a powerful search engine and suggestion system. Our current solution includes English, French and Chinese.
Open Data Management for Public Automated TranslationDave Lewis
A proposal developed jointly by FALCON (www.falcon-project.eu) and LIDER (www.lider-project.eu) projects for Open Data Management for Public Automated Translation Services. This was offered as input to the MLi project, which is capturing procurement requirements for future Automated Translation service under the EU’s Connecting Europe Facilities, CEF.AT
RDF and other linked data standards — how to make use of big localization dataDave Lewis
The standards and interoperability challenge to using the Resource Description Framework for data resource in linked data. Based on work from CNGL (www.cngl.ie), the FALCON project (www.falcon-project.eu) and the LIDER project (www.lider-project.eu)
The W3C Data Shapes Working Group has been chartered in September 2014 to "Produce a language for defining structural constraints on RDF graphs and define graph topologies for interface specification, code development, and data verification." It will do for RDF what XML Schema did for XML.
This brief was presented as part of the RDF-AP Special Session at DCMI 2014, the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Conference.
Usage of Linked Data: Introduction and Application ScenariosEUCLID project
This presentation introduces the main principles of Linked Data, the underlying technologies and background standards. It provides basic knowledge for how data can be published over the Web, how it can be queried, and what are the possible use cases and benefits. As an example, we use the development of a music portal (based on the MusicBrainz dataset), which facilitates access to a wide range of information and multimedia resources relating to music.
www.lifein01.com - for more info
Web services are self contained, self describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the web. Web services perform functions, which can be anything from simple requests to complicated business processes.”
RDF and other linked data standards — how to make use of big localization dataDave Lewis
The standards and interoperability challenge to using the Resource Description Framework for data resource in linked data. Based on work from CNGL (www.cngl.ie), the FALCON project (www.falcon-project.eu) and the LIDER project (www.lider-project.eu)
The W3C Data Shapes Working Group has been chartered in September 2014 to "Produce a language for defining structural constraints on RDF graphs and define graph topologies for interface specification, code development, and data verification." It will do for RDF what XML Schema did for XML.
This brief was presented as part of the RDF-AP Special Session at DCMI 2014, the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Conference.
Usage of Linked Data: Introduction and Application ScenariosEUCLID project
This presentation introduces the main principles of Linked Data, the underlying technologies and background standards. It provides basic knowledge for how data can be published over the Web, how it can be queried, and what are the possible use cases and benefits. As an example, we use the development of a music portal (based on the MusicBrainz dataset), which facilitates access to a wide range of information and multimedia resources relating to music.
www.lifein01.com - for more info
Web services are self contained, self describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the web. Web services perform functions, which can be anything from simple requests to complicated business processes.”
Presentación del Dr. Getaneh Alemu (Solent University, Reino Unido), en el II Congreso de Información, Comunicación e Investigación (CICI 2018) “Metadatos y Organización de la Información”. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México. Evento organizado por el Cuerpo Académico 'Estudios de la Información' y el Grupo Disciplinar ‘Información, Lenguaje, Comunicación y Desarrollo Sostenible’. 29 de octubre de 2018.
18. CRITICS
• AJAX do not replace underlying protocols
like HTTP.
• The ideas of Web 2.0 were already
featured in implementations on networked
systems.
• The term is unclear or simply a buzzword.
19. REASONS FOR FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
• How will our information be organized.
• Will we still do the “surfing” or will the machine
surf for us.
20. SYNTAX V/S SEMANTICS
• Adopt a common syntax: this enables applications
to parse the data.
• Adopt a means for understanding the semantics:
this enables applications to use the data.
21. few years ago recently
machine understandable machine processible
22. WEB 3.0
The Semantic Web refers to a technology
that describes things in a way that computers
applications can understand it.
24. URI
• URIs are used to identify everything in a unique and non-ambiguous way:
• Uri’s are given in different way for different things.
• URI is simply a Web identifier: like the strings starting with "http:" or "ftp:“
• The URI syntax consists of a URI scheme name followed by a colon
character, and then by a scheme-specific part.
• All “Information Resources”, or WWW pages, documents, etc. have a URI,
which is commonly known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
• e.g. http://dbpedia.org/resource/Galway
25. XML
• XML, a language that lets one write structured Web
documents with a user-defined vocabulary.
• XML is particularly suitable for sending documents
across the Web.
• XML has no built-in mechanism to convey the meaning
of the user’s new tags to other users.
• Syntactic basis for structured data.
26. RDF
W3C standard for describing
• It is a
resources in the Web.
• It identifies the URIs ( Uniform Resource Identifiers)
• RDF is a data model.
• RDF provides metadata about Web resources.
27. RDF uses simple statements (Triples) to
describe things.
Thing – Property – Value
Subject – Predicate -- Object
28. RDF BY EXAMPLE
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
<http://example.org/dm110-semweb>
dct:title “Introduction to the Semantic Web” ;
dct:author <http://apassant.net/alex> ;
dct:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Semantic_Web> .
29. RDF SCHEMA (RDFS)
• Provides a higher level of abstraction than RDF
because it provides vocabulary to RDF.
• Allows specific resources to be described as
instances of more general classes.
• Provides mechanisms where custom RDF
vocabulary can be developed.
• Describe relationships among resources.
30. RDFS CONSTRUCTS
RDFS constructs are built on the
limited vocabulary of RDF they are:
• RDFS classes
• Associated properties and
• Utility properties
31. LIMITATIONS OF RDF/RDFS
• No standard for expressing primitive data types .
• No standard for expressing relations of properties (unique,
transitive, inverse etc.)
• No standard for expressing whether enumerations are closed.
• No standard to express equivalence, disjointedness etc among
properties.
32. WHAT IS AN ONTOLOGY?
Thesauri
“narrower Formal Frames General
term” is-a (properties) Logical
relation constraints
Terms/ Informal Formal Disjointness,
Value Inverse, part-
glossary is-a instance
Restrs. of…
TAXONOMY ONTOLOGY
33. WEB ONTOLOGY LANGUAGE (OWL)
• Based on Description Logics knowledge representation
formalism
• Ontologies typically have two distinct components:
Names for important concepts and relationships in the
domain or it can be even class and property.
• OWL is divided following sub languages.
• OWL Lite
• OWL (Description Logics) DL
• OWL Full – limited cardinality
34. OVERALL REVIEW
OWL Reasoning CD CD
RDFS Classes A Is-a CD
RDF Relationships A hasTrack
XML Structures
35. SPARQL
• SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple
patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and
optional patterns.
• It is a query language to retrieve RDF data.
37. RIF
• RIF is a family of languages, called dialects, with
rigorously specified syntax and semantics designed to
be uniform and extensible.
• The core idea behind rule exchange through RIF is to
provide syntactic mappings from their native
languages.
38. USER INTERFACE AND APPLICATION
• User interface can be better explained through the concepts of context and proof.
• CONTEXT:
Applications on the Semantic Web will depend on context generally to let people
know whether or not they trust the data.
context is a good thing because it lets us operate on local and medium scales
intuitively, without having to rely on complex authentication and checking systems
• PROOF:
A proof language is simply a language that let's us prove whether or not a statement is
true.
39. FOAF
• This stands for “Friend Of A Friend”.
• It allows you to create a file that sites with your website.
• It is a machine readable social network where each profile has
an individual URI.
• In the FOAF file you state who you are connected to, which
projects, any publications you've written, anything at all.
41. Benefits of this technology to the World
Wide Web
http://www.chabotcollege.edu/Library/abby/iStock_000000496215Small.jpg
42. This technology has the ability to describe what each piece of
information stands for, tag content on the Web and provide
semantic meaning to the content item.
It makes the search engines more effective
and efficient than they are currently.
43. • Cost savings via software re-use
• Sophisticated operations like:
Healthcare
Engineering analysis
Data warehousing
44. THE POWER OF THE SEMANTIC WEB
• Interoperability is increased
• Vocabularies can be combined and used
together
• Vocabularies can be easily extended (modules,
etc.)
• Intelligent search.
45. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE SEMANTIC WEB
• The Semantic Web can’t work all by itself.
• Generating vocabulary for existing infrastructure.
• Ontology bottleneck.
• Need society-scale applications:
Consumers and processors of Semantic Web data
Semantic Web agents or services
More advanced collaborative applications that make real use of shared data
and annotations.
46. WHY IT HAS TAKEN SO LONG…???
• The dream of Semantic Web has been slow to
arrive.
• The original vision was too focused on A.I.
• Technologies and Tools were insufficient.
• Needs for open data on the web were not strong
enough.
• Keyword search and Tagging were good
enough… for a while.
1 - It defines the experience brought from desktop to browser .whether it is from a graphical point of view or usability point of view. Some people relate RIA with AJAX and Flash.- It is a key piece in Web 2.0 which defines how Web 2.0 applications expose its functionality so that other applications can integrate the functionality and produce a set of much richer applications (Examples are: Feeds, RSS, Mash-ups)– It defines how Web 2.0 tend to interact much more with the end user and making the end user an integral part.
If the Computer can understand the meaning behind the information…. It does not mean the links between the web pages. This is about machines talking to other machines. They can learn what we are interested in. They can help us better to find what we want.It can recognize people, places, events, companies, products, movies, etc.It can understand the relationships between things.
The development of the Semantic Web proceeds in steps, each step buildinga layer on top of another.Figure 1.3 shows the “layer cake” of the SemanticWeb (due to Tim Berners-Lee), which describes the main layers of the SemanticWeb design and vision.At the bottom we find XML, a language that lets one write structured Webdocuments with a user-defined vocabulary. XML is particularly suitable forsending documents across the Web. XML has no built-in mechanism to conveythe meaning of the user’s new tags to other users.RDF Resource Description Framework is a basic data model, like the entity-relationship model, for writingsimple statements about Web objects (resources).. A scheme for defining information on the Web.RDF provides the technology for expressing the meaning of terms and concepts in aform that computers can readily process. RDF can use XML for its syntax and URIs tospecify entities, concepts, properties and relations.The RDF data model doesnot rely on XML, but RDF has an XML-based syntax. Therefore, in figure 1.3,it is located on top of the XML layer.RDF Schema provides modeling primitives for organizing Web objects intohierarchies. Key primitives are classes and properties, subclass and subpropertyrelationships, and domain and range restrictions. RDF Schema is basedon RDF.RDF Schema can be viewed as a primitive language for writing ontologies.But there is a need for more powerful ontology languages that expandRDF Schema and allow the representations of more complex relationshipsbetween Web objects.Collections of statements written in a language such as RDF thatdefine the relations between concepts and specify logical rules for reasoningabout them. Computers will “understand” the meaning of semantic data on a Webpage by following links to specified ontologies.The Logic layer is used to enhance the ontology languagefurther and to allow the writing of application-specific declarativeknowledge.The Proof layer involves the actual deductive process as well as the representationof proofs in Web languages (from lower levels) and proof validation.Finally, the Trust layer will emerge through the use of digital signatures andother kinds of knowledge, based on recommendations by trusted agents oron rating and certification agencies and consumer bodies.
Special meta-data code is added to pages that describe the relationships b/w data. These are called triples.
Description Extension of Resource Framework.
No standard for expressing primitive data types .such as integer, etc. All data types in RDF/RDFS are treated as strings.
1 contd connectivity is possible through a commonality of expression4 with more granularity and relevance
Search:Google : lot of tools under its belt including universal search, user search history, google base, and google gadgets• Twine : Semantic Web, natural language and machine learning to make information and relationships smarter• Swicki : community built search portals• Powerset : the nuances of natural languageSocial Networks & Blogging 3.0• Wink : people focused search engine that scans social networks, blogs, etc• Twitter : the king of the microblog• FOAF (friend of a friend) : my life in RDF, platform for sharing information about people and their connections to each other• Google’s OpenSocial : bringing social networks together via useful applications• Facebook’s Beacon : turning users into brand AdvocatesEntertainment 3.0• Joost : online distribution of TV shows and video content, set top box set for 2009• Netflix : plans to support PS3 and Xbox as delivery platforms• Slingbox : TiVo-type box that allows access of recorded shows from mobile phone• iPhone, Android, etc : ongoing fight to develop the most media enabled mobile device (multiplayer gaming, full YouTube)
