Explain some hardware of computer about hardware of computer

1. University of Human Development

2.  Processor
 Motherboard
 Hard disk
 RAM(“Random-Access Memory”)
 Card graphic

3.  What is a processor.
 Computer Processor Speed
 Generation Intel Core i3 i5 i7 Comparison

4. The processor is like the human brain. The brain
dictates what the computer must do or not do. In
essence, the computer processor is tasked with the
harmonizing the processes inside the computer. It
determines which tasks should be given priority and
delivers what the computer user needs. The speed by
which these tasks are accomplished depends on the
computer processor’s speed.

5. As technology progresses, computer processors
increase in speed. Speed is measured in terms of
Megahertz or MHz One MHz is 1 million computer
instructions per second or normally expressed as
cycles per second. If your computer processor has a
speed of 1000 MHz, this means that your computer is
running at 10,000,000 cycles per second. A lot of
tasks to do in 1 second. Now, many computer
processors are in terms of Gigahertz (GHz), which
means 1,000 MHz

6. Though eventually subject to a phase out, the first
generation of Intel core processors, the predecessors
of the current line are still available in the market.
Here is a brief archival review of these processors.
For a complete first and second generation processor
comparison, refer to this comprehensive Intel core i3
vs i5 vs i7 comparison. The following comparison will
help you choose processors from the first generation.

7.  Third Generation
All core i3 processors come with two cores and four
threads backed by Intel's Hyper-Threading technology that
enables multitasking. Hyper-Threading is simultaneous
multithreading ability that enables parallel computing. The
Intel HD graphics 4000 technology offers great visual
performance, without a discrete GPU for any desktop or
laptop system. All in all, the core i3 series is a great entry-
level chip that offers all that a home user needs including
high quality graphics and great multitasking ability. The
price tag for current high-end core i3 processors ranges
from $176 to $294. The only important feature, that's
missing here is the Turbo Boost technology that provides
an on-demand boost in clocking frequency as needed.

8. Latest: 3rd Generation Intel Core i3 'Ivy Bridge'
Processor (2012)
Preceded by : 2nd Generation Intel Core i3 'Sandy
Bridge' Processor (2011)
No. of Cores: 2
No. of Threads: 4
Clock Speed: 3.3 GHz
Cache: 3 MB
Lithography: 22 nm
Noteworthy Features: Turbo Boost 2.0, Hyper-
Threading, Virtualization Technology, Enhanced
Intel Speed Step Technology, etc.

9.  Third Generation
The core i5 series based on 22 nm microarchitecture
provides a top clocking frequency of 3.8 GHz, with
Turbo Boost, along with four processing threads.
These chips are ideally suited for the business
users, who would benefit from the extra multitasking
ability.

10. Latest: 3rd Generation Intel Core i5 'Ivy Bridge'
Processor (2012)
Preceded by: 2nd Generation Intel Core i5 'Sandy
Bridge' Processor (2011)
No. of Cores: 4
No. of Threads: 4
Clock Speed: 3 GHz
Cache: 6 MB
Lithography: 22 nm
Noteworthy Features: Turbo Boost 2.0, v Pro
Technology, Virtualization Technology, Enhanced
Intel Speed Step Technology, etc.

11.  Third Generation
The crème de la crème of all Intel processors, the
core i7 processors, along with the extreme variant (i7-
3940XM) are simply the best laptop or desktop
processors money can buy on the planet right now. If
you are a power user, with extreme multitasking
requirements, gaming and nothing less than the best
satisfies you, go for the i7 line.

12. Latest: 3rd Generation Intel Core i7 'Ivy Bridge'
Processor (2012)
Preceded by: 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 'Sandy
Bridge' Processor (2011)
No. of Cores: 4
No. of Threads: 8
Clock Speed: 2.5 GHz
Cache: 8 MB
Lithography: 22 nm
Noteworthy Features: Turbo Boost 2.0, v Pro
Technology, Hyper-Threading, Virtualization
Technology, Enhanced Intel Speed Step
Technology, etc.

14. A computer motherboard is nothing but the
circuit board or the circuit which controls the
entire functioning of the computer. All the
components that make up your computer
are connected to the motherboard. The
computer processor, which is the most
important component of your computer, is
mounted on the motherboard. All other
components like the
keyboard, monitor, mouse, hard drives, etc.
are all connected to the motherboard
through cables.

15. Why is it important to know the different computer
motherboard types?
Well, if you are planning to assemble a desktop
computer, then this is the most important question
that needs to be answered. Computer processors are
motherboard specific and so are the computer
cabinets. So it is very important that you know the
different types of motherboards before you start with
the assembly process.

16. There are different ways to classify
motherboards, which are.
 Classification Based on Assembly
 Classification Based on Processor
 Classification Based on Dimension

18. • Integrated Processors
Video, graphics, sound... such facilities involve
components. Peripheral device slots, serial parallel
ports and input output ports are other physical
components or parts that are involved in the working of
a computer. When such components are provided for
by the motherboard, i.e. they are built into the
motherboard, the motherboard is called integrated.

19. • For example, to make a computer capable of
connecting to networks, a network card is
integrated onto the motherboard itself. So you do
not need to buy a network card. This sort of
motherboard allows for better air flow within the
computer's case. Integrated motherboards cost less
to make but their downside is that, if even one
component on the motherboard fails, the entire
board might have to be replaced. Repairing or
replacing this sort of motherboard, is expensive.

20. • Non-integrated Processors
With non-integrated motherboards, electronic
components and parts are fitted individually and as
needed. Input output ports, connectors, RAM etc.
are fixed to the motherboard using expansion slots.
So you can add one or more components as
needed. This allows for greater customization and
freedom in designing a PC. Gamers, for
example, could fix a high-end graphics card of their
choice, using the expansion slot, instead of settling
for an average video card on an integrated
motherboard.

21. Alternatively referred to as a hard disk drive and
abbreviated as HD or HDD, the hard drive is
the computer's main storage media device that
permanently stores all data on the computer. The
hard drive was first introduced on September
13, 1956 and consists of one or more hard
drive platters inside of air sealed casing. Most
computer hard drives are in an internal drive bay at
the front of the computer and connect to the
motherboard using either ATA, SCSI, or a SATA cable
and power cable. Below, is a picture of what the
inside of a hard drive looks like for a desktop
and laptop hard drive.

22. History:
Hard disk drives were introduced in as data
storage for an IBM real time transaction processing
computer and were developed for use with general
purpose mainframe and mini computers. The first
IBM drive, (the equivalent of 3.75 million 8-bit bytes)
on a stack of 50 discs.

23. hard disk in 1956.... The Volume and Size of 5MB
memory storage in 1956

24. • Although most hard drives are internal hard
drives, many users also use external hard
drives to backup data on their computer and
expand the total amount of space available to them.
External drives are often stored in an enclosure that
helps protect the drive and allow it to interface with
the computer, usually over USB A great example of
a backup external device that supports multiple
hard drives is the Drobo.

25. • External hard drives come in many shapes and
sizes. Some are large, about the size of a book
while others are about the size of a cell phone.
External hard drives can be very useful for backing
up important data and taking with you on the go
since they usually offer more than a jump drive and
are still portable.

26. •The picture is an example of a laptop hard disk.

27. Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form
of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access"
because you can access any memory cell directly if you
know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM).
SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only
be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data
is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked
until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for
memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the
order in which it will be used (a good example is the
texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the
other hand, can be accessed in any order.

28. • A capacitor is like a small bucket- that is able to store
electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is
filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. The
problem with the capacitor's bucket is that it has a leak.
In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes
empty. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, either
the CPU or the memory controller has to come along
and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before
they discharge. To do this, the mem-ory controller reads
the memory and then writes it right back. This refresh
operation happens automatically thousands of times per
second.-

29. • The capacitor in a dynamic RAM memory cell is like
a leaky bucket. It needs to be refreshed periodically
or it will discharge to 0. This refresh operation is
where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM
has to be dynamically refreshed all of the time or it
forgets what it is holding. The downside of all of this
refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the
memory.

30.  The following are some common types of RAM:
 SRAM: Static random access memory
 DRAM: Dynamic random access memory
 FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic random
access memory
 EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic random
access memory
 SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access
memory
 DDR SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous
dynamic RAM

31.  RDRAM: Rambus dynamic random access
memory
 Credit Card Memory: Credit card memory.
 PCMCIA Memory Card
 CMOS RAM:
 VRAM: Video RAM, also known as multiport
dynamic random access memory (MPDRAM

32. Introduction
Product Line
Motherboard Connection

33.  With the advancement of computer technology, the
number of specifications for a video card has
become overwhelming for those not deeply
involved in the computer industry. We often get
questions such as "how much video RAM do I
need?" or "what is the maximum resolution of
HDMI?" In this article, we will explain the major
specifications of video cards and what they mean
for the end user. While these specifications are
mainly tailored towards discrete video cards, many
also apply to the onboard video found on
motherboard.

35. Most modern video cards will fall under one of five
different product lines. Of these five lines, three are
desktop lines meant for general use and gaming,
while the other two are meant for workstations. For
desktops, the thee most prevalent lines are Intel HD
(onboard) AMD Radeon HD (onboard and discrete
GPU) and NVIDIA GeForce (discrete GPU). For
workstations, the two most prevalent lines are AMD
FirePro and NVIDIA Quadro.

36. The main difference between desktop and
workstation cards comes down to speed vs.
precision. In everyday use, precision is not really
needed since one small artifact every 1000 frames is
not noticeable to the human eye. When you get into
3D modeling or simulation, however, one small
artifact can cause big problems. In a professional
environment, you want to be 100% sure that
everything was completed properly the first time and
that there are no small artifacts in the results. So in
that case you would want to use a more precise - but
usually slightly slower - workstation card.

37. The other difference between desktop and
workstation is that many workstation cards include
features (whether hardware-based or driver-based)
that allow for better performance in some professional
software suites from companies like Adobe and
AutoDesk

38. The motherboard connection is simply the type of slot
on the motherboard that the video card is designed to
be used in. Most cards will be either PCI Express 2.0
x16 or PCI Express 3.0 x16. While you want to match
the PCI Express revision (2.0 versus 3.0) of the card
to the motherboard slot if possible, you can use a PCI
Express 2.0 card in a 3.0 slot or a PCI Express 3.0
card in a 2.0 slot. You may have a very slight
performance decrease, but several benchmarks have
shown that even the fastest video cards available
today are not capable of using all the bandwidth
available from PCI Express 2.0, let alone PCI
Express 3.0.

39. The x16 refers to the number of PCI lanes the card
requires. This gets a little confusing as there are often
slots on a motherboard that are the same size as x16
slots, but actually operate at x8 speeds. In addition to
this, on some boards if you use multiple slots (for SLI
or Crossfire for example) at once, even if the two
slots you are using are rated for x16 speeds, they will
actually only run at x8 speeds. Unlike the PCI
Express revision, you will likely see a small loss in
performance when using mid to high-end video cards
in an x8 slot, so be sure to check the manufacturer's
documentation to determine which slots actually
operate at x16 speeds.

41. If documentation is not available, you can usually tell
the actual speed of the slot by the number of pins in
the slot itself. In the blue slot above, the pins go all
the way across the slot, so it is a full-speed X16 slot.
On the black slot, the pins stop about half-way, so this
slot is actually an X8 slot in an X16 size.

42.  http://www.buzzle.com/articles/i3-i5-i7-comparison.html
 http://regosan.hubpages.com/hub/What-is-a-computer-
processor
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram3.htm#
 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=hard+di
sk
 http://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/Specs-Explained-
Video-Card-463/
REFRAINS