Explain principle of single nanoparticle devices using carbon nanoelectronics examples. Solution Answer : Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000nanometres (109 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale). Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrologyand synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of in the nano device.[16] These new phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent macroscopicdevice; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of microtechnology. Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one- dimensionalnanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics. Recent silicon CMOS technology generations, such as the 22 nanometernode, are already within this regime. Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors..

1. Explain principle of single nanoparticle devices using carbon nanoelectronics examples.
Solution
Answer :
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one
dimension) between 1 and 1000nanometres (109 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual
definition of nanoscale).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging
advances in materials metrologyand synthesis which have been developed in support of
microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical,
electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both
current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to
the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being
developed today to make complete, high performance products.
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon
bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range0.12–0.15 nm,
and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular
life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention,
nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the
National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms
(hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since
nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less
arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become
apparent and can be made use of in the nano device.[16] These new phenomena make
nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent
macroscopicdevice; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of
microtechnology.
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a
diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that
inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one-
dimensionalnanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics. Recent silicon CMOS
technology generations, such as the 22 nanometernode, are already within this regime.
Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates

2. are significantly different from traditional transistors.