EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES (1).pptx IGCSE FORM 3

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EDUCATION

Science

2.1 APPARATUS FOR MEASURING
Electronic balance
Stopwatch
Thermometer

Measuring volumes
Measuring cylinder
Burette

Measuring volumes of gases
1. Using gas syringe 2. Using inverted measuring cylinder

2.2.1 PURE SUBSTANCES AND
IMPURITIES
•A pure substances has no
other substance mixed with
it
•Impurity : An unwanted
substance, mixed with the
substance you want

How can you tell if a substance is pure?
• Simple method; Check the melting and boiling points
• A pure substances has a definite, sharp melting and boiling point.
(Each substances have different mp and bp)
• When a substances contains an impurity:
- its melting point falls and its boiling point rises
- it melts and boils over a range of temperatures, not sharply
• The more impurity there is:
- the bigger the change in melting and boiling points
- the wider the temperature range over which melting and boiling
occur

How to purify mixtures?
Method of separation Used to separate..
Filtration , Evaporation , Decanting ,
centrifugation
A solid from a liquid
Crystallisation A solute from its solution
Evaporation A solute from its solution
Simple distillation A solvent from a solution
Fractional distillation Mixture of liquids that have different
boiling points
Paper chromatography Different substances from a solution

a) Separating
a solid from a
solution
Filtration

Separating a
solid from a
solution
Decanting

Solvent
Extraction
Using separating funnel

Solvent
Extraction
Fractional distillation

silica
• filter
• wash the residue
• dry the residue
water
• heat the filtrate
• condense the vapour
sodium carbonate
• heat to dryness / no liquid left
• (then solid) sodium carbonate is left
OR
• heat until saturated
• then cool to crystallise / leave to crystallise

method
• heat the salt through simple distillation
observation
• drops of water / condensation
• colour change :blue solid becomes paler
test pure water
• boiling point;100 °C
**condenser shown on diagram [2 marks]

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EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES (1).pptx IGCSE FORM 3

1. 2. 0 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

2. 2.1 APPARATUS FOR MEASURING Electronic balance Stopwatch Thermometer

3. Measuring volumes Measuring cylinder Burette

4. Measuring volumes of gases 1. Using gas syringe 2. Using inverted measuring cylinder

5. 2.2 PURITY

6. 2.2.1 PURE SUBSTANCES AND IMPURITIES •A pure substances has no other substance mixed with it •Impurity : An unwanted substance, mixed with the substance you want

7. How can you tell if a substance is pure? • Simple method; Check the melting and boiling points • A pure substances has a definite, sharp melting and boiling point. (Each substances have different mp and bp) • When a substances contains an impurity: - its melting point falls and its boiling point rises - it melts and boils over a range of temperatures, not sharply • The more impurity there is: - the bigger the change in melting and boiling points - the wider the temperature range over which melting and boiling occur

8. How to purify mixtures? Method of separation Used to separate.. Filtration , Evaporation , Decanting , centrifugation A solid from a liquid Crystallisation A solute from its solution Evaporation A solute from its solution Simple distillation A solvent from a solution Fractional distillation Mixture of liquids that have different boiling points Paper chromatography Different substances from a solution

9. a) Separating a solid from a solution Filtration

10. Separating a solid from a solution Decanting

11. Separating a solid from a solution

12. Separating a solid from a solution

13. Solvent Extraction Using separating funnel

14. Solvent Extraction

15. Solvent Extraction Fractional distillation

16. Exercise… PAPER 6

17. silica • filter • wash the residue • dry the residue water • heat the filtrate • condense the vapour sodium carbonate • heat to dryness / no liquid left • (then solid) sodium carbonate is left OR • heat until saturated • then cool to crystallise / leave to crystallise

18. method • heat the salt through simple distillation observation • drops of water / condensation • colour change :blue solid becomes paler test pure water • boiling point;100 °C **condenser shown on diagram [2 marks]

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES (1).pptx IGCSE FORM 3

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