Site: Opus Lake Vicinity Cyberjaya Building Construction 1

1. PROJECT1:EXPERIENCING,DOCUMENTATIONAND
ANALYZINGCONSTRUCTIONPROCESS
BUILDINGCONSTRUCTION1|MS.SATEERAH
SUMEDHA SANJAYSINGH
NURFARAHIYAHBILLAH
NURULATIQAH
ALICEWANSA
HABEEBAHZAINABSYEDHOSSEN
MASHRUKASSAD
0327555
0324416
0325630
0324984
0327492
0322188

2. TABLEOFCONTENTS
1.0 IntroductiontoSite.................................................................1-2
2.0 SiteandSafety..........................................................................3 (MashrukAsad)
2.1 PlantsandMachinery...............................................................4-5
3.0 PreliminariesWork..................................................................6 (MashrukAsad)
3.1 SiteLayout,SettingOutandEarthWork............................7
4.0 SubstructureandFoundation............................................8-13 (AliceWansa)
5.0 Superstructure..........................................................................14
5.1 BeamsandColumns...................................................................14-18 (SumedhaSingh)
5.2 Slabs................................................................................................19-23 (SumedhaSingh)
5.3 Wall..................................................................................................24-26 (HabeebahZainab)
5.4 Staircase........................................................................................27-29 (HabeebahZainab)
6.0 Roof.................................................................................................30-36 (NurulAtiqah)
7.0 DoorandWindow......................................................................37-42 (NurFarahiyah)
8.0 Summary......................................................................................43
9.0 References..................................................................................44-45

3. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONTOSITE
Location:
Perdana LakeviewEast,Cyberjaya
Launched:
2015
BuildingType:
Residential
Architect:
VeritasArchitectSdn.Bhd.
Overview:
Opusmakesforanidealescapefromthehustleandbustle
ofKualaLumpur.
Convenientlylocatedwithinreachofvariousamenities
essentialtodailylivingwhichincludesschools,retail
centres,shoppingmall,entertainmentoutletand
recreationalcentres.
Itisaverytranquilplacewithlakesurroundingsandeasyto
accessfacilitiessuchas1to2tierofsecuritysystem,a
guardhouse,education,shopping,fitnessand
entertainmentcentersandaprivateclubhouseforthe
residencethatincludesgym,pool,kid’splayroomanda
multiutilityhall.
1.0.1OPUSLAKEVICINITYCYBERJAYA
1

4. 1.0 INTRODUCTIONTOSITE
1.0.2TYPEAHOUSE
SowedecidedtostudyonTYPEAHOUSE:
TypeAHouseisa2storeysemi-detachedhouse.
Thesehousesaretobedesignedwithanurbanvillageconceptwhere
communitylivingishighlyencouraged.ThedevelopmentsizeofOpusis
about9acreswith3200squarefeetforeachunit.
2

5. 2.0SITEANDSAFETY
2.0.1CONSTRUCTIONSAFETY
Safetyshouldbethenumberoneconcerninsite
constructions.
DuringtheconstructionofOpusLakeVicinity,workersmust
reportanyinjuriestothesupervisorandSafetyOfficer
immediatelyregardlessoftheseverityoftheinjury.
Thereshouldbea“NoticeofInjuryForm”locatedatthe
SafetyOfficeandeveryworkerwhogoesthroughanyinjury
mustfillouttheform.Failuretoprovideintheformcan
causeviolationofsafetyrulesandcauseterminationofthe
worker.
Constructionworkersmustwearhard
hatsallthetimeandanyalternationor
medicationofthehatshouldnotbe
allowed.Craneoperatorscanbefreed
fromthisrule,ashardhatcanobstruct
theview.
Fewoftheconstructionrulesthatmustbefollowedbythe
employersandemployeesarelistedbelow.
MashrukAsad
3
Safetyglassesshouldalsobeworkallthetimeasitis
theonlyshieldbetweentheeyesandthehazardous
materialsandchemicals.
Mono-gogglesandfaceshieldsshallbewornwhenjack
hammering,andhandlingchemicals.Burninggogglesare
requiredwhenburning,brazingandwelding.
Propertoolsmustbeusedandtheyshouldbeingood
condition.
Defectivetoolscancause
accidentsandshallbe
avoided.Examplesof
defectivetoolsinclude
chiselswith8mushroomed
heads,hammerswithlooseor
splithandles,guardsmissing
onsawsorgrinders,etc

6. 2.1PLANTSANDMACHINERY
Earthmovingequipment-excavators,loaders,roadgrader
Usuallythemachineriesaresimilarbetween
constructionsites,butcanalsobedifferentsinceitwill
beatwotierhouse.Someofthepossiblemachineries
arelistedbelow:
2.1.1.Machineries
MashrukAsad
4
Constructionvehicles-dumpers,tippers,trailers,
Earthmovingequipmentsareforshiftinghuge
amountsofsandandearth.Itisusuallyusedinthe
preliminarystageoftheconstructionwhereworkers
digfoundationsandlargelandscapeareas.Some
examplesofearthmovingequipmentsarebulldozers,
excavators,compressorsandloaders.Excavators
areusedformaterialhandlinganddiggingholesand
foundations.
Constructionvehiclesareengineeringvehiclesthat
areusedforheavydutydesignedforexecuting
constructiontasks.Examplesofthistypeare
dumpers,tippers,trailers.Dumpersareusedfor
carryingbulkmaterialforbuildingsites.Tipperscan
bestruckorlorryrearofplatform.

7. 2.1PLANTSANDMACHINERY
MashrukAsad
5
MaterialHandlingVehicles
Cranes
Materialhandlingvehiclessuchascranes,
conveyors,forkliftsandhoistsareusedforliftingor
loweringmaterialslikesand,cements,gravelsand
bricks.Cranesareusedforliftingheavymaterials
andtransportingtootherplaces.Allofthese
equipmentsareusedforliftingheavymaterialsand
transportingthemfromoneplacetoanother.
Hoists
Constructionequipmentsuchasconcretemixers,
compactersandpaversareusedformixing
materialsthatareusedduringtheconstruction
process.
ConstructionEquipments
ConcreteMixers

8. 3.0PRELIMINARIESWORK
MashrukAsad
6
3.0.1PreliminariesWork
Evenaftertheplotisselectedandthearchitecturaldrawings
areready,therearefewtypesofpreliminaryworkthatneedsto
bedonebeforetheconstructionstarts.
1.Thefirststepiscleaning;iftherearejunglesandlargetrees,
theymustbecleanedupbeforedoinganything.
2.Secondly,levelling,wheremachinesandequipmentsarerun
throughtomakesurethesoilisflatanddoesnotcontainany
largeholes.Ifthereareholes,thelandmustbefilledupwith
sandordirt.
4.Astorageisbuiltwherevarioustypesofbuildingmaterials
arekeptfrombeingstolenordamaged.Sometimeshuge
storesforcementarealsocreated.Laborshedisalso
essentialforcountrieswithwarmclimatelikeMalaysia.Labor
shedprovideswaterandpowersupplyandsanitationor
labours.
5.Finally,importantmachineriesmustbegatheredifbuildings
havetoberemoved.Healthandsafetysignsmustbeputup
aroundtheplot.Itisalsoimportanttounderstandthenatureof
soilandtheclimatevariationofthearea.
3.Thirdly,fencing,wherethedesireplotspaceissurrounded
withtemporaryfencing.Sometimescompanylogosare
attachedonthefence

9. 3.1SITELAYOUT,SETTINGOUT,EARTHWORK
7
3.1.1SiteLayout
Preparedbycontractorsaspartoftheirmobilisation
activitiesbeforeworkonsitecommences.
ProcessofSiteLayout
1.Identifyingthesitefacilitiesthatwillberequired.
2.Determiningthesizes,andotherconstraintsofthose
facilities.
3.Establishingtheinter-relationshipsbetweenthefacilities.
4.Optimisingthelayoutofthefacilitiesonthesite.
3.1.2SettingOut
Abuildingissetoutinordertoclearlydefinetheoutlineof
theexcavationandthecentrelineofthewalls,sothat
constructioncanbecarriedoutexactlyaccordingtothe
plan.Thecentrelinemethodofsettingoutisgenerally
preferredandadopted.
Function:
Toestablishthepositionofthetrenchandwallofthe
houseaswellasthepositionofcornersandrooms.
Methods:
1.PegorRopeMethod
2.DumpyLevel
MashrukAsad
3.1.3EarthWork
Engineeringworkscreatedthroughtheprocessingof
partsoftheearth'ssurfaceinvolvingquantitiesofsoil
orunformedrock
Includesexcavation(includingsubsurface),tunneling,
drilling,infilling,landrehabilitationorrestoration,
stockpiling,dumpingofsoilorsand,andthe
construction/reconstructionofanytrack,embankment,
ordrainagechannel.

10. 4.0 SUBSTRUCTUREANDFOUNDATION
Astructureformingafoundationofabuildingor
anyotherconstructionItisthesupportingpartof
thestructureSubstructureincludesground
beams,groundfloorcolumnandgroundfloorslab.
4.0.1Introduction
4.0.2FunctionofFoundation
Supportsweightofupperstructureandapplied
loads
Transmitsbuildingloadtosupportivesoilsandrocks
Toloadthebearingsurfaceatauniformratesoasto
preventunequalsettlement.
Topreventthelateralmovementofthesupporting
material.
Tosecurethelevelandfirmbedforbuilding
operations.
Toincreasethestabilityofthestructureasawhole
4.0.4 FoundationPlanofSite
4.0.3 FactorsthatAffectedtheTypeofFoundation
SelectionandDesign
Thebearingcapacityofthesoilonwhichthestructure
directlyrests
Intensityofloadsactingonthestructure
Totalloadofthebuilding
AliceWansa
8

11. 4.0 SUBSTRUCTUREANDFOUNDATION
Thisisafoundationconstructedsufficiently
belowgroundwithsomeartificial
arrangementssuchaspiles,wellsetc.
Spreadfootingfoundation
Grillagefoundation
Raftfoundation
Steppedfoundation
Deepfoundation
4.0.6TypesofFoundation
4.0.5FoundationConstructionSteps
1.Surveyandstakeoutfootprint
2.Excavation
3.Footings
4.Subslab
5.Foundationdrainagesystem
6.Foundationwalls
7.Anchorboltsandbeampockets
8.Waterproofing
9.Slab
10.Backfillsoil
DeepFoundation:
AliceWansa
1,PileFoundation
Apilefoundationisonethatissupported
onpiles.Itusuallyconsistsofabaseof
spreadfootingorgrillagesupportedbypiles
attheirbottom.
2.WellFoundation
TypesofDeepFoundation:
3.CaissonsFoundation
Load
Structure
Piles
Column
Pile
Cap
Pile
9

12. 4.0SUBSTRUCTUREANDFOUNDATION
4.0.9 ReasonForPileFoundation
4.0.8 FactorsthatAffecttheSelectionofPilefor
Construction
4.0.7 SuitabilityofFoundationfortheSite
PileFoundation
Thesoilisverysoftandthesolidbadisnotavailableat
areasonabledepthtokeepthebearingpowerwithin
thesafelimits
Thestructurecarriesheavyconcentratedloads
Thebuildingisconstructedalongthelakeside
Thepilesareclassifiedaccordingtotwocategories:
1.Accordingtofunction,e.g.bearingpiles,frictionpiles,
sheetpilesetc.
2.Accordingtocompositionormaterialofconstruction,
e.g.concretepiles,sandpiles,steelpiles
Lengthofpileinrelationtoloadandsoilcondition
Behaviorofstructure
Availabilityofmaterialinlocalityofconstruction
Typeofloading
EaseofmaintenanceAvailabilityoffunds
Factorscausingdamage
Costofpiles
Ittransmitsafoundationloadtoasolidground
Itresistsverticalandupliftloads
Distributesasingleloadequallytoallthepilegroupthus
greaterareaofbearingpotential
Itprovidesnecessarycombinedresistancetostressset
upbythesuperstructure
AliceWansa
10

13. 4.0SUBSTRUCTUREANDFOUNDATION
4.0.11TypeofPileArrangements
Thesiteconsistsof30pileswhichare6by5
4.0.10 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPile
Foundation
Advantages Disadvantages
1.Construction
equipmentismobile
2.Constructioncan
proceedcontinuously
3.Itiseasytochangea
designcriteriaduring the
constructionprocess
4.Pierofanylengthand
sizecanbeconstructed
5.Thedrilledpieris
applicabletolotsof
differenttypesofsoil
conditions
1. Installationofdrilledpiers
needsacarefulsupervision
2. Thesiteneedstohave
sufficientstoragespacefor
allthematerials
3. Qualitycontrolofall
materialsisneededduring
theconstruction.
4. Themethodis
cumbersome
5. Usingfakematerialsor
puttingthepileswrongly
wouldleadtofutureproblems
likefallingofthebuilding
AliceWansa
11

14. 4.0SUBSTRUCTUREANDFOUNDATION
4.0.12 ConstructionOfPileFoundation
1.Beginningoffoundationformwork 2.Insertapileinthegroundanddig
aholeforapilecap
3.Buildingthepilecapusingwoodtoformapile
capshape
4.Putinthesteelbarsforreinforcement 5.Pourintheconcrete 6.Starttocreatethegroundbeam
7.Coverallthepilecapwithsoilandstart
tomakeaslab 8.Pourinmoreconcrete
AliceWansa
12

15. 4.0SUBSTRUCTUREANDFOUNDATION
4.0.14 Footing
Steel
SteelBars
4.0.13 DetailsofPileCapReinforcement
4.0.17FrictionPile
4.0.16AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofFooting
Footingmeansthestripsofconcreteunderthefoundation.Its
functionistotransfertheloadsfromthewalls,pilesandcolumnsto
thesoil
Methodsofdetermining: RateofThumbandCalculation
DisadvantagesAdvantages
1.MakesaVerysolid,
substantialpermanent
foundation
2.Canbeengineered
tosuitmostsoiland
loadbearing
requirements
3. Veryquickandcost
effectivetobuild
1.Requiresmuchenergyto
manufacturethe cement,
concreteandsteelhence
notsustainableinbuilding
practice
2. Requiresapprovaltobe
usedsoonehastogo
throughaprocess
3.Needstobeputinbya
professionaltoavoidany
mechanicalemergencies
4.0.15TypesofFooting
AliceWansa
13

16. 5.1 SUPERSTRUCTURE-BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
5.1.1Introduction
1.Reinforcedconcreteisacombinationoftraditional
cementconcrete,withreinforcement(steelbars)also
knownasrebars.
2.Thiscombinationismadetoutilizethecompressive
strengthofconcreteandtensilestrengthofsteel
simultaneously.
3.Thisstrengthensreinforcedconcretebeams,slabsand
columnsbyprovidingmoreresistancetowards
compressionandtensileforcesthatareappliedonthe
structure.
5.1.2 BeamsAndColumns
Beamsandcolumnsareusedinstructuresasa
replacementofsteelandarecommonlyusedfor
precastbuildingsolution.
Constructionofbeamandcolumnarethroughinstitu
castconcrete
Beamandcolumnsonsiteareaffectedbythesite
conditions.Weatherplaysamajorroleinthe
constructionprocessasitcancausedetrimental
effectifprecautionsarenottaken.Thein-situ
concretestructuremostlycontainssteel
reinforcementsforstrongersupport.
SumedhaSingh
14

17. 5.1BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
5.1.3Beam 5.1.4 Apron
1.Beamsresistloadappliedlaterallytoitsaxis.
2.Beamsexperiencecompressive,tensileandshear
stressesasaresultofalltheforcesappliedonthem.Beams
sustainloadandtransferittothecolumn.
3.Beamsinreinforcedconcretebuildingshaverectangular
crosssectionsformingIorHsectionswhichistypicallyseen
insteelconstruction.
Apronisaraisedsectionofornamentalstonework.It’s
aconcretestructurebetweentheasphaltandacurb.
TypicalApronDetail
RebarCage
SumedhaSingh
15

18. 5.1BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
5.1.5ProcessofInSituCastedBeams
5.1.6FormworkDesign
Stirrupsareplacedperpendicular
tothelongitudinalbartoresist
theverticalcomponentofa
diagonalforce.
1.Rebarsarejointwithcolumn’sextendedrebars.Timber
frameworkisconstructedarounditandscaffoldingissetupto
helpsupporttheformworkandconcrete.(ForGroundbeams,the
groundisexcavatedtoallowtherebarandbeamtogoinplace.
Timberframeworkisconstructedaroundtherebarsinthe
excavatedland.)
2.Aftertheformworkhasbeenconstructed,concreteispoured
intothetimberformwork.
3.After14daysofsettlement,theformworkisremovedto
revealthereinforcedconcretebeams
1.ConcreteFormworkpurposeistoplaceandform
concretemixtureaccordingtotheprescribedsizeand
design.
2.It'satemporarybuildingstructurewhichneedstobe
openedwhentheconcreteinsidehardens.
GroundBeaminProgress
Beamwidthshouldbe
equalorgreaterthan
widthofsupporting
column.
Longitudinalbarservesas
tensionreinforcement.
5.1.6FormworkStripping
FormworkPart:
1.Strippingsidepartsofthebeam
andcolumnformwork.
2.Strippingbottomparts,beam
supportandotherunloadingparts.
3.Strippingbottomparts,beam
supportandotherloadingparts.
FORMWORKSTRIPPING
DURATION
2-6days
7-14days
28days
.
SumedhaSingh
16

19. 5.1BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
5.1.7SomeBeamPresentintheStructure
5.1.8 Columns
1.Columnscomeindifferentthicknesses,thisisduetothe
differentforcesactingonthem.Thelargertheforceacting
onit,thethickerthecolumngetstobeabletowithstand
thepressurebeingappliedonit.
2.Thecolumnstransfertheloadtothebuildingfoundation.
Mainverticalreinforcing
bars
Link:
1.Columnlinksarewrappedaroundthesteelbarsand
actasasecondreinforcementtoconcretebeamsor
columnsafterrebarsasitaddsmorestabilitytothe
structure.
2.Linksarerectangulartogoaroundthecolumns.
SectionofColumn
Carrierwiresforholding
purposeonly.
Columnlinks
SumedhaSingh
17

20. 5.1BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
Concretecolumns
mightbe
supportedby
isolatedfootings
orpilecaps.
Thenumberof
reinforcementbarsusedin
thecolumndependsonthe
varyingsizeofthecolumn.
Lateraltiesshouldhavea
minimumdiameterof
10mm.Totalspacebetween
twotiesisnotmorethat48
tiediameter.
Dowelstiecolumn
tothesupport
beamorslab.
Verticalreinforcement
shouldnotbelessthan1%
normorethan8%ofthe
crosssectionalconcrete
beam.“T”representsthe
reinforcementsteeland
numbersindicatethe
diameter.
Lengthofoverlapping
reinforcementbaris40
timesthediameterofthe
bar.
1.Aftertherebarisset,timberformworkisconstructed
aroundittoactasacast.
2.Aftertheformworkhasbeenconstructed,concreteis
poureddownintotheformwork.
3.After14days,theformworkisremovedtoreveala
concretecolumn.
.
5.1.9ProcessofInSiteCastedColumns 5.1.10ColumnsPresentinStructure
C10
C14
C13
C13M
First
Floor
Ground
Floor
Stump
SumedhaSingh
18

21. 5.2SLABS
1.Undersideoftheslabareprovidedwithlayeroflean
concrete.
2.Rebarisset,formworkisconstructedtoholdtheconcrete.
3.Scaffoldingisinsertedtosupporttheformwork.
4.Concreteispouredinandafter14daysofsetting,
scaffoldingandformworkisremovedtorevealaslab.
SlabonGround:
Itconsistsofthickpolyethylene,thickconcrete
blinding,withcompacthardcore,withthickslabwith
BRC.
1.Reinforcedconcreteslabsareplatestructureslaidwith
reinforcementbarstowithstandtheload.
2.Slabsaremainlysupportedbybeamshence,allthe
weightappliedonslabsareautomaticallypushedtowards
thebeams.
SpacerBlocks:
Beforetheconcreteispouredintotheformwork,spacer
blocksareplacedbetweentherebarandthegroundto
preventcorrosion.Theyaresmallcubesofsolidconcrete.
Italsohelpselevatetherebarfromtouchingtheground.
5.2.1Introduction
5.2.2ProcessofInSituCastedSlabs
SuspendedSlabs:
Suspendedslabisonethatsits
straightonthesoilortheground.
PreparationofGroundSlab
Preparationofground
floorslabcasting.
5.2.3GroundSlabs
Layingwaterproofingsheet
ongroundfloor
reinforcement
19

22. 5.2SLABS
Dampproofmembrane:
-polyethylenemoisture
barriertopreventwater
fromenteringthe
Structure.
-thicknessofthe
polyethyleneis
0.15mm
Concreteslab:
-thicknessdependsontheloadit
hastobear.
-minimumthicknessis100mm
-additionalthicknesscanbeadded
toincreasetheabrasion
resistance.
2.TwoWaySlabs:
Atwowayslabofuniform
thicknessmaybereinforcedin
twodirectionsandcastintegrally
withsupportingbeamsand
columnsonallfoursidesof
squaresornearlysquarebays.
Two-wayslabsandbeams
constructioniseffectivefor
mediumspansandheavyloadsor
whenahighresistancetolateral
forceisrequired.
.
Gravelstone:
-gravelstoneislaidasa
basetopreventthe
undergroundwater.
-itsminimumthicknessis
100mm
5.2.4 TypeofSlabsGroundSlabDetails:
1.OneWaySlabs:
Onewayslabsarereinforced
inonedirectionarecastedon
aseriesofparallelbeamsand
walls.Theforceappliedis
transferredinparallelto
beams.Itseffectiveforlight
loadandspanofisrelatively
short.
TypicalSlabonGroundDetails FirstFloorBuilt
SumedhaSingh
20

23. 5.2SLABS
3.Cementisbeingpumpedand
poured ontotheformwork.A
vibratoristhenusedtorelease
trappedairandexcesswater.
2.Claddingofframeworkusing
plywood
.
1.Preparationoftheground.
2.Fixtheformwork.
3.Installtheservicepipe.
4.Fixthereinforcementbar.
5.Placethecompact
concrete.
6.Finishtheslabsurface.
7.Curetheconcreteslab.
5.2.5SlabConstruction
TypicalCurtailementofSlabReinforcement
1.SettingupofReinforcement
barsandthenumberofbars
dependsontheloaditshouldbear
(oneofthefactorsaffectingare
heightandspreadofthebuilding.)
5.2.6 StepbyStepConstructionProcess(Beam,
ColumnandSlabs)
SumedhaSingh
21

24. 5.2SLABS
6.Cementispouredintothe
formwork.Aconcretevibratoris
thenusedtoensuretherestof
theconcretesettlesfirmlyin
place.
5.Reinforcementbarsforbeams
aresetup.
.
4. Whenconcreteofthecolumns
havedriedup,claddingup
formworkforbeamscanbedone.
5.2.6 StepbyStepConstructionProcess(Beam,ColumnandSlabs)
9. Barsaretheninstalledin
intervalsof 300mm.
8.Ledgerissetforthebeams.
7.Columnsandbeamsareformed.
SumedhaSingh
22

25. 5.2SLABS
11.Spaceblockersare
placedontheplywood
deckingwhichallows
sufficientconcretecover.
10.Plywoodisinstalledsideby
sideandbasesareinstalled
betweenthebearers.Propsare
setforslabinstallation,the
ledgersforslabwillbesetatan
intervalof200mm,then
plywooddeckingwillbelaidon
thepropssetting.
5.2.6 StepbyStepConstructionProcess(Beam,ColumnandSlabs)
14.Dismantlementofthewood
framewouldoccurafterthe
concreteissetandhasgained
enoughstrengthtowithstand
theweight.
13.Cementispouredtoforma
concreteslab.TheCementis
transportedbyaconcrete
pump.
12.Electricalwiringsystemis
installedbeforeplacingthe
bottomreinforcement.
PlywoodDeck
SpaceBlocker
SumedhaSingh
23

26. 5.3WALL
5.3.3MaterialsUsedinConstruction
5.3.2TypeofWalls
5.3.1Introduction
Wallsarebasicstructuralelementsinbuildingconstruction;
theysupportroofsandupperfloors.
Theysegregateandencloseroomsbasedontheir
functions.
Wallsactasbarrieragainstharshweatherconditionsand
provideinsulationinextremetemperatures.
Utilitieslikeelectricwiringandplumbingareusually
containedinwalls.
Otheradvantagesincluderesistancetofire,soundproofing
andprovidingprivacy.
HabeebahZainab
1.Loadbearingwalls
Aloadbearingstructureisfundamentalinholdingupthebuilding.
Itprovidesstructuralsupport.
2.Nonloadbearingwalls
Nonloadbearingwallsarebuiltonlytoseparaterooms.Ifone
wastobecrusheddown,thestructureofthehousewouldnotbe
affected.
Advantagesofusingclaybricks:
Fireresistant
Porous
Wearresistant
Durable
Aesthetic
1.ClayBricks
24

27. 5.3WALL
5.3.4ConstructionProcess
1.ManufacturingProcess
HabeebahZainab
Mortarisapastemadefrom
cementorlime,ora
combinationofboth,withsand
andwater.Theconstituentsare
usedintheratio1:1:6
(cement:lime:sand).Thepaste
isusedasabondingagentin
construction.
2. Mortar
Plasterismadefromsand,Portlandcement,wateranda
suitableplaster.Itisusedtosmootheninteriorandexteriorwall
surfaces.
Advantagesofplasteringwalls:
-Itaddsaestheticvaluetothebuilding.
-Itstrengthensthewalls.
-Thewallsrequirelesspaintthanwhentheyareunflustered.
3.Plaster
25

28. 5.3WALL
5.3.5TypeofMasonryBond
HabeebahZainab
26

29. 5.4 STAIRCASE
5.4.1Introduction
HabeebahZainab
Staircasearestructureusedtoaccesslower
andupperfloors.Theyconsistofoneormore
flightsofstepsandcanbebuiltinseveral
shapes.
1.CalculateRiseandRun
Measurethetotalriseandcalculatethenumberof
stepsneeded.Moststepsare6-8incheshighand10-
12incheswide.
Numberofsteps=totalrise/steprise.
Totalrun=steprunxnumberofsteps
5.4.2TypeofStaircase(references)
5.4.3ConstructionofStaircase(atsite)
Straight Winder 2Quarter
Winder
2Quarter
Landing
DoubleWinder HalfLanding Curved Spiral
2.BuildingtheForm
Theformismadeusing3/4inchplywood.
27

30. 5.4 STAIRCASE
HabeebahZainab
Makingthestringer:
1.Aframingsquareisusedontheplywoodtodrawthe
outlineofthesteps.
2.Alineisdrawnalongtheoutsideedgeoftheblade
andtongue.Thesquareismovedtothenextposition
andthisisrepeated.
3.Thebottomendofthestringeristrimmedtoadjust
theriserheightforthetreadthickness.
3.StarterBarsinStaircase
Oncetheformisplacedwherethestaircasewillbebuilt,
starterbarsareputatthebaseofconcretestairstosupport
itandtoconnectthe2floors.
4.PouringtheConcrete
Aftertheformworkiscomplete,theconcreteisreadytobe
pouredinit.Startingfromthebottom,constructionworkersfill
thestaircasestepbystepwiththeconcretemixture.Theform
isshakentoremoveanyairbubbletrappedinsideasthatwould
weakenthestructure.Oncethelowerstepdriesup,thenext
oneispoured.
Theriserisremovedassoonastheconcretecanholditsshape.
28

31. 5.4 STAIRCASE
HabeebahZainab
5.FinishingtheConcrete.
Topolishthestaircase,thestepsaresweptwithabroom.
Otherwise,awetspongeisusedtocreateasmoothcream
tocoversmallholes,airpocketsandvoids.
Thebroomandthespongeformdifferentsurfaces.
6.Curingtheconcrete.
Theconcreteiskeptwetoncethestairsretaintheirshape.This
ensuresthattheconcreteremainhydratedandprevents
cracksandprematurestressing.
7.Placingwoodenplankonstaircase.
29

32. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.1Introduction
6.0.2TypeofRoofs(references)
PitchedRoof(Gable)
Roofcoversthetopofthebuilding,servestoprotectagainst
rain,snow,sunlight,windandanychangesoftemperature.
Roofcanbeconstructedinvariouswayofforms–flat,
pitched,domed,etc.Otherthanprotectingthebuildingand
theusersfromtheoutsideelements,theroof’sshapeplaysa
majorroleindefiningtheoveralllookandstyleofhouse.
NurulAtiqah
SaltboxRoof
SkillionRoof(Shed)
HippedRoof
FlatRoof 6.0.3RoofDetailing(references)
GambrelRoof
Lean-toRoof
ButterflyRoof
Note: notallroofsfeatureallofthesedetailsandsomecan
beconstructedinmanydifferentways.
Ridge
EavesValley
Gable
Wall
Verge
Abutment
Hip
30

33. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.5RoofPitch(references)
1.StickFraming
Stickframedroofs:useindividual
raftersthatspanfromtopof
exteriorwallstotheridge.Built
onememberatatime.Thisisthe
processbywhichyourframing
contractorwilluseordinaryor
dimensionallumbertocreatethe
roofframe.
6.0.4 RoofFraming(references)
2.TrussFraming
Madefromtriangularshape,
premadetrussunits.
Manufacturedsothattheyare
readytoinstall.Thisprocess
usespre-builtwoodformsto
buildtheroofframe.Nomatter
whichkindofroofframingis
used,theybothcontainone
elementthatyou'llneedtobe
familiarwithandthat'sthe"pitch"
oftheroof.
Tocreatethepitchoftheroof,asinglepieceofwood
calleda"ridgebeam"isplacedalongthelengthofthe
home.Raftersareplacedtothetopplateofthesecond
floorandjoinedtotheridgebeam.Theresultingangle
formsthepitchoftheroof.
Thesteeperthepitchoftheroof,usuallythethinnerthe
rafterwillhavetobebecauseofthedownwardpressure.
Unlikestickframing,thetrussframingisappliedallat
once.Usingacraneorotherheavyliftingequipment
usuallydoesit.Roofrequiressomeoftheheaviest
amountoflumber,sotrusseshavebeentheroof
systemofchoicebecauseitgivesmoreflexibilityand
morecomplicatedroofstobeconstructed.
Thesetrussesarepre-manufacturedbyatruss
manufacturer,andthey'respecificallydesignedfromthe
plansforyourhouseaccordingtothepitchoftheroof.
Thepitchoftheroofreferstotheangleorsteepness
oftheroofingframe.Hereissomeguidelinesof
creatingroofpitch:
NurulAtiqah
31

34. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.6RoofType(fromsite)
Comparedtohiproofsandgabledroofs,
skillionroofhasonlyonesingleflatsurface.
Butitisalsodifferentfromastandardflat
roofbecauseithasasteeperandmore
noticeablepitch.
Theyareofteninstalledbecauseofthelow
priceininstallationandhowitiseasyand
fasttoconstruct.Anotheradvantagewhen
theyareinstalledisthattheydon’tsuffer
fromthedrainageproblemsthatotherless
steeplypitchedroofsencountered.
Soitismainlyusedinareaswhereitalways
rainorsnow.
TypeofRoofatSite:SkillionRoof
RoofSlope:approximately10degrees
NurulAtiqah
32

35. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.7RoofMaterials(from site)
Skillionroofisfairlysteep,whichallows
watertorunoffmoreeffectivelythanflatter
roofs.Sotheyrequirealesstightlysealed
buildingenvelope.Sobecauseofthis,the
rubberskinsthatareusedonpitchedroofor
flatroofcanalsobeused.
Skillionroofsgenerallyhavean
industrial/minimalistlook,whichoftenleadsto
achoiceofmorestreamlinedroofing
materials.Suchfinishesmightincludemetal
ratherthantiles,forexample,whichhavea
moretraditionalandelaboratelydecorative
look.
6.0.8ConstructionProgress(from site)
1. Startstheconstruction
withaframingtosupport
theroof
NurulAtiqah
2. Installationofroof
insulation.
3.Thenplasterboardceiling
iscoveredontopofthe
structure.
4.Thecompletelookofthe
roof.
33

36. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.9ConstructionProcessDetails(from site)
NurulAtiqah
1.Framing
PlankandBeamMethod:
Atypeofframingcapableof
carryinglargeloadsacrosslong
spansoropenings.Thistypeof
framinguseacolumnstructural
gridsystemtosupporttheroof.
TypeofMaterialUsedfor
Framing:Steel
RoofBeam
Purlins
Roofbeams
supportedby
concrete
Concrete
1.RoofBeam:astructuralmemberusedtosupportthe
endsoftheraftersattheridge,transferringit'sloadsto
postsorgableendwalls.Anditliesparallelwiththe
slope.
2.Purlins:ahorizontalbeamalongthelengthofaroof,
restingonamainrafterandsupportingthecommon
raftersorboards.Itispositiontheoppositepositionof
roofbeams.
Roof
Beam
34

37. 6.0ROOFS
NurulAtiqah
2.RoofLayering
3.Fascia:thisisusedtotrimtheouteredgesofthe
roof.Itisdoneasaguideforputtingtheinsulation
sheetlateron.
Fascia
MetalRoof
Thebuildinglayeredmetalroofontopofthestructure.
Beforelayeringthematerial,aninsulatorandwoolwillbe
installedfirst.
Corrugated
MetalSheet
Wool
InsulationFoil
Corrugated
MetalSheet
Wool
InsulationFoil Purlins
1.InsulationFoil:
itreflectsradiantheatandprovidesabarriertoprevent
condensationontheundersideoftheroofsheet.
2.MineralWool:
Mineralwoolfounditswayinmanyapplicationssuchas
thermalinsulation(asbothstructuralinsulationandpipe
insulation),andsoundproofing.
3.CorrugatedMetalSheet:
35

38. 6.0ROOFS
NurulAtiqah
3.CeilingInstallation
ProcessofInstallingRoofLayers:
Startsofwiththe
Purlinssupport.
Rolltheinsulationfoil
andtapeitwith
reinforcementfoil
tape.
Applythemineralwool.
Alignthemetalsheetand
fasteneditwithamachinery
fastening.Thefasteninghas
togothroughuntilthepurlins
Thefinalstepistocoverthestructureoftheroof
withplasterceiling.
MineralWool Insulation
FoilFascia
MetalSheet
RoofBeam
Plasterboard
Hangers
CeilingFurring
36

39. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
7.0.1Introduction NurFarahiyah
Dooractsasanentrytoaspacewhichcanbeopenedand
closedanditcanbemadeupofwood,glassandother
materials,dependingonthepurposeofthedoorasthe
entrancetothespace.Windowisanopeningonawall
throughwhichpeoplecanseetheothersideofthewindow
throughtheglasspaneofthewindow.
Doors:
Doorcanbeusedtocloseandopenanopeningofabuilding
orfromoneroomtoanotherroom.
7.0.2TypeofDoor(atsite)
1.HingedDoor
Hingeddooristhecommontype
ofdoor,mainlyusedasfrontdoor
andinternaldoors.Itworkswhen
aforcebeingappliedatoneof
thesidesofthedoor.Thehinges
allowthedoortoswinginwards
upto180degrees
2.SlidingDoor
Slidingdoorconsistsof
oneortwofixedpanels
andpanelsthatcan
slides.Themovable
panelscanslide
horizontallyfromleftto
rightorviceversato
createopening.
37

40. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
7.0.3Windows
NurFarahiyah
Adeviceusedtocovertheopeningonwalls,fittedwith
transparentortranslucentglass,thatcanbeopenedand
closedforbetterventilationpurpose,naturallighttopass
throughandviewingpurpose.
7.0.4TypeofWindows(atsite)
Swingwindowarewidelyused
nowadaysduetoless
expensiveandversatility.Itcan
beeitherswingsidewaysby
pushingorpullingoneendof
thewindowpanels.Itcanswing
upto90degrees.
1.SwingWIndows
2. FixedGlassTop-HungWindow
Swingwindowarewidelyused
nowadaysduetolessexpensive
andversatility.Itcanbeeither
swingsidewaysbypushingor
pullingoneendofthewindow
panels.Itcanswingupto90
degrees. 38

41. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
7.0.5MaterialsSelection(atsite)
NurFarahiyah
Woodhadbeenusedwidelyfor
homeduetoitsadvantages.Wood
isheat-proofing,itcannotbe
destroyedbyhightemperature.Its
characteristicsofbeinganatural
insulatormakesthebuilding
energyefficientasitpreventsthe
temperatureoftheroom.Woodis
alowmaintenancematerialasit
doesnotgetrusted.
Aluminiumwindow/doorprovides
goodthermalandnoiseinsulation.
Aluminiumisalowmaintenance
materialsduetoitsresistive
propertytowardscorrosion.
Aluminiumframesarecheaper
comparetootherframingof
differentmaterials.
1.Wood
2.Aluminium
Sub-FrameSystem:
Sub-framesystemisthesysteminwhichsubframewillbe
installedattheearlystageoftheconstruction.Thissystem
consistsofmainframeandsub-frame.Theinstallationof
themainframewillcontinueafterthecompletionofother
internaltrades.
7.0.6 InstallationProcessforDoors
AdvantagesofSub-FrameSystem:
1.Itpreventsdamagesonthemainframe
2.Themainframewillbelesslikelyaffectedbydifferent
changesduringplasteringandgroutingworks.
Doorinstallation- Sub-frameSystem:
1.Sub-frameinstallation
Confirmingthespotwherethedoorwillbelocatedat
basedonthedrawingsprovidedandmeasurethesub-
frametoensurethattheframethattheywillbegoingto
useisofthecorrectsize.
Securethesubframebyusingwoodenwedges.Sincethe
woodenwedgeis90degrees,itcanhelpinaligning
verticallyandhorizontallybyadjustingthewoodenwedge.
Aftertheframeisaligned,theframewassecuredintoits
designatedpositionusinggalvanizedstraps.
Groutthegapsbetweenthewallanddoorframe.Afterthe
groutandplasterarecompletelycured,theadditional
devicesusedinassistingtheinstallationofsub-frame
thencanberemoved.
39

42. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
NurFarahiyah
Carriedoutmeasurementonsitetoensurethecorrect
dimensionsofthedoorframeandmeasurethedimension
ofthesub-frameopeningbeforeinstallingthemainframe.
Thecompletedsetofdoorpanel,mainframeandarchitrave
weredeliveredtothesiteandtheteamweretocheckand
ensurethatthedoorpanelandframeandarchitravearethe
correctsizeandtype.
Installthemainframeonthesubframebyapplyingbonding
agentonthesubframeandthemainframe.Toensurethat
themainframeisalignedverticallyandhorizontally,door
paneltemplatewasused.
2.MainFrameInstallation
Beforeproceedingtothearchitraveinstallation,makesurethe
gapbetweenframeandthewallfinishesissecured.Bonding
agentwasthenappliedtothebottompartofthearchitrave
3.Doorpanelandironmongeryinstallation
Theopeningsforhingesinstallationonthedoorpanelshould
becutatfactorybeforedeliveringittosite.
Therewasuniformgapbetweentheframeanddoorpanel,
dependingonthethicknessofthedoorpanel,typesofhinges
usedaswellasthetypeoflocksetsused.Thehingeswere
thensecuredtothedoorpanelusingtheelectricalscrew
driver.
Thedoorwasthentestedbyopeningandclosingthedoorto
ensurethatthedoorswerefunctioningwell.
4.Architraveinstallation
SlidingDoorInstallation:
1.Installingslidingtrack(installsubframefirst)
2.Installingdoorpanelandironmongery
Doorpanelwereinstalledbeforeinstallingmainframe.
Theopeningsforfixingofironmongerieswerecutat
factory.Theironmongerieswillbesecuredtothedoor
panelusingelectricalscrewdriver.
Functionalitytestwereconductedbyopeningand
closingthedoor.
3.Installingmainframeandarchitrave
Securetheverticalpartsoftheframefirstusing
bondingagentandsecuredthehorizontalpartafter
theverticalpartsofthemainframeisfirmlyattached
4.Architraveinstallation
Bondingagentwasappliedtothebottompartofthe
architrave.
40

43. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
NurFarahiyah
WindowInstallation–Sub-framesystem:
7.0.7InstallationProcessforWindows
Installationofmainframe
1.Preparationofinstallationofmainframe–cleaningdustand
debrisfromsubframe
2.Installationofmainframe–themainframewasfittedontosub
frameusingbondingagent.
3.Therewasagapof6-10mminbetweenthewallandwindow
frame.Maskingtapewerefirstappliedtocoverthegapbetweenthe
wallandtheframetoavoidstainingfromthesealantonthesurface
andtoprovideaneatfinishandsealantjoint.Sealantwerethenused
tosealthegap.Sealingofgapbetweenwallandwindowframe
4.Waterproofingmembranewillbeappliedbeforeplasteringworks
ontheexternaljointsbetweenthewallandtheframe.Groovelines
willbemadealongtheoutlineofthewindowduringplasteringworks
wheresealantwilllaterbeappliedon.
Installationofsubframe
1.Positioningofsubframeusingrideupblocksandcheckingof
plumbandalignmentofsub-frame.
2.Fixofsubframe-Thesubframewasthensecuredonceitwasin
position.Thesubframewastemporaryhardenedand
strengthenedbyinsertingwoodenpacksneartheboltheads.
3.Theboltheadsandjointsbetweenexternalwallandsubframe
weresealedforwatertightness.
4.Thesubframewasthenprotectedbyprotectivetapes
throughouttheconstructionworksandthestrengthenerremained
inplaceuntiltheinstallationofinnerframes.
Installationoffixedglasspanel
1.Theglasspanelwasslottedintotheglasspocketatthe
bottompartofthewindowframeandsecuringtheglass
panelinplaceusingaluminiumbeadsstartingfromthetop
andtothesidebeadings.Thebeadingswillbeknocked
usingthebackpartofscrewdrivertosecuretheglass
furtherinplace
Installationofwindowglazing
1.Preparationworksbeforeglazingsuchasensuringthe
innerframeandothercomponentswerefreefromdust,
checkingthecorrectspecificationofthecomponents
suchasglasspanelsandensuringtherewillnodamages
onthegasket.
2.Glazingofglasstoinnerframe–Theglasswasthenbe
glazedintheinnerframeandspacerblockswasusedto
holdtheglasspanelinplace.
Applicationofgasket:
Gasketmustbeofcontinuouslength,tobecarefully
fittedaroundtheglasspanelinordertoholdtheglass
panelandpreventfromwaterpassingthrough.Aluminium
beadswereusedtogettheglasspanelinplaceandby
usingthebackofthescrewdrivertoensurethebeadings
tobeinplace.Maskingtapeswereappliedbetweenthe
glassandframebeforeapplyingsealanttoprovideneat
outcomeofsealantandthemaskingtapewillberemoved
oncethesealantisdry.
41

44. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
NurFarahiyah
1.Architrave
7.0.8 DetailsofFittings
Ahingeconnectsthedoorpanel
withthedoorframewhich
allowsthedoororwindowto
swingupuntilcertainangle
dependingonthetypesof
hinges.
Architraveisthehorizontal
componentabovethedoor
panel.Itactsasthecoverof
thegapsbetweenthewall
andtheframeofthedoor..
Doorleverisanotherwayof
closingoropeningthedoor
byapplyingforceonthe
horizontaldoorhandle.The
differentbetweendoorlever
anddoorknobisthe
aestheticanditiseasierto
opendoorusingdoorlever
ascomparetousingdoor
knobtoopenthedoor.
3.Doorlever
2.Hinges
42

45. 8.0SUMMARY
8.0.1Summary
Fromthisassignment,wegainedsomanyexperiencesand
knowledgefromoursitevisit.Wehadtheopportunitytoexpand
ourknowledgeinconstructionespeciallyintermsofthe
processandtheprocedurestakenduringeachstageof
construction.Constructionistheprocessofconstructing
infrastructureinwhicheverydetailofworksneedtobe
consideredandplannedcarefullypriortotheconstructionup
untiltheconstructioniscompleted.Forthesiteselection,we
decidedtochooseandstudyonresidentialproject,TypeA
house,locatedatOpusLakeVicinityCyberjaya.TypeAhouseis
a2storeysemi-detachedhouse.Fromourobservation,
residentialbuildingemphasismoreonlivingspacesthatare
convenientwithinthebuildingsandcarefulselectionof
methodsusedintheconstructionandmaterialsselection,
especiallyforasemi-detachedtypeofhouseduetothesafety
andcomfortoftheresidentandneighborhood.
Theexperienceofbeingabletowatchtheongoingconstruction
processandbeingabletoaskthemdirectlyatthesametimeis
thegreatexperiencethatwegainedinthisproject.Wecan
understandmorebyhavingsitevisitandexperienceonthe
constructionsiteitself.Wealsohadtheopportunitytoknowthe
reasonsonwhytheychoosethemethodthattheyusedinstead
ofusingotheravailablemethods.Thepersoninchargeduringour
sitevisitisalsofriendlythatwecanaskeverythingthatweneed
toknowaboutconstructionbasedonourobservationandstudy
onthetypeAhouse,2storeysemi-detachedhouse.
Asaconclusion,theknowledgethatwegainedfromthisproject
aswellasthesitevisithelpusinunderstandingmoreonthe
proceduresthatshouldbetakenduringtheconstructionprocess.
Theexperiencesthatwegainedfromthesitevisitarevery
beneficialbecausewestudyonresidentialtypeofbuildingwhich
isveryimportanttoeveryonebecauseresidentialisthemain
placeintheirdailylives.Itisimportantforustostudyand
understandthoroughlytheoverallconstructionprocessinorder
tohaveasustainablelivinginthefuture.
43

46. 9.0REFERENCES
Top6AdvantagesofAluminiumWindowsandDoors.(2017).Imperialaluminium.com.au.Retrieved21May2017,from
http://www.imperialaluminium.com.au/blog/top-6-advantages-aluminium-windows-doors/
(2017).Retrieved18May2017,fromadvantages-aluminium-windows-doors/advantages-and-disadvantages
Ahmed,M.(2014).PresentationonSlab,BeamandColumn.RetrievedMay17,2017from
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/musabbirahmed75/presentation-on-slab-beam-column
Architraves.(2017).BUILD.Retrieved21May2017,from http://www.build.com.au/architraves
Arul.(2016).Opus@LakeVicinityCyberjaya.Retrievedfromhttp://www.propertyguru.com.my/new-property-launch/reviews/opus-
lake-vicinity-cyberjaya-144891
Asif.(2017).Woodendoorsandpanelsadvantages disadvantages.Slideshare.net.Retrieved21May2017,
from https://www.slideshare.net/hamza359/wooden-doors-andpanels-advantages-and-disadvantages
BigAl.(2017).Top15RoofTypes,PlustheirProsandCons–ReadBeforeyouBuild!RetrievedMay20,2017from
http://www.roofcostestimator.com/top-15-roof-types-and-their-pros-cons/
Breuning,J.(2014).MineralWoolonGreenRoofs–ChanceorChallenge?RetrievedMay22,2017from
http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/140-Mineral-Wool-on-Green-Roofs-Chance-or-Challenge.htm#.WSWLQxOGOuU
BuildIt.(2017).HowtoBuildaBrickWall.Retrievedfromhttp://www.self-build.co.uk/how-build-brick-wallBuild.
(2017).SkillionRoof.RetrievedMay20,2017fromhttp://www.build.com.au/skillion-roof
BuildersEngineer.(2012).ComponentsofBuildingSubstructure.Retrievedfrom
http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/components-of-building-sub-structure.html
CivilEngineeringHome.(2017).Walls-Types,FeaturesandDesign.Retrievedfromhttps://theconstructor.org/building/walls-types-
features-and-design-concept/819/
CivilEngineeringTraining.(2014).PileFoundation–DesignandConstruction.Retrievedfromhttp://www.aboutcivil.org/pile-
foundations-design-construction.html
CivilEngineersForum.(2017).HowtoBuildaFoundation–10Steps.RetrievedMay17,2017from
http://civilengineersforum.com/how-to-construct-building-foundation/
CrystalVilleGroup.(2017).OpusLakeVicinityCyberjaya.Retrievedfromhttp://www.crystalvillegroup.com/projects/opus-lake-
vicinity-cyberjaya/
DoItYourselfHomeImprovement.(2017).AllAboutRoofs:Pitches,TrussesandFraming.RetrievedMay21,2017from
http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/exterior/all-about-roofs-pitches-trusses-and-framing
Doorlevers.(2017).BUILD.Retrieved21May2017,from http://www.build.com.au/door-levers. 44

47. 9.0REFERENCES
Fathli,M.S.(2012).CivilEngineeringConstruction:SubstructureandFoundation.Retrievedfrom
https://dda2132.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/lecture-notes-2011-dda2132-chp-3-substructure-foundation-a.pdf
LABC.(2017).TechnicalManual.Retrievedfrom
https://www.labcwarranty.co.uk/media/127320/labc%20warranty%20technical%20manual%20v7%20chapter%206%20(lo
w%20res).pdf
LinkedIn.(2011).CivilEngineering(Beams,Columns).RetrievedMay20,2017from
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumnsMay2017,fromhttp://www.build.com.au/what-
are-parts-doorMetalroofing.(2017).FoilRoof.RetrievedMay21,2017from
https://www.metalroofingonline.com.au/insulation/75-insulation-foil-roof-sisalation.html
Mishra,H.(2017).Engineering:Whatarethebasicdifferencesbetweenone-wayandtwo-wayslabs?Wheredoweusethem
specifically?RetrievedMay17,2017fromhttps://www.quora.com/Engineering-What-are-the-basic-differences-between-one-
way-and-two-way-slabs-Where-do-we-use-them-specifically
TheConstructor.(2017).TypesofStairsandtheirUses.Retrievedfromhttps://theconstructor.org/building/types-stairs-
uses/11304/
TheEditorsofEncyclopaediaofBritannica.(2017).Wall.Retrievedfromhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/wall
TheKesington.(2017).Substructure.Retrievedfromhttps://www.rbkc.gov.uk/idoxWAM/doc/Other-1455352.pdf?
extension=.pdf&id=1455352&location=volume2&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1
Unknown.(2017).ConstructionSafetyPolicy.Retrievedfromhttps://www.fmins.com/pdf/safety_SERVICES/Construction.pdf
Vandervort,D.(2016).RoofFramingBasics.RetrievedMay21,2017fromhttps://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/roof-framing-
basics.html
Velagic,H.(2012).ConstructionEquipmentBuilding.Retrievedfromhttps://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/5-construction-
equipment-building-construction
Wikihow.(2017).HowtoBuildConcreteSteps.Retrievedfromhttp://www.wikihow.com/Build-Concrete-Steps
Whatarethepartsofadoor?.(2017).BUILD.Retrieved21May2017,fromhttp://www.build.com.au/what-are-parts-door
45

48. 5.3WALL
5.3.3MaterialsUsedinConstruction
5.3.2TypeofWalls
5.3.1Introduction
Wallsarebasicstructuralelementsinbuildingconstruction;
theysupportroofsandupperfloors.
Theysegregateandencloseroomsbasedontheir
functions.
Wallsactasbarrieragainstharshweatherconditionsand
provideinsulationinextremetemperatures.
Utilitieslikeelectricwiringandplumbingareusually
containedinwalls.
Otheradvantagesincluderesistancetofire,soundproofing
andprovidingprivacy.
HabeebahZainab
1.Loadbearingwalls
Aloadbearingstructureisfundamentalinholdingupthebuilding.
Itprovidesstructuralsupport.
2.Nonloadbearingwalls
Nonloadbearingwallsarebuiltonlytoseparaterooms.Ifone
wastobecrusheddown,thestructureofthehousewouldnotbe
affected.
Advantagesofusingclaybricks:
Fireresistant
Porous
Wearresistant
Durable
Aesthetic
1.ClayBricks
24

49. 5.3WALL
5.3.4ConstructionProcess
1.ManufacturingProcess
HabeebahZainab
Mortarisapastemadefrom
cementorlime,ora
combinationofboth,withsand
andwater.Theconstituentsare
usedintheratio1:1:6
(cement:lime:sand).Thepaste
isusedasabondingagentin
construction.
2. Mortar
Plasterismadefromsand,Portlandcement,wateranda
suitableplaster.Itisusedtosmootheninteriorandexteriorwall
surfaces.
Advantagesofplasteringwalls:
-Itaddsaestheticvaluetothebuilding.
-Itstrengthensthewalls.
-Thewallsrequirelesspaintthanwhentheyareunflustered.
3.Plaster
25

50. 5.3WALL
5.3.5TypeofMasonryBond
HabeebahZainab
26

51. 5.4 STAIRCASE
5.4.1Introduction
HabeebahZainab
Staircasearestructureusedtoaccesslower
andupperfloors.Theyconsistofoneormore
flightsofstepsandcanbebuiltinseveral
shapes.
1.CalculateRiseandRun
Measurethetotalriseandcalculatethenumberof
stepsneeded.Moststepsare6-8incheshighand10-
12incheswide.
Numberofsteps=totalrise/steprise.
Totalrun=steprunxnumberofsteps
5.4.2TypeofStaircase(references)
5.4.3ConstructionofStaircase(atsite)
Straight Winder 2Quarter
Winder
2Quarter
Landing
DoubleWinder HalfLanding Curved Spiral
2.BuildingtheForm
Theformismadeusing3/4inchplywood.
27

52. 5.4 STAIRCASE
HabeebahZainab
Makingthestringer:
1.Aframingsquareisusedontheplywoodtodrawthe
outlineofthesteps.
2.Alineisdrawnalongtheoutsideedgeoftheblade
andtongue.Thesquareismovedtothenextposition
andthisisrepeated.
3.Thebottomendofthestringeristrimmedtoadjust
theriserheightforthetreadthickness.
3.StarterBarsinStaircase
Oncetheformisplacedwherethestaircasewillbebuilt,
starterbarsareputatthebaseofconcretestairstosupport
itandtoconnectthe2floors.
4.PouringtheConcrete
Aftertheformworkiscomplete,theconcreteisreadytobe
pouredinit.Startingfromthebottom,constructionworkersfill
thestaircasestepbystepwiththeconcretemixture.Theform
isshakentoremoveanyairbubbletrappedinsideasthatwould
weakenthestructure.Oncethelowerstepdriesup,thenext
oneispoured.
Theriserisremovedassoonastheconcretecanholditsshape.
28

53. 5.4 STAIRCASE
HabeebahZainab
5.FinishingtheConcrete.
Topolishthestaircase,thestepsaresweptwithabroom.
Otherwise,awetspongeisusedtocreateasmoothcream
tocoversmallholes,airpocketsandvoids.
Thebroomandthespongeformdifferentsurfaces.
6.Curingtheconcrete.
Theconcreteiskeptwetoncethestairsretaintheirshape.This
ensuresthattheconcreteremainhydratedandprevents
cracksandprematurestressing.
7.Placingwoodenplankonstaircase.
29

54. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.1Introduction
6.0.2TypeofRoofs(references)
PitchedRoof(Gable)
Roofcoversthetopofthebuilding,servestoprotectagainst
rain,snow,sunlight,windandanychangesoftemperature.
Roofcanbeconstructedinvariouswayofforms–flat,
pitched,domed,etc.Otherthanprotectingthebuildingand
theusersfromtheoutsideelements,theroof’sshapeplaysa
majorroleindefiningtheoveralllookandstyleofhouse.
NurulAtiqah
SaltboxRoof
SkillionRoof(Shed)
HippedRoof
FlatRoof 6.0.3RoofDetailing(references)
GambrelRoof
Lean-toRoof
ButterflyRoof
Note: notallroofsfeatureallofthesedetailsandsomecan
beconstructedinmanydifferentways.
Ridge
EavesValley
Gable
Wall
Verge
Abutment
Hip
30

55. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.5RoofPitch(references)
1.StickFraming
Stickframedroofs:useindividual
raftersthatspanfromtopof
exteriorwallstotheridge.Built
onememberatatime.Thisisthe
processbywhichyourframing
contractorwilluseordinaryor
dimensionallumbertocreatethe
roofframe.
6.0.4 RoofFraming(references)
2.TrussFraming
Madefromtriangularshape,
premadetrussunits.
Manufacturedsothattheyare
readytoinstall.Thisprocess
usespre-builtwoodformsto
buildtheroofframe.Nomatter
whichkindofroofframingis
used,theybothcontainone
elementthatyou'llneedtobe
familiarwithandthat'sthe"pitch"
oftheroof.
Tocreatethepitchoftheroof,asinglepieceofwood
calleda"ridgebeam"isplacedalongthelengthofthe
home.Raftersareplacedtothetopplateofthesecond
floorandjoinedtotheridgebeam.Theresultingangle
formsthepitchoftheroof.
Thesteeperthepitchoftheroof,usuallythethinnerthe
rafterwillhavetobebecauseofthedownwardpressure.
Unlikestickframing,thetrussframingisappliedallat
once.Usingacraneorotherheavyliftingequipment
usuallydoesit.Roofrequiressomeoftheheaviest
amountoflumber,sotrusseshavebeentheroof
systemofchoicebecauseitgivesmoreflexibilityand
morecomplicatedroofstobeconstructed.
Thesetrussesarepre-manufacturedbyatruss
manufacturer,andthey'respecificallydesignedfromthe
plansforyourhouseaccordingtothepitchoftheroof.
Thepitchoftheroofreferstotheangleorsteepness
oftheroofingframe.Hereissomeguidelinesof
creatingroofpitch:
NurulAtiqah
31

56. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.6RoofType(fromsite)
Comparedtohiproofsandgabledroofs,
skillionroofhasonlyonesingleflatsurface.
Butitisalsodifferentfromastandardflat
roofbecauseithasasteeperandmore
noticeablepitch.
Theyareofteninstalledbecauseofthelow
priceininstallationandhowitiseasyand
fasttoconstruct.Anotheradvantagewhen
theyareinstalledisthattheydon’tsuffer
fromthedrainageproblemsthatotherless
steeplypitchedroofsencountered.
Soitismainlyusedinareaswhereitalways
rainorsnow.
TypeofRoofatSite:SkillionRoof
RoofSlope:approximately10degrees
NurulAtiqah
32

57. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.7RoofMaterials(from site)
Skillionroofisfairlysteep,whichallows
watertorunoffmoreeffectivelythanflatter
roofs.Sotheyrequirealesstightlysealed
buildingenvelope.Sobecauseofthis,the
rubberskinsthatareusedonpitchedroofor
flatroofcanalsobeused.
Skillionroofsgenerallyhavean
industrial/minimalistlook,whichoftenleadsto
achoiceofmorestreamlinedroofing
materials.Suchfinishesmightincludemetal
ratherthantiles,forexample,whichhavea
moretraditionalandelaboratelydecorative
look.
6.0.8ConstructionProgress(from site)
1. Startstheconstruction
withaframingtosupport
theroof
NurulAtiqah
2. Installationofroof
insulation.
3.Thenplasterboardceiling
iscoveredontopofthe
structure.
4.Thecompletelookofthe
roof.
33

58. 6.0ROOFS
6.0.9ConstructionProcessDetails(from site)
NurulAtiqah
1.Framing
PlankandBeamMethod:
Atypeofframingcapableof
carryinglargeloadsacrosslong
spansoropenings.Thistypeof
framinguseacolumnstructural
gridsystemtosupporttheroof.
TypeofMaterialUsedfor
Framing:Steel
RoofBeam
Purlins
Roofbeams
supportedby
concrete
Concrete
1.RoofBeam:astructuralmemberusedtosupportthe
endsoftheraftersattheridge,transferringit'sloadsto
postsorgableendwalls.Anditliesparallelwiththe
slope.
2.Purlins:ahorizontalbeamalongthelengthofaroof,
restingonamainrafterandsupportingthecommon
raftersorboards.Itispositiontheoppositepositionof
roofbeams.
Roof
Beam
34

59. 6.0ROOFS
NurulAtiqah
2.RoofLayering
3.Fascia:thisisusedtotrimtheouteredgesofthe
roof.Itisdoneasaguideforputtingtheinsulation
sheetlateron.
Fascia
MetalRoof
Thebuildinglayeredmetalroofontopofthestructure.
Beforelayeringthematerial,aninsulatorandwoolwillbe
installedfirst.
Corrugated
MetalSheet
Wool
InsulationFoil
Corrugated
MetalSheet
Wool
InsulationFoil Purlins
1.InsulationFoil:
itreflectsradiantheatandprovidesabarriertoprevent
condensationontheundersideoftheroofsheet.
2.MineralWool:
Mineralwoolfounditswayinmanyapplicationssuchas
thermalinsulation(asbothstructuralinsulationandpipe
insulation),andsoundproofing.
3.CorrugatedMetalSheet:
35

60. 6.0ROOFS
NurulAtiqah
3.CeilingInstallation
ProcessofInstallingRoofLayers:
Startsofwiththe
Purlinssupport.
Rolltheinsulationfoil
andtapeitwith
reinforcementfoil
tape.
Applythemineralwool.
Alignthemetalsheetand
fasteneditwithamachinery
fastening.Thefasteninghas
togothroughuntilthepurlins
Thefinalstepistocoverthestructureoftheroof
withplasterceiling.
MineralWool Insulation
FoilFascia
MetalSheet
RoofBeam
Plasterboard
Hangers
CeilingFurring
36

61. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
7.0.1Introduction NurFarahiyah
Dooractsasanentrytoaspacewhichcanbeopenedand
closedanditcanbemadeupofwood,glassandother
materials,dependingonthepurposeofthedoorasthe
entrancetothespace.Windowisanopeningonawall
throughwhichpeoplecanseetheothersideofthewindow
throughtheglasspaneofthewindow.
Doors:
Doorcanbeusedtocloseandopenanopeningofabuilding
orfromoneroomtoanotherroom.
7.0.2TypeofDoor(atsite)
1.HingedDoor
Hingeddooristhecommontype
ofdoor,mainlyusedasfrontdoor
andinternaldoors.Itworkswhen
aforcebeingappliedatoneof
thesidesofthedoor.Thehinges
allowthedoortoswinginwards
upto180degrees
2.SlidingDoor
Slidingdoorconsistsof
oneortwofixedpanels
andpanelsthatcan
slides.Themovable
panelscanslide
horizontallyfromleftto
rightorviceversato
createopening.
37

62. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
7.0.3Windows
NurFarahiyah
Adeviceusedtocovertheopeningonwalls,fittedwith
transparentortranslucentglass,thatcanbeopenedand
closedforbetterventilationpurpose,naturallighttopass
throughandviewingpurpose.
7.0.4TypeofWindows(atsite)
Swingwindowarewidelyused
nowadaysduetoless
expensiveandversatility.Itcan
beeitherswingsidewaysby
pushingorpullingoneendof
thewindowpanels.Itcanswing
upto90degrees.
1.SwingWIndows
2. FixedGlassTop-HungWindow
Swingwindowarewidelyused
nowadaysduetolessexpensive
andversatility.Itcanbeeither
swingsidewaysbypushingor
pullingoneendofthewindow
panels.Itcanswingupto90
degrees. 38

63. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
7.0.5MaterialsSelection(atsite)
NurFarahiyah
Woodhadbeenusedwidelyfor
homeduetoitsadvantages.Wood
isheat-proofing,itcannotbe
destroyedbyhightemperature.Its
characteristicsofbeinganatural
insulatormakesthebuilding
energyefficientasitpreventsthe
temperatureoftheroom.Woodis
alowmaintenancematerialasit
doesnotgetrusted.
Aluminiumwindow/doorprovides
goodthermalandnoiseinsulation.
Aluminiumisalowmaintenance
materialsduetoitsresistive
propertytowardscorrosion.
Aluminiumframesarecheaper
comparetootherframingof
differentmaterials.
1.Wood
2.Aluminium
Sub-FrameSystem:
Sub-framesystemisthesysteminwhichsubframewillbe
installedattheearlystageoftheconstruction.Thissystem
consistsofmainframeandsub-frame.Theinstallationof
themainframewillcontinueafterthecompletionofother
internaltrades.
7.0.6 InstallationProcessforDoors
AdvantagesofSub-FrameSystem:
1.Itpreventsdamagesonthemainframe
2.Themainframewillbelesslikelyaffectedbydifferent
changesduringplasteringandgroutingworks.
Doorinstallation- Sub-frameSystem:
1.Sub-frameinstallation
Confirmingthespotwherethedoorwillbelocatedat
basedonthedrawingsprovidedandmeasurethesub-
frametoensurethattheframethattheywillbegoingto
useisofthecorrectsize.
Securethesubframebyusingwoodenwedges.Sincethe
woodenwedgeis90degrees,itcanhelpinaligning
verticallyandhorizontallybyadjustingthewoodenwedge.
Aftertheframeisaligned,theframewassecuredintoits
designatedpositionusinggalvanizedstraps.
Groutthegapsbetweenthewallanddoorframe.Afterthe
groutandplasterarecompletelycured,theadditional
devicesusedinassistingtheinstallationofsub-frame
thencanberemoved.
39

64. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
NurFarahiyah
Carriedoutmeasurementonsitetoensurethecorrect
dimensionsofthedoorframeandmeasurethedimension
ofthesub-frameopeningbeforeinstallingthemainframe.
Thecompletedsetofdoorpanel,mainframeandarchitrave
weredeliveredtothesiteandtheteamweretocheckand
ensurethatthedoorpanelandframeandarchitravearethe
correctsizeandtype.
Installthemainframeonthesubframebyapplyingbonding
agentonthesubframeandthemainframe.Toensurethat
themainframeisalignedverticallyandhorizontally,door
paneltemplatewasused.
2.MainFrameInstallation
Beforeproceedingtothearchitraveinstallation,makesurethe
gapbetweenframeandthewallfinishesissecured.Bonding
agentwasthenappliedtothebottompartofthearchitrave
3.Doorpanelandironmongeryinstallation
Theopeningsforhingesinstallationonthedoorpanelshould
becutatfactorybeforedeliveringittosite.
Therewasuniformgapbetweentheframeanddoorpanel,
dependingonthethicknessofthedoorpanel,typesofhinges
usedaswellasthetypeoflocksetsused.Thehingeswere
thensecuredtothedoorpanelusingtheelectricalscrew
driver.
Thedoorwasthentestedbyopeningandclosingthedoorto
ensurethatthedoorswerefunctioningwell.
4.Architraveinstallation
SlidingDoorInstallation:
1.Installingslidingtrack(installsubframefirst)
2.Installingdoorpanelandironmongery
Doorpanelwereinstalledbeforeinstallingmainframe.
Theopeningsforfixingofironmongerieswerecutat
factory.Theironmongerieswillbesecuredtothedoor
panelusingelectricalscrewdriver.
Functionalitytestwereconductedbyopeningand
closingthedoor.
3.Installingmainframeandarchitrave
Securetheverticalpartsoftheframefirstusing
bondingagentandsecuredthehorizontalpartafter
theverticalpartsofthemainframeisfirmlyattached
4.Architraveinstallation
Bondingagentwasappliedtothebottompartofthe
architrave.
40

65. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
NurFarahiyah
WindowInstallation–Sub-framesystem:
7.0.7InstallationProcessforWindows
Installationofmainframe
1.Preparationofinstallationofmainframe–cleaningdustand
debrisfromsubframe
2.Installationofmainframe–themainframewasfittedontosub
frameusingbondingagent.
3.Therewasagapof6-10mminbetweenthewallandwindow
frame.Maskingtapewerefirstappliedtocoverthegapbetweenthe
wallandtheframetoavoidstainingfromthesealantonthesurface
andtoprovideaneatfinishandsealantjoint.Sealantwerethenused
tosealthegap.Sealingofgapbetweenwallandwindowframe
4.Waterproofingmembranewillbeappliedbeforeplasteringworks
ontheexternaljointsbetweenthewallandtheframe.Groovelines
willbemadealongtheoutlineofthewindowduringplasteringworks
wheresealantwilllaterbeappliedon.
Installationofsubframe
1.Positioningofsubframeusingrideupblocksandcheckingof
plumbandalignmentofsub-frame.
2.Fixofsubframe-Thesubframewasthensecuredonceitwasin
position.Thesubframewastemporaryhardenedand
strengthenedbyinsertingwoodenpacksneartheboltheads.
3.Theboltheadsandjointsbetweenexternalwallandsubframe
weresealedforwatertightness.
4.Thesubframewasthenprotectedbyprotectivetapes
throughouttheconstructionworksandthestrengthenerremained
inplaceuntiltheinstallationofinnerframes.
Installationoffixedglasspanel
1.Theglasspanelwasslottedintotheglasspocketatthe
bottompartofthewindowframeandsecuringtheglass
panelinplaceusingaluminiumbeadsstartingfromthetop
andtothesidebeadings.Thebeadingswillbeknocked
usingthebackpartofscrewdrivertosecuretheglass
furtherinplace
Installationofwindowglazing
1.Preparationworksbeforeglazingsuchasensuringthe
innerframeandothercomponentswerefreefromdust,
checkingthecorrectspecificationofthecomponents
suchasglasspanelsandensuringtherewillnodamages
onthegasket.
2.Glazingofglasstoinnerframe–Theglasswasthenbe
glazedintheinnerframeandspacerblockswasusedto
holdtheglasspanelinplace.
Applicationofgasket:
Gasketmustbeofcontinuouslength,tobecarefully
fittedaroundtheglasspanelinordertoholdtheglass
panelandpreventfromwaterpassingthrough.Aluminium
beadswereusedtogettheglasspanelinplaceandby
usingthebackofthescrewdrivertoensurethebeadings
tobeinplace.Maskingtapeswereappliedbetweenthe
glassandframebeforeapplyingsealanttoprovideneat
outcomeofsealantandthemaskingtapewillberemoved
oncethesealantisdry.
41

66. 7.0DOORANDWINDOW
NurFarahiyah
1.Architrave
7.0.8 DetailsofFittings
Ahingeconnectsthedoorpanel
withthedoorframewhich
allowsthedoororwindowto
swingupuntilcertainangle
dependingonthetypesof
hinges.
Architraveisthehorizontal
componentabovethedoor
panel.Itactsasthecoverof
thegapsbetweenthewall
andtheframeofthedoor..
Doorleverisanotherwayof
closingoropeningthedoor
byapplyingforceonthe
horizontaldoorhandle.The
differentbetweendoorlever
anddoorknobisthe
aestheticanditiseasierto
opendoorusingdoorlever
ascomparetousingdoor
knobtoopenthedoor.
3.Doorlever
2.Hinges
42

67. 8.0SUMMARY
8.0.1Summary
Fromthisassignment,wegainedsomanyexperiencesand
knowledgefromoursitevisit.Wehadtheopportunitytoexpand
ourknowledgeinconstructionespeciallyintermsofthe
processandtheprocedurestakenduringeachstageof
construction.Constructionistheprocessofconstructing
infrastructureinwhicheverydetailofworksneedtobe
consideredandplannedcarefullypriortotheconstructionup
untiltheconstructioniscompleted.Forthesiteselection,we
decidedtochooseandstudyonresidentialproject,TypeA
house,locatedatOpusLakeVicinityCyberjaya.TypeAhouseis
a2storeysemi-detachedhouse.Fromourobservation,
residentialbuildingemphasismoreonlivingspacesthatare
convenientwithinthebuildingsandcarefulselectionof
methodsusedintheconstructionandmaterialsselection,
especiallyforasemi-detachedtypeofhouseduetothesafety
andcomfortoftheresidentandneighborhood.
Theexperienceofbeingabletowatchtheongoingconstruction
processandbeingabletoaskthemdirectlyatthesametimeis
thegreatexperiencethatwegainedinthisproject.Wecan
understandmorebyhavingsitevisitandexperienceonthe
constructionsiteitself.Wealsohadtheopportunitytoknowthe
reasonsonwhytheychoosethemethodthattheyusedinstead
ofusingotheravailablemethods.Thepersoninchargeduringour
sitevisitisalsofriendlythatwecanaskeverythingthatweneed
toknowaboutconstructionbasedonourobservationandstudy
onthetypeAhouse,2storeysemi-detachedhouse.
Asaconclusion,theknowledgethatwegainedfromthisproject
aswellasthesitevisithelpusinunderstandingmoreonthe
proceduresthatshouldbetakenduringtheconstructionprocess.
Theexperiencesthatwegainedfromthesitevisitarevery
beneficialbecausewestudyonresidentialtypeofbuildingwhich
isveryimportanttoeveryonebecauseresidentialisthemain
placeintheirdailylives.Itisimportantforustostudyand
understandthoroughlytheoverallconstructionprocessinorder
tohaveasustainablelivinginthefuture.
43

68. 9.0REFERENCES
Top6AdvantagesofAluminiumWindowsandDoors.(2017).Imperialaluminium.com.au.Retrieved21May2017,from
http://www.imperialaluminium.com.au/blog/top-6-advantages-aluminium-windows-doors/
(2017).Retrieved18May2017,fromadvantages-aluminium-windows-doors/advantages-and-disadvantages
Ahmed,M.(2014).PresentationonSlab,BeamandColumn.RetrievedMay17,2017from
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/musabbirahmed75/presentation-on-slab-beam-column
Architraves.(2017).BUILD.Retrieved21May2017,from http://www.build.com.au/architraves
Arul.(2016).Opus@LakeVicinityCyberjaya.Retrievedfromhttp://www.propertyguru.com.my/new-property-launch/reviews/opus-
lake-vicinity-cyberjaya-144891
Asif.(2017).Woodendoorsandpanelsadvantages disadvantages.Slideshare.net.Retrieved21May2017,
from https://www.slideshare.net/hamza359/wooden-doors-andpanels-advantages-and-disadvantages
BigAl.(2017).Top15RoofTypes,PlustheirProsandCons–ReadBeforeyouBuild!RetrievedMay20,2017from
http://www.roofcostestimator.com/top-15-roof-types-and-their-pros-cons/
Breuning,J.(2014).MineralWoolonGreenRoofs–ChanceorChallenge?RetrievedMay22,2017from
http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/140-Mineral-Wool-on-Green-Roofs-Chance-or-Challenge.htm#.WSWLQxOGOuU
BuildIt.(2017).HowtoBuildaBrickWall.Retrievedfromhttp://www.self-build.co.uk/how-build-brick-wallBuild.
(2017).SkillionRoof.RetrievedMay20,2017fromhttp://www.build.com.au/skillion-roof
BuildersEngineer.(2012).ComponentsofBuildingSubstructure.Retrievedfrom
http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/components-of-building-sub-structure.html
CivilEngineeringHome.(2017).Walls-Types,FeaturesandDesign.Retrievedfromhttps://theconstructor.org/building/walls-types-
features-and-design-concept/819/
CivilEngineeringTraining.(2014).PileFoundation–DesignandConstruction.Retrievedfromhttp://www.aboutcivil.org/pile-
foundations-design-construction.html
CivilEngineersForum.(2017).HowtoBuildaFoundation–10Steps.RetrievedMay17,2017from
http://civilengineersforum.com/how-to-construct-building-foundation/
CrystalVilleGroup.(2017).OpusLakeVicinityCyberjaya.Retrievedfromhttp://www.crystalvillegroup.com/projects/opus-lake-
vicinity-cyberjaya/
DoItYourselfHomeImprovement.(2017).AllAboutRoofs:Pitches,TrussesandFraming.RetrievedMay21,2017from
http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/exterior/all-about-roofs-pitches-trusses-and-framing
Doorlevers.(2017).BUILD.Retrieved21May2017,from http://www.build.com.au/door-levers. 44

69. 9.0REFERENCES
Fathli,M.S.(2012).CivilEngineeringConstruction:SubstructureandFoundation.Retrievedfrom
https://dda2132.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/lecture-notes-2011-dda2132-chp-3-substructure-foundation-a.pdf
LABC.(2017).TechnicalManual.Retrievedfrom
https://www.labcwarranty.co.uk/media/127320/labc%20warranty%20technical%20manual%20v7%20chapter%206%20(lo
w%20res).pdf
LinkedIn.(2011).CivilEngineering(Beams,Columns).RetrievedMay20,2017from
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumnsMay2017,fromhttp://www.build.com.au/what-
are-parts-doorMetalroofing.(2017).FoilRoof.RetrievedMay21,2017from
https://www.metalroofingonline.com.au/insulation/75-insulation-foil-roof-sisalation.html
Mishra,H.(2017).Engineering:Whatarethebasicdifferencesbetweenone-wayandtwo-wayslabs?Wheredoweusethem
specifically?RetrievedMay17,2017fromhttps://www.quora.com/Engineering-What-are-the-basic-differences-between-one-
way-and-two-way-slabs-Where-do-we-use-them-specifically
TheConstructor.(2017).TypesofStairsandtheirUses.Retrievedfromhttps://theconstructor.org/building/types-stairs-
uses/11304/
TheEditorsofEncyclopaediaofBritannica.(2017).Wall.Retrievedfromhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/wall
TheKesington.(2017).Substructure.Retrievedfromhttps://www.rbkc.gov.uk/idoxWAM/doc/Other-1455352.pdf?
extension=.pdf&id=1455352&location=volume2&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1
Unknown.(2017).ConstructionSafetyPolicy.Retrievedfromhttps://www.fmins.com/pdf/safety_SERVICES/Construction.pdf
Vandervort,D.(2016).RoofFramingBasics.RetrievedMay21,2017fromhttps://www.hometips.com/diy-how-to/roof-framing-
basics.html
Velagic,H.(2012).ConstructionEquipmentBuilding.Retrievedfromhttps://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/5-construction-
equipment-building-construction
Wikihow.(2017).HowtoBuildConcreteSteps.Retrievedfromhttp://www.wikihow.com/Build-Concrete-Steps
Whatarethepartsofadoor?.(2017).BUILD.Retrieved21May2017,fromhttp://www.build.com.au/what-are-parts-door
45