General Maintenance Standards V0.6

Stork Asset Management Solutions

GENERAL STANDARDS IN PHYSICAL ASSET MANAGEMENT
Date June 2009
Place Antwerp (Belgium)
Version 0.6 (draft)
Author B. Den Tijn
File name General maintenance standards_V0.6.doc

PREFACE

This report is an overview of available standards (IEC, ISO, EN and other standards) applicable
within physical asset and maintenance management projects.

The standards are not described in detail, purpose of this document is to list a set of standards
(including a short description) relevant for asset, engineering and maintenance management
projects. The interested reader should check the details in the standard(s) itself.

'The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from.'

(Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum)

"How can something "standard" contribute to something
as creative as "engineering" ?

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Table of content:

1 Standardization organizations ........................................................................................ 8
2 Standards and the organization ...................................................................................... 9
3 IEC Standards .................................................................................................................11
3.1 IEC as a standardization organization:................................................................11
3.2 CENELEC and IEC: ..............................................................................................11
3.3 How the IEC defines a standard: .........................................................................11
3.4 IEC 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres .....................11
3.4.1 Part 17: Inspection and maintenance in hazardous areas (other than
mines) ...............................................................................................................12
3.5 IEC 60300: Dependability management: ............................................................12
3.5.1 Part 1: Dependability management systems ................................................12
3.5.2 Part 2: Guidelines for dependability management .......................................12
3.5.3 Part 3-1: Application guide - Analysis techniques for dependability - Guide
on methodology ...............................................................................................12
3.5.4 Part 3-2: Application guide - Collection of dependability data from the field
...........................................................................................................................12
3.5.5 Part 3-3: Application guide - Life cycle costing .............................................12
3.5.6 Part 3-9: Application guide - Risk analysis of technological systems .........13
3.5.7 Part 3-10: Application guide - Maintainability ................................................13
3.5.8 Part 3-11: Application guide - Reliability centred maintenance ...................13
3.5.9 Part 3-14: Application guide - Maintenance and maintenance support......13
3.5.10 Part 3-16: Application guide - Guideline for the specification of
maintenance support services ........................................................................13
3.6 IEC 60706: Maintainability of equipment: ...........................................................13
3.6.1 Part 1: Introduction, requirements and maintainability programme ............13
3.6.2 Part 2: Maintainability requirements and studies during the design and
development phase..........................................................................................14
3.6.3 Part 3: Verification and collection, analysis and presentation of data ........14
3.6.4 Part 4: Maintenance and maintenance support planning ............................14
3.6.5 Part 5: Testability and diagnostic testing .......................................................14
3.6.6 Part 6: Statistical methods in maintainability evaluation ..............................14
3.7 IEC 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure
mode and effects analysis (FMEA) ......................................................................14
3.8 IEC 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA) ..................................................................15
3.9 IEC 61070: Compliance test procedures for steady-state availability ..............15
3.10 IEC 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability - Reliability block diagram
and boolean methods............................................................................................15
3.11 IEC 61164: Reliability growth - Statistical test and estimation methods ..........15
3.12 IEC 61346: Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial
products: Structuring principles and reference designations ............................16
3.12.1 Part 1: Basic rules............................................................................................16
3.12.2 Part 2: Classification objects and codes for classes ....................................16
3.12.3 Part 4: Discussion of concepts .......................................................................16
3.13 IEC 61355: Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems
and equipment .......................................................................................................16
3.14 IEC 61508: Functional safety of electrical/electronic/ programmable electronic
safety-related systems ..........................................................................................16

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3.14.1 Part 1: General requirements .........................................................................17
3.14.2 Part 2: Requirements for electrical/electronic/programmable electronic
safety-related systems ....................................................................................17
3.14.3 Part 3: Software requirements ........................................................................17
3.14.4 Part 4: Definitions and abbreviations .............................................................17
3.14.5 Part 5: Examples of methods for the determination of safety integrity levels
...........................................................................................................................17
3.14.6 Part 6: Guidelines on the application of IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-3 ....17
3.14.7 Part 7: Overview of techniques and measures .............................................17
3.15 IEC 61666: Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial
products - Identification of terminals within a system ........................................17
3.16 IEC 61703:Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability
and maintenance support terms ..........................................................................17
3.17 IEC 61882: Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies) - Application
guide .......................................................................................................................17
3.18 IEC 62023: Structuring of technical information and documentation ...............17
3.19 IEC 62027: Preparation of parts lists ...................................................................17
3.20 IEC 62061: Safety of machinery – Functional safety of safety-related
electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems ................17
3.21 IEC 62079: Preparation of instructions – Structuring, content and presentation
.................................................................................................................................18
3.22 IEC 62198: Project risk management - Application guidelines .........................18
3.23 IEC 62308: Equipment reliability – Reliability assessment methods...............18
3.24 IEC 62508: Guidance on human factors engineering for system life cycle
applications ............................................................................................................18
3.25 IEC 82045: Document management ...................................................................18
3.25.1 Part 1: Principles and methods ......................................................................19
3.25.2 Part 2: Reference collection of metadata and reference models ................19
4 ISO Standards .................................................................................................................20
4.1 ISO as an organization: ........................................................................................20
4.2 ISO 13374: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Data
processing, communication and presentation ....................................................20
4.2.1 Part 1: General guidelines ..............................................................................20
4.2.2 Part 2: Data processing...................................................................................20
4.3 ISO 13849: Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems ....20
4.4 ISO 14121: Safety of machinery – Risk assessment .........................................20
4.4.1 Part 1: Principles ..............................................................................................20
4.4.2 Part 2: Practical guidance and examples of methods ..................................21
4.5 ISO 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Collection
and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment: ..................21
4.6 ISO 15489: Information and documentation - Records management ..............22
4.6.1 Part 1: General .................................................................................................22
4.6.2 Part 2: Guidelines ............................................................................................22
4.7 ISO 18436: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines - Requirements
for training and certification of personnel ............................................................22
4.7.1 Part 1: Requirements of certifying bodies and the certification process ....22
4.7.2 Part 2: Vibration condition monitoring and diagnostics ................................22
4.8 ISO 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production
assurance and reliability management ................................................................23

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5 MIL Standards .................................................................................................................24
5.1 Defence and military standards............................................................................24
5.2 MIL-HDBK-189: Reliability growth management ................................................24
5.3 MIL-STD-721C: Definitions of terms for reliability and maintainability .............24
5.4 MIL-STD-1629A: Procedures for performing a failure mode, effects and
criticality analysis ...................................................................................................24
5.5 MIL-STD-2074: Failure classification for reliability testing.................................24
5.6 MIL-STD-2173: Reliability centred maintenance requirements for naval
aircraft, weapons systems and support equipment ............................................25
5.7 MIL-P-24534A: Planned maintenance system – Development of maintenance
requirement cards, maintenance index pages and associated documentation .
.................................................................................................................................25
6 EN / CEN Standards .......................................................................................................26
6.1 CEN as an organization ........................................................................................26
6.2 EN 1050: Safety of machinery - Principles of risk assessment ........................26
6.3 EN 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts
26
6.4 EN 13306: Maintenance terminology ..................................................................27
6.5 EN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance ....................................27
6.6 EN 13849: Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems .....28
6.6.1 Part 1: General principles for design .............................................................28
6.6.2 Part 2: Validation .............................................................................................28
6.7 EN 14121: Safety of machinery – Risk assessment ..........................................28
6.8 EN 15341: Maintenance - Maintenance key performance indicators...............28
6.9 EN 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production
6.10 EN 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres ......................28
6.11 EN 60300: Dependability management ..............................................................28
6.12 EN 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability - Reliability block diagram
and boolean methods............................................................................................28
6.13 EN 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability
6.14 CEN/TR 15628: Qualification of maintenance personnel ..................................29
7 BSI Standards .................................................................................................................30
7.1 British Standards Institute .....................................................................................30
7.2 BS 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Collection
and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment: ..................30
7.3 BS 6548: Maintainability of equipment ................................................................30
7.3.1 Part 1: Guide to specifying and contracting for maintainability ...................30
7.3.2 Part 2: Guide to maintainability studies during the design phase ...............30
7.3.3 Part 3: Guide to maintainability, verification and the collection, analysis
and presentation of maintainability data ........................................................30
7.3.4 Part 4: Guide to the planning of maintenance and maintenance support ..30
7.3.5 Part 5: Guide to diagnostic testing .................................................................30
7.3.6 Part 6: Guide to statistical methods in maintainability evaluation ...............30
7.4 BS 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability
8 AFNOR Standards ..........................................................................................................32
8.1 Association française de normalisation ...............................................................32

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8.2 FD X60-000: Industrial maintenance – The maintenance function ..................32
8.3 NF X60-010: Maintenance - Concepts and definitions of maintenance
activities ..................................................................................................................32
8.4 NF X60-020: Maintenance indicators ..................................................................33
8.5 NF X60-090: Maintenance - Criteria of choice of the maintenance contract -
Means contracts - Results contracts ...................................................................34
8.6 NF X60-200: Maintenance - Technical documentations associated with an
item throughout its life cycle .................................................................................34
8.7 NF X60-212: Maintenance - Handbook of instructions maintenance -
Definitions and general principles for the wording and layout...........................34
8.8 NF X60-250: Maintenance - Function "User technical documentation" -
Recommendations for its introduction or organization within manufacturers of
equipment ...............................................................................................................34
8.9 NF X60-317: Maintenance – Documents for maintenance ...............................34
8.10 NF X60-318: Maintenance – Guideline on preparation of maintenance
contracts .................................................................................................................35
8.11 NF X60-319: Maintenance – Maintenance terminology ....................................35
8.12 NF X60-500: Terminology relating to reliability, maintainability and availability .
.................................................................................................................................35
8.13 NF X60-503: Initiation into availability .................................................................35
8.14 NF E60-182: Manufacturing systems - Performance indicators .......................35
8.15 NF 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts .
.................................................................................................................................35
8.16 NF 13306: Maintenance terminology...................................................................35
8.17 NF 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance ....................................36
9 NORSOK Standards .......................................................................................................37
9.1 Norsk Sokkels Konkuranseposisjon ....................................................................37
9.1 S-005: Machinery – Working environment analysis and documentation .........37
9.2 Z-006: Preservation ...............................................................................................37
9.3 Z-008: Criticality analysis for maintenance purposes ........................................37
9.4 Z-013: Risk and emergency preparedness analysis (EPA) ..............................38
9.5 Z-016: Regularity management & reliability technology ....................................38
10 VDI Standards .............................................................................................................39
10.1 Verein Deutscher Ingenieure................................................................................39
10.2 VDI 2246: Designing maintainable engineered products ..................................39
10.2.1 Part 1: Basic principles ....................................................................................39
10.2.2 Part 2: Requirements catalogue .....................................................................39
10.3 VDI 2884: Purchase, operating and maintenance of production equipment
using Life Cycle Costing .......................................................................................39
10.4 VDI 2885: Standardized data for maintenance planning and determination of
maintenance costs - Data and data determination ............................................40
10.5 VDI 2886: Benchmarking applied to maintenance .............................................40
10.6 VDI 2887: Quality management of maintenance ...............................................40
10.7 VDI 2888: Maintenance condition monitoring .....................................................40
10.8 VDI 2889: Methods and systems for condition and process monitoring in
maintenance ..........................................................................................................41
10.9 VDI 2890: Planned maintenance; guide for the drawing up of maintenance
lists ..........................................................................................................................41
10.10 VDI 2891: Maintenance relevant criteria for purchase of machines .................41

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10.11 VDI 2892: Management of maintenance spare parts ........................................41
10.12 VDI 2893: Selection and formation of indicators for maintenance ...................41
10.13 VDI 2895: Organisation of maintenance - Maintenance as a task of
management ..........................................................................................................42
10.14 VDI 2896: Controlling of maintenance within plant management .....................42
10.15 VDI 2898: Utilisation of EDP for maintenance - Requirements and criteria ....42
10.16 VDI 2899: Maintenance service - Procedure for deciding whether in-house or
external supply .......................................................................................................43
10.17 VDI 3423: Technical availability of machines and production lines ..................43
10.18 VDI 3822: Failure analysis ....................................................................................43
10.18.1 Part 1: Fundamentals, terms, definitions - Procedure of failure analyses
44
10.18.2 Part 2: Failures caused by mechanical working conditions .....................44
10.18.3 Part 3: Failures caused by corrosion in electrolytes .................................44
10.18.4 Part 4: Failures caused by thermal loading ...............................................44
10.18.5 Part 5: Failures caused by tribology working conditions ..........................44
10.18.6 Part 6: Compilation and evaluation of failure analysis .............................44
11 DIN Standards .............................................................................................................45
11.1 Deutsches Institut für Normung............................................................................45
11.2 DIN 6789: Systematic arrangement of documents ............................................45
11.2.1 Part 1: Arrangement of technical product documentation ...........................45
11.2.2 Part 2: Sets of documents of technical product documentation ..................45
11.2.3 Part 3: Revisions of documents and items - General requirements ...........45
11.2.4 Part 4: Structure of contents of technical product documentation ..............45
11.2.5 Part 5: Release of technical product documentation....................................45
11.2.6 Part 6: Protection against falsification of digital technical documentation..45
11.2.7 Part 7: Quality criteria for the release process of digital product data ........45
11.3 DIN 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts
.................................................................................................................................45
11.4 DIN 13306: Maintenance terminology .................................................................45
11.5 DIN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance ..................................45
11.6 DIN 15341: Maintenance - Maintenance key performance indicators .............45
11.7 DIN 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production
11.8 DIN 25419: Event tree analysis - Method, graphical symbols and evaluation 46
11.9 DIN 25424: Fault tree analysis .............................................................................46
11.9.1 Part 1: Method and graphical symbols ..........................................................46
11.9.2 Part 2: Manual calculation procedures for the evaluation of a fault tree ....46
11.10 DIN 25448: Failure mode analysis .......................................................................46
11.11 DIN 31051: Fundamentals of maintenance ........................................................46
11.12 DIN 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure
mode and effects analysis (FMEA) ......................................................................46
11.13 DIN 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA) ..................................................................46
11.14 DIN 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability – Reliability block diagram
and Boolean methods ...........................................................................................46
11.15 DIN 66232: Structure and contents of a data documentation ...........................46
12 SAE Standards ............................................................................................................47
12.1 Society of Automotive (and Aeronautical) Engineers ........................................47

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12.2 SAE AS9110: Quality Maintenance Systems - Aerospace - Requirements for
Maintenance Organizations ..................................................................................47
12.3 SAE JA1010-1: Maintainability Program Standard Implementation Guide ......47
12.4 SAE JA1011: Evaluation criteria for Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM)
processes ...............................................................................................................47
12.5 SAE JA1012: A guide to the Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) standard
.................................................................................................................................47
12.6 SAE J1739: Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Design (Design
FMEA), Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Manufacturing and
Assembly Processes (Process FMEA), and Potential Failure Mode and
Effects Analysis for Machinery (Machinery FMEA) ............................................48
13 ASTM Standards .........................................................................................................49
13.1 American Society for Testing and Materials .......................................................49
13.2 E2135-07: Standard terminology for property and asset management ...........49
13.3 F2446-04: Standard classification for hierarchy of equipment identifiers and
boundaries for reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) performance
data exchange .......................................................................................................49
14 ASQ Standards............................................................................................................50
14.1 American Society for Quality ................................................................................50
14.2 ASQ Q10015: Quality management - Guidelines for training ..........................50
14.3 ASQ E2-1996: Guide to inspection planning ......................................................50
14.4 ASQ D60300-3-1: Application guide - Analysis techniques for dependability -
Guide on methodology ..........................................................................................50
14.5 ASQ D60300-3-2: Application guide - Collection of dependability data from the
field .........................................................................................................................50
15 API Standards .............................................................................................................51
15.1 American Petroleum Institute ...............................................................................51
15.2 API RP 580: Risk-based inspection .....................................................................51
15.3 API RP 581: Risk-based inspection - Base resource document ......................51
15.4 API STD 689: Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for
equipment ...............................................................................................................52
16 IEEE Standards ...........................................................................................................53
16.1 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .........................................53
16.2 IEEE 516 - Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines ........53
16.3 IEEE 902 - Maintenance, Operation and Safety of Power Systems ................53
16.4 Institute of Asset Management .............................................................................54
16.5 PAS 55: Asset management ................................................................................54
16.5.1 Part 1: Specification for the optimised management of physical
infrastructure assets ........................................................................................54
16.5.2 Part 2: Guidelines for the application of PAS 55-1 .......................................54
16.6 PAS 62508: Guidance on human factors engineering for system life cycle
applications ............................................................................................................54

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1 Standardization organizations

There are several standardization organizations in the world and they can be divided into three
groups (from the European point of view):

International level

IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO: International Organization for Standardization

European level

CEN: Comité Européen de Normalisation
(European Commitee for Standardization)
CENELEC: Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
(European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)

National level

ÖN: Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (Austria)
BIN : Belgisch Instituut voor Normalisatie (Belgium)
DS : Dansk Standard (Denmark)
SFS: Finnish Standards Association (Finland)
AFNOR : Association Française de NORmalisation (France)
DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung (Germany)
ELOT Hellenic Organization for Standardization (Greece)
NSAI: National Standards Authority of Ireland (Ireland)
UNI: Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (Italy)
SEE: Service de l'Energie de l'Etat (Luxemburg)
NNI: Nederlands Normalisiate Instituut (Netherlands)
NSF: Norges StandardiseringsForbund (Norway)
IPQ: Instituto Português da Qualidade (Portugal)
AENOR: Asociación Española de Normalización (Spain)
SIS: Standardiseringen i Sverige (Sweden)
SNV: Schweizerische Normen Vereinigung (Switzerland)
BSI: British Standards Institution (UK)
ANSI: American National Standards Institute (USA)

Other

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
IAM: Institute of Asset Management
MIL: U.S. Department of Defence (Military)
SAE: Society of Automotive (and Aeronautical) Engineers
VDI: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

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2 Standards and the organization

Many maintenance organizations and especially maintenance and availability engineers, have a
"love/hate" relationship with standards. Most engineers realize that standards contain a wealth
of helpful information and that working to certain standards is wise and often mandatory.
However, there is a simple dichotomy between the words "engineer" and "standard" - How can
something "standard" contribute to something as creative as “engineering" ? Also, with the
plethora of standards available - corporate, industry, national, regional, international,
government - finding all of the right, most useful standards can be a daunting task that many
engineers would rather not pursue.

Successful organizations know how to find the right standards and use them as the foundation
for maintenance that is innovative, socially responsible, and cost-effective. Each of the
disciplines underneath benefits in different ways from the standards.

Research, Design and Development
Manufacturing and Operations
Quality Control
Sales and Marketing
Maintenance and Repair

Research, Design and Development

The initial stages of any product lifecycle represent both a vital investment for long-term
business success and a constant challenge to minimize that investment. Time is one of the
greatest factors in minimizing R&D costs and maximizing return on investment (ROI).

Manufacturing Operations

When the designed product is handed off to manufacturing, the challenge of minimizing time to
market and maximizing ROI remain in place, though the standards-related strategies for meeting
those challenges differ.

The discipline of manufacturing builds on the R&D process by further incorporating Product Data
Management (PDM), Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), and Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP) systems, all while monitoring the engineering process for standards compliance.

In manufacturing, maximizing ROI means avoiding engineering change orders, redesigns, and
production downtime, which is often a function of having a centralized information management
solution that integrates and accommodates all the various documents and applications inherent
to the manufacturing process.

Quality Control

Throughout the processes of manufacturing, maintenance and repair, the discipline of quality
control acts to limit your company's product liability and maximize ROI, all while relying on
documents such as specifications, industry regulations, safety codes, reports and tracking, and
more.

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Quality products and services are invariably built upon quality information and standards. As the
amount of information your quality control team has at its manageable disposal increases, the
results are:

superior testing reports
faster decision-making
better quality products
increased productivity

Sales and Marketing

While standards may not be traditionally associated with the disciplines of sales and marketing,
any good salesperson will tell you how important it is to know your market. Any salesperson,
regardless of their engineering status, will generate more sales and company profitability when
armed with:

a thorough technical understanding of your product
documentation on industry standards or regulations that ensure customers of product
compliance
valuable intelligence on competitors' manufacturing processes and products
potential leads in the form of companies that may need your products or components

Maintenance and Repair

Standards guide both successful companies and products from beginning to end. In the case of
products, the end of the lifecycle is best represented by maintenance and repair, which comes
with its own standards-related challenges, such as:

accessing detailed parts information and historical specs and standards
identifying and procuring replacement parts, whether common or hard to find, new or
old
researching alternatives for obsolete parts and finding stocking vendors

In each of these cases, the issue of compliance remains front and centre. Working confidently
with a combination of replacement and historical standards as well as alternative parts is
possible with the help of up-to-date, verified industry document resources.

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3 IEC Standards

3.1 IEC as a standardization organization:

The International Electrotechnical Commission is the international standards and conformity
assessment body for all fields of electrotechnology.

Founded in 1906, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the global organization
that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related
technologies. The IEC was founded as a result of a resolution passed at the International
Electrical Congress held in St. Louis (USA) in 1904. The membership consists of more than 60
participating countries, including all the world's major trading nations and a growing number of
industrializing countries.

3.2 CENELEC and IEC:

CENELEC and the International Electrotechnical Commission operate at two different levels but
it is self-evident that their actions have a strong mutual impact since they are the most important
standardization bodies in the electrotechnical field.

Collaboration has always been felt necessary. Co-operation between CENELEC and the IEC is
described in what is known as "the Dresden Agreement" since it was approved and signed by
both partners in the German city in September 1996.This agreement (which relates to common
planning of new work and parallel CENELEC/IEC voting) intends:

to expedite the publication and common adoption of International Standards;
to ensure rational use of available resources and therefore should full technical
consideration of the content of the standard preferably take place at international level;
to accelerate the standards preparation process in response to market demands.

3.3 How the IEC defines a standard:

A standard (as defined in IEC/ISO Guide 2) is a document, established by consensus and
approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines
or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree
of order in a given context. An international standard is a standard adopted by an international
standardizing/standards organization and made available to the public.

The definition given in all IEC standards reads: "A normative document, developed according to
consensus procedures, which has been approved by the IEC National Committee members of
the responsible committee in accordance with Part 1 of the ISO/IEC Directives as a committee
draft for vote and as a final draft International Standard and which has been published by the
IEC Central Office."

3.4 IEC 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres

Electrical installations in hazardous areas possess features specially designed to render them
suitable for operation in such atmospheres. It is essential, for reasons of safety in those areas,
that, throughout the life of such installations, the integrity of those special features is preserved;
they therefore require initial inspection and either

regular periodic inspections thereafter, or
continuous supervision by skilled personnel

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in accordance with this standard and, when necessary, maintenance.

3.4.1 Part 17: Inspection and maintenance in hazardous areas (other than mines)

This part of IEC 60079 is intended to be applied by users, and covers factors directly related to
the inspection and maintenance of electrical installations within hazardous areas only. It does
not include conventional requirements for electrical installations, nor the testing and certification
of electrical apparatus.

3.5 IEC 60300: Dependability management:

3.5.1 Part 1: Dependability management systems

Describes the concepts and principles of dependability management systems. Identifies the
generic processes in dependability for planning, resource allocation, control, and tailoring
necessary to meet dependability objectives. Deals with the dependability performance issues in
the product life-cycle phases concerning planning, design, measurements, analysis and
improvement. Dependability includes availability performance and its influencing factors:
reliability performance, maintainability performance, and maintenance support performance.
Aims at facilitating co-operation by all parties concerned (supplier, organization and customer)
and fostering understanding of the dependability needs and value to achieve the overall
dependability objectives.

3.5.2 Part 2: Guidelines for dependability management

Provides guidelines for dependability management of product design, development, evaluation
and process enhancements. Life cycle models are used to describe product development or
project phases. Applicable for detailed planning and implementation of a dependability
programme to meet specific product needs.

3.5.3 Part 3-1: Application guide - Analysis techniques for dependability - Guide on
methodology

Gives a general overview of commonly used dependability analysis techniques. It describes the
usual methodologies, their advantages and disadvantages, data input and other conditions for
using various techniques. It is an introduction to selected methodologies and is intended to
provide the necessary information for choosing the most appropriate analysis methods.

3.5.4 Part 3-2: Application guide - Collection of dependability data from the field

This part of IEC 60300 provides guidelines for the collection of data relating to reliability,
maintainability, availability and maintenance support performance of items operating in the field.
It deals in general terms with the practical aspects of data collection and presentation and briefly
explores the related topics of data analysis and presentation of results. Emphasis is made on
the need to incorporate the return of experience from the field in the dependability process as a
main activity.

3.5.5 Part 3-3: Application guide - Life cycle costing

This part of IEC 60300 provides a general introduction to the concept of life cycle costing and
covers all applications. This standard is intended for general application by both customers
(users) and suppliers of products. It explains the purpose and value of life cycle costing and
outlines the general approaches involved. It also identifies typical life cycle cost elements to
facilitate project and programme planning.

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3.5.6 Part 3-9: Application guide - Risk analysis of technological systems

Provides guidelines for selecting and implementing risk analysis techniques. The objective of
this standard is to ensure quality and consistency in the planning and execution of risk analyses
and the presentation of results and conclusions.

3.5.7 Part 3-10: Application guide - Maintainability

The application guide can be used to implement a maintainability programme covering the
initiation, development and in-service phases of a product, which form part of the tasks in IEC
60300-2. It provides guidance on how the maintenance aspects of the tasks should be
considered in order to achieve optimum maintainability. It uses other IEC standards, notably IEC
60706, as reference documents or tools as to how a task should be undertaken.

3.5.8 Part 3-11: Application guide - Reliability centred maintenance

Provides guidelines for the development of an initial preventive maintenance programme for
equipment and structures using reliability centred maintenance (RCM) analysis techniques.
RCM analysis can be applied to items such as ground vehicle, ship, power station, aircraft, etc,
which are made up of equipment and structure, e.g. a building, airframe or ship's hull. Typically
an equipment comprises a number of electrical , mechanical, instrumentation or control systems
and subsystems which can be further broken down into progressively smaller groupings, as
required.

3.5.9 Part 3-14: Application guide - Maintenance and maintenance support

Describes a framework for maintenance and maintenance support and the various minimal
common practices that should be undertaken. Outlines in a generic manner, management,
processes and techniques related to maintenance and maintenance support that are necessary
to achieve adequate dependability to meet the operational needs of the customer. Applicable to
items, which include all types of products, equipment and systems (hardware and associated
software). Most of these require a certain level of maintenance to ensure that their required
functionality, dependability, capability, economic, safety and regulatory requirements are
achieved.

3.5.10 Part 3-16: Application guide - Guideline for the specification of maintenance support
services

This IEC standard describes a framework for the specification of services related to the
maintenance support of products, systems and equipment that are carried out during the
operation and maintenance phase. The purpose of this standard is to outline, in a generic
manner, the development of agreements for maintenance support services as well as guidelines
for the management and monitoring of these agreements by both the company and the service
provider.

3.6 IEC 60706: Maintainability of equipment:

3.6.1 Part 1: Introduction, requirements and maintainability programme

This standard is intended to make recommendations for maintainability practices, and to
simulate ideas in the maintainability field. Organizations acquiring items will find the standard
useful in assisting them in defining maintainability requirements and associated programmes.

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Item suppliers will benefit from use of the standard, gaining an understanding of the
requirements for achieving and verifying maintainability objectives.

3.6.2 Part 2: Maintainability requirements and studies during the design and development
phase

This part of IEC 60706 examines the maintainability requirements and related design and use
parameter, and discusses some activities necessary to achieve the required maintainability
characteristics and their relationship to planning of maintenance. It describes the general
approach in reaching these objectives and shows how maintainability characteristics should be
specified in a requirements document or contract. It is not intended to be a complete guide on
how to specify or to contract for maintainability. Its purpose is to define the range of
considerations when maintainability characteristics are included as requirements for the
development or the acquisition of an item.

3.6.3 Part 3: Verification and collection, analysis and presentation of data

This part of IEC 60706 describes the various aspects of verification necessary to ensure that the
specified maintainability requirements of an item have been met and provides suitable
procedures and test methods. This standard also addresses the collection, analysis and
presentation of maintainability related data, which may be required during, and at the completion
of, design and during item production and operation.

3.6.4 Part 4: Maintenance and maintenance support planning

This section of the guide describes the tasks required for planning of maintenance and
maintenance support. They should be performed during the system acquisition phase in order to
meet the availability objectives in the operational phase. The interfaces between reliability,
maintainability and the maintenance support planning programme and their tasks are also
described.

3.6.5 Part 5: Testability and diagnostic testing

This guide has for purpose to provide guidance for the early consideration of testability aspects
in design and development, and to assist in determining effective test procedures as an integral
part of operation and maintenance. This second edition constitutes a technical revision. It
expands and provides more detail on the techniques and systems broadly outlined in the first
edition.

3.6.6 Part 6: Statistical methods in maintainability evaluation

The part of IEC 60706 is applicable to the tasks of maintainability, allocation, maintainability
demonstration and maintainability data evaluation, as described in sections five, six and seven,
respectively of the guide.

3.7 IEC 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and
effects analysis (FMEA)

This International Standard describes Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure
Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and gives guidance as to how they may be
applied to achieve various objectives by: providing the procedural steps necessary to perform
analysis; identifying appropriate terms; defining basic principles; providing examples of the
necessary worksheets or other tabular forms.

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3.8 IEC 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA)

This International Standard describes fault tree analysis and provides guidance on its
application as follows:

definition of basic principles;
describing and explaining the associated mathematical modelling;
explaining the relationships of FTA to other reliability modelling techniques;
description of the steps involved in performing the FTA;
identification of appropriate assumptions, events and failure modes;
identification and description of commonly used symbols.

3.9 IEC 61070: Compliance test procedures for steady-state availability

This International Standard specifies techniques for availability performance testing of
frequently maintained items when the availability performance measure used is either
steady-state availability or steady-state unavailability. It is applicable to compliance testing
of the steady-state availability of items attaining only two states, up-state and down-state,
under the following conditions:

One single repaired item.
All up times have the same exponential distribution.
Preventive maintenance time is not included in down time although it is recognized
as having possible impact on availability performance.
All contributors to down time need to be explicitly stated in the requirement or test
specification.
Very reliable items may require an extremely long test time to determine
compliance.
The compliance test procedures use the complementary measure steady-state
unavailability.

3.10 IEC 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability - Reliability block diagram and boolean
methods

This International Standard describes procedures for modelling the dependability of a system
and for using the model in order to calculate reliability and availability measures.

The RBD (Reliability Block Diagram) modelling technique is intended to be applied primarily to
systems without repair and where the order in which failures occur does not matter. For systems
where the order of failures is to be taken into account or where repairs are to be carried out,
other modelling techniques, such as Markov analysis, are more suitable.

It should be noted that although the word “repair” is frequently used in this standard, the word
“restore” is equally applicable. Note also that the words “item” and “block” are used extensively
throughout this standard: in most instances interchangeably.

3.11 IEC 61164: Reliability growth - Statistical test and estimation methods

This International Standard gives models and numerical methods for reliability growth
assessments based on failure data, which were generated in a reliability improvement
programme. These procedures deal with growth, estimation, confidence intervals for product
reliability and goodness-of-fit tests.

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3.12 IEC 61346: Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products:
Structuring principles and reference designations

3.12.1 Part 1: Basic rules

This part of IEC 61346 establishes general principles for describing the structure of information
about systems and of the systems themselves. Based on these principles, rules and guidance
are given for the formulation of unambiguous reference designations for objects in any system.
The reference designation identifies objects for the purpose of correlating information about an
object among different kinds of documents and the products implementing the system. For
manufacturing, installation and maintenance purposes, the reference designation or part of it
may also be shown on or near the physical part corresponding to the object. The principles laid
down are general and are intended to be applicable to all technical areas. They can be used for
systems based on different technologies or for systems combining several technologies.

It should be noted that this standard provides a number of possibilities for the construction of
reference designations. For most applications, however, only a subset of the possibilities given
need be used.

3.12.2 Part 2: Classification objects and codes for classes

This part of IEC 61346 defines object classes and associated letter codes for these classes to
be used in reference designations.

The classification schemes are applicable for objects in all technical areas and may be applied
at any position in a tree-like structure set up in accordance with IEC 61346-1.

3.12.3 Part 4: Discussion of concepts

This Technical Report discusses the concepts used in IEC 61346 Structuring principles and
reference designation, with a life cycle story of an "object" as a basis.

3.13 IEC 61355: Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and
equipment

This International Standard provides rules and guidelines for the classification and designation
of documents. It serves as a basis for agreements about the preparation of a structured
documentation, primarily required for larger installations, for example plants with their systems
and equipment. It covers all technical areas and is open for further development of
documentation and documentation systems. Guidance is also given for applications such as
communication in the field of documentation and for document identification. Documents from
non-technical areas are included to the extent required for and during the engineering process.

One aim of this standard is to establish a method for better communication and understanding
between parties involved in document interchange. Another aim of this standard is to set up
rules for relating documents to the objects they describe. For this purpose a document
designation system is provided, linking the document kind designation to the object designation
used within the plant , system or equipment.

3.14 IEC 61508: Functional safety of electrical/electronic/ programmable electronic safety-
related systems

This International Standard sets out a generic approach for all safety lifecycle activities for
systems comprised of electrical and/or electronic and/or programmable electronic components

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(electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems (E/E/PESs)) that are used to perform
safety functions. This unified approach has been adopted in order that a rational and consistent
technical policy be developed for all electrically-based safety-related systems. A major
objective is to facilitate the development of application sector standards.

3.14.1 Part 1: General requirements
3.14.2 Part 2: Requirements for electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems
3.14.3 Part 3: Software requirements
3.14.4 Part 4: Definitions and abbreviations
3.14.5 Part 5: Examples of methods for the determination of safety integrity levels
3.14.6 Part 6: Guidelines on the application of IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-3
3.14.7 Part 7: Overview of techniques and measures

3.15 IEC 61666: Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products -
Identification of terminals within a system

This International Standard provides rules for the designation of terminals of objects within a
system. The principles laid down are primarily intended for use in the electrotechnical and
related areas, but are general and applicable to all technical areas. They can be used for
systems based on different technologies or for systems combining several technologies.

3.16 IEC 61703:Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and
maintenance support terms

Provides mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance
support measures. Non-repaired items and repaired items with zero and non-zero time to
restoration are considered separately in this standard.

3.17 IEC 61882: Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies) - Application guide

Provides a guide for HAZOP studies of systems utilizing the specific set of guide words defined
in this standard. Also gives guidance on application of the technique and on the HAZOP study
procedure, including definition, preparation, examination sessions and resulting documentation
and follow-up.

3.18 IEC 62023: Structuring of technical information and documentation

This International Standard provides rules for the structuring of technical information and
documentation, based on the use of a main document (leading document) for the keeping
together of information for each object.

3.19 IEC 62027: Preparation of parts lists

This International Standard provides rules for the preparation of parts lists.

This standard is applicable to parts lists used in the design and engineering process intended to
be supplied with the documentation. The role of parts lists as a main document in structured
documentation is described in IEC 62023.

3.20 IEC 62061: Safety of machinery – Functional safety of safety-related electrical, electronic
and programmable electronic control systems

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This International Standard specifies requirements and makes recommendations for the design,
integration and validation of safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable electronic
control systems (SRECS) for machines. It is applicable to control systems used, either singly or
in combination, to carry out safety-related control functions on machines that are not portable.

3.21 IEC 62079: Preparation of instructions – Structuring, content and presentation

This standard provides general principles and detailed requirements for the design and
formulation of all types of instructions that will be necessary or helpful for products of all kinds
ranging from small, simple ones, such as a tin of paint, to large or highly complex ones, such as
a large industrial installation. It is intended for application by

product manufacturers, technical writers, technical illustrators, software designers,
translators or other people engaged in the work of conceiving and drafting such
instructions;
authorized representatives of the product manufacturer in the country of product
installation and/or usage.

It will also be helpful in contract negotiations between product supplier and customer.

This standard does not establish a fixed amount of documentation that has to be delivered
together with a product. This would obviously not be possible because this standard has to be
valid for all kind of products but the amount of documentation very much depends on the
complexity of the product. Therefore this standard lists all possible kinds of instructions one can
think of. What this standard does aim to standardize is how such instructions are to be prepared.

No general standard can provide comprehensive information covering each special case. This
International Standard, therefore is to be used in conjunction with the requirements of specific
product standards or, where no such standards exist, with the relevant requirements of
standards for similar products.

3.22 IEC 62198: Project risk management - Application guidelines

Applicable to any project with a technological content. Provides a general introduction to project
risk management, its subprocesses and influencing factors. Guidelines are provided on the
organizational requirements for implementing the process of risk management appropriate to the
various phases of a project.

3.23 IEC 62308: Equipment reliability – Reliability assessment methods

This International Standard describes early reliability assessment methods for items based on
field data and test data for components and modules. It is applicable to mission, safety and
business critical, high integrity and complex items. It contains information on why early reliability
estimates are required and how and where the assessment would be used.

3.24 IEC 62508: Guidance on human factors engineering for system life cycle applications

This IEC standard describes the process on human factors (HF) influencing system
dependability design and provides HF methods and practices applicable to system life-cycle
implementation to achieve dependability performance.

3.25 IEC 82045: Document management

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3.25.1 Part 1: Principles and methods

Specifies principles, methods and information models to define metadata for the management of
documents associated with objects throughout their life cycle; this cycle generally covers a
range from the conceptual idea of a document to its deletion. The established principles and
methods are basic for all document management systems. Is intended as a general basic
standard in all application fields and provides the framework applicable for part 2. Is primarily
intended as a resource for use in computerised systems such as Electronic Document
Management Systems (EDMS) or Product Data Management Systems (PDMS) for the
management, retrieval, storage and selection and archiving of documents, and as a basis for the
exchange of documents.

3.25.2 Part 2: Reference collection of metadata and reference models

Provides a comprehensive set of standardized metadata elements for document management.
Includes a standardized EXPRESS-based information reference model. Provides a standardized
framework for data exchange and a basis for the implementation of a document management
system. Also provides a standardized DTD based on the XML language for document
exchange.

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4 ISO Standards

4.1 ISO as an organization:

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies) from more than 140 countries, one from each country.
The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for whom a technical committee has
been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives,
Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
bodies casting a vote.

4.2 ISO 13374: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Data processing,
communication and presentation

4.2.1 Part 1: General guidelines

ISO 13374-1 establishes general guidelines for software specifications related to data
processing, communication, and presentation of machine condition monitoring and diagnostic
information.

4.2.2 Part 2: Data processing

ISO 13374-2 details the requirements for a reference information model and a reference
processing model to which an open condition monitoring and diagnostics (CM&D) architecture
needs to conform. Software design professionals require both an information model and a
processing model to adequately describe all data processing requirements. ISO 13374-2
facilitates the interoperability of CM&D systems.

4.3 ISO 13849: Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems

See EN 13849.

4.4 ISO 14121: Safety of machinery – Risk assessment

4.4.1 Part 1: Principles

ISO 14121-1 establishes general principles intended to be used to meet the risk reduction
objectives established in ISO 12100-1, Clause 5. These principles of risk assessment bring
together knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and harm related to
machinery in order to assess the risks posed during the relevant phases of the life cycle of a
machine.

ISO 14121-1 provides guidance on the information that will be required to enable risk
assessment to be carried out. Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating

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and evaluating risk. It also gives guidance on the making of decisions relating to the safety of
machinery and on the type of documentation required to verify the risk assessment carried out.

4.4.2 Part 2: Practical guidance and examples of methods

ISO/TR 14121-2 gives practical guidance on the conducting of risk assessments for machinery
in accordance with ISO 14121-1 and describes various methods and tools for each step in the
process.

It also provides practical guidance on risk reduction (in accordance with ISO 12100) for
machinery, giving additional guidance on the selection of appropriate protective measures for
achieving safety.

The intended users of ISO/TR 14121-2 are those involved in the integration of safety into the
design, installation or modification of machinery (e.g. designers, technicians, safety specialists).

4.5 ISO 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Collection and
exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment:

This international standard focuses on the two main issues:

Data requirements for the type of data to be collected for use in various analysis methodologies
Standardised data format to facilitate the exchange of reliability and maintenance data between
plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors

The main areas where such data are being used are:

Reliability, e.g. failure events and failure mechanisms
Availability/efficiency, e.g. equipment availability, system availability, plant production availability
Maintenance, e.g. corrective and preventive maintenance, maintenance supportability
Safety and environment, e.g. equipment failures with adverse consequences for safety and/or
environment

The following main categories of data are to be collected:

1. Equipment data, e.g. equipment taxonomy, equipment attributes
2. Failure data, e.g. failure cause, failure consequence
3. Maintenance data, e.g. maintenance action, resources used, maintenance
consequence, down time

Standardisation of data collection practices facilitates the exchange of information between
relevant parties e.g. plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors throughout the world. This
standard establishes requirements that any in-house or commercially available RM data system
shall meet when designed for RM data exchange. Examples/guidelines/principles for how to
exchange and merge such RM data is addressed.

The data collection principles and associated terms & definitions defined in this standard do also
constitute a "reliability language" which can be useful for communicating operational experience.
The failure modes defined in the normative part of this International Standard is meant to be a
"Reliability thesaurus" for various quantitative as well as qualitative applications.

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4.6 ISO 15489: Information and documentation - Records management

4.6.1 Part 1: General

This part of ISO 15489 provides guidance on managing records of originating organizations,
public or private, for internal and external clients.

All the elements outlined in this part of ISO 15489 are recommended to ensure that adequate
records are created, captured and managed. Procedures that help to ensure the management of
records according to the principles and elements outlined in this part of ISO 15489 are provided
in ISO/TR 15489-2.

This part of ISO 15489:

Applies to the management of records, in all formats or media, created or received by
any public or private organization in the conduct of its activities, or any individual with a
duty to create and maintain records;
Provides guidance on determining the responsibilities of organizations for records and
records policies, procedures, systems and processes ;
Provides guidance on records management in support of a quality process framework to
comply with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001;
Provides guidance on the design and implementation of a records system, but does not
include the management of archival records within archival institutions.

This part of ISO 15489 is intended for use by:

Managers of organizations;
Records, information and technology management professionals;
All other personnel in organizations and other individuals with a duty to create and
maintain records.

4.6.2 Part 2: Guidelines

This part of ISO 15489 is an implementation guide to ISO 15489-1 for use by record
management professionals and those charged with managing records in their organizations. It
provides one methodology that will facilitate the implementation of ISO 15489-1 in all
organizations that have a need to manage their records. It gives an overview of the processes
and factors to consider in organizations wishing to comply with ISO 15489-1.

4.7 ISO 18436: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines - Requirements for
training and certification of personnel

4.7.1 Part 1: Requirements of certifying bodies and the certification process

ISO 18436-1 defines the requirements for bodies operating certification systems for personnel
who perform machinery condition monitoring, identify machine faults, and recommend corrective
action. Procedures for the certification of condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are
specified.

4.7.2 Part 2: Vibration condition monitoring and diagnostics

This part specifies the general requirements for vibration analysis personnel who perform
machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines. Certification to this standard will
provide recognition of the qualifications and competence of individuals to perform machinery

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vibration measurements and analysis using portable and permanently installed sensors and
equipment.
ISO 18436-2 covers a four-category certification programme that is based on the technical areas
discussed herein.

4.8 ISO 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance
and reliability management

ISO 20815 provides processes and activities, requirements and guidelines for systematic
management, effective planning, execution and use of production assurance and reliability
technology. This is to achieve cost-effective solutions over the life cycle of an asset-
development project structured around the following main elements: production-assurance
management for optimum economy of the facility through all of its life-cycle phases, while also
considering constraints arising from health, safety, environment, quality and human factors;
planning, execution and implementation of reliability technology; application of reliability and
maintenance data; and reliability-based design and operation improvement.
ISO 20815 designates 12 processes, of which seven are defined as core production-assurance
processes and addressed in this standard. The remaining five processes are denoted as
interacting processes and are outside the scope. The interaction of the core production-
assurance processes with these interacting processes, however, is within the scope of ISO
20815 as the information flow to and from these latter processes is required to ensure that
production-assurance requirements can be fulfilled.

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5 MIL Standards

5.1 Defence and military standards

A United States Defence Standard, often called a military standard, "MIL-STD", or "MIL-SPEC",
is used to help achieve standardization objectives by the U.S. Department of Defence.
Standardization is beneficial in achieving interoperability, ensuring products meet certain
requirements, commonality, reliability, total cost of ownership, compatibility with logistics
systems, and similar defence-related objectives.
Defence Standards are also used by other non-Defence government organizations, technical
organizations, and industry. This article discusses definitions, history, and usage of Defence
Standards. Related documents, such as Defence Handbooks and Defence Specifications are
also addressed.

5.2 MIL-HDBK-189: Reliability growth management

This handbook provides procuring activities and development contractors with an understanding
of the concepts and principles of reliability growth, advantages of managing reliability growth,
and guidelines and procedures to be used in managing reliability growth. It should be noted that
this handbook is not intended to serve as a reliability growth plan to be applied to a program
without any tailoring. This handbook, when used in conjunction with knowledge of the system
and its development program, will allow the development of a reliability growth management
plan that will aid in developing a final system that meets its requirements and lowers the life
cycle cost of the fielded systems.
This handbook is intended for use on systems / equipments during their development phase by
both internal and external personnel.

5.3 MIL-STD-721C: Definitions of terms for reliability and maintainability

This Standard defines words and terms most commonly used which are associated with
Reliability and Maintainability (R&M). It is intended to be used as a common base for R&M
definitions and to reduce the possibility of conflicts, duplications, and incorrect interpretations
either expressed or implied elsewhere in documentation. The definitions address the intent and
policy of Department of Defence Directive 5000-40. Statistical and mathematical terms which
have gained wide acceptance are not defined in this standard since they are included in other
documents.

5.4 MIL-STD-1629A: Procedures for performing a failure mode, effects and criticality
analysis

This standard establishes requirements and procedures for performing a failure mode, effects,
and criticality analysis (FMECA) to systematically evaluate and document, by item failure mode
analysis, the potential impact of each functional or hardware failure on mission success,
personnel and system safety, system performance, maintainability, and maintenance
requirements. Each potential failure is ranked by the severity of its effect in order that
appropriate corrective actions may be taken to eliminate or control the high risk items.

5.5 MIL-STD-2074: Failure classification for reliability testing

This Standard contains criteria for classification of failures during reliability testing. Failures are
classified as either relevant or non-relevant. Information on reclassification of failures, failure
analysis and failure reports is also provided.

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5.6 MIL-STD-2173: Reliability centred maintenance requirements for naval aircraft, weapons
systems and support equipment

The purpose of this standard is to provide the procedures for a reliability centred maintenance
(RCM) analysis for naval aircraft, weapons systems and support equipment.

The goals of this standard are to provide organisational focus and systematic procedures to
accomplish the following:

Analyse the maintenance requirements for each type / model aircraft;
Objectively justify every maintenance requirement;
Enforce the performance of only the justified maintenance actions.

This standard is to be used by contractors during development of new systems and equipment
and by analysts and auditors within the Naval Air Systems Command for determining preventive
maintenance requirements and developing age exploration requirements. The tasks shall also
be used to update the initial reliability centred maintenance analysis and analyse newly
discovered failure modes.

5.7 MIL-P-24534A: Planned maintenance system – Development of maintenance
requirement cards, maintenance index pages and associated documentation

This specification identifies the requirements and standards for the development and production
of Maintenance Requirement Cards (MRCs), Maintenance Index Pages (MIPs), and other
associated documentation used with the Navy Maintenance and Material Management (3-M)
Systems and Planned Maintenance System (PMS). This specification implements Reliability
Centered Maintenance (RCM) methodology for the determination of maintenance requirements
and applies to all levels of system or equipment grouping and to all scheduled maintenance,
whether equipment is in use, ready for use or in standby or lay up condition. This specification
addresses the total scheduled maintenance program for a ship, irrespective of the maintenance
echelon possessing the capability to perform the maintenance; that is, organisational,
intermediate and depot level scheduled maintenance tasks are considered. This specification
provides procedures for development of unscheduled maintenance within the PMS program.
Planned maintenance system documentation shall be developed in accordance with this
specification. This specification is intended for use by PMS development activities and by
activities which manage, monitor or coordinate that development.

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6 EN / CEN Standards

6.1 CEN as an organization

CEN (= Comité Européen de Normalisation / European Committee for Standardization) is one of
the two components of the Joint European Standards Institution CEN/CENELEC.

CEN constitutes a "European forum" in the field of non-electrotechnical standardization,
facilitating and organizing contacts with all interested parties: governments, public bodies,
producers, users, consumers, trade unions, etc...

The aim of CEN may be realized in any way, and in particular by the following means:

Harmonization of national standards published by CEN members;
Promotion of uniform implementation of International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and other international standards or recommendations by CEN members;
Preparation of reports on the state of harmonization of standards of CEN members;
Preparation of European Standards (EN) 'de novo' when justified by requirements in
Western Europe where no appropriate international or other standard exists for use as a
reference document;
Provision of procedures for the mutual recognition of test results and certification
systems on the European level;
Support for world-wide standardization in the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO);
Co-operation with the European Communities, the European Free Trade Association
(EFTA) and other international governmental organizations so that European Standards
(EN) and Harmonization Documents (HD) can be referred to in their directives or other
instruments;
Co-operation with other international governmental, economic, professional and scientific
organizations on questions linked with standardization;
Co-operation with the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
(CENELEC), the other component of the Joint European Standards Institution.

6.2 EN 1050: Safety of machinery - Principles of risk assessment

This standard establishes general principles for the procedure known as risk assessment by
which the knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and harm related
to machinery is brought together in order to assess the risks during all phases of the life of the
machinery.

This standard gives guidance on the information required to allow risk assessment to be carried
out. Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating and evaluating risk. The
purpose of the standard is to provide advice for decisions to be made on the safety of machinery
and the type of documentation required to verify the risk assessment carried out.

This standard is not intended to provide a detailed account of methods for analysing hazards
and estimating risk as this is dealt with elsewhere. A summary of some of these methods is
given for information only.

Replaced by ISO EN 14121.

6.3 EN 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts

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In addition, as technical and economic developments increase, the demand for contracted
maintenance services both nationally and across borders also increases. It is therefore
important that maintenance contracts are approached in a structured and careful manner.
The purpose of this Standard is to:

promote cross-border company/maintenance contractor relationships and to produce a
clear interface between the company and the maintenance contractor for maintenance
services;
improve the quality of maintenance contracts so that disputes and adjustments are
minimized;
draw attention to the scope of maintenance services and to identify options for their
provision;
give assistance in, and advice on, the drafting and negotiation of maintenance contracts
and in specifying arrangements in the case of dispute;
identify types of maintenance contracts and to make recommendations for the attribution
of rights and obligations between the parties of the contract including risks;
simplify comparison between maintenance contracts.

The standard also could facilitate in specifying the required output of maintenance activities.

6.4 EN 13306: Maintenance terminology

The purpose of this European standard is to define the generic terms used for all types of
maintenance and maintenance management irrespective of the type of item considered except
software.
It is the responsibility of any maintenance management to define its maintenance strategy
according to three main criteria:

to ensure the availability of the item for the required function, often at optimum costs;
to consider the safety requirements associated with the item for both maintenance and
user personnel, and, where necessary, any impact on the environment;
to uphold the durability of the item and/or the quality of the product or service provided
considering, where necessary, costs.

The terms contained in this standard indicate that maintenance is not confined to the technical
actions but includes all the activities such as planning, documentation handling and many
others.

The standard IEC 60050 (191) has been used as a basis for the preparation of this standard but
some terms have been modified and some terms have been added. Not all terms specified in
IEC 60050 (191) are included in this European standard.

6.5 EN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance

This standards specifies the general guidelines for:

the technical documentation to be supplied with an item, at the latest before it is ready to
be put into service, in order to support its maintenance.
the documentation of information to be established within the operational phase of an
item, in order to support the maintenance requirements.

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6.6 EN 13849: Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems

6.6.1 Part 1: General principles for design

EN 13849-1 provides safety requirements and guidance on the principles for the design and
integration of safety-related parts of control systems (SRP/CS), including the design of software.
For these parts of SRP/CS, it specifies characteristics that include the performance level
required for carrying out safety functions. It applies to SRP/CS, regardless of the type of
technology and energy used (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, etc.), for all kinds of
machinery. It does not specify the safety functions or performance levels that are to be used in a
particular case.

6.6.2 Part 2: Validation

EN 13849-2 specifies the procedures and conditions to be followed for the validation by analysis
and testing of:

the safety functions provided and
the category achieved

For the safety-related parts of the control system in compliance with EN 954-1 (EN 13849-1),
using the design rationale provided by the designer.

6.7 EN 14121: Safety of machinery – Risk assessment

See ISO 14121.

6.8 EN 15341: Maintenance - Maintenance key performance indicators

This European standard describes a system for management of Key Performance Indicators to
measure maintenance performance in the framework of the influencing factors such as the
economical, technical and organizational aspects, to appraise and to improve efficiency and
effectiveness in order to achieve a excellence in maintenance of Technical Assets.

6.9 EN 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance

See ISO 20815.

6.10 EN 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres

See IEC 60079.

6.11 EN 60300: Dependability management

See IEC 60300.

6.12 EN 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability - Reliability block diagram and boolean
methods

See IEC 61078.

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6.13 EN 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and

See IEC 61703.

6.14 CEN/TR 15628: Qualification of maintenance personnel

The scope of this document is to report about the current situation for defining the competence
levels for personnel operating in maintenance and the knowledge levels required to be
addressed to carry out those competencies. It defines three competence and knowledge levels
and how to achieve a structured qualification program for maintenance personnel.

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7 BSI Standards

7.1 British Standards Institute

Since its foundation in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee, BSI Group has grown
into a leading global independent business services organization. The Group now operates
globally through its three divisions: BSI British Standards, BSI Management Systems and BSI
Product Services.

The BSI Group:

Certifies management systems and products
Provides product testing services
Develops private, national and international standards
Provides training and information on standards and international trade and
Provides performance management software solutions

BSI British Standards is the National Standards Body of the UK, with a globally recognized
reputation for independence, integrity and innovation in the production of standards that promote
best practice. It develops and sells standards and standardization solutions to meet the needs of
business and society.

7.2 BS 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Collection and
exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment:

See ISO 14224.

7.3 BS 6548: Maintainability of equipment

7.3.1 Part 1: Guide to specifying and contracting for maintainability

See IEC 60706-1.

7.3.2 Part 2: Guide to maintainability studies during the design phase

See IEC 60706-2.

7.3.3 Part 3: Guide to maintainability, verification and the collection, analysis and presentation
of maintainability data

See IEC 60706-3.

7.3.4 Part 4: Guide to the planning of maintenance and maintenance support

See IEC 60706-4.

7.3.5 Part 5: Guide to diagnostic testing

See IEC 60706-5.

7.3.6 Part 6: Guide to statistical methods in maintainability evaluation

See IEC 60706-6.

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7.4 BS 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and

See IEC 61703.

Page 31 of 54


8 AFNOR Standards

8.1 Association française de normalisation

Within a context of trade globalisation and the pursuit of competitiveness, the AFNOR Group,
which brings together the activities of both AFAQ and AFNOR, is the preferred partner of most
socio-economic players. The Group has demonstrated its expertise in four complementary
activities.

Standardisation:
AFNOR develops the reference systems required by economic players to promote their
strategic and commercial development. As European and International standardisation
represents more than 80% of its work, AFNOR is influential in representing French
interests within these standardisation authorities.
Publication and distribution of information products:
AFNOR helps players to access reference systems by providing them with international
reference standards and information and assisting companies with setting up
documentary databases tailored to their needs.
Training:
CAP AFNOR, a subsidiary of the Group, helps economic players to apply the reference
systems and prepare applications for standardisation, certification and progress
initiatives through its wide range of inter/intra company training and information days.
Certification:
AFAQ AFNOR Certification is now the Group's certification body. It offers a wide range of
certifications for management systems, products, services and persons.

A dedicated international centre has been set up within the new Group to contribute to an
ambitious development programme in the certification, technical cooperation and training fields.
It is supported by AFAQ's subsidiaries, partners and counterparts outside France and AFNOR's
standardisation and international technical cooperation network.

8.2 FD X60-000: Industrial maintenance – The maintenance function

This standard concentrates on the company maintenance process. It concerns:

Asset maintenance, from the technical function fulfilled by the asset-equipments or a
production system in general (software maintenance is not included in this standard).
The industrial companies and their services.

It does not concern certain traditional activities reserved for enterprise maintenance services but
those activities which do not belong to “maintenance” as described in NF EN 13306 for example
third works, safety, environment.

This guideline is only available in French.

8.3 NF X60-010: Maintenance - Concepts and definitions of maintenance activities

The terms contained in X60-010 indicate that maintenance is not confined to the technical
actions but includes activities like:

Introduction to the “maintenance” function
The role of maintenance and the function of maintenance as a service
Maintenance types (corrective, preventive, …)
Terms and definitions within maintenance

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Maintenance operations (inspections, checks, repair, …)
Levels of maintenance
Reliability, availability, maintainability
Technical documentation


Replaced by EN 13306.

8.4 NF X60-020: Maintenance indicators

The purpose of this standard is to introduce a certain number of indicators typical for
maintenance and asset management for the budget, technical, organisational en structural
aspects. These indicators are classified in four application domains:

The Client-Supplier relations from the point of view to measure de performances of
maintenance based on the result obligations defined in the scope definition by contract;
The maintenance and the general performances of the company;
The political choice in the field of maintenance material and physical asset management,
from the budget (=cost analysis) and technical (= analysis of the asset follow-up and
maintenance activities) angle;
The maintenance people management in the sphere of organisation, qualification,
specialisation and education / training.

Different factors have a repercussion on the availability of equipments.

For the management of the equipments:

the conception about the installation;
the conception about the equipments;
the realisation of equipments;
the organisation of production or exploitation;
the exploitation conditions in the given environment.

For the management of the maintenance:

the maintenance strategy;
the maintenance organisation.

For the management of the maintenance people:

the number of people;
specialization and qualification;
training and education.

For the management of the spare parts:

the management policy about the stock;
strategic stock;
stock value;
provisioning;
origin.

This guideline is available in English and French.

Page 33 of 54


Replaced by EN 15341.

8.5 NF X60-090: Maintenance - Criteria of choice of the maintenance contract - Means
contracts - Results contracts

NF X60-090 proposes a well-founded method for analysis of relevant criteria which permit an
enterprise to choose the type of contract which fits best on the company needs by charging the
technical and economical obligations.


8.6 NF X60-200: Maintenance - Technical documentations associated with an item
throughout its life cycle

The purpose of this standard is to establish a terminology and general rules for the formulation
of technical documents associated with assets, so that the installation conditions, the first
engagement, the maintenance servicing and taking out of service of an asset can be described.
It handles about the documentation with regard to assets, except special materials from which
the documentation makes part of a standard or a specific regulation.


8.7 NF X60-212: Maintenance - Handbook of instructions maintenance - Definitions and
general principles for the wording and layout

This document describes the document parts as a reference for the maintenance instructions. It
applies to the whole enterprise (the one who gives the order and/or the executor) which
structures, organizes or reorganizes his “maintenance function”. The purpose of this document
is to help the enterprise (the one who gives the order and/or the executor) set up the constitutive
documents which refer to the maintenance instructions.


8.8 NF X60-250: Maintenance - Function "User technical documentation" -
Recommendations for its introduction or organization within manufacturers of equipment

The purpose of this guideline is to treat the general organisation principles of the “technical
documentation” function and more specific those which are meant for the asset equipment users
for professional use or industrial or by a broad public. Designed in the form of a guide, it defines
the general organisation principles of this function in accordance with the standards:

NF X60-200 for “industrial use” asset equipments;
NF X50-050 for “broad public” assets ;

This guideline can be used within the whole enterprise, but the prescriptions concerning content
need to be adapted corresponding and on the products of each constructor, according to their
skills.


8.9 NF X60-317: Maintenance – Documents for maintenance

See EN 13460.

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8.10 NF X60-318: Maintenance – Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts

See EN 13269.

8.11 NF X60-319: Maintenance – Maintenance terminology

See EN 13306.

8.12 NF X60-500: Terminology relating to reliability, maintainability and availability

The purpose of this standard is to give an overview of the expressions and definitions used in
the areas of reliability, maintainability and availability of assets within the industrial, professional
and public applications.
Within this standard, the common used expression is “entity”, which gathers all elements,
equipments, subsystems, material systems or processes which can be individual considered. A
specific collection of entities, for example samples or specimens, can even be considered as an
entity.


8.13 NF X60-503: Initiation into availability

The X60-503 gives an introduction into availability. This document addresses itself to all those
who are confronted with the problems that availability brings along. The standard describes the
concepts, methods, measurements and evaluations of availability. It includes also an availability-
study and examples.

This guideline is available in English and French.

8.14 NF E60-182: Manufacturing systems - Performance indicators

This French standard describes the definitions condition-times (total time, functional time, useful
time, …) and the necessary elements to evaluate the performance indicators of production
assets in manufacturing industries named:

Overall equipment effectiveness (= TRS: Taux de Rendement Synthétique)
Global equipment effectiveness (= TRG : Taux de Rendement Global)
Economic equipment effectiveness (= TRE : Taux de Rendement Économique)

Which purpose is, to allow a reliable follow-up of the production assets.


8.15 NF 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts

See EN 13269.

8.16 NF 13306: Maintenance terminology

See EN 13306.

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8.17 NF 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance

See EN 13460.

Page 36 of 54


9 NORSOK Standards

9.1 Norsk Sokkels Konkuranseposisjon

The NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensure
adequate safety, value adding and cost effectiveness for existing and future petroleum industry
developments.

The NORSOK standards are prepared to complement available international standards and fill
the broad needs of the Norwegian petroleum industry. Where relevant NORSOK standards will
be used to provide the Norwegian industry input to the international standardisation process.
Subject to development and publication of international standards, the relevant NORSOK
standard will be withdrawn.

These NORSOK standards are developed according to the consensus principle generally
applicable for most standards work and according to established procedures defined in
NORSOK A-001.

The preparation and publication of the NORSOK standards is supported by OLF (The
Norwegian Oil Industry Association) and TBL (Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing
Industries). NORSOK standards are administered and issued by NTS (Norwegian Technology
Centre).

9.1 S-005: Machinery – Working environment analysis and documentation

This NORSOK standard addresses methods for working environment analyses and
documentation of machinery according to machinery regulations and the normative references.
The methods may also be used for other technical products having similar hazards.
This standard describes rational methods for necessary working environment (WE) analyses of
machinery design (i.e. risk assessments and design reviews) and documentation of conformity
with WE requirements applicable to offshore machinery. The described allocation of
responsibilities, review and assessment processes, and formats of documentation addresses
the basic regulatory requirements, normative standards, and expectations of major clients in
the offshore industry.

9.2 Z-006: Preservation

This standard defines the principles and structure to ensure that equipment and systems are
kept preserved during all phases of the project, before taken into use.

9.3 Z-008: Criticality analysis for maintenance purposes

The purpose of this NORSOK standard is to provide requirements and guidelines for
establishing a basis for preparation and optimisation of maintenance programs for new and in
service facilities offshore and onshore taking into account risks related to:

Personnel
Environment
Production loss
Direct economical cost (everything other than cost of production loss)

The result of this NORSOK standard is applicable for different purposes such as:

Page 37 of 54


Design phase:
Establishing initial maintenance manning requirements, identify hidden failures on critical
equipment and selection of insurance spare parts.
Preparation for operation:
Development of initial maintenance programs for implementation into maintenance
management systems and selection of ordinary spare parts.
Operational phase:
Optimisation of existing maintenance programs and as a guide for prioritising work
orders.

9.4 Z-013: Risk and emergency preparedness analysis (EPA)

This NORSOK standard presents requirements to planning, execution and use of risk and EPA,
with an emphasis on providing insight into the process and concise definitions.
This NORSOK standard is structured around the following main elements:

Establishment of risk acceptance criteria prior to execution of the risk analysis.
The relation between the risk and EPA, especially the integration of the two types of
analysis into one overall analysis process.
Planning and execution of analyses.
Further requirements to use of risk and EPA for different activities and life cycle phases.
Establishment of requirements based on risk and EPA.

This standard covers EPA, establishment of emergency preparedness, while maintenance and
further development of emergency preparedness are not covered by the standard.

9.5 Z-016: Regularity management & reliability technology

This NORSOK standard covers analysis of reliability and maintenance of the components,
systems and operations associated with exploration drilling, exploitation, processing and
transport of petroleum resources. The standard focuses on regularity of oil and gas production
and associated activities, but also covers system and equipment reliability and maintenance
performance in general.

The standard presents requirements to planning, execution and use of reliability technology,
structured around the following main elements:

Regularity management for optimum economy of the facility through all of its life cycle
phases, while also considering health, safety, environment, quality and human factors.
Planning, execution and implementation of reliability technology.
The application of reliability and maintenance data.
Reliability based design and operation improvement.
Establishment and use of reliability clauses in contracts.

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10 VDI Standards

10.1 Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

The Association of German Engineers is a financially independent and politically unaffiliated,
non-profit organization of 132.000 engineers and natural scientists. More than 13.000 of these
members work for the VDI in an honorary capacity.
Established in 1856, the VDI is today the largest engineering association in Western Europe. In
Germany, it is recognized as the representative of engineers both within the profession and in
the public arena. As the leading institution for training and technology transfer among experts, it
is also a partner at the preliminary stages of the decision-making process in matters of
technological policy and for all questions that engineers face in their professional or public lives.

10.2 VDI 2246: Designing maintainable engineered products

The guideline VDI 2246 fills information gaps by providing product-neutral notes,
recommendations and rules for the designer. It describes the relationship between
maintainability and maintenance, reliability, availability, product security, environmental
compatibility and financial justification. Economic maintainability is achieved when the product
costs over the entire life span are a minimum, in other words when the extra costs for
development, design and manufacturing of a maintainable product are balanced by the reduced
costs of maintenance over the entire product life cycle.

Part 1 (= Basic principles) of the VDI 2246 guideline provides the designer with the necessary
knowledge of strategies, concepts and key figures for ‘maintainability’ and maintenance.

Part 2 (= Requirements catalogue) presents a check list and working procedure. On the basis of
examples it provides, in catalogue form, product-specific requirements for maintainability.

10.2.1 Part 1: Basic principles
10.2.2 Part 2: Requirements catalogue

These guidelines are available in English and German.

10.3 VDI 2884: Purchase, operating and maintenance of production equipment using Life
Cycle Costing

The guideline VDI 2884 makes to the operator available the necessary methodical framework
for the procurement decision between alternative production equipment, in order to meet it on
the basis of the resulting entire life cycle costs. Also manufacturers can use the method, in order
to develop innovative solutions, to reduce by maintenance-fair constructions the returning and
subsequent costs. This ensures during the utilization period a high economy to the operator,
despite higher purchase costs.
Apart from a decision making aid, whether a LCC view is justified, the guideline VDI 2884 offers
above all support with the proceeding. This reaches by the definition of the maintenance
strategy and the planned service life over the definition of the costs which can be included into
the decision up to the evaluation of different alternatives and the decision for the "right"
alternative.
The collection of the costs and proceeds can take place via tables systematically. In connection
with the guideline VDI 2885 the maintenance-relevant operating conditions of production
equipment as well as the maintenance expenditures can be specified in the dialogue between
operators and manufacturers.

This guideline is available in English and German.

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10.4 VDI 2885: Standardized data for maintenance planning and determination of
maintenance costs - Data and data determination

The guideline VDI 2885 specifies all the measurable, technical and economical data of a means
of production, which are relevant to maintenance throughout its life cycle. This transparent
database for the view of Life Cycle Costs allows to objectively compare the maintenance
requirement of different machines at the offer stage.
Starting from the description of the boundary conditions of the maintenance process, the new
approach consists in defining maintenance terms which shall be supported by means of data
(number plus scientific or economic unit). To this end, it is the supplier of a means of production,
not the customer (e.g. user), who shall first state the extent of all maintenance activities
required. The customer will then incorporate these activities into a maintenance schedule, taking
into account his particular operating conditions in order to match the requirements with the field
conditions.
Introducing the term "service logistics", the VDI guideline also gives guidance on all just-in-time
activities required in connection with the technical support of a means of production, such as
information, procurement and storage activities.
In addition to describing the procedure, the guideline lists numerous examples in tables which
can serve as a working aid. It thus makes a practical contribution to activating the potentials of
maintenance and to improve the communication between the customer and the supplier.


10.5 VDI 2886: Benchmarking applied to maintenance

This guideline describes the features of successful benchmarking in fields where maintenance
activities are performed. Following an introduction, it goes into the specific procedures which
lead to a continuous improvement process in maintenance by using reference parameters.
The main emphasis is put on practical guidance with respect to the prerequisites and the
implementation of benchmarking, particularly in maintenance. For example, the guideline deals
with aspects of planning, data collection and analysis, as well as suggestions for realisation, and
for checking of the change achieved.
As practical working aids, the guideline gives examples of the determination and assessment of
benchmarking objects in maintenance, and a collection form for the basic data required.
Users of VDI 2886 are enabled to establish, verify and enhance the performance of their own
maintenance so as to improve the efficiency and the cost situation purposefully and effectively.


10.6 VDI 2887: Quality management of maintenance

This guideline is an introduction for employees and staff members, who are involved with the
main activities of maintenance and the quality improvement of it. From the point of view of an
integrated approach of quality management, the complete cycle of product- and installation is
treated. Here is "maintenance" as task seen, within the control and the housekeeping of an
installation or machine.

This guideline is only available in German.

10.7 VDI 2888: Maintenance condition monitoring

This guideline applies to any production plant requiring maintenance to ensure efficient and/or
reliable operation. Following the definitions of the relevant terms, the concept of condition-
oriented maintenance is explained, its significance for practical application is illustrated, and

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potential users are given guidance on the implementation in their companies. The objective is to
make this strategy more acceptable for the industrial practice and to facilitate its use.


10.8 VDI 2889: Methods and systems for condition and process monitoring in maintenance

Guideline VDI 2889 deals about the input of knowledge-based diagnostic methods and systems
within maintenance. It is an amendment to VDI 2888 which approaches maintenance condition
monitoring.
VDI 2889 acts as a decision guidance following the criteria requirements, cost and added value.
Conventional methods as well as failure analysis and diagnosis and also knowledge-based
methods as failure tree and expert system are treated.


10.9 VDI 2890: Planned maintenance; guide for the drawing up of maintenance lists

Guideline VDI 2890 gives direction to the preparation of maintenance related machine
documentation and business plans. Additionally this guideline contains matrix representations
with examples for possible conditions of components respectively assemblies.


10.10 VDI 2891: Maintenance relevant criteria for purchase of machines

The guideline VDI 2891 gives an overview of the cost-driven, investment-dependent criteria of
maintenance. Within this guideline the competences of the suppliers and customers are in
tables incorporated.
VDI 2891 is valid for all domains where means of production are planned, produced, purchased,
operated and maintained. It reflects the general criteria of investment asset purchase and is a
concentrated summary of the cost-intensive maintenance criteria for those who purchase as well
as for the suppliers.


10.11 VDI 2892: Management of maintenance spare parts

This guideline describes the essential practices and tools for planning, control and continuous
improvement of the spare parts behaviour for maintenance. It refers to spare parts without
auxiliary and raw materials, which are necessary for the maintenance and service of machines
and assets.
VDI 2892 gives assistance to the responsible employees of maintenance, production, logistics
and warehousing during the set-up and the re-organisation of the maintenance spare parts
management. The management of spare parts within maintenance or asset management
differentiates itself from the conventional materials management and is as cost-effective as
possible represented. Beside the goal, responsibilities and conditions describes this standard
also the choosing of the spare parts, who need to be provisioned, and mentions practices and
methods of storage, accountancy and purchasing.


10.12 VDI 2893: Selection and formation of indicators for maintenance

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In this guideline is a large catalogue, with 72 basic indicators and 87 key indicators, integrated.
Furthermore are additional practical examples, for the set up of an individual indicator table,
included. Today KPI’s are an indispensable tool for planning and control processes within
maintenance. As a base for the formation of KPI’s were four different aspects defined and
interpreted: finance, customers, processes and employees. The description and the step-by-
step set-up of a KPI-system with the conceptualities and definitions are described in this
guideline.


10.13 VDI 2895: Organisation of maintenance - Maintenance as a task of management

Within guideline VDI 2895, maintenance is as a company assignment understood, which needs
to be accomplished by employees in different company departments, on a global and
economical manner. Starting basis for the companies organisation are the product
manufacturing processes and the derived tasks thereof. The existing organisation and especially
the classical arrangement of functions to locations and departments, must be considered, but
also critically verified. In order that the maintenance cost within economical reasonable margins
stays, there is a need to useful technical and organisational answers. At the same time, the
organisation can not remain static, but must be understood as an continuous process. The
contribution of this VDI-guideline lies in the complete description of the function of maintenance
and in the definition of the most important concepts. On top of that, proven and interesting
maintenance organisation forms are described.


10.14 VDI 2896: Controlling of maintenance within plant management

VDI 2896 describes the targets and tasks of maintenance controlling. Controlling belongs to the
basic management instruments in all areas of activity of a company. In it maintenance-
controlling should be integrated. As a supervision tool for the maintenance management, it
contains all the necessary methods and practices which involve definitions, discussions and
persecutions of the targets. Examples are planning, reports and comparisons, analysis and
evaluations.
Controlling methods and practices are based on a structural data and information collection
about the maintainable objects, resources and the maintenance organisation as well as a
comprehensive active information management.


10.15 VDI 2898: Utilisation of EDP for maintenance - Requirements and criteria

This guideline illustrates the requirements, which are necessary for the implementation of a
maintenance-planning-system (MPS). Top priorities in this process are the MPS-functions and
the set-up of the installation structure.
The maintenance business is influenced by big volumes of data and information, which are
appropriate and within the prescribed time limit registered, processed and updated. The
transparency of these data and information depends on the structuring and quantity. A
preparation of this type sets then the foundation for qualified decisions for the company in
general as well as for the partitions of it.
For this assignment can it be meaningful to consider an installation of electronic data processing
(EDP).


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10.16 VDI 2899: Maintenance service - Procedure for deciding whether in-house or external
supply

The industry refocuses the last years more and more on the development, the manufacturing
and the sales of their own products, to reduce the vertical range of manufacture and therewith to
increase the deployment of the performances of external industries and sectors. The
consequence of this, is that more and more the discussion starts about which activities and
services will be done single-handedly and which will be done by outsourcing or contracting.
Guideline VDI 2899 explains the methods and best practices for the decision-making of in- of
outsourcing. It is based on the fact that the production strategy is a part of the company mission.
The maintenance strategy is based on the production strategy. Almost in every industrial sector
the amount of the maintenance cost has reached a remarkable level in the total cost, that the
companies today are thinking about the rationalization of the maintenance business.


10.17 VDI 3423: Technical availability of machines and production lines

The economical use of high-cost production plants within the framework of automated
production relies upon the highest possible utilisation, which implies permanent monitoring of
utilisation. Downtimes may result from technical as well as organisational causes. These must
be identified quickly and positively to allow their elimination within the shortest possible time,
and for preventive action.
This guideline is intended to specify the necessary definitions, for single machines and system
components and for the entire system, as well as to list the criteria for a continuous and
traceable record of the operational procedure. This is required to:

document occupied times
identify downtimes due to organisational or technical problems or to maintenance
determine availability, utilisation ratio, and failure rates

The data thus determined can be used to:

locate weak points
furnish proof in case of warranty claims
compare different production facilities and their components
compare different divisions of a company
calculate economic efficiency
support investment decisions


10.18 VDI 3822: Failure analysis

By analysing failures it should be possible to discover the causes of malfunctions in technical
systems and components. The knowledge gained through such analyses can provide a basis for
developing measures that can rectify or prevent failures. Guideline VDI 3822 is intended to
accomplish the following with regard to failure analysis:

to determine terminology
to provide uniform designations and descriptions for various types of failure
to facilitate a systematic approach
to ensure that the findings of different institutions can be compared with each other and

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to create the necessary framework for documentation

10.18.1 Part 1: Fundamentals, terms, definitions - Procedure of failure analyses
10.18.2 Part 2: Failures caused by mechanical working conditions
10.18.3 Part 3: Failures caused by corrosion in electrolytes
10.18.4 Part 4: Failures caused by thermal loading
10.18.5 Part 5: Failures caused by tribology working conditions
10.18.6 Part 6: Compilation and evaluation of failure analysis

Part 1, 2 and 3 are available in English and German.
Part 4, 5 and 6 are only available in German.

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11 DIN Standards

11.1 Deutsches Institut für Normung

DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, develops norms and standards as a service to
industry, the state and society as a whole. A registered non-profit association, DIN has been
based in Berlin since 1917.

DIN's primary task is to work closely with its stakeholders to develop consensus-based
standards that meet market requirements. Some 26,000 experts contribute their skills and
experience to the standardization process. By agreement with the German Federal Government,
DIN is the acknowledged national standards body that represents German interests in European
and international standards organizations. Ninety percent of the standards work now carried out
by DIN is international in nature.

11.2 DIN 6789: Systematic arrangement of documents

DIN 6789 has the goal to describe the formal structure of technical documentation for products.

11.2.1 Part 1: Arrangement of technical product documentation
11.2.2 Part 2: Sets of documents of technical product documentation
11.2.3 Part 3: Revisions of documents and items - General requirements
11.2.4 Part 4: Structure of contents of technical product documentation
11.2.5 Part 5: Release of technical product documentation
11.2.6 Part 6: Protection against falsification of digital technical documentation
11.2.7 Part 7: Quality criteria for the release process of digital product data

There exists also a standard DIN EN ISO 6789 (=Assembly tools for screws and nuts - Hand
torque tools - Requirements and test methods for design conformance testing, quality
conformance testing and recalibration procedure) which has no connection with the standard
mentioned in this paragraph.

11.3 DIN 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts

See EN 13269.

11.4 DIN 13306: Maintenance terminology

See EN 13306.

11.5 DIN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance

See EN 13460.

11.6 DIN 15341: Maintenance - Maintenance key performance indicators

See EN 15341.

11.7 DIN 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance

See ISO 20815.

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11.8 DIN 25419: Event tree analysis - Method, graphical symbols and evaluation

This standard states some methods and graphical symbols in explanation of event flows and
methods for the probability evaluation of these flows. In the event tree analysis, occurences are
determined, who can be developed out of a predetermined starting event.

11.9 DIN 25424: Fault tree analysis

Replaced by IEC 61025.

11.9.1 Part 1: Method and graphical symbols
11.9.2 Part 2: Manual calculation procedures for the evaluation of a fault tree

11.10 DIN 25448: Failure mode analysis

Replaced by IEC 60812.

11.11 DIN 31051: Fundamentals of maintenance

This standard specifies fundamentals for maintenance. It divides maintenance completely into
basic elements and defines terms which, together with the terms of DIN or EN 13306, are
necessary to understand the correlations between them. These basic elements are:

Preventive maintenance
Inspection
Corrective maintenance
Modification

11.12 DIN 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and
effects analysis (FMEA)

See IEC 60812.

11.13 DIN 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA)

See IEC 61025.

11.14 DIN 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability – Reliability block diagram and
Boolean methods

See IEC 61078.

11.15 DIN 66232: Structure and contents of a data documentation

DIN 66232 has the goal, constructing to the standards DIN 66230 (Program documentation) and
DIN 66231 (Program development documentation), to describe the structure and contents of a
data documentation.

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12 SAE Standards

12.1 Society of Automotive (and Aeronautical) Engineers

SAE is a non-profit educational and scientific organization dedicated to advancing mobility
technology to better serve humanity. Over 90.000 engineers and scientists, who are SAE
members, develop technical information on all forms of self-propelled vehicles including
automobiles, trucks and buses, off-highway equipment, aircraft, aerospace vehicles, marine, rail
and transit systems. SAE disseminates this information through its meetings, books, technical
papers, magazines, standards, reports, professional development programs and electronic
databases.

12.2 SAE AS9110: Quality Maintenance Systems - Aerospace - Requirements for
Maintenance Organizations

This standard includes ISO 9001:2000 quality management system requirements and specifies
additional requirements for a quality management system for aerospace maintenance
organizations.

It is emphasized that the quality management system requirements specified in this standard
are complementary (not alternative) to contractual and applicable law and regulatory
requirements.

This International Standard specifies requirements for a quality management system where an
organization:

needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide product that meets customer and
applicable regulatory requirements, and
aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including
processes for continual improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer
and applicable regulatory requirements.

12.3 SAE JA1010-1: Maintainability Program Standard Implementation Guide

This document provides information to help the reader view maintainability in the context of an
overall systems engineering effort. The guide defines maintainability, describes its relationship
to other disciplines, addresses the basic elements common to sound maintainability programs,
and describes the tasks and activities associated with those elements.

12.4 SAE JA1011: Evaluation criteria for Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) processes

This SAE Standard for Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) is intended for use by any
organization that has or makes use of physical assets or systems that it wishes to manage
responsibly.

RCM is a specific process used to identify the policies which must be implemented to manage
the failure modes which could cause the functional failure of any physical asset in a given
operating context. This document is intended to be used to evaluate any process that purports
to be an RCM process, in order to determine whether it is a true RCM process. This document
supports such an evaluation by specifying the minimum criteria that a process must have in
order to be an RCM process.

12.5 SAE JA1012: A guide to the Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) standard

Page 47 of 54


This document amplifies and clarified each of the key criteria listed in SAE JA1011, and
summarizes additional issues that must be addressed in order to apply RCM successfully.

12.6 SAE J1739: Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Design (Design FMEA),
Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Manufacturing and Assembly Processes
(Process FMEA), and Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for Machinery
(Machinery FMEA)

This document introduces the topic of potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and
gives general guidance in the application of the technique. An FMEA can be described as a
systemized group of activities intended to:

recognize and evaluate the potential failure of a product/process and its effects
identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of the potential failure
occurring
document the process

It is complementary to the design process of defining positively what a design must do to satisfy
the customer.

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13 ASTM Standards

13.1 American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
was formed over a century ago, when a forward-thinking group of engineers and scientists got
together to address frequent rail breaks in the burgeoning railroad industry. Their work led to
standardization on the steel used in rail construction, ultimately improving railroad safety for the
public. As the century progressed and new industrial, governmental and environmental
developments created new standardization requirements, ASTM answered the call with
consensus standards that have made products and services safer, better and more cost-
effective. The proud tradition and forward vision that started in 1898 is still the hallmark of ASTM
International.

ASTM continues to be the standards forum of choice of a diverse range of industries that come
together under the ASTM umbrella to solve standardization challenges. In recent years,
stakeholders involved in issues ranging from safety in recreational aviation, to fiber optic cable
installations in underground utilities, to homeland security, have come together under ASTM to
set consensus standards for their industries.

13.2 E2135-07: Standard terminology for property and asset management

This practice covers traditional property management definitions and some of the terms
introduced in additional asset management standards that are used most often and considered
most important. As new ASTM-standards are developed, new terms will be added to this
terminology in future revisions.

13.3 F2446-04: Standard classification for hierarchy of equipment identifiers and boundaries
for reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) performance data exchange

This classification is to serve as an international standard for marine equipment nomenclature,
taxonomy, hierarchical data structure, unique identifiers, and boundary definition for the
consistent acquisition and exchange of equipment RAM performance data. The standard
addresses the classification of mechanical and software products.
RAM in an acronym for Reliability, Availability, & Maintainability where:

Reliability is the probability that an item can perform a required function under given
conditions for a given time interval. It is generally assumed that the item is in a state to
perform this required function at the beginning of the time interval.
Availability is the probability that an item is in a state to perform a required function under
given conditions at a given instant of time, assuming that the required external resources
are provided.
Maintainability is the probability that a given active maintenance action, for an item under
given conditions of use can be carried out within a stated time interval, when the
maintenance is performed under stated conditions and using stated procedures and
resources.

This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

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14 ASQ Standards

14.1 American Society for Quality

American Society for Quality (ASQ), formerly known as American Society for Quality Control
(ASQC), is a knowledge-based global community of quality control experts, dedicated to the
promotion and advancement of quality tools, principles, and practices in their workplaces and in
their communities.

14.2 ASQ Q10015: Quality management - Guidelines for training

This standard provides guidelines to assist organizations and their personnel when addressing
issues related to training. It may be applied whenever guidance is required to interpret
references to "education" and "training".

It also provides guidance that can help an organization to identify and analyze training needs,
design and plan the training, provide for the training, evaluate training outcomes, and monitor
and improve the training process in order to achieve its objectives. It emphasizes the
contribution of training to continual improvement and is intended to help organizations make
their training a more effective and efficient investment.

14.3 ASQ E2-1996: Guide to inspection planning

This standard provides guidance for an inspection planning system, identifies elements of the
inspection planning process, and includes a section which presents techniques for the
preparation of inspection plans for specific tasks and projects.

14.4 ASQ D60300-3-1: Application guide - Analysis techniques for dependability - Guide on
methodology

See IEC 60300-3-1.

14.5 ASQ D60300-3-2: Application guide - Collection of dependability data from the field

See IEC 60300-3-2.

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15 API Standards

15.1 American Petroleum Institute

API distributes more than 200,000 publications every year, to every corner of the globe. The
publications, technical standards, and electronic and online products they furnish are designed
to help the industry improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of their operations, comply
with legislative and regulatory requirements, safeguard the health and safety of industry
employees and the public, and protect the environment.

API has developed some 550 equipment and operating standards that are used around the
world every day. They are the industry's collective wisdom on everything from drilling equipment
to environmental protection. In fact, federal and state laws and regulations have long referenced
API Standards, and they are increasingly being adopted by ISO, the International Organization
for Standardization, a global federation of more than 100 national standards groups.

API works with standards (STD), specifications (SPEC), publications (PUB) , technical reports
(TR) and recommended practices (RP).

15.2 API RP 580: Risk-based inspection

API RP 580 is to provide users with the basic elements for developing and implementing a risk-
based inspection (RBI) program for fixed equipment and piping in the hydrocarbon and chemical
process industries. RP 580 is intended to supplement API 510 (Pressure Vessel Inspection
Code), API 570 (Piping Inspection Code) and API 653 (Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and
Reconstruction). These API inspection codes and standards allow an owner/user latitude to plan
an inspection strategy and increase or decrease the code designated inspection frequencies
based on the results of a RBI assessment.

15.3 API RP 581: Risk-based inspection - Base resource document

API has researched and developed an approach to risk-based inspection (RBI). This document
details the procedures and methodology of RBI. RBI is an integrated methodology that uses risk
as a basis for prioritising and managing an in-service equipment inspection program by
combining both the likelihood of failure and the consequence of failure. Utilizing the output of
the RBI, the user can design an inspection program that manages or maintains the risk of
equipment failures. The following are three major goals of the RBI program:

Provide the capability to define and quantify the risk of process equipment failure, creating an
effective tool for managing many of the important elements of a process plant.
Allow management to review safety, environmental, and business-interruption risks in an
integrated, cost-effective manner.
Systematically reduce the likelihood and consequence of failure by allocating inspection
resources to high risk equipment.

The RBI methodology provides the basis for managing risk, by making informed decisions on
the inspection method, coverage required and frequency of inspections. In most plants, a large
percent of the total unit risk will be concentrated in a relatively small percent of the equipment
items. These potential high-risk components may require greater attention, perhaps through a
revised inspection plan. With an RBI program in place, inspections will continue to be conducted
as defined in existing working documents, but priorities and frequencies will be guided by the
RBI procedure. The RBI analysis looks not only at inspection, equipment design, and
maintenance records, but also at numerous process safety management issues and all other
significant issues that can affect the overall mechanical integrity and safety of a process unit.

Page 51 of 54


15.4 API STD 689: Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment

See ISO 14224.

Page 52 of 54


16 IEEE Standards

16.1 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

The IEEE is a non-profit organisation and through its global membership, IEEE is a leading
authority on areas ranging from aerospace systems, computers and telecommunications to
biomedical engineering, electric power and consumer electronics among others.

The IEEE is a leading developer of international standards that underpin many of today's
telecommunications, information technology and power generation products and services.

16.2 IEEE 516 - Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines

This guide provides general recommendations for performing maintenance work on energized
power lines. It is not intended to include all of the proven practical methods and procedures;
however, these selected comprehensive recommendations are based on sound engineering
principles, engineering safety considerations, and field experience by many utilities. Included are
technical explanations as required to cover certain laboratory testing of tools and equipment, in-
service inspection, maintenance and care of tools and equipment, and work methods for the
maintenance of energized lines and for persons working in the vicinity of energized lines.

16.3 IEEE 902 - Maintenance, Operation and Safety of Power Systems

Even with the best design and equipment, the expected safety and reliability performance of a
power system is largely dependent on the quality and capability of its operation and
maintenance. Optimizing maintenance and operation often can be the most cost-effective
approach in improving system performance.

The objective of this guide is to provide plant engineers with a reference source for the
fundamentals of safe and reliable maintenance and operation of industrial and commercial
electric power distribution systems. These fundamentals are independent of system size or
complexity. The most effective utilization of the information contained in this guide would be its
inclusion in a long-term maintenance and operation strategy that is tailored to the individual
needs of each power system.

The fundamental elements include

Maintenance, operation, and safety considerations in system design;
Development of a maintenance and operations strategy to ensure long-term reliability;
Development of record-keeping and documentation files;
Development and implementation of testing and inspection methods;
Development of procedures for auditing maintenance and operation performance;
Development of procedures to ensure personnel safety.

Page 53 of 54


IAM Standards

16.4 Institute of Asset Management

The Institute of Asset Management (IAM) is the independent organisation for professionals
dedicated to furthering there knowledge and understanding of Asset Management. In particular
they seek to spread good practice and develop decision support tools and techniques.
The Institute of Asset Management has the following broad aims:

To advance the knowledge and understanding of Asset Management
To represent and promote asset life-cycle management at national and international levels
To provide an international forum for the transfer of Asset Management best practice between
Industries, Engineers, Academic Institutions, Consultants, and Vendors
To raise the professional standing of IAM members
To provide guidance about the relationship between asset management and other company
operations, in particular maintenance

The IAM seeks to establish the usual range of activities carried out by any Learned Institution.
These will include support of the development and training of individuals as well as the setting
and promulgation of standards and good practices.
PAS 55 (= Publicly Avaliable Specification) was published in May 2004 as the first British
Standard for the optimal management of physical assets.

16.5 PAS 55: Asset management

16.5.1 Part 1: Specification for the optimised management of physical infrastructure assets

This Publicly Available Specification is intended to cover:

The management of physical infrastructure assets and in particular the assets that form the
main element of our built environment such as utility networks, power stations, railway systems,
oil and gas installations, manufacturing and process plants, buildings, airports, etc.
Asset management from an organizational perspective. It is intended to apply in cases where an
organization is primarily dependent on the function of its assets in the delivery of services or
products and where the success of an organization is significantly influenced by the stewardship
of the assets. In such cases, a formal approach to asset management will contribute directly to
the business capability and performance of the organization.

The objective of asset management in this context is to ensure that the assets deliver the
required function and level of performance in terms of service or production (output), in a
sustainable manner, at an optimum whole life cost without compromising health, safety,
environmental performance or the organization's reputation.

16.5.2 Part 2: Guidelines for the application of PAS 55-1

PAS 55-2 provides guidance to aid the understanding of the intent of the requirements in Part 1.
It does not introduce any new requirements.

16.6 PAS 62508: Guidance on human factors engineering for system life cycle applications

See IEC 62508.

Page 54 of 54

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