Expansion Joint Catalogue

2
www.belman.com B022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprints
THE CATALOGUE
Steel expansion joint catalogue
Belman A/S
Edition B022016-1
All rights reserved
The latest version of this catalogue
is always available on our website:
www.belman.dk
Any drawings and information
contained herein relate to the
standards applicable on the date
printed.
Subject to alteration and misprints
without notice.

4 5
www.belman.comwww.belman.com B022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprintsB022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprints
73 Gimbal
75 U-pipe
79 Pressure balanced
87 Installation instruction
EXPANSION JOINTS
STANDARD PROGRAM
88 Nomenclature
93 Axial expansion joints
139 Lateral expansion joints
233 Angular expansion joints
307 Universal expansion joints
MATERIALS
51 Expansion joint materials
53 Temperature limits
54 Bellow materials

EXPANSION JOINTS
SELECTION
57 Expansion joint selection
59 Fix points, guides etc.
60 Axial
64 Lateral
68 Hinged
INTRODUCTION
9 Our experience, your benefit
10 Quick guide
THE EXPANSION JOINT
15 What is an expansion joint
16 Expansion joint applications
20 Expansion joints vs. alternative
flexible solutions
22 Movements
25 Axial expansion joints
27 Lateral expansion joints
29 Angular expansion joints
33 Universal expansion joints
35 Exhaust expansion joints
ENGINEERING & QA
37 High quality expansion joints
38 Quality assurance
39 Welding and material control
41 Documentation
42 Test
45 Engineering & manufacturing
49 Validation of design
I NTR OD U CTI ON
Continued . . .
321 Exhaust expansion joints
347 Vibration absorbers
SPECIAL
EXPANSION JOINTS
359 Pressure balanced expansion
joints
joints - compact design
joints - elbow
365 Chamber expansion joints
367 Rectangular expansion joints
369 Externally pressurised expansion
joints
371 FCCU expansion joints
373 Crossover bellows
375 Expansion joints for LNG/LPG
377 Pantographic linkage
379 Equalizing ring reinforced
expansion joints
381 Clamshell bellows
383 Expansion joints supplied in
segments
385 Lens expansion joints
CONTENT

6 7
422 Vibrations
424 Settlement
425 Torsion
CORROSION
426 Corrosion
429 Protection against corrosion
PTFE coating
409 Fittings
410 Inner sleeve
413 Insulation
414 Pressure thrust
416 Spring rates
417 Stability
419 External pressure
421 Thermal expansion
SOLUTIONS
387 Customised solutions
392 References
ON-SITE SERVICES
395 On-site services
397 The service team
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
398 The bellow and its function
402 Bellows forming
404 Stresses in the bellows
407 Service lifetime
408 Connection ends
I NTR OD U CTI ON
Tantalum coating
TECHNICAL
SUPPORT SECTION
437 BelMaker Light®
439 Resistance tables
460 Flange tables
EN 1092-1:2007
478 Flange table
DIN 86044-1:2010-1
480 Material tables
488 Conversion tables
492 Steam table
495 Downloads (Isometric paper,
inquiry form etc.)
CONTENT

9
www.belman.comB022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprints
OUR EXPERIENCE,
YOUR BENEFIT
Thank you for choosing the Belman
expansion joint catalogue. With this
product catalogue of metallic expansion
joints, we are pleased to provide a
helpful, informative and inspirational tool
for specifying and selecting the correct
metallic expansion joint needed. We
trust this catalogue will become a useful
tool for everyone working with expan-
sion joints and connected systems.
Content
This catalogue consists of a wide
range of expansion joints, each can
be selected to ensure the optimum
performance and service life of the
pipe system.
If your expansion joint requirements
are not covered in this catalogue,
Belman is always ready to engineer
customised solutions to suit your
specific needs. This is not limited to
metallic expansion joints but also:
steel bellows, fabric expansion joints,
rubber expansion joints, metallic
flexible hoses, PTFE bellows and in
general any service related to
expansion joints and flexible units.
This catalogue furthermore contains
comprehensive technical information
about metallic expansion joints, and
helps to understand: how to specify,
how to operate, and how to correctly
install them.
Design codes
The expansion joints in this catalogue
are calculated according to the latest
prevailing standards and pressure
directives, and are therefore designed
according to EN 14917. The only
exception is the exhaust expansion
joints that are calculated according to
EJMA 9. We reserve the right to make
changes in the technical calculations,
descriptions and illustrations without
notice. The latest version of the
product catalogue is always available
on our website www.belman.dk. For
the revision number, please refer to
the left bottom of the page.
Other design codes
If your application and/or project
requires other design codes such as
ASME, EJMA etc., please forward
your specifications to us. We can
either adapt the expansion joints in
this catalogue to comply with these
design codes and supply the new
data on them, or we can design a
customised solution for you. Since
its foundation, Belman has been
supplying customised expansion
joints for unique and challenging
situations.
More information
Throughout this catalogue you will
find a 5-digit number “WebLink”
displayed on the page. This number
can be typed into the box “WebLink”
on the front page of www.belman.dk
from which you will be directly taken
to the relevant page. Additionally, you
can also find a QR code that can take
you directly to the relevant page.
Further information/assistance is
always available via +45 7515 5999
or belman@belman.dk.
I NTR OD U CTI ON

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www.belman.comwww.belman.com
x x
B022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprintsB022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprints
Page 248 AN1BK
ID no 62
ANGULAR Description
AN1BH
ID no 61
Page 240
Movements
Axial Lateral
Single plane
Lateral
Multi plane
Angular
Single plane
x
Angular
Multi plane
Comment
This quick guide will give you an
overview of all types of expansion
joints in this catalogue, indicating
QUICK GUIDE
where you can find more data on the
item selected and the conditions in
which they are suitable for use.
X = Suitable
(X) = Partly suitable (see comment)
AXIAL
LATERAL
LATERAL
Description
Description
Description
AX1BU
ID no 41
LA1BT
ID no 71
LA2BT
ID no 81
LA2SH
ID no 88
Page 98
Page 146
Page 174
Page 202
AX1FU
ID no 42
LA1FT
ID no 72
LA2FT
ID no 84
LA2SK
ID no 89
Page 110
Page 154
Page 182
Page 216
AX1SU
ID no 43
LA1ST
ID no 73
LA2ST
ID no 87
Page 122
Page 162
Page 190
Movements
Axial
Movements
Axial
Movements
Axial
x
(x)
(x)
x
(x)
(x)
x
(x)
(x)
Lateral
Single plane
Lateral
Single plane
Lateral
Single plane
(x)
x
x
x
(x)
x
x
x
(x)
x
x
Lateral
Multi plane
Lateral
Multi plane
Lateral
Multi plane
(x)
x
x
x
(x)
x
x
x
(x)
x
x
Angular
Single plane
Angular
Single plane
Angular
Single plane
(x)
(x)
(x)
Angular
Multi plane
Angular
Multi plane
Angular
Multi plane
(x)
(x)
(x)
Comment
Comment
Comment
Depending on
the pipe layout.
Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
Depending on
the pipe layout.
Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
Depending on
the pipe layout.
Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
I NTR OD U CTI ON

12 13
x
ANGULAR EXHAUST Description
US1BU
ID no 11
Page 328
US1SU
ID no 13
Page 332
US2BU
ID no 21
US2SU
ID no 23
Page 336
Page 338
Movements
Axial
x
x
x
x
Lateral
Single plane
x
x
x
x
Lateral
Multi plane
x
x
x
x
Angular
Single plane
x
x
x
x
Angular
Multi plane
x
x
x
x
Comment
UNIVERSAL Description
UN2BU
ID no 51
Page 312
UN2FU
ID no 52
Page 314
UN2SU
ID no 53
Page 316
Movements
Axial
x
x
x
Lateral
Single plane
x
x
x
Lateral
Multi plane
x
x
x
Angular
Single plane
x
x
x
Angular
Multi plane
x
x
x
Comment
US3BU
ID no 31
US3SU
ID no 33
Page 340
Page 342
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Description
AN1FK
ID no 64
Page 264
AN1SH
ID no 65
Page 272
AN1SK
ID no 66
Page 288
Movements
Axial Lateral
Single plane
Lateral
Multi plane
Angular
Single plane
x
x
x
Angular
Multi plane
x
x
Comment
I NTR OD U CTI ON
VI1FT
ID no 90
Page 352 (x) x x Only AX
movement if
designed for it.
0,5 mm vibrations
in all planes.
VIBRATION
ABSORBER
Description Movements
Axial Lateral
Single plane
Lateral
Multi plane
Angular
Single plane
Angular
Multi plane
Comment
Page 256 AN1FH
ID no 63

15
WHAT IS AN
EXPANSION JOINT?
There are other terms in use for
expansion joints such as expansion
bellows, flexible joints and
compensators.
A typical expansion joint is comprised
of one or more metal bellows (most
commonly stainless steel) or from
materials such as rubber, fabric or
plastic such as PTFE. While materials
such as rubber, plastic and fabric
have their limitations, metal is the
most versatile of all materials. Metals
are suitable for use at high tempera-
tures, have high strength properties
and are resistant to corrosion.
Metallic expansion joints are designed
to safely absorb the dimensional
changes of steel pipe systems and
ducts. The changes could be
heat-induced expansion and
contraction, vibrations caused by
rotating machinery, pressure
deformations, misalignment during
installation or building settlements.
The main element of the expansion
joints is the bellow. The bellows are
made up of a series of convolutions,
with the shape of the convolution
designed to withstand the internal
pressure of the system, but flexible
enough to accept axial, lateral and
angular deflections.
Expansion joints are considered as
very important components of a
complete pipe system and are widely
used particularly in industries where
thermal expansion in pipe systems
occur. Expansion joints also offer the
advantage of reducing stresses in
pipe systems generated by thermal
expansion, and reduce pipe loads at
connections to sensitive equipment
such as pumps and steam turbines.
Taken together this acts to prolong
the service life of pipe systems, and
reduces the risk of their downtime for
additional maintenance and repair.
Engineers and pipe designers
routinely incorporate expansion joints
into their pipe systems, as expansion
joints add flexibility in to the design
and reduce costs through removing
the complexity of fix points, guides
and reduces the overall space
requirements for the pipe system.
Further expansion joints are more
effective than alternatives such as
pipe bends and pipe loops due to
Steel expansion joints are important
components in many industries and
are used extensively in among others:
l Energy sector (power plants,
nuclear power plants, district
heating pipe systems etc.)
l Steel plants
APPLICATIONS
l Petrochemical industry
(oil refineries, pumping stations,
oil rigs etc.)
l Chemical industries (asphalt
manufacturers etc.)
l Process industry (sugar
factories etc.)
l Exhaust systems and engines
l Pulp and paper industries
l LNG/LPG tankers, -carriers etc.
Expansion joints are often installed
near boilers, heat exchangers,
pumps, turbines, condensers,
engines and in long pipe systems
or pipe ducts.
their greater ability to conserve space,
their economic efficiency and better
performance in absorbing larger
movements.
Advantages
l Simple in design and function
l Space reduction
l Weight reduction
l Cost reduction
l Reduces engineering and design
complexity to piping systems
l Better flexibility for piping layout
l Reliable and proven in the field
Expansion joint types
Expansion joints come in a wide
variety of designs. Some of them are
standard and some are customised
as per client requirements. Although
their design may vary significantly, all
expansion joints are nevertheless
composed from some of the following
components, all with one or more
specific functionalities:
bellows, welding ends, flanges,
hinges, tie-rods, spherical washers,
wire mesh, insulation, inner sleeve,
external cover, elbow and/or ring
reinforcement/equalizing rings.
THE E XPA NS I ON JOI NT

16 17
EXPANSION JOINT
APPLICATIONS
Expansion joints are a vital part in
many industries and plant types.
Below we have illustrated the
use of expansion joints in some
selected plant types.
For more information on the plant
types and the optimal expansion
joint types for them,
please refer to:
WebLink: 13600
Steel plant
Blast furnace
FCCU plant
Pie-chamber
from
Coke plant
Dedusting
Coke
Coke
Cooling
chamber
Steam
Final
cooler
Blower
Surplus gas
Multicyclon
Waste
heat
boilerCoarse dust catcher
Air
Rotary valve
Dust
Feed
Water
Stack
Stovesforhotblast
Stovesforhotblast
Dustcatcher
Coke
Coke
oven
Coke
Iron
Powdered coal
Slag
pot
Iron tap
Blastfurnace
Blast furnace off takes
Hot blast
Stack
Scrubber Precip Flue Gas
Cooler SCR
Generator
Tube
Expander
Oriﬁce
Chamber
Third
Stage
Seperator
Main air
Blower
Regenerator
Reactor
Product
Main Column

18 19
EXPANSION JOINT
APPLICATIONS
Conventional power plantCombined cycle power plant
LNG/LPG Carrier Ship
Generator Gas turbine Diffuser Diverter
HRSG
ExhaustStack
Generator Steam turbine CondenserSteam turbine
Cooling tower
Air intake
BypassStack
Kompensator
LNG Tanks LNG Tanks LNG Tanks LNG Tanks LNG Tanks
Coal mill
Boiler
Steam
turbine
Steam
turbine
Generator
Cooling tower
Condenser
SCR/
DeNox
Airpreheater
Stack

20 21
EXPANSION JOINTS VS.
ALTERNATIVE FLEXIBLE SOLUTIONS
For the absorption of movements in
pipe systems, the pipe designer can
choose between the installation of
expansion joints, or other flexible
solutions such as a pipe loop. Pipe
loops also allow movements of the
pipe system, but only in the axial
direction of the pipe system.
Pipe loops require more material such
as pipe bends, pipe support,
insulation and NDT. Furthermore, pipe
loops consume a lot more space and
can generate a greater pressure loss.
Due to this, the installation of
expansion joints is considered as a
reliable and cost effective alternative
to the use of pipe loops.
The use of expansion joints ensures
less material consumption, greater
space savings with the reduced
number and complexity of fix points
and guides. Further, it requires less
labour inputs such as those for
welding and NDT. Additionally, the
selection of expansion joints
eliminates the bending stresses in
the pipe system, which could cause
a fatigue crack of the pipe system.
The appropriate type can absorb
movement in several planes and is
maintenance free. Further,
a replacement of a worn-out unit is
easier and more efficient in terms of
downtime and costs, than replacing
a complete pipe loop.
Inverse pipe loops require strong fix
points, which can obtain the full
pressure thrust force.
DN 100 Pipe loop Expansion joint
*Extra space 2,5 m x 1,5 m 0 m
Dimension of pipe loop (h x b) 2,44 m x 1,22 m -
Extra pipe (114,3 x 3,6 mm) 2 x 2,44 m = 4,88 m 0 m
Expansion joint 0 1 pcs. (length = 255 mm)
Bends (3,6 mm thickness) 4 0
Time for welding 8 welds of approx. 0,5 hours 2 welds of approx. 0,75 hours
*NDT (X-ray) 8 welds 2 welds
*Pipe supports for pipe loop /
expansion joint stronger fix points 3 – 4 guides (Outer pipe) 1 guide + stronger fix points
Price index 100 63
Pressure loss
The pressure loss is significantly lower
when installing an expansion joint
rather than a pipe loop.
The advantage of expansion joints
versus pipe loops, increases with
larger pipe sizes (DN) and increased
pipe thicknesses, which is further
explained in the table below.
In this table, an expansion joint is
compared against a pipe loop.
The table shows that a DN 100
expansion joint is in general approxi-
mately 37% cheaper than a pipe loop
of the same size. If the pipe size is
DN 400, an expansion joint solution is
approximately 82% cheaper than a
pipe loop.
The data is calculated on the basis of
these conditions: PN 10, EN 1.0038/
St. 37-2 welding ends, thermal
expansion -0/+ 50 mm.
DN 400 Pipe loop Expansion joint
*Extra space 4 m x 12,5 m 0 m
Dimension of pipe loop (h x b) 3,65 m x 1,83 m -
Extra pipe (406,4 x 6,3 mm) 2 x 3,65 m = 7,3 m 0 m
Expansion joint 0 1 pcs. (length = 265 mm)
Bends (3,6 mm thickness) 4 0
Time for welding 8 welds of approx. 1,5 hours 2 welds of approx. 2 hours
*NDT (X-ray) 8 welds 2 welds
*Pipe supports for pipe loop/
expansion joint stronger fix points 4 – 5 guides (Outer pipe) 1 guide + stronger fix points
Price index 100 18
Please note!
The price index is based on material
and working hours. Areas marked
with * are not part of this price index.
Please note that both solutions will
have extra costs such as extra costs
for supports/guides for pipe loop and
for stronger fix points for expansion
joint respectively.

22 23
MOVEMENTS
Axial movement
Axial movement is movement of the
bellows in the direction of the
longitudinal axis.
This movement can be compressive,
where the bellows shortens in length,
or extensive where the bellows
extends in length.
In the majority of applications, the
expansion joint is deemed necessary
because of the increasing tempera-
ture of the pipe system. The expan-
sion joint is fitted in pipe systems and
installed between two fix points
(anchors).
The extension of the pipe is compen-
sated by the compression of the
bellows.
In some cases, typically cryogenic
and chilled water services, the pipe
system contracts in service causing
the expansion joint to extend in
length.
Thermal expansion of the pipe system
results in an axial compression of the
installed expansion joints.
The specifications for expansion joints
should always state the movements
as they affect the expansion joints,
and not those generated by the pipe
system.
Lateral movement
Lateral movement is movement
perpendicular to the bellow's
longitudinal axis; it is a shearing
movement of the bellows with one
end offset from the other, usually with
the ends of the bellows remaining
parallel to each other.
A single bellow expansion joint,
working with a shearing action, can
accept a relatively limited amount of
lateral movement, especially when the
flow characteristics of the system
demand that an inner sleeve is
necessary. For larger lateral move-
ment capability, it is usual to utilise a
twin bellows arrangement with an
intermediate pipe between the
bellows, the expansion joint lateral
movement is taken up by an angular
rotation of the bellows in opposite
directions.
The amount of lateral movement
available depends on the rotational
movement capacity of each bellows
and the distance between them,
increasing the distance between the
bellows increases the lateral move-
ment capability of the expansion joint
proportionally.
Lateral movement can be applied in
more than one plane; in such cases it
is important that the expansion joint
designer is made aware of the total
lateral movement to be applied.
Angular movement
Angular movement is the rotation of
the bellow's longitudinal axis at one
end relative to the other, the axis of
rotation is taken at exactly the
midpoint of the bellow and
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
Expansion joints using angular
movement to control pipe system
expansion are almost always used in
pairs, sometimes combined as part of
a twin bellows unit and sometimes in
sets of 2 or 3 in pinned restrained
expansion joints.
The intelligent use of the angular
capability of the bellows can enable a
large amount of movement to be
absorbed. In particular, pinned units
used in 2-pin or 3-pin arrangements
can convert pipe growth into angular
rotation and control the expansion
from 2 directions and in 2 planes.
It is important not to confuse angular
rotation with torsion. Torsion is a
twisting rotational movement around
the longitudinal axis; it generates
undesirable shear forces within the
bellows and its influence on the
bellows should always be avoided.
Please refer to the section about
torsion.
Universal movement
Universal expansion joints can be
designed and built to absorb applied
axial, lateral and angular movements
simultaneously. Such units usually
require a lot of flexibility to absorb
significant amounts of movements in
combination. However, this often
leads to a limited pressure containing
capacity due to considerations
towards the bellows’ stability.
Important
It is important that the designer of
expansion joint is fully informed of all
the movements to that the expansion
joint will encounter. Knowledge of the
amount of movement, its direction
and any combination of axial, lateral
and angular movements occurring
together is essential for the correct
design of the expansion joints.
See how movements are absorbed in
the various types of expansion joints:
visit our Belman Group channel on
www.youtube.com
ANIMATION OF
MOVEMENTS
AXIAL ANGULARLATERAL

25
AXIAL
EXPANSION JOINTS
Application
Having the ability to compensate for
axial movements and with its simple
and compact overall dimensions, axial
expansion joints are very widely used
within a range of applications.
They are especially common in long
pipe runs, examples of which would
include exhaust systems, ventilation
and flue gas systems, district heating,
steam, oil and gas pipe systems.
Axial movement
Axial movement is considered as an
elongation or compression of the pipe
system in its longitudinal axis,
meaning that in the process of
absorbing the movements, the overall
length of the expansion joint will either
extend or compress.
Axial expansion joints which are
designed to absorb large movements,
can contain one, two or several
bellows in one unit, and larger move-
ments can also be achieved by
pre-tensioning or by installing several
expansion joints on the pipe section.
Depending on the nominal diameter
and length, axial expansion joints have
the ability to absorb minor
lateral and angular deflections and
installation tolerances. However, we
recommend the utilisation should be
limited to its main function, otherwise
its service life may be negatively
impaired.
Where there is a need for absorption
other than that of axial movements,
we strongly recommend alternative
options and Belman will be pleased to
provide its professional advice.
Definitions
Axial movement is shown as AX and
stated in mm. Compression and
elongation is indicated as
negative (-) and positive (+).
Example
Elongation +10 and compression -20
will be shown as: AX +10/-20 mm.
Equal longitudinal movements are
shown as: AX +/-20 mm (2δN).
l Simple solution for compensation
of temperature fluctuations
l No change in the flow direction
l Compact and space saving
solution
l Relatively low cost
l Strong fix points and good guides
are required
l Large movements require
utilisation of several axial
expansion joints
l Many fix points and guides are
needed for long pipe sections
l Higher costs for fix points and
guides
ADVANTAGES REQUIREMENTS
Axial expansion joints are designed to
absorb axial movements (extension
and compression in its longitudinal
axial direction). The thermal expansion
of a straight pipe line section between
two fix points can be absorbed by
axial expansion joints with a relatively
compact build-in length. This offers a
simple and cost efficient solution in
terms of movement compensation.
Axial expansion joints can be
equipped with all kinds of connectors,
such as welding ends or welded or
loose (rotatable) flanges.

27
LATERAL
EXPANSION JOINTS
number of end connections like
welding ends, flanges and/or a
combination thereof. Additionally,
it can be equipped with accessories
like: inner sleeves, covers,
intermediate pipe and tie rods.
The type of expansion joint selected
depends on both its cost effectiveness
and its suitability for the function to be
fulfilled. The economic
consideration should not only take into
account the cost of the expansion
joints, but also the required fix points,
guides and structures.
Application
As lateral expansion joints absorb
movements in lateral directions in one
or more planes, and absorb adjusting
forces, they are widely used in more
complex pipe systems with many
different directions and levels.
Lateral expansion joints make possible
the absorption of movements which
are perpendicular to the longitudinal
direction of the pipeline, and are
therefore ideal for installation in pipe
systems with bends, Z shaped pipe
systems and in 3 hinged systems.
Lateral expansion joints can be used
as tank settlement bellows, vibration
absorbers and in all pipe systems with
bends or a change in the pipe
direction.
Lateral movement
Lateral movement is a sideways
(lateral) displacement of the ends of
the expansion joint in a direction
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
Lateral movement can be absorbed
both in the horizontal and the vertical
axis/direction according to the design
of the pipe system. Lateral movement
can, to a limited degree, be absorbed
by one bellow. If larger movements
are to be absorbed, we recommend
a design with a universal expansion
joint (two bellows with an intermedi-
ate pipe) absorbing the movement
and this also results in lower offset
forces.
Definitions
Lateral movement is shown as LA
and stated in mm. The parallel
displacement is indicated as
negative (-) and positive (+).
Example
The elongation of one side of the
bellow is +10 and the compression of
the other side of the bellow is -20.
This will be shown as: LA +10/-20
mm. Equal parallel displacement is
shown as: LA +/-20 mm (2λN).
l Absorbs movements in all lateral
directions
l Absorption of large lateral
movements with only one lateral
expansion joint
l Reduced loads on all fix points
as the tie rods absorb the loads
without transferring pressure thrust
on to the fix points

l For absorption of large expansions
several lateral expansion joints are
needed
Lateral expansion joints are used to
absorb lateral deflection. Lateral
expansion joints can move in all lateral
directions simultaneously for absorb-
ing expansion from two pipe sections
in different directions.
The lateral expansion joint is normally
equipped with fixtures such as
external tie rods, which allow the unit
to absorb movements in all lateral
directions but also to absorb the
pressure thrust (incl. full
vacuum).
The lateral expansion joints are
available with one or two bellows
(universal type) as well as with a

29
ANGULAR
EXPANSION JOINTS
Angular expansion joints allow angular
movements only, contrary to axial
expansion joints which elongate and
compress in the pipeline axis. The
angular expansion joint moves in an
angular rotation in one or several
planes, controlled by a pair of hinges
or a gimbal. The angular expansion
joint is as standard delivered with
either hinges or gimbals, and can be
manufactured with any end
connections such as welding ends,
welded flanges, or loose flanges or
combinations thereof, depending on
client requirements.
Hinged angular expansion joints
Hinged angular expansion joints are
equipped with hinges, to absorb
angular movement/rotation in one
plane only. The hinges are designed to
resist the pressure thrust from the pipe
system. Single hinged expansion joints
are generally used in pairs or threes
with a connecting pipe system
between, and widely used in irregular
and complex pipe systems.
Gimbal angular expansion joints
Gimbal angular expansion joints are
designed to absorb angular
movements in several planes without
transferring pressure thrust on to the
fixed points. A gimbal expansion joint is
more flexible than a hinged expansion
joint as the gimbal enables multiple
angular rotations.
Angular expansion joints in general
Angular expansion joints offer a wide
range of options, and when built into
two or three pinned pipe systems, they
can accommodate very large
movements with very low reaction
forces, without the need for fix points
and structures.
As angular expansion joints are fully
restrained, they require only
inexpensive guides or intermediate
guides. This gives an economic
advantage in large diameter, hot piping
systems, even if the movements are
complex and in several planes. Further,
the hinges or gimbal can be designed
to support the dead weight loads from
the adjacent pipes and connected
equipment, and to carry wind loads,
snow loads, and any other external
loads from the pipe system, minimizing
the need for fix points and structures.
The hinge can also be designed to
eliminate torsion forces acting on the
bellow. The bellow does not allow any
torsion, and this should be
Hinged
Gimbal
To b e co nti nued . . .

30
www.belman.com B022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprints
ANGULAR
EXPANSION JOINTS
l Absorbs angular movements in
single or multi plane
l Use of normal guides
l Reduced loads on all fix points
l Changes in flow direction/pipe
direction is required
l More space consuming than axial
expansion joints
l Two or three expansion joints are
required for a system
counteracted against in all cases.
When the angular expansion joints are
installed in two hinged or three hinged
systems, the distance/intermediate
pipe between each unit should be as
large as possible, as this allow
maximum lateral deflection or
movement to be absorbed. If the
thermal growth of the intermediate
pipe is significant, a three hinged
system is required.
Angular movement
Angular movement is an angular/
rotational displacement of the
expansion joint where its longitudinal
axis is displaced as an arc from its
initial position. This is to be under-
stood as an angulation of the
expansion joints two end planes
relative to each other, which results in
the longitudinal centreline becoming
an arc, like a pipe bend.
The convolutions are uniformly
compressed along the inside of the
bellows longitudinal centreline, and
uniformly elongated along the outer
radius of the arc.
Torsion or twisting of one end with
respect to the other end about its
longitudinal axis, and is not to be
understood as angular rotation.
Definitions
Angular movement is shown as AN
and stated in degrees. Angular
rotation is indicated as negative (-)
and positive (+) respectively.
Example
Angular movement positive +5 and
negative -10 will be stated as: AN
+5/-10°. An equal angular rotation
over the bellows longitudinal centre-
line are stated as AN +/-10° (2αN).
Continued...

33
UNIVERSAL
EXPANSION JOINTS
l Absorbs movements in all
directions
l Absorption of large axial
movements and lateral move-
ments in one expansion joint
l Can be modified to suit existing
installation gap
l Only for low pressure applications
l Fix points and good guides are
required
Universal expansion joints consist of
two multi-convoluted bellows
connected with an intermediate pipe
into one assembly.
Belman has developed a series of
universal expansion joints that allows
all three movements: axial, lateral and
angular simultaneously. The universal
expansion joints can be equipped with
all kinds of end connections, like
welding ends, welded or loose
flanges, and an endless number of
accessories such as inner sleeves,
cover and movement controls.
Universal expansion joints featured in
this catalogue are restricted to the
maximum design pressure of 2,5
BarG, but as customised solution they
can be designed for higher pressure.
The universal expansion joints allow a
large amount of lateral offset in
multiple planes, and the lateral
deflection can be increased or
decreased by changing the length of
the intermediate pipe.
Universal expansion joints do not use
tie rods, and are therefore suitable
only for low pressure applications. Fix
points and guides must be sufficiently
designed to withstand the full pressure
thrust forces and other loads. An
universal expansion joint is not to be
confused with a lateral expansion joint.
Application
Universal expansion joints can absorb
movements in all directions, and are
used in uncritical, low pressure
installations like ventilation ducts,
exhaust gas systems, fresh air
ventilation and process equipment.
Definitions
Movement is shown as AX (axial),
LA (lateral), AN (angular) mm + deg.
The parallel displacement is indicated
as negative (-) and positive (+)
respectively. It is very important to
notice if the movements is stated in
combination (universal), or as an
alternatively combination of the
different directions.
Example
The elongation of the bellow is +10
and the compression of the bellow is
-20. This will be shown as: +10/-20
mm. Equal parallel displacement is
shown as: +/-20 mm.

35
EXHAUST
EXPANSION JOINTS
Exhaust expansion joints are
designed to absorb heat induced
expansion and contraction of pipe
systems and exhaust systems.
Belman has developed a wide range
of exhaust expansion joints, which are
designed to give high movement
absorption with low spring rates for
best overall performance.
The typical pressure rating for exhaust
expansion joints, temperature
depending is 1.0 BarG.
These units are available with many
end fitting options including welding
ends, flanges (welded and loose). For
smaller sizes, it is often possible to
slide the bellows tangent over the
l Gas-tight and resistant to
corrosion and temperature
l Absorb vibrations and oscillations
l Light weight, reducing loads on
hangers and pipe supports
l Very low spring rates, and high
flexible performance reduces loads
on hangers and pipe supports
l Economical
l High flow velocity often requires an
inner sleeve
l Exhaust bellows exposed to
vibration should be designed to
ensure that the natural frequency
and any harmonics do not
coincide with the frequencies of
the exhaust system
exhaust pipe and secure using band
clamps or worm-drive clips.
Exhaust expansion joints can absorb
axial and lateral movements alone or
in combination, and it is usually the
required movement capacity which
determines the selected configuration.
A single bellow is normally selected to
accept mainly axial movement
although some lateral movement is
usually possible. Where the amount of
axial movement is outside of the
capacity of a single bellows, a double
expansion joint may be necessary.
When the unit is required to accept a
significant amount of lateral
movement, including applications
where axial movement is applied
simultaneously, a double bellows is
usually the preferred option.
A double bellows unit has a interme-
diate pipe between the bellows and
sometimes this is an integral part of
the bellows tube reducing the need
for welded joints.
Belman exhaust expansion joints are
designed to be as light as practically
possible to give minimum loads on
hangers and pipe supports. Further,
the bellows technology, often
incorporates multi layers, giving
maximum movement and flexibility
(for minimum deflection forces and
good fatigue properties) with good
performance in conditions where
vibration prevails.
Exhaust expansion joints are generally
unrestrained so the pressure force
(generated by the bellows when
pressurised), together with the
deflection forces resulting from
movement, must be contained by the
system fix points and guides.
At high temperatures or where the
flow velocity is high, Belman always
recommends an inner sleeve in the
bellows. The inner sleeve protects the
bellows against abrasion from any
particulate matter in the flow medium
and helps to smooth the gas flow
over the convolutions which helps in
the reduction of turbulence. It can
also help to reduce the temperature
of the bellows in the expansion joint.
Application
Exhaust expansion joints are used in
a wide range of applications including
gas turbine exhausts, power units,
generator sets, marine propulsion
systems, OEM engines and auxiliary
systems.
Customised expansion joints can be
designed and built for any specific
requirement and application.

37
HIGH QUALITY
EXPANSION JOINTS
Belman is a recognised designer and
manufacturer of metallic expansion
joints with solutions being installed
throughout the world. Belman A/S
was established in 1994, with the
main facility situated in Esbjerg,
Denmark. Over the years, we have
been able to build up a strong
technical base with an extensive
range of references across the
industries, proving our abilities as
committed, problem-solving,
innovative and rapidly developing
solution provider. We strive constantly
to deliver excellent solutions by
applying the latest available technolo-
gies and maximum efficiency
throughout the entire design and
manufacturing process.
Since 2008, Belman has been a
member of the Euro-Qualiflex®
association. This ensures our
commitment to a high level of product
quality, with a focus on safe, reliable
and fully documented products.
We provide high quality metallic
expansion joints in sizes varying from
DN 25 to more than DN 12.000 in all
design variations, materials and
according to all national & international
standards. We supply expansion joints
for a wide range of applications and f
or many different users of expansion
joints such as: plant operators, piping
engineers, plant designers, EPC
contractors, trading companies, OEM
manufacturers etc.
Every day, we expertly assist our
clients with customised expansion
joint solutions tailored for their applica-
tion and project.
The customised solutions designed
for the client are usually metallic
expansion joint solutions, but for
applications where metallic expansion
joints are not the optimum solution, we
also expertly assist on solutions like
rubber expansion joints, fabric expan-
sion joints, metallic flexible hoses etc.
If you require further assistance or
wish to discuss the expansion joints
we can offer you, please do not
hesitate to contact us.
WHY CHOOSE BELMAN
Clients choose Belman because of:
l High quality
l Short and accurate delivery times
l Flexibility
l Responsiveness
l Documentation
l Customer-oriented approach
E NGI NE E R I NG & QA

38 39
QUALITY ASSURANCE WELDING &
MATERIAL CONTROL
The delivery of high quality products
and services has always been an
integrated part of what we stand
for. We strive to provide expansion
joints and services of a consistently
high quality which fully meet the
expectations of our customers. The
implementation and adherence to
recognised quality assurance systems
ensures that all processes are
performed accurately. The project
starts with the initial review of the
submitted specifications, followed by
the design, manufacture, testing and
documentation, all in accordance with
the customer’s requirements.
The accreditations and certificates
we possess enable us to shorten and
optimise each project by performing
tests and inspection in-house.
The Belman expansion joint design
and production process makes use of
state-of-the-art technologies.
Accredited authorities perform regular
controls and tests to confirm the
efficient and professional continuity of
Belman process management.
Company approvals
l EN ISO 9001:2008
l EN ISO 3834-2
l Pressure Equipment Directive
PED 2014/68/EU (PED 97/23/EC)
l AD2000 Merkblatt HP0
l TR CU 032/2013 (GOST-R)
l Declaration of conformity
(Russian Rostechnadzor)
l Mark transfer approval within
EN 10204 3.1 PED/AD-M W
l DNV-GL type approval
l Bureau Veritas type approval
l LNG/LPG standard type approvals
for LR, BV, DNV-GL, ABS and
KRS
l EHEDG
Our latest approvals can be seen from
our website.
OUR ACCREDITATIONS
Welding
Our focus on quality assurance
includes also welding and within this
area, we follow both client requests,
project requests, our own
procedures, our own quality
objectives and the requirements of
the design codes.
A natural step for Belman has been
to automise the process of welding
as much as possible to ensure that
we have the right qualified welding
procedure (WPS) for the project and
also that we are using the right certi-
fied welders for the project. We hold a
database with more than 200 different
qualified WPS.
Database of qualified WPS
Clamp meters
Penetrant inspection
Visual inspection
Weld measuring gauge
All welding activity is carefully
inspected under supervision of our
own inspectors (IWS and IWIS).
As well as we have 100% trace-
ability on all materials, we also have
full traceability on all filler materials.
3.1 certificate can be provided for all
of them. All documentation are kept in
our files for minimum 10 years, which
means that we can always find the
needed documentation for the client
in case it is required.
Sliding gauge
Caliper gauge
Material control
To ensure a short and accurate
delivery time, we have an extensive
stock of raw materials. For the bellow
material, we stock various steel types
in both sheets and coil. These are
qualities such as different types of
common stainless steel, all 300 series
and special alloys being Inconel,
Incoloy, Hastelloy, titanium, nickel etc.
As quality is important to us and to
our customers, we have compre-
hensive control at goods reception.
We check all incoming raw materials
according to our QA procedures
and policies and that means, among
others, that we check the material
thickness, certificates, marking of the
steel, if the goods are as ordered etc.
We have a quarantine stock for goods
not approved by the inspector.
To ensure a consistent quality on our
subsupplies and raw materials, we
audit our suppliers and we set also
high demands for them in terms of
having the same approvals, proce-
dures and experience as we do.
3.1 certificates is a must and we are
certified to mark transfer when the
sheet and coil are used for several
orders.
Selection of the suitable material for
the expansion joint that suits the
project/application is crucial. To
ensure this with considerations of
all applicable norms and standards,
we have build an extensive material
database.
Material database

41
DOCUMENTATION
Not only does Belman concentrate on
the quality and finish of its products,
the same careful attention is also
applied to the associated
documentation.
Belman has developed its own
special software which manages the
material traceability on each project.
It is also integrated with our design
software to ensure the integrity of all
materials used against the design
code. Documentation is provided
with every project. As we are able to
execute tests and inspections
in-house, our documentation is
generated quickly and depending on
the client's request, documentation
can be supplied with the goods or
sent separately. This ability to quickly
generate documents ensures that no
time is lost when our products arrive
at the destination, allowing the instal-
lation to be immediately executed with
the absolute minimum of downtime.
Due to our strength in document
management, we are repeatedly
chosen by clients.
For the expansion joints specified in
this catalogue and for our
customised solutions, we can provide
the complete documentation
packages needed. Documentary
requirements are determined by the
project specifications, the applica-
tion and the customer, industry and
design code.
Some projects require just a few
certificates while other projects, such
as those for e.g. the nuclear power
industry, require thousands of pages
of documentation. No matter what
the requirements may be, Belman has
the experience to ensure compliance.
Typically, we offer our customers the
following documentation:
Calculations
l Bellow calculations
l Flange calculations
l Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
l Tie rods calculations
l Pipe calculations
l Hinge calculations
l Lug and lifting lugs calculations
l Natural frequency calculations
l Inner sleeve calculations
l Bolt torque calculations
l Seismic calculations
l Pressure drop calculations
l External hardware calculations

Welding documentation
l WPS (15600 series (PED),
AD2000, ASME IX)
l WPQR (15600 series (PED),
AD2000, ASME IX)
l Welders certificates (EN/ISO 9606,
EN/ISO 14732, AD2000, ASME IX)
l Welding lists (Belman layout,
custom layout)
l Weld drawings
l Filler material certificates
(minimum 2.2, EN 10204)
l Welding inspection reports
(before, during and after)
l Production tests according to
AD 2000
l Tests according to NORSOK
l As-build drawing
Other documentation
l Inspection certificate
l Material certificates according to
EN 10204 3.1
l DoC – Declaration of Conformity
l CoC – Certificate of Conformity
l VT, PT, TP, RT, UT, MPI, PMI
reports
l NDT operator certificate
(EN 473/ISO 9712)
l Pressure- and tightness test report
and procedure
l Pressure gauge calibration certificate
l ITP – Inspection and Test Plan
l Measuring report
l Paint report incl. datasheets
l ISO certificates (EN ISO 9001,
EN ISO 3834-2)
l Type approval certificate
l Cleaning certificate and procedure
l Supplier EN ISO 9001 certificate
l Installation instruction
3rd party documents
l Witness pressure test
l Calculation approval
l Design approval
l Final inspection
l According to type approval
l Destructive testing
Other related documents
l According to nuclear
specifications
l According to NORSOK
specifications
l According to Oil/energy
specifications
l According to special customer
specifications/requirements

42 43
TEST
Our expansion joints can be subject
to any kind of tests and inspections.
The scope of tests meets the
requirements of the design code or
the customer’s specification. Some
tests are performed by Belman and
some are performed by 3rd parties.
Concerning testing, we differentiate
between two different test types:
non-destructive testing (NDT) and
destructive testing, also called
destructive physical analysis (DPA).
By testing, we verify that our
expansion joints are suitable for the
intended use. Non-destructive testing
is most commonly used, as it does
not permanently alter the tested
subject.
Non-destructive tests
l Visual test
l Leak tightness test
l Dye penetrant test
l Radiographic examination
l Hydrostatic pressure testing
l Magnetic particle examination
l Ultrasonic testing
l Positive material identification (PMI)
l Helium leak testing
l Eddy current test
l Dimensional check
Destructive tests
l Fatigue life testing
l Squirm testing
l Movement test
l Vibration test
l Burst test
l Metallurgy inspections
l Cupping test (Erichsen test)
l Hardness test
DESCRIPTION OF TESTS
Visual test
A visual inspection of the bellow
convolutions for any cracks and
irregularities, weld imperfections,
surface finish and paint imperfections.
Leak tightness test
Leak testing is used to verify
conformity of expansion joins. There
are several ways to execute a leak
test; generally the expansion joints
are pressurised with air and then
the inspected area is sprayed with a
soap-water solution. The subsequent
formation of soap bubbles would
indicate the presence of a leak.
Other types of media used for
testing could involve gas, with the
use of sensors for the detection of
gases such as helium.
Dye penetrant test
Dye penetrant test is a widely used
non-destructive test method to locate
cracks in a welded surface, lack of
welding fusion, leaks and fatigue
cracks. The tested surface is cleaned
and then the liquid penetrant is
applied. The penetrant liquid is
allowed 30 minutes developing time
in which to soak into any pores, flaws,
cracks and pin holes. After the devel-
oping time, any excessive penetrant
liquid is removed from the inspected
area and then a white penetrant
developer is applied that draws the
original penetrant out from defects to
form a visible indication. The
indication will appear as a red spot on
the tested surface. The dye penetrant
test is the perfect way to render a
defect, such as a visible crack.
Belman has certified dye penetrant
technicians and procedures. Dye
penetrant liquid is a rapid and cost
effective method of testing.
Radiographic examination
Radiographic examination is a
non-destructive test method, also
called X-ray. The test generates an
image by using electromagnetic
gamma rays to penetrate through an
object. The X-rays that pass through
are captured by a detector (film or
digital) that generates a superimposed
image of the tested specimen’s
internal structures.
Radiographic test is used to inspect
discontinuities and imperfection of
butt welds such as: interpass cold
lap, porosity, slag inclusion, incom-
plete penetration, incomplete fusion,
root undercut, external undercut,
offset or misalignment and cracks.
Hydrostatic pressure test
A hydrostatic pressure tests verifies
expansion joint for its strength and
leak resistance. The test pressure
is always higher than the operating
pressure to give a factor of safety.
The safety factor used is depending
on the regulations that apply. Belman
has large scale testing equipment
to perform pressure testing up to
DN 3000 and 500 tons. Belman can
pressure test in accordance with any
applicable code.
Magnetic particle examination
Magnetic particle inspection is a
non-destructive testing for detecting
discontinuities in surfaces and sub
surfaces in ferromagnetic materials
and alloys. Magnetic particle inspec-
tion (MPI) can also be used to show
indications of stress corrosion
cracking in pipe systems. Belman
offers magnetic particle examination
as an economical alternative to
radiographic testing.
Ultrasonic testing
Ultrasonic test is used to transmit
sound waves into the test
material. With a probe that sends
sound waves into the material, there
are two indications on the
oscilloscope. One is from the initial
pulse of the probe and the second
comes from the back wall echo. If
there is an imperfection in the tested
welds, this is displayed as reduced
amplitude; the depth of the defect
can also be determined. This non-de-
structive test method can be used on
carbon steel, stainless steel, alloys
and other materials. This test method
can also be used to measure the
thickness of a subject, for example in
order to determine the level of
corrosion on pipework.
Positive material identification
(PMI)
Belman offers positive material
identification on all materials used.
PMI is rapidly increasing in its use as
a non-destructive test method. By
exposing X-rays into materials, each
chemical element reflects the radia-
tion of X-rays by generating
energy in a different way.
XRF analysers can then measure
the intensity and characteristic of
the emitted energy, from which the
analyser can thereby determine the
qualitative and quantitative composi-
tion of the material being tested.
Helium leak testing
For optimal safety and as a more
accurate way of leak testing, Belman
offers a non-destructive helium leak
test of our products. Where a normal
leak test such as hydrostatic or soap
solution leak test offers only a limited
leak detection rate, a leak test using
helium as tracer gas, passes through
any leak due to its small atomic size.
With a mass spectrometer leak
detector, it’s possible to locate and
measure the size of leaks.
Eddy Current test
Belman offers also Eddy Current
inspections. Eddy current testing is
one of the latest non-destructive test
methods, which uses electromagnetic
induction to detect imperfections in
conductive materials. Eddy Current
test can detect very small cracks in
the surface of the material or near its
surface.
Destructive testing
In order to understand and prove
structural and material performance
under load, destructive testing can be
performed.
Belman has in-house test equipment
to carry out: burst test, cupping test
(Erichsen test), movement tests and
fatigue tests. Destructive testing is
suitable when expansion joints are
being manufactured in large quantities
or when a possible failure would have
a serious impact.
ADDED VALUES
Testing of the expansion joints are
always done according to the project
requirements and the relevant
standards. These are then recorded
in a complete manufacturing data
record book.
Our expansion joints are made of high
quality materials, from state-of-the-art
manufacturing process and qualified
and dedicated personnel.
We treat the tests and quality
procedures as an important process
which adds value to our products, but
most importantly, it delivers a guaran-
tee of quality and product confidence
for our customers.

45
ENGINEERING &
MANUFACTURING
State-of-the-art engineering
To meet the expectations of high
safety, engineering must be
supported by reliable and verified
calculations. We calculate therefore
according to the latest design codes,
recognised by international
classification associations.
We are able to offer steel expansion
joints calculated and designed
according to following design codes:
Design codes:
l EN 14917 - European Standard
specifies the requirements for
design, manufacture and
installation of metal bellows and
expansion joints for pressure
applications.
l EN 13445 - European Standard
for Unfired Pressure Vessels. EN
13445 is a standard that provides
rules for the design, fabrication,
and inspection of pressure
vessels.
l EN 13480 - A European
Standard that specifies the
requirements for: industrial piping
systems and supports, including
safety systems, made of metallic
materials. EN 13480 is applicable
to metallic piping above ground,
ducted or underground.
l AD2000 - German Code of
practice for pressure vessel
design and manufacture, which
was prepared by a working group
of multiple associations who
together formed the “Arbeitsge-
meinschaft Druckbehalter”.
l ASME B31.1 - An American
National Standard, a Power Piping
Code. It prescribes minimum
requirements for the design,
materials, fabrication, erection,
test, inspection, operation, and
maintenance of power piping
systems.
l ASME B31.3 – An American
National Standard, Process Piping
Code provides a minimum set of
rules concerning design, materials,
fabrication, testing and examina-
tion practices used in the
construction of process piping
systems.
l ASME VIII Div. I – An American
National Standard that provides
rules for the design, fabrication
and inspection of boilers and
pressure vessels.
l EJMA – A design code made by
the Expansion Joint Manufacturers
Association, an organization
established in 1955. The standard
provides rules for design, manu-
facture and safe installation of
metallic expansion joints.

47
ENGINEERING &
MANUFACTURING
application, locations in the
pipe system and installation
requirements
l Calculation software: BelMaker®,
OMTECH and ANSYS
State-of-the-art manufacturing
l Several bellow manufacturing
methods are available: punch
formed, roll formed and hydraulic
formed in both single-ply and
multi-ply
l Extensive stock of materials for
both connection ends and raw
sheet materials for bellows. Our
sheet stock includes: austenitic
stainless steels (300 series),
duplex, aluminium, titanium and
high-nickel alloys such as Inconel,
Incoloy, Hastelloy, Monel, Nickel,
etc.
l In-house painting facility
l In total 7700 m2 production and
stock facility
l Lifting capacity: up to 40 tonnes
l Advanced welding equipment to
ensure high quality and efficient
welding
l Automated and semi-automated
welding equipment
l Test and inspection equipment
(in-house)
l Various pressure test equipment
(among others a DN 3500 test rig)
The required solutions can be
supplied with CE-marking in
compliance with the Pressure
Equipment Directive (97/23/EC).
Belman is a member of the Euro-
Qualiflex Association, and participates
actively in writing the European
Standard for expansion joints, EN
14917. The expansion joint solutions
we offer are developed in accordance
with the submitted specifications and
in the close interaction with our
clients, producing results that offer
the optimal balance between
performance and cost.
We pride ourselves on the fast
response to customer requests,
especially in critical situations that
call for the urgent replacement of
expansion joints.
Our design process includes the
following:
l Design codes: EN 13445,
EN 13480, EN 14917, ASME VIII,
Div.I, ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3,
AD 2000 or EJMA
l CAD Drawings
l 3D Modelling
l Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
l Technical consulting on optimal
solutions in regards to design,

49
VALIDATION
OF DESIGN
In certain situations, it is not immedi-
ately possible to validate the
pressurised integrity of a construction
by means of the analytical formulas
specified in the applied design
standards. For example, the geome-
trical complexity of the construction or
the need for a further optimisation of
the design could mean that the
analytical formulas cannot be applied.
In such situations, Belman can verify
the integrity of the construction by
means of complex Finite Element
Analyses. For this purpose, we use
ANSYS® and the validation is carried
out according to the terms of the
specified design standard.
The results of the analysis are often
used internally for optimisation of the
construction, but as an additional
service Belman can prepare an
evaluation report as part of the
technical documentation package.
Belman has further invested in a
market-leading analytical calculation
tool, which in addition to the stress
analysis, enables us to offer design
validation in connection with pres-
surised equipment in accordance with
the design code EN 13445.
This tool can validate flange joints,
pipe joints, spigots, supports and
lifting lugs as well as can carry out
more complex analyses, such as
Tall Tower Analysis.
The software used by Belman is
tested and validated through close
co-operation with reputable institu-
tions such as DNV-GL and TÜV who
also use this software regionally.

51
MATE R I A LS
Our selected material combinations
for standard expansion joints are
suitable for the majority of
applications.
The selection of the bellow material is
generally based on the following
aspects:
l Formability (Ductility)
l Weld ability
l Thermal stability
l Strength
l Corrosion resistance
l Corrosion properties such as
process media, surrounding
environment, internal cleaning
agents
l Mechanical properties: high
temperature service, cryogenic
service, operating stresses
l Manufacturing properties: forming
and cold working capabilities, cost
and material availability.
EXPANSION JOINT
MATERIALS
In particularly aggressive conditions,
special materials with high corrosion
resistance should be used. The
corrosion resistance should be at
least equal to that of the adjoining
pipe. The demand for highly flexible
expansion joints focuses on the use
of multi-ply bellows, where very
thin-walled convolutions prevent
corrosion. Whenever in doubt, it is
recommended to choose a material
with a higher corrosion resistance for
the bellows, at least for the inner ply.
In many cases, nickel-based alloys
like Inconel 600, Inconel 625, Incoloy
825 are suitable. Belman has
significant experience in working with
these materials.
The resistance tables provided in this
catalogue can be helpful in material
selection. However, the choice of a
suitable corrosion resistant material
should be based on the experience of
the user, who is most familiar with the
particular features of the system and
the operating medium.
The expansion joints in this catalogue
are supplied with documentation as
per customer request.
The following documentation can be
provided upon request:
For expansion joints according to
EN 14917 and EN 13445 (PED):
MATERIAL CERTIFICATES
l Material certificates 3.1
l Certificate of conformity
l CE marking
For expansion joints according to
EJMA:
l Material certificate 3.1

53
MATERIAL
Source: EN 14917:2009
TYPE
Number Steel name
TEMPERATURE °C
MaximumMinimum
DOCUMENT
a = Minimum temperature according to EN 13445-2/Annex B or EN 13480-2/Annex B.
b = Minimum temperature according to CERN [7].
c = Minimum temperature for cold-rolled strip up to 6 mm and hot rolled sheet up to 12 mm thickness [2].
d = Special care should be exercised due to the risk of embrittlement when using the materials at elevated temperatures above 550°C.
e = Minimum temperature is possible when the specified minimum impact energy (normally 27 J) can be proved.
MATE R I A LS
TEMPERATURE LIMITS
FOR BELLOW MATERIALS
1.4301 X5CrNi18-10 -196a
550
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 -270a
550
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 -196a
550
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 -270b
550
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 -270a
550
1.4539 X1CrNiMoCuN25-20-5 -196a
550
1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 -270c
550
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 -196a
550
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 -270c
550
1.4828 X15CrNiSi20-12 -196 900d
Annex B, Position 1
X10NiCrAITi32-21 -196 600 Annex B, Position 2.1
X10NiCrAITi32-21 (H) 900d
Annex B, Position 2.2
2.4610 NiMo16Cr16Ti -196 400 EAM-0526-28
EAM-0526-43-1,

2.4819 NiMo16Cr15W -196 400 EAM-0526-18
-196 450 EAM-0526-40
(-270) (900)d
([11], [12])
2.4360 NiCu30Fe -196 425 Annex B, Position 3
2.4858 NiCr21Mo -270 540 Annex B, Position 4
1.0345 P235GH -20 400
1.0425 P265GH -20 400
1.5415 16Mo3 -20e
500
1.7335 13CrMo4-5 -20e
500
1.0565 P355NH -20 400
1.8935 P460NH -20 400
Stainless
austenitic
steels
Heat
resistant
austenitic
steels
EN 10028-7:2007
Ferritic
steels
EN 10028-2:2009
EN 10028-3:2009
Nickel
alloys
1.4876
2.4816
2.4856 NiCr22Mo9Nb
NiCr15Fe
-10 450
(-270) (900)d
([9]. [10])
EAM-0526-43-2

54 55
For pressurised applications
according to EN 14917, the
temperature range can be seen from
the previous page. For lower pressure
applications and/or other design
codes, higher/other temperature
ranges apply.
Stainless steel
Type 300 austenitic series
1.4301 (EN 10028-7) / AISI 304
(ASTM A240 – 304)
Services a wide range of applications.
It resists organic chemicals, dyes and
a wide range of inorganic chemicals.
The alloy resists nitric and sulphuric
acids at moderate temperatures and
concentration. It is used extensively in
piping systems conveying petroleum
products, compressed air, steam, flue
gas, and liquefied gases at cryogenic
temperatures.
1.4306 / 1.4307 (EN 10028-7) / AISI
304L (ASTM A240 – 304L)
This alloy is an extra low-carbon varia-
tion of 1.4301 with a 0,03%
maximum carbon content that
eliminates chromium carbide
precipitation from the welding
process. As a result, this alloy can be
used in more severe corrosive
environments than alloy 1.4301.
It is preferred over 1.4301 for nitric
acid service.
1.4401 (EN 10028-7) / AISI 316
(ASTM A240 – 316)
This alloy has higher nickel content
than the 1.4301/304. The addition of
2-3% molybdenum gives it improved
corrosion resistance when compared
to 1.4301/304, especially in chloride
environments that tend to cause
pitting.
Typical applications are flue gas
ducts, marine service, crude oil
systems, heat exchangers and other
critical applications in the chemical
and petrochemical industries.
1.4404 (EN 10028-7) / AISI 316L
(ASTM A240 – 316L)
This alloy is an extra low-carbon
variation of 1.4401 with a 0,03%
maximum carbon. It is commonly
used for highly corrosive applications,
where intergranular corrosion is a
hazard.
1.4571 (EN 10028-7) / AISI 316Ti
(ASTM A240 – 316Ti)
With the addition/stabilising of
titanium and molybdenum, this alloy
shows very good resistance against
carbide precipitation and intergranular
corrosion.
The main advantage of 1.4571 is
that it can be held at a higher
temperature for a longer time, without
sensitising (precipitation) occurring.
Typical application areas are
chemical and petrochemical
industries, paper industry, food-
processing and heat-exchangers.
1.4541 (EN 10028-7) / AISI 321
(ASTM A240 -321)
The addition of titanium to this
stainless steel acts as a carbide
stabilising element that prevents
carbide precipitation when the
material is heated and cooled
through the temperature range
between 430°C to 900°C. The alloy
finds usage in many of the same
applications as 1.4301/304, where
the added safeguard from
intergranular corrosion is desired.
Our standard catalogue is designed
with bellows elements in this material
due to its versatility, favourable
pricing and availability.
Heat resistant steels
1.4828 (EN 10095)
High temperature steels are designed
to be used at temperatures above
550°C, in the temperature range
where creep strength are the
dimensioning factor and
high-temperature corrosion occurs.
Optimising steels for high tempera-
tures has meant that their resistance
to aqueous corrosion has been
limited. All steels are austenitic,
resulting in relatively high creep
strength values. Standardised
high-temperature steels for service at
temperatures up to 1000°C in dry air.
Utilisation in the temperature range
600-900°C can lead to
embrittlement of the material.
High alloyed steels
2.4816 (EN-10095-1) / INCONEL
600 (ASTM B168 – 600) (UNS
N06600)
This nickel-chromium alloy offers high
strength over a wide range of
temperatures together with good
resistance to a variety of corrosive
BELLOW MATERIALS
environments. It finds wide use in
steam and salt water services, where
it is virtually immune to chloride stress
corrosion.
2.4856 (EN 10088-1) / INCONEL
625 (ASTM B443 – 625) (UNS
N06625)
This alloy comes with higher
chromium content than alloy 600.
Together with the addition of 9%
molybdenum, this results in superior
mechanical strength and corrosion
resistance over a wider range of
temperatures and corrosive
environments.
It is used in many critical
applications such as heat
exchangers and FCCU (Fluid Catalytic
Cracking Unit). When exposed to
temperatures above 500°C for a
prolonged period, the alloy may
become brittle.
Similar to Inconel 625, Inconel 625
LCF, it has the same
mechanical strength and corrosion
resistance properties. But with a
slight difference in material
composition (grain size), can
enhance low-cycle fatigue properties
at elevated temperature.
1.7846 (EN 10088-1) / INCOLOY
800 (UNS N08800)
This is less expensive than the
above-mentioned nickel alloys due
to a lower content of nickel.
Good properties against oxidation,
carburisation and other high
temperature corrosions, as well as
mechanical strength at high
temperatures.
1.4958 (EN 10088-1) / INCOLOY
800H (UNS N08810)
In situations where a greater
resistance to stress rupture and creep
is required, Incoloy 800H is used
instead of Incoloy 800. Especially at
elevated temperatures higher than
816°C. Furthermore, Incoloy 800H
has a relatively good resistance to
chloride stress-corrosion cracking.
2.4858 (EN 10088-1) / INCOLOY
825 (ASTM B424-05) (UNS
N08825)
This copper-chrome nickel alloy
exhibits excellent corrosion resistance
to the most aggressive acids, in
particular against hot, concentrated
sulphuric acid and in sulphur bearing
environments. Due to its content of
nickel in conjunction with molybde-
num and chromium, the Incoloy 825
offers excellent resistance to reducing
environments, such as those
containing sulphuric and phosphoric
acids. It supports resistance to local
corrosion like crevice and pitting and
offers resistance to a variety of
oxidizing substances such as nitric
acid, nitrates and oxidizing salt. The
resistance of alloy 825 makes it the
preferred choice for various
applications such as chemical
processing, pollution control, oil and
gas recovery, acid production,
pickling operations, nuclear fuel
reprocessing and the handling of
radioactive wastes.
2.4605 (EN 100xx-1) / ALLOY 59
(ASTM B 575) (UNS N06059)
Alloy 59 is a nickel-chromium-
MATE R I A LS
molybdenum alloy with an extra low
carbon and silicon content. The alloy
has very good corrosion resistance
and high mechanical strength. It is
characterized by excellent resistance
to a range of corrosive media in
oxidizing and reducing conditions,
plus resistance to pitting and crevice
corrosion.
The alloy has outstanding resistance
to acids, like nitric, phosphoric,
sulphuric and hydrochloric acids,
including sulphuric and hydrochloric
acid mixtures.
1.4547 (EN 10028-7) / 254 SMO
(ASTM) (UNS S31254)
254 SMO is a high-alloy austenitic
stainless steel developed for use in
aggressive chloride-bearing media or
seawater applications.
The 254 SMO is recognised by a high
chromium content, but it has the
molybdenum content which gives 254
SMO excellent resistance to pitting
and crevice corrosion. The high
nitrogen content further improves
pitting resistance.
Duplex steels
Duplex
Duplex stainless steels, combine
many of the beneficial properties of
ferritic and austenitic steels. Due to
the high content of chromium and
nitrogen, and often also molybdenum,
these steels offer good resistance to
pitting and particularly stress corro-
sion Cracking. The duplex microstruc-
ture contributes to the high strength.
Duplex steels have good weldability.

57
www.belman.com
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
G2
G1
G2
FPFP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
LFPPGPG
LFP
IA
DIA
IA
IA
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
page 85
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
page 85
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
page 85
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
FP
G1 G2 Gn
FP
LFP
Gn
G2
G1
G2
GnFP
FPFP
FP
FP
FP
PGPG
LFP
IA
DFP
DFP
DFP
FP
G1
G2
Gn
G2 Gn
DIA
IA
IA
PG
B022016-1 – Subject to alterations and eventual misprints
EXPANSION JOINT
SELECTION
E XPA NS I ON JOI NT S E LE CTI ON
DEFINITIONS
FP = Fix point - on the
straight pipe
FP = Fix point - placed in
the corner
LFP = Light fix point
LFP = Light fix point -
placed in the corner
G1 = Guide 1
G2 = Guide 2
Gn = Following guides
(Guide 3 etc.)
The successful installation of
expansion joints in a pipe system
requires the careful consideration of
many variables.
The most important issue is to
establish the direction in which the
movements are acting and in which
way the movements should be
absorbed. Once this information is
known, the solution incorporating the
most suitable expansion joint type(s)
can be determined.
The following pages give some ideas
and suggestions for pipe system
design, and how to implement
expansion joints in the system in the
best way.
Complex pipe systems must be
subdivided into a number of less
complex sections, to ensure the
optimum movement absorption in
several directions. Each section is
usually divided by a fix point (between
each section).
Drawings
In the following pages examples of
good practice in the use of expansion
joints in different pipe systems are
illustrated. The drawings are freely
adapted from the applicable
standards and are in accordance with
the drawings available in the latest
version of the standard prevailing at the
time of this catalogues publication.
See animations
By using the WebLink located near
each examples, you can see the online
animations.
Questions & assistance
If you have any questions or would like
any advice on the selection of
expansion joints and their location in
the pipe system, please contact us.

59
www.belman.com
FP G1 G2 Gn FP
FP G1G1
4xD_<14-20xD
G2 G2FP FP
4xD_< 14-20xD
4xD_< 14-20xD 14-20xD
FP G1 G2 Gn FP
FP G1G1
4xD_<14-20xD
G2 G2FP FP
4xD_< 14-20xD
4xD_< 14-20xD 14-20xD
If you would like to learn more about
how to install expansion joints, please
visit our installation instruction,
which is available online via this
WebLink: 13602
FIX POINTS, GUIDES ETC.
Fix points and guides for
axial expansion joints
It is important that the fix point is
placed as close to the axial expansion
joint as possible. It is important to
note that only one axial expansion
joint can be installed between two fix
points. The distance between the
expansion joint and the first guide
should be a maximum of
4 x diameter. The distance between
the following guides should be
14-20 x diameter.
This is illustrated in the drawings below.
For other expansion joint types, the
position of fix points and guides are
dependent on the pipe system and
the position of the expansion joint in
the pipe system.
MORE INFORMATION

60 61
LFP LFP LFP
LFP
AXIAL
Expansion joint selection
The piping system should be
divided into sections by means of fix
points, guides or restraining tie rods in
order to have only one expansion joint
Source: Freely adapted from EN 14917
When on the same straight pipe
section, an axial expansion joint is
located beside a reducer, the loads
This illustrates the importance in the
use of the three fix points, as the use
of two or more axial expansion joints
in a piping section will create an
undetermined arrangement.
AXIAL
The amount of movements imposed
on each expansion joint is not
controlled, as the pipe between the
two bellows can move sideward freely
in both directions depending on the
friction of the pipe supports and the
differences in stiffness between the
bellows. It is always important to have
one axial expansion joint between two
fix points.
per section of straight pipe system.
The fix points and other restraining
devices should be designed for the
full pressure thrust from the bellows
effective area plus the bellows
displacement force. Additionally, the
forces generated by the friction within
the guides should also be considered.
on the small fix point should take into
account the full pressure thrust of the
expansion joint and, additionally, the
possible offset of the pressure thrust if
the reducer is eccentric.
Shows the application of a single
expansion joint in a pipe system
containing an offset. It should be
noted that applications of this type
are not usually recommended and will
only perform satisfactorily under
certain conditions.
As shown the pipe system is provided
with fix points at each end to absorb
the pressure, movement loading and
guide friction. Where the line contains
an offset, this load must first be
transmitted through the offset leg,
resulting in a movement on the pipe
system. Where the pipe system size is
small, the offset appreciable, or where
the pressure and movement forces
are relatively high, this configuration
may result in over-stressing, or
distortion of the pipe system and
guides. Note the proximity of the
expansion joint to a fix point and the
distance between the first guide (G1).
Further, the spacing between the first
guide and the second guide (G2) and
the spacing of guides (Gn) along the
rest of the pipe system. Guides
should be installed near both ends of
the offset leg to minimise the effects
of the bending movement on the
system.
Straight piping section with axial expansion joints
Axial expansion joints not restraining the pressure thrust
Single axial expansion joint located on the large diameter side of a reducer
Straight piping with offset with axial expansion joint

62 63
Typifies good practice in the use of a
single expansion joint to absorb axial
pipeline expansion.
Note the use of one expansion joint
Typifies good practice in the use of
expansion joints to absorb axial
expansion in a pipe system containing
a reducer. The fix point at the reducer
is designed to absorb the difference in
Typifies good practice in the use of
expansion joints to absorb axial
expansion in a pipe system with a
branch connection. The fix point at
the junction, which in this case is a
In cases where a universal expansion
joint must absorb axial movement
other than its own thermal growth, it
cannot function as a tied expansion
joint and must be used in combina-
tion with fix points to absorb pressure
Source: Freely adapted from EJMA
AXIAL
AXIAL
between the two fix points, the
distance between the expansion joint
and a fix point, the proximity of the
first guide (G1), the spacing between
the expansion joints thrusts on each
side of the reducer.
Note the proximity of each expansion
joint to a fix point, the closeness of
each first guide (G1), the spacing
the first guide and the second guide
(G2), and the spacing of guides (Gn)
along the remainder of the pipe
system.
between the first guide and the
second guide (G2) and the spacing of
guides (Gn) along the rest of each
pipe section.
tee, is designed to absorb the
thrust from the expansion joint in the
branch line. Note the proximity of
each expansion joint to a fix point, the
closeness of each first guide (G1), the
loading. The relative expansion
between the two vessels results in
both axial and lateral movement on
the expansion joint. Both vessels
must be designed to absorb the load
on the fix points. Control rods or
spacing between the first guide (G1)
and the second guide (G2) and the
spacing of guides (Gn) along the
remainder of each pipe section.
pantographic linkages may be used to
distribute the movement equally
between the bellows and control their
movements.
Source: Freely adapted from EN 14917 Source: Freely adapted from EJMA
Straight piping with bend/offset with axial expansion joint Axial expansion joints in pipe system with reducer
Axial pipe system expansion in a pipe system with branch connection
Straight piping section with two bends and axial expansion joints

64 65
LFP
LFPGn
Gn
FP
Sp
Lateral expansion joint with two tie rods
Gn
FP
Sp
FP
Gn
Universal expansion joint in Z bend
Gn
LFP
LFPGn
Shows a tied universal expansion joint
used to absorb lateral deflection in a
single plane “Z” bend. Where
dimensionally feasible, the expansion
joint should be designed to fill the
entire offset leg so that its expansion
is absorbed within the tie rods as axial
movement. The tie rod should be
extended to the elbow centre line
Shows a typical application of a tied
universal expansion joint in a three
plane “Z” bend.
The drawing shows the possible
movements.
LATERAL LATERAL
Expansion joint selection Expansion joint selection
when practical. The thermal
movement of the horizontal lines is
absorbed as lateral deflection by the
expansion joint. Only directional guiding
is required since the compressive
loading on the pipe consists only of the
force necessary to deflect the expan-
sion joint. Any thermal expansion of the
offset leg external to the tie rods, such
Since the universal expansion joint
can absorb lateral deflection in any
direction, the two horizontal piping
The piping connected at the bottom
should be guided in such a manner
as that part of the elbows at either
end, must be absorbed by bending of
the horizontal pipe legs. Provisions
should be made in the design of the
guides to allow for both this deflection
and the reduced length of the
expansion joint in its deflected
position.
A piping configuration that permits the
use of adapted tie rods to prevent
axial movement frequently simplifies
and reduces the cost of the
installation.
Due to the tie rods, the expansion
joint is incapable of absorbing any
axial movement other than its own
thermal expansion. The thermal
expansion of the piping in the shorter
leg is, as a result, imposed as
deflection on the longer piping leg.
Where the longer piping leg is not
sufficiently flexible and where the
dimension of the shorter leg is
suitable, tie rods may be installed
spanning the entire short leg so that
no deflection is imposed on the
longer run from its source.
legs may lie at any angle in the
horizontal plane.
that the expansion joint is not subject
to torsion.
Universal expansion joint to absorb lateral movement
Tie rods to prevent axial movement
Universal expansion joint in “Z” bend
Lateral expansion joint with two tie rods

66 67
LFP
FP
FP
LFP
FP
Sp
FP
Lateral expansion joint with three or more tie rods
Gn
Gn
FP
Sp
Gn
Three dimensional system with lateral expansion joints
Gn
This kind of tied lateral expansion joint
is used in a similar way to that of two
gimbals.
The only difference is that the thermal
As a single expansion joint is the least
costly option, it is normally the first to
be considered. This configuration
shows a typical application of a single
expansion joint absorbing combined
axial movement and lateral deflection.
The system closely resembles the
arrangements shown for axial
movement in the preceding section.
The use of lateral expansion joints
with hinged tie rods in three-dimen-
sional piping systems can, in certain
LATERAL
expansion between the restraining
rods are compensated within the
expansion joints. The relevant
compression or extension has to be
The expansion joint is located at one
end of the long piping leg with fix
points at each end. The guides are
well spaced for both movement
control and protection of the piping
against buckling. The fix point (FP) at
the left end of the pipe system
absorbs the load on the fix point (FP)
in the direction of the expansion joint
cases, be critical, as rotation around
the longitudinal axis of the expansion
joint is theoretically possible.
included into the fatigue life calcula-
tion of the bellows.
axis, while also permitting the thermal
expansion of the short piping leg to
act upon the expansion joint as lateral
deflection. Due to the fix point,
loading exists only in the piping
segment containing the expansion
joint.
Rotation around the longitudinal axis
of the bellow should be avoided.
LATERAL
The configuration is an alternative
arrangement in which the expansion
joint is installed in the short piping leg
and the principal expansion is
absorbed as lateral deflection.
The longer piping leg is free of
compressive pressure loading and
requires only fix points and a guide
(Gn).
Single expansion joint for combined movements
Expansion joint installed in the short piping leg

68 69
LFP
LFP LFP
Gn
IADIA
PG
LFP
LFP
Gn
Hinged expansion joints can, in sets
of two or three, be used for absorbing
large lateral and axial movements.
In this case, the entire deflection is
absorbed by the expansion joints and
negligible pipe bending loads will be
imposed upon the fix points.
Where the distance between the fix
point on the left and the first hinged
expansion joint C is large, a pipe
guide should be installed adjacent to
the expansion joint, as shown. This
pipe guide will minimise bending of
HINGED
In general, there should not be more
than three angular expansion joints
installed between two fix points, of
the pipe section between expansion
joint C and the left hand fix point
which might otherwise result from the
movement required to rotate the
expansion joint. One or more
additional guides (Gn) may be used to
maintain the plane of the piping
system and relieve the hinges of
bending forces which may be created
by external loads.
Support for the piping system may be
accomplished in various ways,
utilising available supporting
structures with greatest efficiency.
It is essential that spring supports be
used to permit the free movement of
the piping between the expansion
joints.
Illustrates the use of a two-hinge
system to absorb the major thermal
expansions in a single-plane “Z”
bend. Since the pressure thrust is
absorbed by the hinges on the
expansion joints, only fix points are
required at each end of the piping
system. The thermal expansion of the
offset section containing the expan-
sion joints must be absorbed by the
bending of the piping legs perpendic-
ular to that segment, since the
expansion joints are restricted to pure
angular rotation by their hinges and
The figure illustrates the principle that
hinged expansion joint systems may
also be used in other cases where
cannot extend or compress.
The amount of bending deflection
imposed on each of the two long
piping legs may be controlled by the
effective design of guides and
supports. Where one long leg is
sufficiently flexible to absorb the full
thermal growth of the offset leg, the
other long leg may be controlled to
permit longitudinal movement only.
The guides shown at the ends of the
long pipe system near the elbows are
intended to maintain the plane of the
pipe system only and must allow for
there are no 90° bends. Only fix
points and guides are then required.
the bending deflections of the long
piping legs. When calculating guide
clearances, consideration shall be
given to the fact that the thermal
expansion of the offset piping leg
containing the expansion joints will be
partially offset by the reduction in
length resulting from the displacement
of the centre pipe system. The latter
effect may be ignored only where the
distance between hinge pins is very
large and the lateral displacement is
small.
HINGED
Hinges in a system
Two-hinged system
Three-hinged system
Hinge system in non 90° bend
which a maximum of two can be
gimbal expansion joints.
Equipment
C

70 71
Gn
LFP
IADIA
PG
In deploying hinged expansion joints
for the most effective use, it should be
noted that in order to function
properly the hinges do not need to be
colinear. The illustration shows a
two-hinged expansion joint system. In
this case, the expansion joints will
absorb only the differential vertical
growth between the vessel and pipe
riser. Any horizontal movement due to
piping expansion, vibration and wind
loads will be absorbed by the bending
A hinged expansion joint system may
be used effectively in applications
involving movement other than the
pure thermal growth of piping. The
figure illustrates an application
combining the thermal expansion of a
piping system with the single plane
movements of an item of connected
equipment. As long as all movements
are restricted to a single plane, the
behaviour of the expansion joint
system is quite similar to that of the
system shown in the figure. A fix point
is required at one end of the piping,
Source: Freely adapted from EJMA Source: Freely adapted from EJMA
HINGED
of the vertical pipe leg.
A planar guide may be installed near
the top of the vessel to protect the
hinged expansion joints from wind
loads at right angles to the plane of
the piping.
The fix point shown at the bottom of
the riser is a fix point only, since the
pressure load is absorbed by the
expansion joint hinges.
This fix point must be capable of
withstanding the forces created by
while the equipment serves as a fix
point at the opposite end. The
displacements of the equipment are
added to those of the piping to
evaluate the movements of the
expansion joints. Planar guide
clearances in the plane of the piping
must be adequate to allow for the
equipment movement as well as the
piping rotations.
The compact size and structural
rigidity are the advantages of this
expansion joint type. Through the use
of these individual units, it is
the bending of the riser. Depending
on the dimensions and weight of the
pipe system, sufficient support may
be obtained from the process vessel
and from the fix point. If additional
supports are required, spring type
supports should be used. The vertical
piping may be cold pull to reduce
bending stresses, utilising the hinges
to withstand the cold spring force.
frequently possible to compensate for
the thermal expansion of irregular and
complex piping configurations, which
might preclude the use of other types
of expansion joints. Due to the ability
of the hinge structure to transmit
loads, piping systems containing
hinged expansion joints impose
minimal forces on the fix points. Such
systems can be supported at virtually
any point, without interfering with the
free movement of the system.
HINGED
Two-hinged expansion joint system Hinged expansion joint system
Equipment

73
www.belman.com
FP
Sp
FP
Gn
Two gimbals and one hinged expansion joint in a 3D system
Gn
FP
Sp
FP
Gn
Two gimbals in a 3D system
Gn
This often used system absorbs
movements in any direction of the
horizontal pipes through use of the
GIMBAL
gimbals, while the hinged angular
expansion joint takes the vertical
movement resulting from the reduction
of the vertical distance between the
gimbals.
Just as hinged expansion joints offer
great advantages in single plane
applications, gimbal expansion joints
are designed to deliver similar benefits
in multi-plane systems. The gimbal
expansion joints ability to absorb
angular rotation in any plane is most
frequently achieved by utilising two
such units to absorb lateral deflection.
An application of this type is shown in
Source: Freely adapted from EN 14917/EJMA
the illustration. Since the pressure
loading is absorbed by the gimbal
structure, fix points only are provided.
Guides are provided to restrict the
movement of each piping leg. As in
the case of hinged expansion joints,
the location of pipe supports is
simplified by the load carrying ability
of the gimbal structure. Since, in a
two gimbal system, the growth of the
vertical pipe leg will be absorbed by
bending of the longer legs, spring
supports (SP) may be required on
either or both of these. Guides must
be designed to allow for the thermal
expansion of the leg containing the
expansion joints and for the
shortening of this leg due to
deflection.
Two gimbals and one hinged expansion joint in a three-dimensional system
Two gimbals in a three-dimensional system

75
In some pipe systems, the operating
conditions can be quite challenging,
resulting in special considerations for
the design of both the pipe system
and for the expansion joints. Large
movements can be absorbed in
numerous ways, and with different
expansion joint types. In many cases
installing two or more expansion joints
together at natural or contrived offsets
in the pipe system can be a good
solution to absorb large movement.
The same pipe system design can
also be used for the absorption of
angular movements, which would not
be possible in a straight pipe system.
Why U-bend/pipe loop?
The U-bend is a good solution for
absorbing larger movements. The
configuration of a pipe loop
containing 3-angular (hinged)
expansion joints can absorb, at a
minimum, three times larger move-
ments compared to a traditional pipe
loop without angular expansion joints.
The hinges on the expansion joints
contain the pressure forces from the
bellows and simultaneously ensure
that movements are controlled, which
helps to support the pipe system. The
pipe system geometry is determined
by the amount of movement to be
absorbed and the rotational capability
of the expansion joints; the higher the
movements the greater the distance
required between the centre and end
expansion joints.
The advantages of this U-pipe
system design
l Large movements are absorbed
l The stress forces on the system
fix points are much reduced
compared to those from
equivalent unrestrained expansion
joints
l Costs for fix points are reduced
l Solutions using restrained
expansion joints can prove to be
very cost effective, especially
when the pipe system is installed
at heights. The need for the
substantial fix points and guides
in the pipe system that are
routinely required with un-
restrained expansion joints,
becomes unnecessary
due to the pressure thrust force
from the bellows being contained
by the hinge structure on the
expansion joints
l As shown in the on the left,
use of expansion joints in loops
can reduce the number of loops
required from 3 to 1
Tips!
l Venting or draining may be
required if the loop is fitted
vertically
l Expansion joints should be fitted
as close to the elbows as
possible
l Guides should be close to the
outer expansion joints to direct the
pipe growth onto the bend. The
guides must allow free travel of the
pipe system and expansion joints
under all movement conditions
l The centre expansion joint in the
U-bend should absorb the rotation
equally to the rotation of the outer
expansion joints
l It is advisable to cold pull the
U-bend so that the expansion
joints work equally from their
neutral condition. This maximises
the available travel from the bend,
minimises the height of the bend
and halves the total deflection
force applied to the fix points
U-PIPE

76 77
GA
With 3 hinges large movements can
be absorbed.
U-PIPE
The U-shaped bend shown above is
theoretically able to take an infinite
number of positions due to the
friction in the hinges and the
difference in stiffness between the
U-PIPE
expansion joints if no guide A (GA) is
installed.
This problem can be solved by
installing a lateral guide A (GA) at the
top of the bend.
3 hinges in plane U-bend pipe system
4 hinged angular expansion joints in a U-bend pipe system

79
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LFP LFP
LFP
LFP
The above shows the use of an in-line
pressure balanced expansion joint
used to absorb axial movements in a
long, straight pipe system. By utilising
PRESSURE BALANCED
this arrangement, the two fix points
shown are relieved of pressure
loading. Since the piping is relieved of
compressive pressure loading, only a
In-line pressure balanced expansion joint
minimum of guiding is required,
primarily to direct the thermal
expansion of the piping into the
expansion joints in an axial direction.
The above typifies good practice in
the use of a pressure balanced
expansion joint to absorb axial pipe
system expansion. Note that the
expansion joint is located at a change
in the direction of the piping, with the
elbow and the end of the pipe system
being secured by guides. Since the
pressure thrust is absorbed by the
expansion joint itself, and only the
forces required to deflect the expan-
sion joint are imposed on the piping,
only a minimum of guiding is required.
Directional guiding adjacent to the
expansion joint, as shown, may
suffice in most cases.
In long, small-diameter pipe systems,
additional guiding may be
necessary.
Pressure balanced expansion joint located at a change of direction

Expansion Joint Catalogue

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