Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
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Nearly all decisions about water in Minnesota relate either directly or indirectly to data collected by the state’s hydrological observing network. Because most gauges were installed in early 20th century, as a whole the network provides us with roughly a 100-year ‘window’ to estimate flood risks, develop worst-case scenarios for drought, and set maximum allowable withdrawals for aquifers. But when we rely exclusively on observations made during this relatively brief interval, we may inadvertently increase our exposure to hydrological ‘surprises’. In order to make sound decisions about water in Minnesota, we need to expand this window: into the past, drawing upon historical accounts and natural archives; and into the future, via projections from climate and hydrological models. By cultivating a broader perspective on hydrological variability and extremes across the state, we will be better prepared to ensure adequate water supplies and mitigate the impacts of future floods and droughts.
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2. The large global tree ring network allows understanding of tree-climate relationships without being influenced by decisions to include or exclude certain records, improving the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions.
3. Tree ring records have been used to generate reconstructions of large-scale climate drivers like the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, though conclusions depend on the choice of reconstruction method and data.
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Even after more than a century of coordinated monitoring, instrumental weather observations are still too short to adequately constrain decadal or multidecadal behavior in the Earth’s climate system. Leading climatologists and climate modelers have called for the wider application of high-resolution proxy records to decadal variability and prediction studies, and our community has responded by producing new paleoclimate products that specifically target this type of ‘intermediate-term’ behavior. But we now also know our medium changes that message: the biological and geological systems that encode climate information into natural archives often also alter the original ‘input’, usually due to either seasonal filtering or non-climatic persistence. In this talk, we’ll discuss some of the challenges inherent to the use of high-resolution proxies to study decadal or multi-decadal climate variability, and suggest strategies that might clarify how climate acts on those timescales. And we’ll also present a new theoretical framework that could help paleo-scientists evaluate competing ideas about the causes of decadal- or multi-decadal events known to have occurred during the past one or two millennia.
GEOG5839.01. Introduction to Dendrochronology
Tree rings tell us much more than just a tree’s age. They also provide clues that help us understand how our environment has changed in the past, and provide insights into how key processes in atmosphere, biosphere and geological systems operate over long timescales.
GEOG5839.13, Sampling strategies
This document discusses several principles of dendrochronology:
- The principle of ecological amplitude describes the range of habitats a tree species can grow in, and trees at the limits may be more sensitive to environmental changes.
- The principle of site selection states that dendrochronologists should consider limiting factors and ecological amplitude to identify trees most likely to provide information about a specific environmental signal.
- The principles of cross-dating, aggregate tree growth, and replication are important for dendrochronology research to build robust tree-ring chronologies.
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
Tree rings and other natural archives empower us to extend our perspective on environmental change, resources, and hazards. But many contemporary applications of paleoclimatology and paleohydrology are useful because of the lasting disruption to our collective environmental memory caused by colonization.
A paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate data
This document discusses physical paleoclimatology and the use of historical climate data. It provides examples of different types of proxy climate records like tree rings and historical documents that can be used to reconstruct past climate variables like temperature and precipitation over different time periods. It acknowledges some of the challenges with these data like dating accuracy and validating climate relationships with proxies. It also suggests priorities for expanding historical climate data archives, like adding more Canadian data to improve coverage of paleoclimate reconstructions in North America.
Making Climate Data Sing
These visuals were prepared to support a string quartet performance and panel on climate change at Northwestern University in February 2106.
A well-designed graphic can help audiences to quickly understand the main message embedded within a complex set of climate data and to retain those ideas longer than they would have if they were conveyed by words alone. But the visual aids used regularly by climate scientists also have their limitations: they are most easily understood by people who are already fluent in technical illustrations; they're usually static and sometimes do not tell an obvious story; and for many, they don't elicit a strong emotional response.
Music, by contrast, is inherently narrative and is known to exert a powerful influence on human emotions. Because of this, sonification — the transformation of data into acoustic signals — may have considerable promise as a tool to enhance the communication of climate science.
Daniel Crawford and Scott St. George report on a collaboration between scientists and artists that uses music to transmit the evidence of climate change in an engaging and visceral way.
Groundwater Science 101, TAGD Leadership Training, September 2014: George Ozuna
Groundwater Science 101, TAGD Leadership Training, September 2014: George OzunaTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
This document discusses groundwater and drought in Texas. It begins by reviewing the hydrologic cycle and focusing on groundwater. It then defines an aquifer and describes the principal types that supply groundwater. It also distinguishes between confined and unconfined aquifers and discusses how water levels are monitored. The document concludes by examining the current drought in Texas and defining four types of drought: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic.The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary tree-ring research conference. It discusses the need for new theory in dendroclimatology, presentations on temperature and river flow reconstructions from tree rings, and principles of tree ring research site selection and replication. It also questions how to evaluate rare signals in tree growth and climate relationships and where remote teleconnections may be most evident in tree rings.
Irwin Prairie gw flow regime and drainage pp
This document summarizes a study of groundwater flow and drainage at Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve. The preserve contains a seasonal wetland with different sub-ecotones like wet prairie and swamp forest. The objective was to measure water levels in piezometers and the wetland to determine surface-water and groundwater interactions and the groundwater flow direction. Weekly measurements were taken and a potentiometric map was plotted showing groundwater flows towards and discharges into the wetland, while the wetland recharges groundwater in September.
Lewis Smith Comps Fall 2015
This document summarizes how riparian vegetation succession acts as a positive feedback loop to climate change. Increased flooding and drought caused by climate change can shift riparian plant communities towards less flood-stabilizing species, exacerbating floods. Models show vegetation changes may sequester less carbon over time. Computer models simulate how site features interact with flow regimes to influence successional phases under climate change scenarios. Overall, the feedback between vegetation shifts and climate change creates uncertainty about future riparian ecosystem responses.
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Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
The "Year Without A Summer" was not a year without a ring
The "Year Without A Summer" was not a year without a ring
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
A paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate data
A paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate data
Groundwater Science 101, TAGD Leadership Training, September 2014: George Ozuna
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The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
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Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
This document discusses how studying tree rings and environmental history can help with managing resources and risks related to water and climate. It provides three key points:
1) Tree rings and other climate proxies like lake sediments and ice cores provide information about past climate variability like droughts, floods, and shifts in atmospheric patterns over centuries. This helps understand the range of natural climate variations.
2) Reconstructions of past river flows and floods indicate that some past events were more extreme than what modern records show, challenging assumptions about water availability and flood risks. This provides "stress tests" for water resource systems.
3) Decadal-scale climate patterns like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation cause important swings in precipitation
Georgia Tech College of Science Recruitment Talk, Feb 13, 2016
A picture-heavy talk about our lab's research on El Niño and climate change, given at an undergraduate recruitment event at Georgia Tech.
Forced or unforced? New views of ENSO from 6,000yrs ago to the present
Slides presented at the 4th meeting of the CLIVAR working group on El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Paris July 2015.
Contemporary problems in ancient climates
This document discusses contemporary issues in reconstructing ancient climates from proxy data like tree rings. It notes that while tree ring data contains climate information, uncertainties exist in extracting climate signals due to non-climatic tree growth factors and noise in proxy records. Statistical methods are needed to combine multiple proxy records but must account for these issues to avoid overfitting. The document also explores using tree ring data to study decadal scale climate variability and whether proxies may amplify low frequency climate signals.
Water in North America: Past, Present and Future
1. We need to be realistic that our ability to predict future hydrological systems is limited, especially over long time periods.
2. Making decisions solely based on recent history fails to account for potential water-related surprises, like flooding or drought.
3. While some regions may be more vulnerable to climate change impacts on water resources, changes could still indirectly affect other areas.
Paleo-constraints on future tropical Pacific climate
Plenary talk by Kim Cobb at the 2016 CLIVAR Open Science Meeting, in Qingdao, China. http://www.clivar2016.org
GEOG5839.15, signal processing
This document discusses tree ring data and standardization techniques. It introduces the linear aggregate model of tree growth and its components. It describes downloading tree ring width data from several sites in New Mexico and the principle of detrending the raw ring width data. It recommends using the ARSTAN program and different detrending methods like horizontal line, negative exponential curve, and flexible splines to standardize the chronologies and compare the results.
Implicit bias in higher ed - for undergraduates
A brief overview of the concept of implicit bias as it relates to a campus setting, specifically designed for an undergraduate audience. Discussion-oriented slide set.
Paleoclimate: past-climate as the key to understand the future. Example from ...
Conferencia impartida por Vincenzo Pascucci el 1 de abril de 2011 en el marco de los Viernes Científicos, actividad organizada por la Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales de la Universidad de Almería
A Song of Our Warming Planet: Using Music to Communicate Critical Concepts in...
When climate science is communicated to the broader public, many of its key findings are shared in the form of conceptual diagrams or information-dense data graphics. In this collaboration, we applied a data sonification approach to express NASA’s global temperature record as a musical composition for the cello. The resulting piece, which we titled ‘A Song of Our Warming Planet’, transformed 133 years of annual global temperature anomalies into a haunting, atonal melody that stretched across almost all of the instrument’s range. Since its release in June 2013, the song has been featured by several national and international media outlets, including the New York Times, the Weather Channel, and National Public Radio, and its accompanying video has received more than 140,000 views from nearly every corner of the world. We are currently preparing a new composition for string quartet that will add a geographic dimension to describe both the pace and place of global warming. We believe the success of our initial sonification project is testament to the power of music to reach audiences who respond less enthusiastically to traditional methods used to communicate climate science. We also imagine this approach could be applied more broadly to allow students to create novel, visceral, and memorable encounters with other aspects of the geophysical sciences.
Five Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Research Presentations Just A L...
The ability to deliver effective and engaging oral presentations is a critical skill for all researchers. Unfortunately, despite the importance of clear communication, too many scientific presentations at conferences and workshops are confusing, abstract, and boring. In this short workshop, participants learn several key strategies and tips that will make their professional presentations just a little bit better than the rest. We discuss strategies for presentation planning, show how basic design principles can create more memorable slides, and point towards an outstanding set online tools and resources. Become a presentation superstar!
Scott St. George is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, Environment and Society at the University of Minnesota and a Resident Fellow at UMN's Institute on the Environment. Prior to joining the faculty at Minnesota, he was a research scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada. Scott shares some of his experiences ‘doing presentations differently’ at conferences, outreach opportunities, and the classroom.
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Forced or unforced? New views of ENSO from 6,000yrs ago to the present
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Similar to Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
John Richardson, UBC - Learning How to Protect Water for Environmental and Hu...
John Richardson, UBC - Learning How to Protect Water for Environmental and Hu...BC Water Science Symposium
This document discusses protecting water resources for environmental and human needs in a changing climate. It covers multiple objectives for water including supporting aquatic life, human consumption, agriculture, industry, power generation, and recreation. It also discusses maintaining water quality, quantity, and habitat continuity in the face of challenges like climate change, increasing water demand, and land use changes. Effective policy will require scientific research to understand impacts and test solutions.Mississippi Floods 1993
The document discusses the history of flooding along the Mississippi River and efforts to manage floods. Major floods that caused damage, loss of life or disruption occurred every 5-10 years, with 6 major floods between 1879-1889. Flooding is usually caused by heavy rainfall or snowmelt in the Appalachian Mountains. Over 1,700 km of levees and dams were built after major floods in 1927 to control flooding, but the river still flooded disastrously in 1993. The 1993 flood caused over $10 billion in damage and 50 deaths, despite flood management systems, due to record rainfall that saturated the ground. Some argue that flood management efforts like levees have increased flood risks by confining the river and raising
GEOG3839.20, Paleofloods
Major losses from natural disasters in 2010 were as follows:
- Storms: $20.1 billion
- Earthquakes: $12.9 billion
- Floods: $6.4 billion
- Cold/frost: $0.4 billion
- Droughts: $0.01 billion
Tree ring studies have been used to reconstruct past flood levels on the Red River over the past 350 years, helping to better understand the size and frequency of historical floods. Paleoflood evidence from tree scars provides a longer-term context for current flood risks than instrumental records alone.
Junk&wantzen 1989 update_new flood pulse
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
Riverside Population in Amazon: Culture, Environment and Construction Technique
This article´s objective is to study the construction techniques of the riverside dwellers in the Amazon rainforest. The studied communities are located in the banks of the Solimões River, and suffer with the constant floods and physical phenomena related to the region environment. An ecosystem of thunderous natural forces, which makes it harder the importation of approaches from other regions as alternatives to the Amazon rainforest. As a method of research and understanding of the problematics, an assessment of the riverside communities in the city of Manacapuru and in two rural communities was carried out, surveying the cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of each community, and surveying the local constructive characteristics, materials and vernacular techniques. In the conclusion, we observed that: the relevance of a joint action to understand the wood and the housing durability, expanding the life cycle of the river buildings and reducing the impact on the rainforest. Regarding thermic comfort, it is important to redeem the bioclimatic techniques of crossed ventilation and to highlight the relevancy of sustainable techniques that work with local materials, such as natural fibers.
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This document summarizes a study on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon along terrestrial-aquatic flowpaths in a montane headwater catchment in the Peruvian Amazon. The study investigated spatial and temporal variations in nutrient concentrations from upland soils to streams under baseflow and stormflow conditions. Key findings include: 1) During baseflow, strong terrestrial controls maintained relatively constant nitrate levels in streams compared to more variable upland soils; 2) Dissolved organic nitrogen dominated stream nitrogen despite decreasing concentrations from uplands; 3) Phosphorus concentrations showed the inverse pattern, with higher levels in streams than uplands. 4) Stoichiometric ratios contrasted between uplands and streams
City Transformation due to Emergencies
This document discusses how disasters, both natural and man-made, can transform cities. It provides examples of specific disasters that led to transformations, including the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India, the 1994 plague in Surat, India, the 1992 and 2002 riots in Gujarat, India, and the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India. Each of these events required reconstruction efforts and changes to infrastructure and housing. The document also discusses droughts and how they can negatively impact wildlife, agriculture, and water resources while increasing risks of wildfires. Long-term drought is expected to become more common in a warming world.
Technical paper on ulysses flooding
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
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▲Figure GN 14.1 Map of the Mississippi River basin.
409
GEOSYSTEMSnow
The Disappearing Delta Before modern engineering of the chan-
nel, the Mississippi River carried over 400 million metric tons of sedi-
ment annually to its mouth. River deposits built from this sediment
now underlie most of coastal Louisiana. Today, the flow carries less
than half its previous sediment load. This decline, combined with
land subsidence and sea-level rise, means that the delta region is
shrinking in size each year.
The tremendous weight of sediment deposition at the Mississip-
pi’s mouth has caused the entire delta region to lower as sediments
become compacted, a process that is worsened by human activities
such as oil and gas extraction. In the past, additions of sediment bal-
anced this subsidence, allowing the delta to build. With the onset
of human activities such as upstream dam construction, the delta is
now subsiding without sediment replenishment.
Compounding the problem is the maze of excavated canals
through the delta for shipping and oil and gas exploration. As the
land surface sinks, these canals allow seawater to flow inland,
changing the salinity of inland waters. Freshwater wetlands whose
roots help stabilize the land surface during floods are now declining.
This makes the delta more vulnerable to flooding from hurricane
storm surge, another factor hastening the delta’s demise.
Finally, sea-level rise threatens coastal land and wetlands, most
of which are less than 1 m (3.2 ft) above sea level. With continued
local sea-level rise, lands not protected by levee embankments and
other structures that prevent flooding will con-
tinue to submerge.
In this chapter, we examine the natural pro-
cesses by which rivers erode, transport, and de-
posit sediment, forming landforms such as deltas.
1. Why are engineers trying to keep the
Mississippi River in its present channel?
2. What three factors are causing the
Mississippi delta to disappear?
Changes on the
Mississippi River Delta
T
he immense Mississippi River basin
drains 41% of the continental United
States (Figure GN 14.1). From its head-
waters in Lake Itasca, Minnesota, the Missis-
sippi’s main stem flows southward, collecting
water and sediment over hundreds of miles.
As the river nears the Gulf of Mexico, the
flow energy diminishes and the river depos-
its its sediment load. This area of deposition
forms the delta, the low-lying plain at the
river’s end.
Like most rivers, the Mississippi continu-
ously changes its channel, seeking the short-
est and most efficient course to the ocean.
In southern Louisiana, the Mississippi’s chan-
nel has—over thousands of years—shifted
course across an area encompassing thou-
sands of square miles. Throughout this time
span, f ...
Environmental conditions of the waters of the Manzanares river, Cumaná-Sucre,...
Environmental conditions of the waters of the Manzanares river, Cumaná-Sucre,...Jubilado de la Universidad de Oriente (UDO), Venezuela.
The Manzanares River is one of the more important rivers of Venezuela inasmuch as it is used to supply drinking
water to a large part of the northeastern zone of Venezuela. For this reason a study was undertaken of the surface waters of the estuarine zone of the river, following the saline gradient from zero to salinities greater than 30. The following properties were measured: river volume flow, rainfall, pH, temperature, suspended materials, dissolved oxygen and ammonium, and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd) in particulate and dissolved phases. River volume flow varied with seasonal rainfall throughout the year, as expected, while temperature varied between 24.5 and30.4 oC and pH ranged from 6.65 and 8.9. From the dry to the wet season, suspended material increased from 23 to 880 mg/l at low salinity, and always decreased progressively as salinity increased. Concentrations of total ammonium, 14.5 to 14.3 mmol/l, were high, while those of dissolved oxygen, 3.57 to 5.27 ml/l, were low, and these levels were even more accentuated at salinities under 5 during the dry season. The highest concentrations found for heavy metals were: Fe 406.02; Mn 5.57; Zn 2.18; Cu 0.72; Cr 0.19; Ni 0.72; Pb 0.12; Cd 0.03 mmol/l. These surpass Venezuelan legal limits for water intended for human consumption as well as for waters to be discharged in coastal areas. Concentrations decreased at increased salinity because of the dilution effect, flocculation and/or precipitation in the form of oxyhydroxides. The results obtained in this study reveal a serious deterioration of the state of the waters of the lower Manzanares river.ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE WATERS OF THE MANZANARES RIVER, CUMANA-SUCRE,...
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE WATERS OF THE MANZANARES RIVER, CUMANA-SUCRE,...Jubilado de la Universidad de Oriente (UDO), Venezuela.
The Manzanares River is one of the more important rivers of Venezuela inasmuch as it is used to supply drinking
water to a large part of the northeastern zone of Venezuela. For this reason a study was undertaken of the surface waters of the
estuarine zone of the river, following the saline gradient from zero to salinities greater than 30. The following properties were
measured: river volume flow, rainfall, pH, temperature, suspended materials, dissolved oxygen and ammonium, and heavy metals
(Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd) in particulate and dissolved phases. River volume flow varied with seasonal rainfall throughout
the year, as expected, while temperature varied between 24.5 and30.4 oC and pH ranged from 6.65 and 8.9. From the dry to the wet
season, suspended material increased from 23 to 880 mg/l at low salinity, and always decreased progressively as salinity increased.
Concentrations of total ammonium, 14.5 to 14.3 mmol/l, were high, while those of dissolved oxygen, 3.57 to 5.27 ml/l, were low, and
these levels were even more accentuated at salinities under 5 during the dry season. The highest concentrations found for heavy
metals were: Fe 406.02; Mn 5.57; Zn 2.18; Cu 0.72; Cr 0.19; Ni 0.72; Pb 0.12; Cd 0.03 mmol/l. These surpass Venezuelan legal limits
for water intended for human consumption as well as for waters to be discharged in coastal areas. Concentrations decreased at
increased salinity because of the dilution effect, flocculation and/or precipitation in the form of oxyhydroxides. The results obtained
in this study reveal a serious deterioration of the state of the waters of the lower Manzanares river.What archeologists need to know about dendrochronology in Minnesota
This document provides an overview of dendrochronology, which is the scientific method of dating tree rings to the exact year of formation. It discusses key researchers in the field like Andrew Douglass and Edward Cook. Dendrochronology allows researchers to reconstruct past climate conditions like drought. It has applications for dating wood artifacts and understanding natural hazards. The document outlines current research projects using dendrochronology to study topics like changes in lake hydrology, climate impacts on forests, and flood frequency.
7_PDFsam_FBA_NEWS_70_WINTER_2016
The document summarizes a PhD study investigating the impacts of invasive riparian plants on juvenile salmonids in low order streams. The study monitored 24 sites across 6 rivers, with paired control and treatment sites where invasive plant coverage exceeded 50%. Over two years, the study collected biotic and abiotic samples to assess differences between native and invaded sites, including fish surveys, invertebrate samples, and vegetation surveys. Preliminary analysis found invasive cover had no effect on overall fish biomass or diet, but positively influenced salmon density and negatively influenced trout density, possibly due to differences in habitat preferences between the two species under conditions of bank instability from plant dieback. Further analysis of samples is ongoing to better understand impacts on a fine scale
The Significance of Dam Removal in the US
1) Dam removal projects in the US have helped recolonize populations of anadromous fish species like salmon. Removing dams allows fish to more easily navigate river systems and access spawning habitats.
2) While dams were widely constructed in the early 20th century for economic reasons, they are now seen as more harmful than beneficial due to their impacts on river ecology and fish populations. Fish ladders and elevators have proven largely ineffective at helping fish pass dams.
3) Recent dam removal projects have shown that removing barriers entirely is more effective for fish recovery than attempts to work around dams. As more dams come up for relicensing or decommissioning, removal is gaining acceptance as a river restoration strategy.
Climate Change In Scotland
This document discusses how human activities have significantly impacted rivers throughout history by using, diverting, depleting, and polluting their waters. It notes that to understand the impacts on the Los Angeles River specifically, one must understand both the water sources in its watershed and how human development in the Los Angeles area has altered the river's natural hydrology over time through channelization, concretization, and diversion of its flows. The growth of Los Angeles has dramatically changed the river from its natural state and affected the quality and quantity of water it carries.
Albietz article in Tropical Resources Bulletin_2007
The document summarizes a study on the impacts of land use on water quality and flow in the Andranomena River basin in Madagascar. The study found that:
1) A sub-watershed with mixed hillside cultivation ("savoka" agriculture) exported significantly higher amounts of total suspended solids, total dissolved nitrogen, and had a higher average stream temperature than an undisturbed forested sub-watershed.
2) The cultivated sub-watershed experienced greater "flashiness" during rainfall events, with a higher ratio of surface runoff to rainfall compared to the forested sub-watershed.
3) Savoka agriculture was found to cause increased flooding, soil nitrogen depletion,
Milliman&syvitski 1992
Geomorphic/Tectonic Control of Sediment Discharge to the Ocean: The Importance of Small Mountainous Rivers1
The amazon basin_in_transition
1) Agricultural expansion, logging, and climate variability such as drought are disturbing the Amazon basin. Recent extreme droughts have led to higher tree mortality rates and loss of forest carbon storage.
2) Deforestation reduces evapotranspiration from forests and alters regional climate patterns, lengthening dry seasons and increasing flooding. As deforestation and drought interact, forests become more vulnerable to degradation.
3) While the Amazon forest has resisted moderate annual droughts by accessing deep soil water, extreme multi-year droughts can overwhelm this resilience, as seen in severe droughts in 2005 and 2010 that caused higher tree mortality across the basin.
Grimaldo_et_al_2004
The study examined the spatial and temporal distribution of native and alien fish larvae (ichthyoplankton) in three habitat types (marsh edge, shallow open water, and river channel) across one natural and three restored marshes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta over two years. More than 25,000 fish larvae from 10 families were collected, with the assemblage dominated by alien fishes overall but with natives more abundant in winter/spring and aliens in summer. Abundance was highest in marsh edge habitats, suggesting it provides favorable rearing habitat. Restored sites varied in ichthyoplankton abundance depending on configuration, with the site having minimal tidal exchange and greater lower trophic productivity supporting
WSST presentation 2014 Final
The document provides information about the Great Lakes region, including:
- An acronym for the Great Lakes is HOMES, listing each lake.
- The Edmund Fitzgerald sank in Lake Superior.
- Lake Superior is the deepest lake at 1332 feet, while Lake Erie is the shallowest at 210 feet.
- 20% of the world's fresh water is contained in the Great Lakes.
- States and provinces bordering the Great Lakes include Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.
- Climate change could cause less ice cover, lower water levels, and increased algae growth in the Great Lakes.
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What archeologists need to know about dendrochronology in Minnesota
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Albietz article in Tropical Resources Bulletin_2007
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More from Scott St. George
Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
A good talk can open the doors to new collaborations, increase your chances of funding success, and make it more likely other people will respond to your ideas. But scientific presentations are too often confusing, boring, and overstuffed. Here are some suggestions, based on our experience as speakers, audience members, and presentation trainers, that we hope will make your next conference talk or seminar more enjoyable, engaging and effective.
How long do trees remember?
Much of what we know regarding variations in Earth's climate during the past millennium comes from tree rings. But tree rings, like other proxies, attenuate some climate signals but amplify others, and their fidelity at longer timescales is difficult to gage. Even though dendroclimatology is well-established, questions remain about the climate clues encoded in tree rings — particularly at decadal-to-centennial timescales.
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
Here I explain how Canadian and American communities along the Red River of the North have developed fundamentally different responses to the threat of flooding, and argue that these differences in flood mitigation reflect disparate experiences with particular floods during the past two hundred years.
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
We know from tree rings and other natural drought records that the western United States has been affected by several 'megadroughts' during the past millennium. But are these exceptionally long-lasting droughts due to unusual external forcings, or are they inevitable given a sufficiently long period of time? Here we present a statistical model that combines sea surface temperature records and drought severity statistics from the western USA, and use that tool to set out an expectation for megadrought, given no other changes in the climate system. Even though this model was trained using only modern climate data (and incorporates no information from tree rings or other proxies), it still produced megadroughts. Moreover, those simulated megadroughts were just as long-lasting, covered as large an area, and were just as severe as real megadroughts estimated from tree rings. That result means that megadroughts can occur in the western United States even if nothing else changes in the climate -- they really are just a matter of time. On the other hand, the only aspect of real-world megadroughts that the model cannot duplicate was the high number of these events during the so-called Medieval Climate Anomaly (800 to 1300 CE). So that cluster of megadroughts may have been caused by some sort of unusual climate circumstances that have not been observed by us during the past few decades. The proxy record tells us that many different kinds of exceptional or unusual climate events happened in the past. But it is often difficult to determine what caused those exceptional events because even, within a period of a thousand years, we still have very few cases. So besides being an aid to understand the causes of past megadroughts, we hope this approach can be applied to other paleoclimate records to distinguish between real interrelations between separate components of the climate system and simple coincidences.
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
Climate simulations were run for 1000 years, with 1000 total simulations conducted. The simulations modeled climate changes over long time periods. The large number of long-term simulations provided insights into potential climate variations and outcomes.
Resonate! How 90 Seconds of Cello Music Is Helping People Connect With Climat...
Anthropogenic climate change is one of the most challenging problems humanity faces, but public opinion surveys show that many people are skeptical about global warming. In this seminar, Dan Crawford, Scott St. George and Todd Reubold will share their experiences with using music to help climate science reach out to new audiences. Their first collaboration — a music video that reconfigures global temperature data as a cello composition — has been described as “amazing, and eerie” and “an effective tool to show people that our planet is changing.” Join us to learn what global warming sounds like!
5 Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Presentations A Little Bit Better
The document provides tips for improving research presentations. It suggests making a plan, moving notes off-screen, ditching clutter, designing for viewers in the back row, and getting straight to the point. It also discusses how scientists struggle with communication and how PowerPoint has been disastrous when overused. Examples are given of cluttered slides that could be simplified to improve delivery of the core ideas.
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Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
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Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
Resonate! How 90 Seconds of Cello Music Is Helping People Connect With Climat...
Resonate! How 90 Seconds of Cello Music Is Helping People Connect With Climat...
5 Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Presentations A Little Bit Better
5 Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Presentations A Little Bit Better
Recently uploaded
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：6496090】【(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证成绩单学位证】【微信：6496090】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：6496090】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：6496090
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyRecently uploaded (20)
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
- 1. Water Supply Convergence Colloquium | University of Minnesota | February 19, 2016 EXPANDING THE WINDOW THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF MINNESOTA’S WATER
- 3. Source: Sgt. 1st Class Daniel Ewer, Minnesota National Guard
- 6. OBSERVATIONS
- 9. SEPTEMBER 17, 1883 USGS 05211000 MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT GRAND RAPIDS, MN
- 10. THE ‘WINDOW’ THE INTERVAL OF TIME SPANNED BY INSTRUMENTAL HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS (TYPICALLY, 30 - 100 YRS)
- 11. LONGRELATIVE TO THE SPAN OF INDIVIDUAL CAREERS OR THE LIFESPAN OF SOME INFRASTRUCTURE
- 12. SHORTCOMPARED TO THE LENGTH OF TIME MINNESOTA’S RIVERS, LAKES, AND AQUIFERS HAVE BEEN SET IN THEIR CURRENT CONFIGURATION
- 13. A.D. 1680Source: Minnesota Historical Society
- 14. LGM
- 16. THE RATE OF WARMING IN THE MIDWEST HAS MARKEDLY ACCELERATED OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES. BETWEEN 1900 AND 2010, THE AVERAGE MIDWEST AIR TEMPERATURE INCREASED BY MORE THAN 1.5ºC. “ ” US National Climate Assessment May 6, 2014
- 18. 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 discharge (cfs) at Grand Forks, North Dakota Source: United States Geological Survey THE RED RIVER IN WESTERN MINNESOTA IS PERHAPS THE LEAST STATIONARY RIVER IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES.
- 19. ADOPTING THE ‘LONG VIEW’ ON MINNESOTA’S LAKES, RIVERS, AND AQUIFERS COULD HELP US MAKE BETTER DECISIONS ABOUT MANAGING THE STATE’S WATER.
- 21. PAST
- 23. Source: National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
- 24. Source: Dr. Daniel Griffin, University of Minnesota
- 25. Source: Dr. Kevin Anchukaitis, University of Arizona
- 27. FUTURE
- 29. BECAUSE IF WE HAD OBSERVATIONS OF THE FUTURE, WE OBVIOUSLY WOULD TRUST THEM MORE THAN MODELS. BUT UNFORTUNATELY OBSERVATIONS OF THE FUTURE ARE NOT AVAILABLE AT THIS TIME. “ ” Dr. Gavin Schmidt NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
- 31. Source: Cook et al., Sciences Advances (2015) CLIMATE MODELS PREDICT MINNESOTA WILL BE DRIER BY THE END OF THIS CENTURY, BUT EXPERIENCE LESS CHANGE THAN THE SOUTHWEST OR CENTRAL PLAINS.