This document discusses how climate change poses a threat to achieving sustainable development goals in Africa. It defines key terms like climate change and sustainable development. It then examines how climate change affects health, water access, agriculture, biodiversity, education, and more in Africa. However, it also notes some potential benefits of climate change for Africa. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol provide mechanisms to help address climate change challenges in Africa. The document concludes that climate change will continue posing dangers to African development and achieving sustainable goals by 2030 if not properly addressed.
Climate Change and Its Impact on Agricultural Production: An Empirical Review...Premier Publishers
Agriculture, which is the mainstay of the economies of many developing countries, is highly depends on climatic conditions. This paper aimed at reviewing the climate change and its impacts on agricultural production with the specific objectives of reviewing the farmer’s adaptation strategies and barriers to the climate change and the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security in sub Saharan Africa countries. Empirical evidence shows that most of the smallholder famers in Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced the adaptation strategy of switching from planting high water-requirement to low water-requirement crops, planting diversified crops, changed planting dates to correspond to the change in the precipitation pattern and mixed cropping. The farmers’ ability to adapt to climate change has faced by access to information, extension services and access to credit. The effect of long-term mean climate change has significance impacts on global food production and affects all dimensions of food security in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure which may require ongoing adaptation. Finally, effective institutions on climate change at the global level help to facilitate the policy implementations and to combat the impact of climate change.
This presentation accumulates some of the most current and most important knowledge that should be known when dealing with landscapes, climate change or similar issues. The facts include undernourishment, population, dietary change, obesity, global food demand, food waste, agricultural emissions, deforestation emissions, biofuels and the impacts of climate change on water, crops, livestock, fisheries, forests, food security and the different adaptation measures.
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Ghana by Justice Ampofo AgyeiJustice Ampofo
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats to the livelihood of forest dependent communities in developing countries. The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and the livelihood of communities surrounding the SRFR have been identified in this paper. These communities are very vulnerable due to their high dependence on ecosystem services and their low capacity to climate change impacts. Sectors that are adversely affected by climate change include agriculture, biodiversity, and water resources. These impacts are most likely to deepen poverty, food insecurity and the poor livelihoods of the communities. To address these negative impacts, the communities have adapted various adaptation strategies in agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and water resources management to minimize climate change impacts. To improve ecosystem services, adaptation to climate change impacts, the resilience and capacity of the local communities, it is important to put in place appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
Vulnerability to climate change impact is the most pressing issues for less developed countries whose economy mainly depends on the agricultural sector. The demand for food is growing swiftly whereas impacts of climate change on the global food production are increasing. More area specific research outputs and evidences-based policy directions are needed to tackle the ever changing climate and to reduce its impacts on the agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate subsistence farmer household’s vulnerability level to climate change impacts and its associations with household’s agricultural production. Then primary data was collected from 400 households from Kolla Temben District, Tigray Regional State, North Ethiopia. Multistage sampling techniques were applied to select households for interview from the district. In the first stage, 4 Kebelles (Kebelle - administration unit) were selected randomly out of 27 Kebelles and then400 households were selected for interview through systematic random sampling techniques (Figure 1). Multiple regressions were used to examine the associations between household’s vulnerability to climate change impacts and agricultural production. Grounded theory and content analysis techniques were use to analyze data from key informant interviews and focus group discussions. For every single unit increase in household vulnerability to climate change impacts, there was an average agricultural production decrease between 16.99 and 25.83 (Table 4). For single unit increase in household’s vulnerability to climate change impact, there was a decrease of total crop production, Total income, total livestock, total food consumption and food consumption per adult equivalent. Rainfall decrease, small farmland ownership, steep topography, frequent flood occurrences and large family size are among the major factors that negatively affect household’s agricultural production and total income. The more the vulnerable the households, the less in total annual crop production, total livestock size, total income from agricultural production and the more dependent on food aid). There is a negative association between household’s vulnerability level to climate change impacts and agricultural production (crop production, total livestock ownerships and total income from crop production). More access to irrigation and agricultural fertilizers, improved varieties of crops, small family size, improve farmland ownership size, more access to education and Agricultural Extension services are an effective areas of intervention to improve household’s resilient, reduce households vulnerability level to climate change impacts and increase household’s total agricultural production.
Climate Change and Its Impact on Agricultural Production: An Empirical Review...Premier Publishers
Agriculture, which is the mainstay of the economies of many developing countries, is highly depends on climatic conditions. This paper aimed at reviewing the climate change and its impacts on agricultural production with the specific objectives of reviewing the farmer’s adaptation strategies and barriers to the climate change and the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security in sub Saharan Africa countries. Empirical evidence shows that most of the smallholder famers in Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced the adaptation strategy of switching from planting high water-requirement to low water-requirement crops, planting diversified crops, changed planting dates to correspond to the change in the precipitation pattern and mixed cropping. The farmers’ ability to adapt to climate change has faced by access to information, extension services and access to credit. The effect of long-term mean climate change has significance impacts on global food production and affects all dimensions of food security in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure which may require ongoing adaptation. Finally, effective institutions on climate change at the global level help to facilitate the policy implementations and to combat the impact of climate change.
This presentation accumulates some of the most current and most important knowledge that should be known when dealing with landscapes, climate change or similar issues. The facts include undernourishment, population, dietary change, obesity, global food demand, food waste, agricultural emissions, deforestation emissions, biofuels and the impacts of climate change on water, crops, livestock, fisheries, forests, food security and the different adaptation measures.
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Ghana by Justice Ampofo AgyeiJustice Ampofo
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats to the livelihood of forest dependent communities in developing countries. The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and the livelihood of communities surrounding the SRFR have been identified in this paper. These communities are very vulnerable due to their high dependence on ecosystem services and their low capacity to climate change impacts. Sectors that are adversely affected by climate change include agriculture, biodiversity, and water resources. These impacts are most likely to deepen poverty, food insecurity and the poor livelihoods of the communities. To address these negative impacts, the communities have adapted various adaptation strategies in agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and water resources management to minimize climate change impacts. To improve ecosystem services, adaptation to climate change impacts, the resilience and capacity of the local communities, it is important to put in place appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
Vulnerability to climate change impact is the most pressing issues for less developed countries whose economy mainly depends on the agricultural sector. The demand for food is growing swiftly whereas impacts of climate change on the global food production are increasing. More area specific research outputs and evidences-based policy directions are needed to tackle the ever changing climate and to reduce its impacts on the agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate subsistence farmer household’s vulnerability level to climate change impacts and its associations with household’s agricultural production. Then primary data was collected from 400 households from Kolla Temben District, Tigray Regional State, North Ethiopia. Multistage sampling techniques were applied to select households for interview from the district. In the first stage, 4 Kebelles (Kebelle - administration unit) were selected randomly out of 27 Kebelles and then400 households were selected for interview through systematic random sampling techniques (Figure 1). Multiple regressions were used to examine the associations between household’s vulnerability to climate change impacts and agricultural production. Grounded theory and content analysis techniques were use to analyze data from key informant interviews and focus group discussions. For every single unit increase in household vulnerability to climate change impacts, there was an average agricultural production decrease between 16.99 and 25.83 (Table 4). For single unit increase in household’s vulnerability to climate change impact, there was a decrease of total crop production, Total income, total livestock, total food consumption and food consumption per adult equivalent. Rainfall decrease, small farmland ownership, steep topography, frequent flood occurrences and large family size are among the major factors that negatively affect household’s agricultural production and total income. The more the vulnerable the households, the less in total annual crop production, total livestock size, total income from agricultural production and the more dependent on food aid). There is a negative association between household’s vulnerability level to climate change impacts and agricultural production (crop production, total livestock ownerships and total income from crop production). More access to irrigation and agricultural fertilizers, improved varieties of crops, small family size, improve farmland ownership size, more access to education and Agricultural Extension services are an effective areas of intervention to improve household’s resilient, reduce households vulnerability level to climate change impacts and increase household’s total agricultural production.
Subject: Climate Change in Sub Sahara Africa: Evidences, Scenarios and Actions for Policy Makers
I have been moved to write about the above subject after the first peer review assignment when I interviewed a senior energy specialist who was on a business trip to Washington. I was shocked and disappointed that such a high level staff did not believe in any anthropogenic influence in climate change and think that even if it was the case, only developed countries have to take care of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The main objective of this presentation is to bring scientific and factual evidences that indeed climate change is not a fairy tale but a deadly phenomenon that affects the whole world and particularly poor countries in SSA. The presentation also brings out few initiatives taken by some countries in SSA not only to show examples for other countries to follow but also bring their attention on the fact that more actions need to be done in SSA to mitigate, adapt and build resilient countries. Actions need to be taken now, together and differently! Enjoy the reading
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
Significance of climate change on agriculture and food A series of LecturesB...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad Khan former Director General Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
First record of the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schle...IJEAB
A single specimen of the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis was caught on 11 May 2017 in a long-line operated about 40 nautical miles off the coast of Sur atconfluent of Sea of Oman and Arabian Sea coast of Oman. This first record of its occurrence indicates the extension of distributional range of the species to the Arabian Sea coast of Oman.
The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Health Sectors in Tanzania: A...IJEAB
The impact of climate change in Tanzania is dynamic and differs among regions as they are impacted in different ways. While other regions experience normal rainfall and temperature patterns, others have continued to experience temperature extremes, severe droughts, decline in crops production coupled with food insecurity, extreme weather episodes of heavy rainfall associated with floods, loss of lives and infectious disease outbreaks. Despite the effects of climate change being recognized in the country, awareness is limited among local people, in particular the vulnerable communities. Thus, this review aims to raise awareness by giving a broader picture of impacts of climate change on agriculture and health sector. It reveals that in many parts of Tanzania, agriculture and health sectors may continue to suffer from the effects of climate change aggregated with limited awareness among communities. It is expected, that outbreaks of infectious diseases including malaria and cholera may increase as they correlate positively with high temperatures and rainfall. As a result, health problems and deaths of people, and reduced crops production will continue. Therefore, it is recommended that, the best way to overcome climate change is to invest effectively on the irrigation agriculture; and the health sector’s budget should be enough to improve health care services and prepare for outbreaks of climate change sensitive diseases. Most importantly, provision of climate change awareness to the vulnerable communities must be seriously considered. About 50 peer-reviewed articles, government and international reports published between 2000 and 2017 were reviewed.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
Climate change and its impact on human-environment are immeasurable because of its multidimensional effects. But the effect is not same for all countries, it depends on the countries geographical settings. Alongside location, education of the people, environmental awareness, somewhat might minimize the probability of loss in response to any kinds of disasters. Undertaken study was conducted based on an extensive published literatures (197—between 1995 and 2018) review with a view to consolidating the possible impacts of climate change on crop production in Bangladesh. It has found that already the impact has begun badly in Bangladesh. Temperature is gradually rising, frequency of floods, river bank erosion, storm surge, magnitude of cyclone, salinity intrusion, and the volatility of rainfall has increased comparing to past. All these led to the probability of decreasing the crop production. As climate change has become a great concern for countries food security, it is now the appropriate time to take and install proper rules and regulations through inflexible attitude. With the help of various international and national organizations government of Bangladesh inordinately trying to reduce the consequences of climate change. A comprehensive measurement must make sure to enhance the capability of encountering climate change, otherwise it will cost of enormous loss, especially on agriculture in Bangladesh.
IPCC AR5 Africa Chapter - Impacts and Vulnerability ipcc-media
A presentations made on 29 October 2015 by Pauline Dube during the IPCC segment at the Fifth Conference on Climate and Development in Africa, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.
Check against delivery
Subject: Climate Change in Sub Sahara Africa: Evidences, Scenarios and Actions for Policy Makers
I have been moved to write about the above subject after the first peer review assignment when I interviewed a senior energy specialist who was on a business trip to Washington. I was shocked and disappointed that such a high level staff did not believe in any anthropogenic influence in climate change and think that even if it was the case, only developed countries have to take care of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The main objective of this presentation is to bring scientific and factual evidences that indeed climate change is not a fairy tale but a deadly phenomenon that affects the whole world and particularly poor countries in SSA. The presentation also brings out few initiatives taken by some countries in SSA not only to show examples for other countries to follow but also bring their attention on the fact that more actions need to be done in SSA to mitigate, adapt and build resilient countries. Actions need to be taken now, together and differently! Enjoy the reading
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
Significance of climate change on agriculture and food A series of LecturesB...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad Khan former Director General Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
First record of the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schle...IJEAB
A single specimen of the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis was caught on 11 May 2017 in a long-line operated about 40 nautical miles off the coast of Sur atconfluent of Sea of Oman and Arabian Sea coast of Oman. This first record of its occurrence indicates the extension of distributional range of the species to the Arabian Sea coast of Oman.
The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Health Sectors in Tanzania: A...IJEAB
The impact of climate change in Tanzania is dynamic and differs among regions as they are impacted in different ways. While other regions experience normal rainfall and temperature patterns, others have continued to experience temperature extremes, severe droughts, decline in crops production coupled with food insecurity, extreme weather episodes of heavy rainfall associated with floods, loss of lives and infectious disease outbreaks. Despite the effects of climate change being recognized in the country, awareness is limited among local people, in particular the vulnerable communities. Thus, this review aims to raise awareness by giving a broader picture of impacts of climate change on agriculture and health sector. It reveals that in many parts of Tanzania, agriculture and health sectors may continue to suffer from the effects of climate change aggregated with limited awareness among communities. It is expected, that outbreaks of infectious diseases including malaria and cholera may increase as they correlate positively with high temperatures and rainfall. As a result, health problems and deaths of people, and reduced crops production will continue. Therefore, it is recommended that, the best way to overcome climate change is to invest effectively on the irrigation agriculture; and the health sector’s budget should be enough to improve health care services and prepare for outbreaks of climate change sensitive diseases. Most importantly, provision of climate change awareness to the vulnerable communities must be seriously considered. About 50 peer-reviewed articles, government and international reports published between 2000 and 2017 were reviewed.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
Climate change and its impact on human-environment are immeasurable because of its multidimensional effects. But the effect is not same for all countries, it depends on the countries geographical settings. Alongside location, education of the people, environmental awareness, somewhat might minimize the probability of loss in response to any kinds of disasters. Undertaken study was conducted based on an extensive published literatures (197—between 1995 and 2018) review with a view to consolidating the possible impacts of climate change on crop production in Bangladesh. It has found that already the impact has begun badly in Bangladesh. Temperature is gradually rising, frequency of floods, river bank erosion, storm surge, magnitude of cyclone, salinity intrusion, and the volatility of rainfall has increased comparing to past. All these led to the probability of decreasing the crop production. As climate change has become a great concern for countries food security, it is now the appropriate time to take and install proper rules and regulations through inflexible attitude. With the help of various international and national organizations government of Bangladesh inordinately trying to reduce the consequences of climate change. A comprehensive measurement must make sure to enhance the capability of encountering climate change, otherwise it will cost of enormous loss, especially on agriculture in Bangladesh.
IPCC AR5 Africa Chapter - Impacts and Vulnerability ipcc-media
A presentations made on 29 October 2015 by Pauline Dube during the IPCC segment at the Fifth Conference on Climate and Development in Africa, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.
Check against delivery
International civil protection and risk reduction Functional CenterRiccardo Cocozza
According to MEP Ivan Jakovcic’s EUSAIR Report, approved by European Parliament, Molise Region was going to start with a strong sensitization and design process, promoting a first study on “Civil Protection Systems of the Adriatic and Ionian Countries”. This report was written to describe the actual situation, about civil protection systems and regulatory laws, aiming to define common work and strategy on risk prevention and management, in the target area. Molise Region created a working group, committed to draw up a preliminary analysis on risk technical strategies and forecast management, through the international risk functional center creation proposal, in the Adriatic area.
this is a complete summer training report on embedded sys_AVR. It aslo includes a project and its coding and other topics which are learnt in training.
Climate Change is major thing of Environment, which we should know about it. It's effect is dangerous that many people don't think about it. I upload this PDF for encourage the students and their knowledge.
A presentation on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, with particular relevance to Africa and Trans-frontier Conservation Areas within Southern Africa
Climate change is one of the primary factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide. The purpose of this review paper was to give serious thought about the present and future impacts of climate change on biodiversity, even though we are not aware of its synergistic effects on biological populations. In order to fully understand the biota's reactions to these climatic
changes, we also concentrated on how these changes impact their phenology and physiology. This review article's subjects are
covered in a non-random order to make it easier for readers to understand the connections between biodiversity and climate
change. We also discussed about how 1.1°C of global warming brought about by human activity has altered the Earth's climate
in ways never seen before and negatively impacted human health. We covered how to safeguard our biota by implementing practical conservation strategies at the end of this review article in order to reduce the effects of climate change on it. We hope that one day, because research on climate change and biodiversity protection is interdisciplinary and spans many different scientific areas, we will be able to address all these concerns and preserve our biota from their terrible consequences.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
growbilliontrees.com-Trees for Granddaughter (1).pdf
Examine the view that climate change is undermining the achievement of sustainable development goals in africa ass 1
1. Introduction
Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio in 1992,
sustainable development remained elusive for many African countries with poverty, deforestation,
desertification and climate change its main threats hence the paper seeks to inspect the perception
that climate change is an obstacle to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in Africa.
Climate change has become a global phenomenon which has attracted attention from all over the
world. All human activities hinges upon climate and a slight change in one of its element can
impose a significant change to life on earth. Several conventions, treaties and bilateral have been
negotiated and ratified (The Earth Summit (1992); Kyoto Protocol (1997); Article 3) in a bid to
protect the atmosphere and eliminate or reduce the scale of activities which affect the atmosphere
saving the earth.
Definition of key terms
Climate change - is a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent
from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of the
atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Climate change also has a change
or shift in the earth’s overall climate and this change could be in weather patterns and average
temperatures.
Sustainable Development -The 1987 Brundtland Commission‘s report “Our Common Future”
defines sustainable development as “the development that meets the needs of the present with
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Climate Change vulnerability in Africa
2. From the last definition it can be noted that development can begin when there is proper utilisation
and conservation of natural resources and be enjoyed by future generations. So because of poor
utilisation and conservation of natural resources sustainable development cannot be attained as a
result of climate change effects. Africa has become the victim of the problems of climate change
caused by the poor management of resources, heavy industrial activities from the North. Climate
change has devastating challenges in Africa on such as agriculture, loss of biodiversity, health,
animals and plants. According to Hulme (1996), “climate change compounds the challenges of
rapid urbanisation in the Sub-Saharan Africa by making the urban population more vulnerable.
Rising sea levels due to climate change could threaten coastal settlements with floods and storm
surges.” Most of the big cities in Sub-Saharan Africa are also at a higher risk of floods because of
the way they are located along the coasts.
Diseases inAfrica
Climate change has devastating and critical health challenges in African societies. Changes in
rainfall patterns has affected the presence and absence of vector and water –borne pathogens. For
example Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change IPCC (2001) noted that it can be expected
that small changes in the temperature and precipitation will boost the population of diseases,
carrying mosquitoes and result in increased malaria epidemic. Lindsay (1998) notes that,
“increased flooding and facilitates the breeding of these malaria carries in formerly arid areas.”
Climate change has a negative effect on the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in
Africa particularly goals number (3) three. The goal calls for the ensuring of healthy lives and
promote wellbeing for all at all ages. This goal cannot be achieved because there is a persistent
change of temperatures and the high outbreak of diseases which is compromising the health
delivery system in Africa. Warsome et al (1995) adds that these problems will be worsened by the
3. inability of many African communities to cope with increased diseases. Climate change continues
to pose a serious threat to the development and achievement of sustainable development goals in
Malawi for example. Mutunga (2012) notes that Malawi has a total land area of 94.080 square
kilometres of which 20.7% is arable land. So climate change challenges facing Malawi include the
rise of waterborne diseases such as bilharzia due to the persistent flooding, malaria due to the
persistent change of temperatures.
Human health including the social, physical and psychological wellbeing depends on the adequate
supply of the potable water and safe environment. Because of climatic changes, people are exposed
directly through weather patterns and indirectly through changes in water, air, food qualities and
the quantities of the ecosystem. Ozor (2009) notes that climate change induces health problems as
a result of hunger and starvation, water stresses, pests and diseases, conflicts and injuries. Water
related aspects of health include increased cases of cataracts (eye diseases) in semi-arid region of
Africa due to low cloud cover and greater intensity of solar radiation. Increased cases of malaria
and typhoid diseases due to high levels of rainfall patterns and temperatures while also there are
rising outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery due to urban flooding and
improper disposal of wastes. Bates (2009) added that due to very large number of people that may
be affected, malnutrition and water scarcity may be the most important health consequences of
climate change.
Sustainable Development Goal number (6) six which calls for the ensuring of the availability and
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all is also being undermined as this is
4. evidenced by Nicholls et al (1998), he noted that in many African countries, urban settlement,
population expansion had outpaced the capacity of municipal authorities to provide civic works
for sanitation and other health delivery. Hence the goal is undermined by the ambivalence of the
climate change in Africa.
Impact of Climate Change on African food security and Agriculture.
Africa heavily relies on rain fed agriculture as a source of food security. World Resource Institute
(1996) notes that roughly 70% of the African population lives by farming, and 40% of all exports
are agricultural products and an estimation of one third of the income in Africa is generated by
agriculture . Crop production and livestock husbandry account for half of the household. So it can
be viewed that as a result agriculture in Africa is vulnerable to changes in temperature variability,
seasonal shifts and rainfall patterns. An assessment was done to look at the expected impacts of
the climate change on agriculture and food security in Africa.
IPCC (2007) reports provide an extensive assessment on the expected effects of climate change on
agriculture in African regions. The agricultural sector is also likely to experience periods of
prolonged droughts and floods during the El Nino events. Agriculture losses between 2-7% of the
Gross Domestic Product is expected by 2100 in parts of the Sub Saharan Africa, 2-4% and 0.4-
1.3% in West, North, Central and Southern Africa respectively FAO (2009). According to NRC
(2010), productivity in Africa will be further undermined by a reduction in fertile agricultural land
available and expansion in the average of the low potential land. So from one’s point of view, the
climate change is undermining the achievement of sustainable development goal number 2 in
particular as it entails the end of hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture. Because of the challenge of climate change that will likely to reduce the
soil fertility, and ultimately leads to low yields, the chances of ending hunger are very low.
5. Since the sustainable development goals have been gazetted to be achieved by 2030, there are
signs and symptoms being noted on the negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture
again. UNASLYVIA (2007), forecasts show that the Sub Saharan Africa will surpass Asia as the
most food insecure region inhabiting 40-50% of the undernourished people globally in 2080,
compared with 24% today. Furthermore it has been noted that the levels of viable arable land areas
for production are predicted to decline by 2080. In response to changes in temperatures and
sporadic rainfall patterns, Africa is predicted to receive an increase in crop pests and diseases in
addition to soil infertility. Also the declining incomes and rising unemployment are expected to hit
agriculture zones in combination to worsening health. Hence the road to 2030 to achieve the goal
number two of sustainable development in Africa is already blocked by the occurrence of the rising
climatic changes.
Impact on animals and plants in Africa
Siegfried (1989) notes that Africa occupies about one fifth of the global land surface and contains
about one fifth of the species of plants , mammals and birds in the world as well as one sixth of
the amphibians and reptiles. These species are vital in the African ecosystem as they promote the
existence of the biodiversity, boosting the tourism industries in Africa. The conservation of these
natural resources have been listed in the sustainable development goals and should be achieved by
2030. Climate change had already affected the marine animals of Africa in the sense that after
absorbing a large proportion of the carbon dioxide released by human activities, the oceans are
becoming acidic. If it were not for the oceans, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would
be much higher.
The effect could be that fish, squid, and other gilled marine animals may find it harder to breathe,
as the dissolved oxygen essential for their life becomes difficult to extract as water becomes more
6. acidic. And shellfish, crabs, lobsters, and corals may find it more difficult to build their calcium
carbonate shells. Spalding (2001) notes that coral reefs in the Indian Ocean experienced massive
bleaching in the 1998 with over 50% mortality in some of the regions. Damage to coral reefs
system has far reaching implications for fisheries, food security and tourism and overall marine
diversity. The sustainable development goal number (14) fourteen which calls for the conservation
and sustainable use of marine resources by 2030 is being compromised by these unusual climatic
changes in Africa.
Water and Climate Change in Africa
Climate change and variability have potential to impose additional pressure on water availability,
accessibility and water demands in Africa.Gueye eta al (2005), notes that Egypt is one of the
African countries that could be vulnerable to water stress under climate change. The water used in
2000 was estimated at about 70 cubic kilometres which is already far in excess of the available
resource. Climate change is posing serious threat in Egypt as the temperatures rise will likely
reduce the productivity of major crop and increase their water requirements thereby directly
decreasing crop water use efficiency. Pittock (2005) notes that many people in Africa live under
water stress defined as those using more than 20% of their renewable water resources. For example
Gleick (2000) reports that water withdraw in Nigeria during 1990s was 28cubic meters per person
per year. This means that water is seriously threatened by the variability of climate in Africa.
UNEP (2003) notes that about 1.100 million people do not have access to clean drinking water and
contaminated water is the cause 5million of death every year with the majority of these in Sub-
Saharan Africa. So from the researcher’s point of view, climate change has derailed the progress
in achieving the sustainable development goals in Africa as there are water challenges, water is a
precious natural resources that has multiple usage so the unavailability and inaccessibility of water
7. in Africa affects education, health, marine and terrestrial life and may result in conflicts among
tribes and nations.
Impact of climate change on education in Africa.
Reports from Save the Children (2008) and UNICEF (2008) reveal the impact will likely be seen
most immediately in disruptions to education provision. This is already the case in the region:
Periods of excessive heat already prevent students from attending school, as do increasingly more
common sandstorms, like those seen in the Sub Saharan Africa. In certain areas, where drought-
parched grounds are unable to absorb rains, flash floods can make roads impassable, preventing
students from reaching schools. The floods cause the disruptions to electricity, a potential side
effect, can force schools to suspend activity, while in extreme cases, severe weather can actually
damage infrastructure. While the cumulative effect of these disturbances on students' education
performance is not well known, it is certain that interruptions in attendance can only have
detrimental consequences for learning outcomes. Over the longer term, it is forecast that climate
change, along with other confounding factors such as the high poverty rate in the region, will
combine to create environmental degradation, a subsequent deterioration in livelihoods, and put
pressure on populations to migrate. Research suggests that in all instances such effects are likely
to disproportionately affect children, their well-being and care, and their ability to participate in
good quality, equitable education.
Climate change will also impact education in other indirect ways. A warmer climate alters the
geographic range of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes, thus exposing new human populations to
diseases, such as malaria and dengue, for which they are unprepared. Outbreaks of three different
diseases, aseptic meningitis in Djibouti in West Africa have all been attributed to either
8. unseasonably warm winter temperatures generated by new and exceptional El Niňo weather
patterns or by heat waves. Disruptions to existing agricultural practices, another secondary effect
of climate change, will lead to more widespread malnutrition because of higher food prices.
Together, these have a combined impact on children that is particularly troublesome from an
educational point of view, there is strong evidence to suggest that school-aged children who suffer
from protein-energy malnutrition, hunger, or who lack certain micronutrients in their diet
(particularly iron, iodine, or vitamin A) or who carry a burden of diseases such as malaria, diarrhea
or worms do not have the same potential for learning as healthy and well-nourished children and
that they are more likely to repeat grades, drop out early and fail to learn adequately due to poor
attention, low motivation and poor cognitive function. (CREATE, 2008).
Biodiversity Loss in Africa
Biodiversity sustains, and is usefully dependent on ecosystem. Human beings heavily depend on
bio diverse ecosystem that support food, fuel and fibre production. So in the case of the damage
by climate change, FAO (1999) notes that long term declines in rainfall patterns have increased
the spread of the deserts in Southern and Western Africa resulting in shifting sands dunes and the
loss of flora and fauna. Hence the sustainable development goals in Africa is being undermined
because the absence of biodiversity in the human and animal lives leads to declining of economic,
social and technological development in Africa.
Responses to the challenges of Climate Change in Africa.
9. Conversely not all assessment of the impacts of climate change in Africa are negative, there are
likely so some positive aspects due to the changes in the seasons and production cycles. Desanker
(2011) notes that Ethiopia and Southern Africa are expected to have extended growing seasons due
to climate changes, a consequence of increased temperatures and rainfall variability. In addition
the livestock sector could be boosted by the temperature rises thus according to IPCC’s model an
increase in the 50C could mean a rise in farmer income by up to 58%. According to Olatunde
(2013) “the global efforts on climate change provide an opportunity for economic and hopefully
for sustainable development arising from the mechanisms provided in the Kyoto Protocol.” So for
example the provision of the Clean Development Mechanism when applied to Nigeria and the rest
of the affected African states, it has to give the opportunities to developed countries to invest in
climate change victim African countries though other continents will benefit more.
The Kyoto Protocol also has an article 3 which is the Emissions Trading and Reduction which
allows developed or industrialised countries to set up an emission reduction project such as the
nuclear power generator to replace a fossil fuel generator in other territories. So the researcher’s
point of view this is a brilliant idea because it is way of reducing the emissions effects in the
African countries since they are the most victims of the consequences of the gas emissions from
the North.
10. Conclusion
In nutshell, climate change which comprises of the change in rainfall patterns, temperature rises,
has posed and will continue to cause more danger to African environments and ultimately lead to
poor achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Health, water, education,
ecosystem and biodiversity, African population will be heavily affected by the change of the
temperature and sporadic rainfall patterns. However , not all the effects of climate will damage the
African development but some have the positive effects as it is noted that the high temperatures
are favourable to livestock farming thus boosting the sustainable development goal Africa and the
early rainfall patterns will lead to high yields especially in Southern Africa. Kyoto Protocol have
also been important in mitigating the effects of climate change on sustainable development goals
by bringing in articles which should be followed by member states and non-member states in
solving the challenges of climate change in Africa .
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