The document provides information on the design process for a water level indicator. It begins by outlining the functions and objectives of the water level indicator, which are to accurately show the current water level, be easily attachable to tanks, be water resistant, include an automated filling system and alarm, and be portable and corrosion resistant. Constraints include being sensitive, having a long life, and providing accurate readings. The document then provides a prototype sketch and describes how the system would work with a sensor and circuit to control water flow and alarms. It concludes by discussing testing the prototype over several days to check functionality and make improvements.

1. MODULE 1

2. DESIGN
1. Analyse – importance, uses, what are the alternatives etc
2. Objectives – to design this thing.
3. Constraints – Limitations
4. Possible solutions – Hand sketches of more than one designs
5. Choose the best solution – importance of this solution
6. Prototype – single or different sections of the selected solution
7. Testing – Testing strategies

3. Q: Identify the objectives, functions and constraints for designing a water level
indicator. Illustrate the various stages of the design process. Provide suitable
sketches.
A water level indicator is a helpful device which shows the current water level inside the water tank. Users can
understand the level of water without looking inside the water tank. There devices will be helpful for bigger
tanks and these tanks placed at higher levels
Functions
✓ The function of water level indicator is to show the current level of water inside the tank
✓ Buzzer the alarm when the water level is below the threshold level
✓ The system automatically turns on the motor to pump the water into the tank when the
level is low
✓ Also, automatically turn off the motor when the water level is full

4. Objectives
✓ The water level indicator must be
accurate
✓ Easily attachable to any water tank
✓ System must be water resistant
✓ Automated water filling must be there
when the water level is low and should
automatically stop the water when tank
is full
✓ Alarm system must be included
Constraints
✓ System must be portable
✓ Water resistant
✓ Highly sensitive
✓ Long life
✓ Readings must be accurate
✓ Corrosion resistant

5. Prototype
The basic working of the water level indicator is to show the current water level inside the
water tank. It also consists of an alarm system which will turn on when the water level in
below certain level. Also, the system will automatically tun on the water pump motor when
thev water is low and it turn off when the water is full.

6. The water level indicator system is connected to a circuit which controls the water flow in
the pump and the alarm system. The system consist of a water level sensor system it
connected to the circuit. When the water level is detected below the threshold level then
the system will sent a signals to the alarm and the water pump system which is also
connected to the circuit of the system. When the water level is above the full threshold level
the sensor will detect that the tank is full and the stop signal will sent to the circuit and
circuit will stop the water inflow to the tank.

7. Test Stage
In this stage we can test the prototype we have made. Connect the system
to any water tank and check it for some days. Check whether the system is
working properly or not. Take feedback on the test period. In the test stage
if we face any issues with the system, we can make changes in our design
and correct it. After correcting all the errors, we can finalize the design.

8. Q: Show the designing of an iron box going through the various
stages of the design process. Use hand sketches to illustrate the
processes.
Q: Describe the concept of generating design alternatives and
choosing a design through designing a coffee mug with the help of
sketches

9. MODULE 2

10. Design Thinking
Question based on
Design thinking approach
Question based on
Divergent & Convergent
Thinking
Empathise
Define
Ideate
Prototype
Test

12. Stage 1 : Empathise ( To add maximum
information about the object )
1. Section for Books
2. Space for tiffin box
3. Space for Laptop
4. Space for Pen/Scale
5. Space for water bottle
6. Material used to build
7. Zipper
Details about
Space provided
With measurements
Stage 2 : Define
1.Books
2.Tiffin box
3.Laptop / optional
4.water bottle

13. Stage 2 : Ideate
Front view
Front view
Extra cushion
Extra pocket
Front view
Laptop
Book holder
Zipper
Back view
Bottle holder
Back strap view
Extra pocket
With zipper

14. Stage 4 : Prototype
Front view Back view

15. Stage 5 : Testing
Write some relevant points to state the testing of the object
Iterative procedure must involve: here after testing for water proof, we an add a pocket
for rain cover at the down side of the bag. Sketch the design

16. Q: Some of the vehicle drivers do not dim the headlights when
facing another vehicle at night. Empathize about this design
problem and arrive at a solution using the design thinking process.
Illustrate the solution using sketches.
Q: Design a water bottle that can be opened with one hand.
Illustrate the various stages involved in design thinking. Sketch the
Final design.
Q: Design a parachute mechanism for safe landing an egg which is
dropped from a height of 3 meters using iterative design thinking
process with the help of sketches

18. Divergent design
1
2
3
4
5 6

19. Convergent design
: Mention the issues first
1. Transportation - Design of a tyre and its lock system including specification of its material
2. Carriage – details about carriage for different types of medicines
3. Sanitiser holder
4. Cold storage

20. Module 3

21. 1) Design Communication : (Three types)
1. Graphically
2. Orally
3. Writing
2) Mathematical Modelling In Design

22. Communicating
Designs
Graphically
Detail drawings
Assemblydrawings
Layout drawings

23. COMMUNICATING
DESIGNS
ORALL
YAND IN
WRITING
REPORTING is an essential part of a design project
• We communicate final design results in several
ways, including oral presentations, final reports
(that may include design drawings and/or
fabrication specifications), and prototypes and
models.
• The primary purpose of such communication is to
inform our client about the design, including
explanations of how and why this design was
chosen over competing design alternatives.
• It is most important that we convey the results
of the design process.

24. GUIDELINES FOR
TECHNICAL
COMMUNICATION
• Know your purpose.
• Know your audience.
• Choose and organize the content around your
purpose and your audience.
• Write precisely and clearly.
• Design your pages well.
• Think visually.
• Write ethically!

25. The
Presentation:
Outline
• A title slide
• A roadmap
• A problem statement
• Background material on the problem
• The key objectives of the client and users
• The key constraints that the design must meet.
• Functions that the design must perform
• Design alternatives
• Highlights of the evaluation procedure and outcomes
• The selected design
• Features of the design
• Proof-of-concept testing
• A demonstration of the prototype
• Conclusion(s)

26. Q1) Graphically communicate the design of a thermo flask used to keep hot coffee. Draw
the detailed 2D drawings of the same with design detailing, material selection, scale
drawings, dimensions, tolerances, etc. Use only hand sketches.
Material selection
Top cap:
• This section can also be used a cup for drinking coffee
• Since it has to withstand hot coffee, we must use a high-quality plastic material
which can support minimum 200 degree Celsius on inside
• The plastic is coated with a low weight steel material
• The colour of the material can be of three choices – Black, red & steel colour
Body:
• Body is the main part of the flask
• Which will keep the hot coffee for long time.
• It contains an inner part and outer part
• Outer part is commonly used flask material which is a weight less steel material
• Inner part is glass which is coated with material which will not conduct temperature
• The inner section temperature should not affect the outer part
Bottom cap
• The bottom carrier can be used as a biscuit carrier
• The material use for this carrier can be the same material as flask is made

29. A Design Alternative

30. Module 4
Syllabus :
Design Engineering Concepts:-Project-based Learning and Problem-based Learning in
Design. Modular Design and Life Cycle Design Approaches. Application of
Biomimicry, Aesthetics and Ergonomics in Design. Value Engineering, Concurrent
Engineering, Concurrent Engineering, and Reverse Engineering in Design.

31. VALUE ENGINEERING(VE)
• Value engineering refers to the systematic method of improving the
value of a product that a project produces. It is used to analyze a
service, system, or product to determine the best way to manage the
important functions while reducing the cost.
• Value engineering encourages using alternative methods and materials
that are less expensive and do not lower the functionality of the
system, service, or product.
• Value is calculated as a ratio of function to cost. A business can add
value to a product by either cutting down on cost or improving the
function. Most companies use value engineering as a cost-cutting
strategy, where the basic function of a product is preserved – not
sacrificed – in the process of pursuing value improvement.

32. Steps in Value Engineering
Information
The information phase involves gathering project information and refining the goals of the project.
Function Analysis
The function analysis phase involves determining the functions of the project and identifying them
Creative
The creative phase follows the function analysis phase, and it involves exploring the various ways to perform
the function(s) identified in the function analysis phase
Evaluation
In the evaluation phase, the merits and demerits of each of the suggested solutions and alternatives from the
creative phase are listed
Development
The development phase involves conducting an in-depth analysis of each best alternative to determine how it
can be implemented and the cost involved.
Presentation
The presentation phase is where the team meets with the management and other stakeholders to present
their final report
Implementation
Implementation of the project begins after the management’s approval of the team recommendations.

33. Q: Apply value engineering to a pen, and design a lightweight pen torch.
Illustrate the solution using sketches.

34. CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
• It is an approach in product design process
in which people from various functional
areas works together simultaneously to
develop a product.
• Since people from various fields are
working simultaneously for the
development, this kind of engineering is
also known as Simultaneous Engineering or
Parallel Engineering.
• This approach is adopted to improve the
efficiency of product design and reduce the
product development cycle time.

35. ADVANTAGES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
• Reduce design time
• Reduce manufacturing
• Reduce cost for design changes
• Ensure correct data and information transfer between various sections
• Simultaneous thinking leads to amazing innovations
• Every person has feel of belongingness to the product

36. Reverse Engineering
• Reverse Engineering is a process of redesigning an existing
product to improve and broaden its functions, add quality and to
increase its useful life.
• The main aim of reverse engineering is to reduce manufacturing
costs of the new product, making it competitive in market.
• The product that is analyzed can be own product of the producer
or a product from a competitor

37. • In reverse engineering, a product is dissected or dis-assembled
to find out in detail how a part works an why is it used. This
information obtained by this process can then be applied to solve
own design problem or develop a new product.
• Reverse Engineering is essentially a functional decomposition
process in the reverse direction.
• an existing product is analyzed into subsystems, which are
further analyzed into deep to ultimately establish the product
concept
• This analysis will help the designer to identify weak side of the
design

38. Q: Design waste bins to be kept at bus stops for waste collection enabling
source separation. The bin should be theft-resistant and protect the
contents of the bin from external weather conditions. Design the bins with
ergonomic consideration for waste collection workers. Sketch the design
using hand drawings.

39. Q) Show the design of a simple sofa and then depict how the design
changes when considering 1) aesthetics and 2) ergonomics into
consideration. Give hand sketches and explanations to justify the changes in
designs.
Considering design ergonomics
1. Measurement why we are choosing this measurement
• Comfort –
1. Materials
2. Cloths
3. Type of wood
4. Type of Fibre/Plastic
Considering design aesthetics
1. Design Style

40. Ergonomic design
• In the ergonomic design we have to focus on the human comfort and decrease fatigue through product
• A sofa is a device used for comfort sitting or lying if needed
• The measurement of an average human being is as shown in figure
• A sofa can be used by any age range of people so that
the height of sitting section of the sofa can be 45 cm
• The height of the back side must be 47 cm
• The total width of the sofa chair must be 75 cm
• The hand rest area must be of height 75 cm
• The total height of the sofa is nearly around 95cm
• For comfort sitting the sofa’s backside angle is slightly
gave n angle of 100 degree

41. Material used
• For better comfort we can use cushion and sponge materials for inside of sofa
• The frame material can be used of good quality wood
• The sofa covering material can be made of good quality washable synthetic leather for
long lasting and to avoid getting dirty
To develop an ergonomic design (for a product or system), the designer will have to
consider and analyze anthropometric data (dimensions of human body), posture of working
while using the product, kind of movements and kind of workspace. Ultimately, ergonomic
design involves every aspect of user-product interaction, for the comfortable utilization of a
product

42. Aesthetic design
• In aesthetic design we are focusing on the beauty and look of the sofa
• We also consider some other aspects like quality and strength of the material used
• By considering the basic sofa design concepts and measurements we can alter the design of the sofa
• The design of the sofa must be attractive than ergonomic
• Some of the aesthetic designs are given below

43. Normal Sofa
Modern Cornered Sofa
Designer Sofa
Advanced Sofa

44. Q: Show the development of a nature-inspired design for a
fashionable umbrella based on a banana leaf. Use hand sketches to
support your arguments.
Application of Biomimicry

45. Module 5
Syllabus :
Expediency, Economics and Environment in Design Engineering:-Design for
Production, Use, and Sustainability. Engineering Economics in Design. Design Rights.
Ethics in Design
Q) Examine the changes in the design of a foot wear with constraints of 1) production methods,
2) life span requirement, 3) reliability issues and 4) environmental factors. Use hand sketches and
give proper rationalization for the changes in design