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CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF COMPUTER MOUSE
1.1 EARLY MOUSE
The first functional mouse was actually demonstrated by Douglas Engelbart, a researcher
from the Stanford Research Institute, back in 1963. The respective peripheral was far away from
what we know today as “mice,” given the fact that it was manufactured from wood and featured
two gear-wheels perpendicular to each other, the rotation of each single wheel translating into
motion along one of the respective axis.
It’s not exactly very clear where the name “mouse” originates, since, apparently, the
name came from the fact that the device had a “tail” behind it, connecting it to a computer and a
display and was the idea of Bill English, a colleague of Douglas Engelbart’s and the person who
actually built the prototype device.
Engelbart's product was not the first pointing device, though. In fact, it seems that the
first such product, the trackball, was invented a lot earlier, namely at some point in 1953, by
Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor from the Royal Canadian Navy, as part of the
secret military project DATAR. The name “trackball” comes from the fact that the respectd
device actually used a standard Canadian five-pin bowl

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Fig. 1.1 TRACKBALL
1.2 MECHANICAL MOUSE
German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse, called "Rollkugel"
(German for "rolling ball"), on October 2, 1968. Telefunken's mouse was then sold commercially
as optional equipment for their TR - 440 computers, which was first marketed in 1968.
Telefunken did not apply for a patent on their device. Bill English, builder of Engelbart's original
mouse, created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox PARC. It is also called as Roller
ball mouse.
The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any
direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer.
Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the
way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse
resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal
computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern

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technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when
required.
Fig. 1.2.1 Mechanical mouse, shown with the top cover removed.
The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. They are located 90 degrees apart. One
roller detects the forward – backward motion of the mouse and other the left – right motion.
Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring - loaded
to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel
that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that
represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc, however, has a pair of light beams, located so that
a given beam becomes interrupted, or again starts to pass light freely, when the other beam of the
pair is about halfway between changes.
Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is
rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the
wheel rotation, as the two optical sensor produce signals that are in approximately quadrature
phase. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable, directly as
logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting IC in modern
mice. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor
along X and Y axes on the computer screen.

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The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball,
given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's
movement is transmitted accurately.
Fig. 1.2.2 Mechanical Mouse
Operating an opto-mechanical mouse:
1. Moving the mouse turns the ball.
2. X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement
3. Optical encoding disks include light holes.
4. Infrared LEDs shine through the disks.
5. Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.
1.3 OPTICAL MOUSE
Optical mice make use of one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging
array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, rather than internal
moving parts as does a mechanical mouse. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent
(laser) light.
The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mouse pad surfaces, whereas
the modern optical mouse works on most opaque surfaces; it is unable to detect movement on
specular surfaces like glass. Laser diodes are also used for better resolution and precision.
Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only
glow steadily when movement is detected.

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Fig. 1.3.1 Optical Mouse
Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate. It uses a tuning
fork or other accelerometer to detect rotary movement for every axis supported. The most
common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration) work using 2 degrees of rotational
freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to
move the cursor.
Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between
use, allowing the user freedom of movement without affecting the cursor position. A patent for
an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer
increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease-of-use. In combination with a wireless
keyboard an inertial mouse can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not require a
flat work surface, potentially alleviating some types of repetitive motion injuries related to
workstation posture.
Fig. 1.3.2 Wireless optical mouse

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1.4 LASER MOUSE
The laser mouse uses an infrared laser diode instead of a LED to illuminate the surface
beneath their sensor. As early as 1998, Sun Microsystems provided a laser mouse with their Sun
SPARC station servers and workstations. However, laser mice did not enter the mainstream
market until 2004, when Paul Machine at Logitech, in partnership with Agilent Technologies,
introduced its MX 1000 laser mouse. This mouse uses a small infrared laser instead of a LED
and has significantly increased the resolution of the image taken by the mouse. The laser enables
around 20 times more surface tracking power to the surface features used for navigation
compared to conventional optical mice.
Fig. 1.4.1 Laser mouse
Glass laser (or Glaser) mice have the same capability of a laser mouse but can also be
used on top of mirror or transparent glass with few problems.
In August 2009, Logitech introduced mice with two lasers, to track on glass and glossy
surfaces better. These mice are considered as effective, sensitive and accurate devices as they
support better tracking ability. With its user – friendly interface, this mouse is used by those
users, who perform highly skilled jobs. One of the positive outcomes of this mouse is its energy
efficient component that consumes lesser electricity when in use.

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Fig. 1.4.2 Laser mouse
1.5 GYROSCOPIC MOUSE
There are a number of computer pointing devices (in effect a mouse) on the market that
have gyroscopes inside them allowing you to control the mouse cursor while the device is in the
air! They are also wireless so are perfect for presentations when the speaker is moving around
the room. The gyroscope inside tracks the movements of your hand and translates them to cursor
movements.
Fig. 1.5 Gyroscopic mouse
1.6 3D MOUSE
Also known as bats, flying mice, or wands, these devices generally function through
ultrasound and provide at least three degrees of freedom. Probably the best known example
would be 3D connexion / Logitech’s Space Mouse from the early 1990s. In the late 1990s,
Kantek introduced the 3D Ring Mouse. This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger,

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which enabled the thumb to access three buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by
a base station. Despite a certain appeal, it was finally discontinued because it did not provide
sufficient resolution.
Fig. 1.6.1 3D Mouse
A recent consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. While primarily a motion-
sensing device (that is, it can determine its orientation and direction of movement), Wii Remote
can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from
the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera. The obvious drawback to this approach is that it
can only produce spatial coordinates while its camera can see the sensor bar.
A mouse-related controller called the Space Ball has a ball placed above the work
surface that can easily be gripped. With spring-loaded centering, it sends both translational as
well as angular displacements on all six axes, in both directions for each. In November 2010 a
German Company called Axsotic introduced a new concept of 3D mouse called 3D Spheric
Mouse. This new concept of a true six degree-of-freedom input device uses a ball to rotate in 3
axes without any limitations.
Fig. 1.6.2 3D Mouse Use

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CHAPTER 2
EVO MOUSE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The Evo Mouse is the evolution of the computer mouse. It is the latest and portable
device which is the most cutting version of the mouse today. Evo Mouse is a dog – shaped
device that a dog-shaped device that functions differently and not like the other mice. It turns any
surface into a touchpad. With the Evo Mouse, you can perform common mouse operations by
using only your fingers. It works on nearly any flat surface and requires very little space. It
tracks effortlessly to your comfortable and natural movements.
Fig. 2.1 EVO Mouse
The Celluon Evo Mouse is easy and convenient to set up and use. It can connect
wirelessly via Bluetooth or by using standard USB port with any device like smart phones,
tablets, laptops, computers, etc. It works with almost any desktop or laptop computer. The Evo
Mouse changes the way to interact with the computer by allowing you to use natural hand
movements and gestures in order to control the on – screen cursor.

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Fig. 2.1 Evo Mouse
2.2 TECHNOLOGY USED
In the Celluon Evo Mouse device, the technology is basically made up of two principle
components:
 3D Electronic Perception Sensor Chips
 Image Processing Software
2.2.1 3D Electronic Perception Technology:
Electronic Perception Technology (EPT) is a low cost, single chip imagining technology
that enables electronic components to form a 3D map of their surroundings and see what their
users are doing. One of the first applications is “Virtual keyboard”, a system that projects a laser
keyboard onto a table and detects which keys the user is pressing by watching their hands and
sensing which spots on the table their fingers are touching.
By sending out pulses of light and timing how long it takes for the reflection to return to
the sensor, EPT systems can determine depth. EPT systems can accurately determine brightness
and distinguish objects from one another.

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Fig. 2.2.1 . Example of EPT
2.2.2 Image Processing:
Image Processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such
as a photograph or video frame; the output of an image processing may be either an image or a
set of characteristics or parameters related to an image. Most image processing techniques
involve treating an image as a two – dimensional signal and applying standard signal processing
techniques to it. Image processing usually refers to the digital image processing, but optical and
analog image processing are also possible.
Fig. 2.2.2 Image Processing

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CHAPTER 3
HOW IT WORKS...?
The Evo Mouse pet looks like a small box with legs, almost like a crouching animal. It
turns any flat surface into a virtual track pad with your finger as the pointer and there is no more
pushing around a physical mouse. It sits right at the position where you would usually place a
mouse and through its two infrared sensors that look like eyes, it allows the usual mouse
functions. The two lasers coming out of this device track your fingers or pen which you use as
mouse on the surface.
Fig. 3.1 Work Of Evo Mouse
Using the similar technology to projected laser keyboards, the Evo Mouse lets you move
your on-screen cursor without the use of a mouse. Just drag your finger over the area of projected
light to move the cursor where you want it to be. However, just like the conventional mouse, this
mouse functions. For instance, tap once with your finger which indicates a click, double tapping
means double clicking, next finger tapping means right click and double finger tapping at once
and dragging means scrolling the page. The Evo Mouse also features multi-touch functionality
including scroll, rotate and zoom, forward and back. The Evo Mouse can even be used for
handwriting recognition with your finger or a pen.

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CHAPTER 4
PRINCIPLE AND COMPONENTS
 The basic principles of EVO mouse:
Celluon use the "TIME OF FLIGHT" principle to detect the motion of object.
 Basic components of this technology:
IR pulse emitter - you can see the rectangle at the bottom.
IR TOF CMOS sensor:
On the head of the cute shape between the two LEDs.
(LEDs here are indicators of system in operation, not for TOF function.)
Fig. 4.1 Components of Evo Mouse

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CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONS OF EVO MOUSE
 Beyond conventional mouse functions such as cursor control, right and left clicking,
dragging and double-clicking, the Evo Mouse offers multi touch capabilities, letting you
rotate and zoom on images and scroll text using gestures.
Fig. 5.1 Functions of Evo Mouse
 Using your finger or even a pen to write in your own digital handwriting.
Fig. 5.2 Digital Handwriting

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 Using your finger or a pen you can paint on digital drawing sheet or in a paint program like
paint or draw, etc.
Fig. 5.3 Paint or Draw
5.1 EVO MOUSE SPECIFICATIONS
 Evolution of the computer mouse.
 Finger works as a pointer.
 Works almost on any surface.
 Little space needed.
 Using your fingers you can control the cursor, click and select, double-click, right-click
and drag with basic hand gestures.
 Multi-touch functionality including scroll, rotate, zoom, forward and back.
 Works with all desktop & laptop PC.
 Evo Mouse can even be used for handwriting recognition with your finger or a pen.
 It connects via Bluetooth or a standard USB port.
 If you choose to use it wirelessly, you can have it running for two hours once charged.

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CHAPTER 6
COMPATIBILITY
In terms of compatibility, it works with PCs and laptops with Windows XP, Vista or
Windows 7 as operating systems. Moreover, it works with your Windows Mobile, Blackberry
and Symbian devices.
We say it is portable, and fits perfectly for people on-the-go. However, if you’re much
of a gamer, it may take a little while before you master its functions and find it helpful.
Fig 6.1 Compatibility

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CONCLUSION
The Evo Mouse pet is a device which sits at one side and gives access to the user to use
any surface close to like a touch pad. Here the user will no more have to carry the mouse and
move it in order to move the pointer on the screen. Now, the time has changed where all you
have to do is to move your finger on the surface and the pointer will move accordingly.
Basically, two lights emit from the device which track your finger and enables you to perform
your task just like a regular mouse.Despite the conventional mouse, the functionality of this
mouse is much simpler and exciting. You don’t have to worry for the cursor control, dragging
and double – clicking, right and left clicking. This is the Evo Mouse developed by Celluon
company to offer to the general and business consumers an opportunity to enter in the multi
touch world.

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REFERENCES
1) M. Basseville and I. V. Nikiforov. Detection of Abrupt Changes - Theory and Application.
Prentice-Hall, 1993.
2) P. Baecher, M. Koetter, T. Holz, M. Dornseif, and F. C. Freiling. The Nepenthes Platform: An
Efficient Approach to Collect Malware. In International Symposium on Recent Advances in
Intrusion Detection , 2006.
3) M. Bailey, J. Oberheide, J. Andersen, Z. M. Mao, F. Jahanian, and J. Nazario. Automated
Classification and Analysis of InternetMalware. In International Symposium on Recent
Advances in Intrusion Detection , 2007
4) U. Bayer. Anubis: Analyzing Unknown Binaries.
http://www.evolutionmouse.com