Evidence Act 1872 - Bangla [Ain Kanun Academy]

1. welqm~wP 403
g¨vwcs : mv¶¨ AvB‡bi gvÎ 3wU LÐ ev 3wU fvM| Gi 1g
L‡Ð 2wU Aa¨vq _vK‡jI Dcwk‡ivbv‡g †ek wKQz welq
Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q| aviv 1 †_‡K 55 ch©šÍ| Avgiv
GB †jKPv‡i GB AvB‡bi cwiPq I e¨vL¨v Aby‡”Q`
Avjvc Ki‡ev hvi e¨vwß aviv 1 †_‡K aviv 4 ch©šÍ gvÎ|
GB †jKPv‡i Av‡jvwPZ welqmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †_‡K †Kv‡bv
cÖkœ Av‡mwb| wKš‘ GUv‡K GKUv wfwË †jKPvi wn‡m‡e
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
g~j Av‡jvPbv
AvB‡bi cÖ¯ÍvebvwU Av‡M co–b|
mv¶¨ AvBb
(1972 mv‡ji 1bs AvBb)
m~Pbv : †hB‡nZz mv¶¨ AvB‡bi GKÎxKiY, msÁv`vb I
ms‡kvab hyw³m½Z nBqv cwoqv‡Q, †mB‡nZz GZØviv
wbgœiƒc AvBb cÖYxZ nBj|
Gi g~j K_v n‡jvÑ GB AvBb GKwÎZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
MwVZ n‡q‡Q| wK‡mi GKÎxKiY? mv¶¨ AvBb Av‡M
Qwo‡q wQwU‡q wewfbœ †QvU †QvU AvBb I wewa Øviv
cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| weªwUk kvmbvg‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k
wewfbœ ag©xq I †MvÎxq bvbv ai‡bi wewa ev wbqgKvbyb
ØvivI GB mv¶¨ AvBb cÖfvweZ n‡Zv| mv¶¨ AvB‡bi
mg¯Í welq¸‡jv GKmv‡_ Kiv Ges RvwZ-ag©-eY©
wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Rb¨ GKB A_©vr mve©Rbxbfv‡e GKwU
AvBb `uvo Kiv‡bvi Rb¨B 1872 mv‡j GB mv¶¨ AvBb
GKÎxKiY Kiv nq| AwZ Aek¨B Av‡Mi wewfbœ mv¶¨
msµvšÍ AvB‡bi ms‡kvabI Kiv nq|
GB mvÿ¨ AvBb Ggb GKwU AvBb hvi cÖvq †Kv‡bvwKQzB
†Zgb cwiewZ©Z nqwb †mB 1872 mv‡ji ci †_‡K|
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖvq GL‡bv cÖvq GKBfv‡e GB
mvÿ¨ AvBbwU e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| weªwUk‡`i ˆZwi
Kiv GB AvBbwU weªwUk‡`i Ab¨Zg †kÖô Ae`vb †Kv‡bv
m‡›`n †bB|
1872 mv‡ji 1 bs AvBb wn‡m‡e GB AvBb Kvh©Ki nq
†m‡Þ¤^‡ii 1 ZvwiL †_‡K| 167 wU aviv wb‡q MwVZ GB
AvBb g~jZ GKwU c×wZMZ AvBb|
aviv 1 wb‡q †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbvi `iKvi †bB| c‡o †bb|
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cÖv_wgK welq
aviv 1 : msw¶ß wk‡ivbvg, AvIZv I Kvh©KvwiZv Avi¤¢:
AÎ AvBb 1872 mv‡ji mv¶¨ AvBb bv‡g AwfwnZ
nB‡e| Bnv mgMÖ evsjv‡`k e¨vcx Kvh©Kix nB‡e Ges
1972 m‡bi †mbvevwnbx AvBb, 1961 m‡bi †bŠ-k„•Ljv
AvBb, wKsev 1953 m‡bi †bŠevwnbx (k„•Ljv) AvBb Øviv
ms‡kvwaZ †bŠ-k„•Ljv AvBb, A_ev wegvb evwnbx AvBb
Abymv‡i MwVZ mvgwiK Av`vjZ e¨ZxZ mKj Av`vjZ I
mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z mg¯Í cÖKvi wePviKv‡h© cÖ‡hvR¨ nB‡e|
AÎ AvBb 1872 m‡bi c‡njv †m‡Þ¤^i ZvwiL ejer
nB‡e|
aviv 2 evwZj| aviv 3 G Ôe¨vL¨v Aby‡”Q`Õ wk‡ivbv‡g
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kã mv¶¨ AvB‡b wKfv‡e, wK A‡_© e¨eüZ
n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q| GLvb †_‡K Avgiv
wKQz msÁvMZ aviYv ey‡S wb‡Z cvi‡ev| avivwU Dcaviv
wn‡m‡e fvM fvM K‡i †`Iqv †bB, †hgbUv Ab¨vb¨
AvB‡bi msÁv msµvšÍ aviv‡Z †`Lv hvq mPivPi| d‡j
Avgiv Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq †mUv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AvKv‡i
wef³ K‡i wb‡q wb‡q G‡Mv‡Z _vK‡ev|
aviv ïiæi jvBbwUmn Av`vj‡Zi msÁvwU †`Lyb|
aviv 3 : e¨vL¨v Aby‡”Q` [Interpretation-clause] : GB
AvB‡b wbwjwLZ kã¸wj I kãmgwó¸wj wbgœwjwLZ A‡_©
e¨eüZ nB‡e, hw` bv cÖm½µ‡g Ab¨iƒ‡c B”Qv cÖKvk
cvq [In this Act the following words and expressions
are used in the following senses, unless a contrary
intention appears from the context]|
Av`vjZ : Av`vjZ ewj‡Z mKj RR, g¨vwR‡÷ªU Ges
mvwjk e¨ZxZ mv¶¨ MÖn‡Y AvBbZ ¶gZvcÖvß mKj
e¨w³‡K eySvB‡e [‘Court’ includes all Judges and
Magistrates and all persons, except arbitrators, legally
authorized to take evidence.]|
†jKPvi : 01 aviv : 01-04
cÖv_wgK cwiPq I e¨vL¨vmg~n

2. 404 welqm~wP
Ômvwjk e¨ZxZÕÑ gv‡b mvwjk‡K mv¶¨ AvB‡b Dchy³
Av`vjZ wn‡me bvKP Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b mv¶¨ AvB‡b
ewY©Z avivmg~n Kvh©Ki bq| Avevi GI ej‡Q †h,
RR, g¨vwR‡÷ªUmn AvBbZ ¶gZvcÖvß mKj e¨w³‡KI
†evSv‡e|
Gi c‡iB Av‡Q ÔNUbvÕi msÁv| c‡o †bb Av‡M|
NUbv : NUbv ewj‡Z eySvB‡e :
(1) Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz ev †Kv‡bv wKQzi Ae¯’v ev
†Kv‡bv wKQzi m¤úK© [anything, state of things, or relation
of things capable of being perceived by the senses]|
(2) gvbwmK †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v †h m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv †jvK
m‡PZb [any mental condition of which any person is
conscious]|
D`vniYmgyn :
(K) †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¯‘ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv Av‡Q, Bnv GKwU NUbv|
(L) GK †jvK wKQz ïwbqv‡Q ev †`wLqv‡Q, Bnv GKwU
NUbv|
(M) GK †jvK KZK¸wj K_v ewjqv‡Q, Bnv GKwU NUbv|
(N) GK †jvK †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gZ †cvlY K‡i, †Kv‡bv B”Qv
†cvlY K‡i, mij wek¦v‡m ev cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e KvR K‡i,
wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv A‡_© e¨envi K‡i wKsev we‡kl †Kv‡bv mg‡q
†Kv‡bv we‡kl Abyf‚wZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Av‡Q ev wQ‡jv,
Bnv GKwU NUbv|
(O) GK †jv‡Ki †Kv‡bv L¨vwZ Av‡Q, Bnv GKwU NUbv|
3 avivq ÔNUbvÕi msÁv †`Iqv Av‡Q| ÔNUbvÕ Gi
Bs‡iwR Fact| GB Fact ev NUbv Avgiv mevB eywS| wKš‘
AvB‡b Gi wK A_©, wK Zvrch© Zv cwi®‹vi Dcjwä ivL‡Z
n‡e| †Kv‡bv NUbv hw` ÔNUbvÕ bv nq Z‡e Zv AvB‡b ev
gvgjvi mv‡¶¨i mgq Av‡jvP¨ bq| GKwU NUbv KLb
ÔNUbvÕ Zv mv¶¨ AvB‡b wKfv‡e ejv Av‡Q, Zv Avgiv
GKUz c‡i †`wL| mvaviYfv‡e, NUbv ej‡Z Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨
†Kv‡bv wKQzi Ae¯’v ev m¤úK© Ges gvbwmK †Kv‡bv
Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq| GB ÔNUbvÕ Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨ GKwU
c×wZ ev Uzj hvi wePvi we‡kø­
l‡Yi gva¨‡g b¨vqwePvi
†`Iqvi †Póv Kiv nq|
aiæb, GKRb †jvK GKwU †i÷y‡i‡›U `ycy‡ii Lvevi
†L‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv GKwU gvgjvq ev we‡iva wb®úwˇZ
GwU GKwU NUbv| GB NUbv‡K wKš‘ Av‡iv K‡qKfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †hgb, †mB †jvKwU we‡K‡ji Av‡M
D³ †i÷y‡i‡›U wQ‡jv| A_ev †jvKwU †Kv‡bv RvqMv †_‡K
`ycy‡ii Lvevi LvIqvi Rb¨ †mB †i÷y‡i‡›U G‡mwQ‡jv|
GB me¸‡jvB NUbv, Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ NUbv|
Avevi aiæb, QvÎRxe‡b `yB eÜy GKBmv‡_ 5 eQi GKwU
evwo‡Z ev †g‡m †_‡K‡Q| GKRb AciRb m¤ú‡K©
ej‡QÑ †m Lye ci‡nRMvi ev avwg©K e¨w³ wQ‡jv|
wbqwgZ bvgvR co‡Zv, Zvi mZZvI cÖksmv Kivi g‡Zv;
Dciš‘ †m Lye wWwmwcø­
bW wQ‡jv| †m Lye fv‡jv †Q‡j| G
iKg D³ mg¯Í gZvgZI gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K n‡j
†mUv GKUv NUbv| GUv gvbwmK NUbv| GUv mivmwi
Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ bq, wKš‘ GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’v cÖKvk Ki‡Q|
Av‡iKUz cwi®‹vi n‡q †bb| Avcwb GKRb‡K †c‡U
Qzwi XywK‡q nZ¨v Ki‡jb| GUv Ggb GKUv ev¯Íe I
cÖZ¨¶ welq †h, GUv Aek¨B GKwU NUbv| wKš‘ Avcwb
nZ¨vi D‡Ï‡k¨B KvD‡K †c‡U Qzwi XywK‡q‡Qb GUv GKUv
gvbwmK welq ev gvbwmK NUbvÕ| Avcbvi GB ÔnZ¨vi
D‡Ïk¨Õ †Kv‡bv Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ welq bq, Kv‡b †kvbv hvq
bv, †Pv‡L †`Iqv hvq bv, NªvY ev ¯ú‡k©I Abyfe Kiv
hvq bv| Z‡e GUv Avcbvi GKUv gvbwmK welq wb‡`©k
K‡i hv wKbv mv¶¨ AvB‡b GKwU ÔNUbvÕ ev Fact| A_©vr,
Avcwb hw` †Kv‡bv gZvgZ †cvlY K‡ib, Zv MVbg~jK
n‡Z cv‡i, wnsmvZ¥K ev aŸsmvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡iÑ G¸‡jv
meB gvbwmK ÔNUbvÕ hv AvB‡b we‡ePbvi welq| Avevi,
wecixZfv‡e †Kv‡bv NUbvi djvdj †_‡KI A‡bK mgq
gvbwmK Ae¯’v ev gvbwmK NUbv wel‡q wm×všÍ Uvbv hvq|
ÔNUbvÕ kã wb‡q Av‡iv NUbv Av‡Q! Av‡iKUz fv‡jv
Dcjwäi Rb¨ Avgiv Fact kãUvi kãv_© †R‡b ivwL|
Bs‡iwR wWKkbvwi‡Z Fact k‡ãi 5/6wU A_© Zz‡j †`Iqv
Av‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKUv †`‡L †bb|
Fact :
1.athingthatisknownorcanbeprovedtohave
happened
2. a situation or set of circumstances that exists
3. a pieceof information on which a beliefor an
argument is based.
GB me¸‡jv A_© mv¶¨ AvB‡b ÔNUbvÕ k‡ãi hv hv A_©
nq †m¸‡jv‡K Kg‡ewk aviY K‡i| Gi †fZi 2 bs
A_©wU we‡klfv‡e †`Lyb| Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi
mv‡_ me‡P cÖvmw½KÑ GKwU Ae¯’v ev cwiw¯’wZmg~n
hv wKbv we`¨gvb ev weivR K‡i [a situation or set of
circumstances that exists]|

3. welqm~wP 405
wWKkbvwi-wdKkbvix ev` †`b| PjwZ Rxe‡b NUbv
kãUvi bvbv cÖ‡qvM fveyb GKevi| nvZ KPjv‡Z
KPjv‡Z †KD ej‡QÑ ÔAvmj welq wK Rv‡bb, fvB?
†Q‡jUv †g‡qUv‡K LyeB fv‡jvevm‡Zv| †Zv Zvici ...|Õ
GLv‡b ÔwelqÕ kãUvi RvqMvq †KD ej‡Z cv‡i ÔNUbvÕÑ
ÔAvmj NUbv wK Rv‡bb ... Õ| Avevi †KD ÔwelqÕ ev
ÔNUbvÕ k‡ãi RvqMvq ÔwRwbmÕ kãUvI e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Av‡iv e¨envi Kiv hvqÑ Ae¯’v, cwiw¯’wZ, Z_¨,
K_v BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw`|
GB eûwea e¨env‡ii g‡a¨ GKv‡WwgKvwj ev
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ÔwelqÕ kãwU ÔNUbvÕ k‡ãi Av‡iv
Kvh©Ki A_© cÖKvk K‡i| A_©vr Bs‡iwR Fact kãUvi
me‡P digvj I Dchy³ evsjv n‡”Q ÔwelqÕ| Avgiv
GKUv Aby‡iva Ki‡evÑ AvB‡bi wk¶v_©x wn‡m‡e
ÔwelqÕ kãwU‡KB e¨envi Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb Avcbviv|
Avcbv‡`i †evSvi myweav‡_© ïiæ †_‡K ÔNUbvÕ kã w`‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Avgiv| Gevi ÔwelqÕ kãUv gv_vq
wb‡q Av‡iKevi c‡o Av‡mb‡Zv Ici †_‡K! ÔwelqÕ Gi
NbNUv GLv‡bB †kl!
Gevi Avgiv GB 3 avivq ewY©Z Ab¨vb¨ e¨vL¨v¸‡jv‡Z
hv‡ev| mv¶¨ AvB‡b ÔcÖvmw½KÕ Avi ÔwePvh© NUbvÕ wK?
g~j aviv‡Z wK ejv Av‡Q †`Lyb|
cÖvmw½K : GB AvB‡bi NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv m¤úwK©Z
weavbmg~‡n ewY©Z wewfbœ Dcv‡qi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡q
GKwU NUbv Ab¨ GKwU NUbvi mv‡_ mswkøó n‡j GK
NUbv‡K Ab¨ NUbvi cÖvmw½K ejv nq|
GB AvB‡bi 2q Aa¨v‡qi aviv 5 †_‡K 55 ch©šÍ ÔNUbvi
cÖvmw½KZvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q| ZvQvov, ïay
5 †_‡K 16 ch©šÍ we‡klfv‡eB Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q NUbvi
cÖvmw½KZv wb‡q| ÔcÖvmw½KÕ ej‡Z D³ avivmg~‡n ewY©Z
Dcvq ev c×wZi mv‡_ wg‡j †M‡j Zv GKwU NUbvi
mv‡_ Ab¨ NUbvi Rb¨ cÖvmw½K n‡e| c‡ii †jKPv‡i
†M‡j Av‡iv wK¬qvi n‡e| Zey Av‡iKUz cwi®‹vi n‡q †bb
D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g|
aiæb, Kv‡iv evwo‡Z Pzywi n‡jv| GB Pzwii NUbvq GKwU
evowZ Z_¨ n‡jvÑ H evwoi Kv‡Ri †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q evwoi
GKwU Pvwe wQ‡jvÑ GUv GKUv cÖvmw½K NUbv| wKš‘ H
evwoi cv‡ki evwo‡Z GKwU wkï Amy¯’ wQ‡jvÑ GUv D³
Pzwii NUbvq †Kv‡bv cÖvmw½K NUbv bq| Avevi aiæb,
wg. iwdK GKRb wVKv`vi| wZwb Kv‡iv Øviv nZ¨vKv‡Ði
wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| wg. iwdK wKQzw`b Av‡M Ab¨ GKRb
wVKv`vi KZ©…K ûgwKi wkKvi n‡qwQ‡jb| GUv cÖvmw½K|
Gevi wePvh© NUbv ev wePvh© welq| g~j avivwU †`‡L †bB|
wePvh© NUbv [facts in issue] : ÔwePvh© NUbvÕ kã¸wj
Øviv eySvq Ggb †Kv‡bv NUbv hv nB‡Z ¯^ZtB wKsev
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv NUbvi mwnZ mswkøó nBqv, †Kv‡bv GKwU
†gvKÏgvi `vweK…Z ev A¯^xK…Z †Kv‡bv AwaKvi, `vq
wKsev A¶gZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡, Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv, cÖK…wZ ev cwigvY
Aek¨¤¢vex iƒ‡cB cÖZxqgvb nq|
e¨vL¨v : †`Iqvwb Kvh©wewa m¤ú‡K© eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv
AvB‡bi weavb †gvZv‡eK hLbB †Kv‡bv Av`vjZ NUbv
m¤úwK©Z cÖkœ wjwce× K‡ib, ZLb Abyiƒc cÖ‡kœi Dˇi
†hB NUbv mg_©b ev A¯^xKvi Kiv nq, Zvnv wePvh© NUbv|
D`vniYmg~n :
L-†K nZ¨v Kwievi Aciv‡a K Awfhy³ nB‡j wePviKv‡j
wbgœiƒc NUbv¸wj wePvh© welqmg~n nB‡Z cv‡i :
K L-Gi g„Zz¨ NUvBqv‡Q|
K L-Gi g„Zz¨ NUvBevi B”Qv KwiqvwQj|
K L-Gi wbKU nB‡Z ¸iæZi D¯‹vwb cvBqvwQj|
K †hB Kv‡h©i Øviv L-Gi g„Zz¨ NUvBqv‡Q, Zvnv Kwievi
mgq gvbwmK weKv‡ii d‡j Dnvi cÖK…wZ Dcjwä Kwi‡Z
A¶g wQ‡jv|
Gi cÖ_g c¨vivwU c‡o gv_v mK‡jiB ¸wj‡q hvq| Avgiv
†h gv‡S gv‡S aviv¸‡jvi wewfbœ Ask †evì-AvÛvijvBb
K‡i †`B Zv‡Z K‡iI A‡bK mgq ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q †evSv‡bv
KwVb n‡q hvq| GKUz †f‡O ey‡S †bevi †Póv Kwi|
A_ev GB avivUv‡K GKUz IjUcvjU K‡i c‡o †bb|
g~j †dvKvmUv iv‡LbÑ Ô†Kv‡bv GKwU †gvKÏgvi `vweK…Z
ev A¯^xK…Z †Kv‡bv AwaKviÕ GB K‡qKwU k‡ãi Dci|
aiæb, †Kv‡bv GKwU c¶ GKwU NUbvi GKiKg eY©bv
w`‡jv ev `vwe Ki‡jv| Ab¨ c¶ †mUvi wfbœiƒc eY©bv
Ki‡jv ev `vwe Ki‡jv| Zvi gv‡b GKwU NUbv, hv wKbv
cÖvmw½K †mUvi `yBiKg eY©bv cvIqv †M‡jv| A_©vr
†Kv‡bv GK c¶ `vwe Ki‡jv, Ab¨ c¶ †mUv A¯^xKvi
Ki‡jv; gv‡b mv‡_ mv‡_B `yB c‡¶i g‡a¨ e¨vL¨vi
ZviZg¨ n‡jv, g‡Zi we‡iva n‡jv| GB wfbœg‡Zi
GKUv myivnv Kiv, mv‡¶¨i gva¨‡g mwVK Z_¨wU †ei K‡i
Avbv I Zvi wfwˇZ b¨vqwePvi KivB wePvi‡Ki KvR ev
AvB‡bi KvR|
Avgiv GKUz g~j Bs‡iwRUv †`‡L Avwm|
The expression “facts in issue” means and includes

4. 406 welqm~wP
any fact from which, either by itself or in connection
with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or
extent of any right, liability, or disability, asserted or
denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily follows.
mnR fvlvq †f‡O †f‡O ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡eÑ
GKwU gvgjvq †Kv‡bv `vweK…Z ev A¯^xK…Z †Kv‡bv NUbvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡, Abw¯ÍZ¡ A_ev †Kv‡bv NUbvi AwaKvi, `vq ev
A¶gZvi cÖK…wZ ev we¯Í…wZ; Zv †m †Kv‡bv NUbvi mivmwi
A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv NUbvi mv‡_ cÖvmw½Kfv‡e m¤úK©hy³
n‡q †nvK bv †Kb, †mUvB wePvh© welq|
†Lv` aviv‡Z †`Iqv D`vniYwU eyS‡jB AvcvZZ P‡j|
fv‡jv K‡i †`‡L †bb Avev‡iv|
Gevi Ô`wjjÕ ev Bs‡iwR‡Z Document| AvB‡b evsjv I
Bs‡iwR `yBUv fvm©bB †`‡L †bb Av‡M|
`wjj : `wjj A_© †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i Dci A¶i, AsK ev
wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ wKsev D³ c¶mg~‡ni GKvwaK cš’vq
cÖKvwkZ ev ewY©Z †Kv‡bv welq, †hB cš’v D³ welq
wjwce× Kwievi Rb¨ e¨env‡ii B”Qv Kiv nBqv _vwK‡Z
cv‡i ev e¨envi Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniYmg~n :
wjwLZ †h‡Kv‡bv wRwbm `wjj;
gyw`ªZ, wj‡_vMÖvdK…Z, d‡UvMÖvdK…Z mg¯Í kãB `wjj;
†Kvb gvbwPÎ ev cwiKíbv `wjj;
†Kv‡bv avZzLÐ ev cÖ¯Íi L‡Ði Dci wKQz †Lv`vB Kiv nB‡j
Zvnv `wjj;
†Kv‡bv e¨½wPÎ `wjj|
[‘Document’ means any matter expressed or described
upon any substance by means of letters, figures or
marks, or by more than one of those means, intended
to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of
recording that matter.
Illustrations
A writing is a document:
Words printed, lithographed or photographed are
documents:
A map or plan is a document:
An inscription on a metal plate or stone is a document:
A caricature is a document.]
evsjvq `wjj kãwU ïb‡j Rwgi `wjj Qvov gv_vq †Kv‡bv
wPÎ fv‡m bv| wKš‘ AvB‡b `wjj kãwU e¨vcK A_© aviY
K‡i| `wjj ej‡Z ïay Rwgi `wjj ev wbewÜZ †Kv‡bv
`wjj ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq bv| GUv‡Z GKUv d‡UvKwc Kiv
KvMR, AwWI ev wfwWI A_ev w¯’iwPÎ ev d‡UvMÖvd‡KI
†evSvq| A‡b‡KB Bs‡iwR Document kã Øviv GB
k‡ãi cwiwa Dcjwä Ki‡Z m¶g n‡Z cv‡ib| WKz‡g›U
Bbd¨v± GLb evsjv kã, wewfbœ Awdm-Av`vj‡Z GUv
ninv‡gkvB e¨envi nq| avivwUi Bs‡iwR AskUvq
myweavRbKfv‡e †`Iqv Av‡Q †h, WKz‡g›U ej‡Z Kx Kx
†evSv‡e| Avcbviv H AskUzKz g‡b ivLvi †Póv Kiæb|
wmj Kiv c¨v‡KU `wjj, Avevi ebwefvM KZ©…K Mv‡Q
Kiv bv¤^vwisI `wjj| wewfbœ weL¨vZ gvgjvq `wj‡ji
msÁv bvbvfv‡e we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| hvB‡nvK, `wjj wbewÜZ
ev AwbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| `wjj‡K mvaviYZ g„Z ev
Ro cÖgvY wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq, c¶všÍ‡i †gŠwLK
mv¶¨‡K RxešÍ cÖgvY ejv nq| evsjv As‡k fv‡jv K‡i
†Lqvj Kiæb AvÛvijvBb¸‡jv| †`L‡eb †h, g~jZ 8
ai‡bi wRwbm‡K `wj‡ji msÁvq Aš‘f©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB 8 msL¨vwU g‡b ivLyb cix¶vi Rb¨|
Gev‡i †`L‡ev mv¶¨ ej‡Z wK †evSvq| avivwU †`‡L
†bb Av‡M|
mv¶¨ : mv¶¨ ewj‡Z eySvq [“Evidence” means and
includes]Ñ
(1) Av`vj‡Z †h NUbvi wel‡q wePvi nB‡Z‡Q, †mB
m¤ú‡K© mv¶xi †hB mg¯Í wee„wZ w`evi Rb¨ Av`vjZ
AbygwZ †`q ev wePv‡ii Rb¨ Zvnvi †hB mg¯Í wee„wZ
Av`vj‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq, GB mg¯Í wee„wZ‡K ejv nq
†gŠwLK mv¶¨ [all statements which the Court permits or
requires to be made before it by witnesses, in relation
to matters of fact under inquiry, such statements are
called oral evidence]|
(2) †hB mg¯Í `wjj Av`vjZ KZ©…K cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨
Dcw¯’Z Kiv nq, GBme `wjj‡K ejv nq `wjjx mv¶¨
[all documents produced for the inspection of the Court,
such documents are called documentary evidence]|
Gi mvigg© n‡jvÑ GKwU wePvh© NUbv ev welq A_ev
cÖvmw½K †Kv‡bv welq hLb Av`vj‡Z wee„wZ w`‡q ev
`wjj w`‡q cÖgvY ev AcÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kiv nq, ZvB-B
mv¶¨| wePvh© NUbv ev welq, cÖvmw½K, `wjj BZ¨vw`i
msÁv Avgiv Av‡MB c‡o G‡mwQ| avivwU Avevi c‡o

5. welqm~wP 407
†bb| †Kv‡bv AmyweavB nevi K_v bq|
GB mv¶¨ bvbv iKg n‡Z cv‡i| Gi we¯ÍvwiZ Avgv‡`i‡K
c‡i co‡Z n‡e| AvcvZZ GUzKzB|
Gic‡i mv¶¨ m¤úwK©Z Av‡iv 3wU aviYvÑ ÔcÖgvwYZÕ,
Ôwg_¨v cÖgvwYZÕ Ges ÔcÖgvwYZ bqÕ| G¸‡jv Avevi Kx!
Av`vjZ hLb GKwU gvgjvq mv‡¶¨i Dci Z_v cÖvmw½K
I wePvh© welq ev NUbv wePvi we‡kølY K‡ib ev Zvi Ic‡i
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i ivq †`b, ZLb Av`vjZ‡K Aek¨B
cwi®‹vi fvlvq Zv ej‡Z n‡e †h, Av`vjZ Kx Kx wel‡qi
cÖgvY ev AcÖgv‡Yi Ici wfwË K‡i Zvi wm×všÍ w`‡”Q|
†Kv‡bv wePvh© welq ev NUbv‡K Av`vjZ‡K ¯úófv‡e
e¨³ Ki‡Z nq Zv ÔcÖgvwYZÕ bvwK Ôwg_¨v cÖgvwYZÕ bvwK
ÔcÖgvwYZ bqÕ|
†Zv ÔcÖgvwYZÕ e‡j KLb MY¨ nq GKwU welq ev NUbv?
Lye wm¤új| hLb ZwK©Z welq ev NUbv wbwðZ e‡j
wek¦vm Kivi ch©vß KviY _v‡K Ges Zv Awek¦vm Kivi
hyw³m½Z †Kv‡bv KviY bv _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K cÖgvwYZ
e‡j| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K ZwK©Z welq ev NUbvi Abw¯ÍZ¡
wbwðZ e‡j wek¦vm Kiv hvq Ges †h wel‡qi Abw¯ÍZ¡
m¤ú‡K© m‡›`n Kivi hyw³m½Z KviY Avi bv _v‡K ZLb
Zv‡K Ôwg_¨v cÖgvwYZÕ ejv hvq| ÔcÖgvwYZÕ Avi Ôwg_¨v
cÖgvwYZÕ Rv÷ G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZ| Avi †Kv‡bv welq
ev NUbv hLb ÔcÖgvwYZÕ ev Ôwg_¨v cÖgvwYZÕ †Kv‡bvUvB
nq bv ev †mUv GKUv wePvh© welq ev NUbv nIqv m‡Ë¡I
Zv cÖgvY bv nIqv ch©šÍ ÔcÖgvwYZ bqÕ e‡j wPwýZ|
GB wZbwU welq Avm‡j GKwU wePvh© welq ev NUbvi
cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Avjv`v Avjv`v Ae¯’v‡K [State] †K wb‡`©k
K‡i| hvB‡nvK, aviv †_‡K mswkøó AskUzKz c‡o †bb|
cÖgvwYZ : †Kv‡bv NUbv ZLbB cÖgvwYZ ewjqv MY¨ nq,
hLb Dc¯’vwcZ mg¯Í welq we‡ePbv Kwiqv Av`vjZ †mB
NUbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q ewjqv wek¦vm K‡ib, wKsev Abyiƒc
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡ePbvm¤úbœ †jv‡Ki c‡¶ D³
NUbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ hZUzKz Abygvb Kwiqv KvR Kiv DwPZ,
Av`vjZ Dnvi †mB cwigv‡Y m¤¢e ewjqv g‡b K‡ib [A
fact is said to be proved when, after considering the
matters before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or
considers its existence so probable that a prudent man
ought, under the circumstances of the particular case,
to act upon the supposition that it exists]|
wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ : †Kv‡bv NUbv ZLbB wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ ewjqv
MY¨ nq, hLb Dc¯’vwcZ mg¯Í welq we‡ePbv Kwiqv
Av`vjZ †mB NUbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB ewjqv wek¦vm K‡ib,
wKsev Abyiƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡ePbvm¤úbœ †jv‡Ki
c‡¶ D³ NUbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv hZUv Abyiƒc Kwiqv KvR
Kiv DwPZ, Av`vjZ Dnvi Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv †mB cwigv‡Y
m¤¢e ewjqv g‡b K‡ib [A fact is said to be disproved
when, after considering the matters before it, the Court
either believes that it does not exist, or considers its
non-existence so probable that a prudent man ought,
under the circumstances of the particular case, to act
upon the supposition that it does not exist.]|
cÖgvwYZ b‡n : †Kv‡bv NUbv hLb cÖgvwYZ ev wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ
†Kv‡bvUvB nq bv, ZLb Dnv cÖgvwYZ b‡n ewjqv MY¨ nq
[A fact is said not to be proved when it is neither proved
nor disproved]|
GZ¶‡Y `xN© 3 avivwU †kl n‡jv| Gevi aviv 4|
Pvicv‡ki NUbvmg~n †_‡K GKwU †Rvi`vi m¤¢vebvgq
NUbvi mZ¨Zv ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ hLb ¯^xK…Z nq ev MÖnY Kiv
nq ZLb Zv‡K Abygvb ejv nq| Bs‡iwR‡Z Presume ev
Presumption e‡j| Avgiv Abygvb m¤ú‡K© g~j avivwU
covi Av‡M `yBwU D`vni‡Y hvB|
aiv hvK, GKRb †jvK 7 eQi a‡i jvcvËv| †Kv‡bv
†LuvRLei †bB| †Kv‡bv AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi
†hvMv‡hvM †bB| GB Ae¯’vq †KvU© ev Av`vjZ wek¦vm
Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, †jvKwU Avi †eu‡P †bB| GUv‡KB e‡j
Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb| †Lqvj Kiæb, GLv‡b H †jvKwUi
g„Zz¨i wKš‘ †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB; GUv Pvicv‡ki NUbv
ch©v‡jvPbvq wek¦vm‡hvM¨ GKwU aviYv ev wek¦vm‡hvM¨
GKwU m¤¢vebv, hv‡K AvB‡bi fvlvq Abygvb ejv nq|
GB D`vniY‡K wN‡i Av‡iKUz †fZ‡i XywK| aiæb, D³
†jvKwUi mv‡_ ¯^v_© mswkøó `yB ai‡bi †jvK Av‡Q|
D³ †jvKwUi DËivwaKvixiv Ges Ab¨ GKRb GwZg
e¨w³| †jvKwU g„Z n‡j Zvi m¤úwË DËivwaKvixiv eÈb
K‡i †b‡e| Avi D³ †jvKwU †eu‡P _vK‡j Rwg eÈb
nevi Av‡MB mvgvb¨ wKQz Rwg `vb wn‡m‡e D³ GwZ‡gi
cvevi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K eȇbi ev ev‡Uvqvivi
gvgjvq Zvi DËivwaKvixiv jvfevb n‡eb ev m¤úwË
cv‡eb| Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb‡K d‡j ev‡Uvqviv gvgjvq
P¨v‡jÄ Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb co‡Q bv, eis Abygvb‡K
mZ¨ a‡i wb‡qB ev‡Uvqvivi gvgjvwU AMÖmi n‡e| wKš‘
Iw`‡K GwZg e¨w³wU fve‡Z cv‡iÑ †jvKwU‡K hw` g„Z
bq cÖgvY Kiv hvq Ges Zv‡K nvwRi Kiv hvq, Z‡e
Zvi wKQz m¤úwË `vb wn‡m‡e cvevi mg~n m¤¢vebv Av‡Q,

6. 408 welqm~wP
†Kbbv †jvKwU GwZg e¨w³wU‡K Rwg `vb Kivi B”Qv
cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jv GKmgq| d‡j, GwZg e¨w³wUi ¯^v_©
Av‡Q GLv‡b| myZivs Av`vj‡Zi GB Abygvb‡K fyj
cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ cÖgvYvw` nvwRi mv‡c‡¶ ej‡Z n‡eÑ
†jvKwU g„Z bq| A_©vr, whwb †K¬Bg Ki‡Qb ev `vwe
Ki‡Qb, Zv‡KB cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e Av`vj‡Zi Abygvb
fyj|
Zvi gv‡bÑ Av`vjZ †Kv‡bv NUbv Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges †mB Abygvb GKwU mvgwqK Abygvb Ges cieZ©x‡Z
LÐbxq, PvB‡j ¯^v_© mswkøó †KD Zv LÐb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GB n‡jv Abygvb m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv|
avivwU c¨viv Abymv‡i Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e †`Lyb|
cÖ_‡gB ejv Av‡Q ÕAbygvb Kwi‡Z cvi‡eÕ|
aviv 4 : Abygvb Kwi‡Z cv‡i [May presume] : †hLv‡bB
GB AvB‡bi weavb Av‡Q †h, Av`vjZ †Kv‡bv NUbv
Abygvb Kwi‡Z cv‡i, †mLv‡bB, Av`vjZ nq †mB NUbv
wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Dnv cÖgvwYZ ewjqv we‡ewPZ
Kwi‡eb, bv nq, Dnv cÖgvY Kwievi Avnevb RvbvB‡eb
[Whenever it is provided by this Act that the Court may
presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved,
unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof
of it]|
Ô†hLv‡b AvB‡bi weavb Av‡QÕ †mLv‡b ÔAv`vjZ Abygvb
Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ Ges Zv wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ
cÖgvwYZ e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡eb, bq‡Zv Zv cÖgvY Kivi
Rb¨ Aek¨B AvnŸvb Rvbv‡eb Av`vjZ| GB‡Zv g~j
K_v| Gici ÔAbygvb Kwi‡eÕ wk‡ivbv‡g AskwU|
Abygvb Kwi‡e [Shall presume] : †hLv‡bB GB AvB‡bi
wb‡`©k Av‡Q †h, Av`vjZ †Kv‡bv NUbv Aek¨ Abygvb
Kwi‡eb, †mLv‡bB D³ NUbv wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ
Av`vjZ Dnv cÖgvwYZ ewjqv we‡ewPZ Kwi‡eb [Whenever
it is directed by this Act that the Court shall presume a
fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until
it is disproved]|
Ô†hLv‡b AvB‡bi wb‡`©k Av‡QÕ Ges ÔAv`vjZ †Kv‡bv
NUbv Aek¨ Abygvb Ki‡eÕ| †Lqvj KiæbÑ AvB‡bi
wb‡`©k Ges Aek¨ Abygvb Ki‡e| Avi wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ bv
nIqv ch©šÍ Av`vjZ Zv cÖgvwYZ e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡ebÑ
G‡Zv ejvB evûj¨| Lye mvgvb¨ cv_©K¨| Z‡e GUv w_Iwi
AvKv‡i g‡b iv‡Lb †h, ÔAek¨ AbygvbÕ Kivi welqUv
mvaviYZ AvBbMZ welq nq|
c‡ii I GB avivi †kl c¨vivwU †`‡Lb| ÔP‚ovšÍ cÖgvYÕ
wel‡q|
P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY [Conclusive proof] : AvB‡b hLb GKwU
NUbv‡K Aci GKwU NUbvi P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY ewjqv †NvlYv
Kiv nq ZLb Av`vjZ cÖ_‡gv³ NUbv cÖgvwYZ nB‡jB
Aci NUbvI cÖgvwYZ ewjqv we‡ePbv Kwi‡eb Ges Dnv
wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ Kwievi Rb¨ mv¶¨`v‡bi AbygwZ w`‡eb bv
[When one fact is declared by this Act to be conclusive
proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one
fact, regard the other as proved, and shall not allow
evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving it]|
GBLv‡bB BwZ UvbwQ| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvi kZfvM bv
eyS‡Z cvi‡j †dwfKj AvVvi g‡Zv †j‡M _vK‡eb bv|
hv eyS‡jb ZvB-B wb‡q c‡ii †jKPv‡i hvevi cÖ¯‘wZ
ivLyb| fv‡jv _vKzb|

7. welqm~wP 409
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cÖkœ
1. mv¶¨ AvBb KZ mv‡j cÖYxZ nq?
K. 1860 mv‡j L. 1872 mv‡j
M. 1877 mv‡j N. 1898 mv‡j
mwVK DËi : L ; [AvB‡bi wk‡ivbvg I msw¶ß wk‡ivbvg]
2. mv¶¨ AvBb 1872 mv‡ji KZ bs AvBb?
K. 1 bs AvBb L. 5 bs AvBb
M. 45 bs AvBb N. 10 bs AvBb
mwVK DËi : K ; [AvB‡bi wk‡ivbvg]
3. mv¶¨ AvBb g~jZ wK ai‡bi AvBb?
K. cÖwZKvig~jK AvBb
L. g~j AvBb
M. c×wZMZ AvBb
N. mvsweavwbK AvBb
mwVK DËi : M ; [mvaviY Z_¨]
4. mv¶¨ AvBb †Kvb gvm †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq ?
K. †m‡Þ¤^i L. Rvbyqvwi
M. wW‡m¤^i N. gvP©
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 1]
5. mv¶¨ AvBb KqwU aviv wb‡q MwVZ?
K. 160 wU
L. 165 wU
M. 167 wU
N. 168 wU
mwVK DËi : M ; [mv¶¨ AvBb]; mv¶¨ AvBb GKwU c×wZMZ
AvBb †hLv‡b mv¶¨ welqwU wb‡q Av`vjZ wKfv‡e †Kvb c×wZ‡Z
AMÖmi n‡e Zv ejv Av‡Q| 1871 mv‡j m¨vi †Rgm w÷‡db Gi
Lmovq weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U 1872 mv‡ji 15 gvP© GUv cvk nq
Ges Zv m½Z Kvi‡YB weªwUk Dcwb‡ek fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k
Pvjy nq| GB AvBbwU cÖK…Zc‡¶ Kvh©Ki nq 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 1872
†_‡KÑ GUv wKš‘ g~j AvB‡bB cwi®‹vi fvlvq ejv Av‡Q| GB
Z_¨wU fyj‡eb bv| GB AvB‡b 167wU aviv Av‡Q, Av‡Q Gi 3wU
cÖavb Ask ev fvM| GB AvBbwU D³ eQ‡i cvk nIqv cÖ_g
AvBb| ZvB GwU 1872 mv‡ji 1 bs AvBb|
6. mv¶¨ AvBb wb‡Pi †Kvb AvB‡bi †¶‡Î Kvh©Ki nq
bv?
K. †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb
L. we‡kl ¶gZv AvBb, 1974
M. AvBbRxexi weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM IVvi mgq
N. 1972 mv‡ji †mbvevwnbx AvBb
mwVK DËi : N ; [aviv : 1]; GB K_vwU ejv Av‡Q aviv 1 G| ïay
†mbvevwnbx bq, †bŠevwnbx I wegvbevwnbx msµvšÍ mywbw`©ó wKQz
AvBb G GB mv¶¨ AvBb cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv GUv ejv Av‡Q|
Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z GUv wKš‘ Avevi cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨|
7. mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †Kvb avivq wewfbœ wel‡qi msÁv
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q?
K. 2 avivq
L. 3 avivq
M. 4 avivq
N. 5 avivq
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 3]
8. mv¶¨ AvBb Abyhvqx Av`vjZ bq †KvbwU?
K. wePviK
L. g¨vwR‡÷ªU
M. wbe©vnx g¨vwR‡÷ªU
N. mvwjk e¨e¯’v
mwVK DËi : N ; [aviv : 3]
9. GKwU NUbvi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU NUbv m¤úwK©Z _vK‡j,
D³ m¤úwK©Z NUbv wK ÔwePvh© welqÕ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z nevi
†¶‡Î euvav¯^iƒc nq?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 3]
10. GKwU gvgjvi wePvh© wel‡qi D™¢e nq †Kv_v †_‡K?
K. wePvi PjvKv‡j wePvi‡Ki gšÍe¨ †_‡K
L. cywj‡ki †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †_‡K
M. `vweK…Z ev A¯^xK…Z †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ †_‡K
N. g¨vwR‡÷ªU gvgjv Avg‡j †bqvi mgq Kiv gšÍe¨
†_‡K
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 3]
11. mv¶¨ AvB‡b `wjj ej‡Z KZ cÖKvi `wj‡ji K_v
wbw`©ó K‡i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q?
K. 5 cÖKvi L. 6 cÖKvi
M. 7 cÖKvi N. 8 cÖKvi
mwVK DËi : N ; [aviv : 3]
12. `wj‡ji msÁv mv¶¨ AvB‡b KZ avivi welqe¯‘?
K. 2 aviv L. 3 aviv
M. 4 aviv N. 5 aviv
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 3]
13. †Kv‡bv e¨½wPÎ wK †Kv‡bv `wjj?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]

8. 410 welqm~wP
14. †Kv‡bv cwiKíbv hw` †Kv‡bv Mv‡Qi Mv‡q †jLv _v‡K
Z‡e Zv wK `wjj wn‡m‡e Av`vj‡Z M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]
15. GKwU AwbewÜZ `wjj wK `wjj?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]
16. †Kv‡bv †jv‡Ki L¨vwZ Av‡QÑ GUv wK NUbv?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]
17. GKwU evwo‡Z Pzwii NUbvq evwoi †Kqvi‡UKv‡ii
Kv‡Q Kv‡Q Pvwe _vKv wK cÖvmw½K NUbv?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]
18. GKwU WvKvwZi NUbvq cv‡ki evwoi GKwU gwnjv
ÔmyjZvb my‡jgvbÕ wUwf wmwiqvj †`LwQ‡jv, GUv wK
cÖvmw½K NUbv?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 3]
19. eûj Av‡jvwPZ e`iæj Zvi †cÖwgKv Lvw`Rv‡K
Kzwc‡q gvivZ¥K RLg I AvnZ Kivi NUbvi mgq
gvbwmK weKviMÖ¯’ wQ‡jv, d‡j Zvi cÖK…wZ Dcjwä
Ki‡Z A¶g wQ‡jvÑ GUv wK wePvh© welq?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]
20. †Kv‡bv cÖgvY Qvov Av`vjZ wK †Kv‡bv wel‡q Abygvb
Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 3]
21. hLb †Kv‡bv welq cÖgvwYZ ev AcÖgvwYZ nq bv,
ZLb Zv‡K wK e‡j?
K. cÖgvwYZ L. AcÖgvwYZ
M. cÖgvwYZ bq N. Dc‡ii †Kv‡bvwU bq
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 3]
22. Abygvb wel‡q cÖv_wgK ev msÁvMZ aviYv mv¶¨
AvB‡bi †Kvb avivq Av‡Q?
K. 2 aviv L. 3 aviv
M. 4 aviv N. 5 aviv
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 4]

9. welqm~wP 411
g¨vwcs : A‡b‡KB e‡j _v‡Kb, mv¶¨ AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg
RwUj Ges `y‡e©va¨ Aa¨vq n‡jv 2q Aa¨vqwU| LvwbKUv
mZ¨ Zv| 2q Aa¨v‡qi we¯Í…wZ aviv 5 †_‡K aviv 55
ch©šÍ| Z‡e AwZwi³ `xN© nevi d‡j Avgiv GB Aa¨vq
K‡qKwU †jKPv‡i fvM K‡i co‡ev| eZ©gvb †jKPv‡i
aviv 5 †_‡K 16 ch©šÍ mxgve× ivLv n‡jv| D³ 2q
Aa¨v‡qi g~j g‡bv‡hvM cÖavbZ NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv Ges
wePvh© NUbv wb‡q| hw`I Dcwk‡ivbvg¸‡jv †`‡L g‡b
n‡Z cv‡i wfbœ wKQz| †jKPvi g¨vc †evSvi myweav‡_©
cy‡iv Aa¨vqwU‡Z [ aviv 5Ñ aviv 55 ] Kx Kx Av‡Q †`‡L
†bb GKevi|
aviv 5Ñ 16 : NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv
aviv 17Ñ 31 : ¯^xK…wZ
aviv 32Ñ 33 : †h mKj †jvK‡K mv¶x wn‡m‡e Zje
Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡`i wee„wZ
aviv 34Ñ 38 : we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ`Ë wee„wZ
aviv 39 : †Kv‡bv wee„wZi †h Ask cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e
aviv 40Ñ 51 : Av`vj‡Zi ivq hLb cÖvmw½K
aviv 52Ñ 55 : PwiÎ †hB‡¶‡Î cÖvmw½K
Gi †fZi ZvwË¡K aviYv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ Ges NUbvi
cÖvmw½KZv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ cÖkœ wn‡m‡e †`L‡j
AZUv bq| Zey GB aviYv¸‡jv cwi®‹vi bv _vK‡j mv¶¨
AvBb †evSv KwVb n‡e| aviv 5-16 GB †jKPv‡i,
aviv 17 †_‡K 31 ch©šÍ 3q †jKPv‡i Ges aviv 32
†_‡K 55 ch©šÍ 4_© †jKPv‡i Avgiv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
4_© †jKPvi †_‡K cÖkœ Avmvi cwigvY †ewk, m¤¢vebvI
†ewk| Avcbv‡`i DwPZ n‡e me¸‡jv‡KB mgvb ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q cov| eZ©gvb †jKPv‡ii Ask †_‡K ev‡ii cix¶vq
gvÎ GKwU cÖkœ GKevi G‡mwQ‡jv| Avi cy‡iv 2q Aa¨vq
†_‡K †gvU Avmv cÖ‡kœi msL¨v 6wU [2017 mv‡ji wn‡me
ev‡`]|
mvaviYZ GKRb Awf‡hvMKvixi eû K_v ejevi _v‡K|
mg¯Í Awf‡hv‡Mi cy•Lvbycy•L weeiY w`‡Z bv cvi‡j
GKRb Awf‡hvMKvix mvaviYZ kvwšÍ cvb bv| wKš‘
mg¯Í Awf‡hvM Gfv‡e ïb‡Z †M‡j w`b ivZ me mvevo
n‡q hv‡e| Avevi GKwU Av`vjZ †Kv‡bv AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi
evwo bq, A_ev wePviKI †Kv‡bv Kv‡Qi Nwbô †jvK bb;
†mLv‡b me K_v ejv gvbvqIbv, `iKviI _v‡K bv|
Zvn‡j GKwU Av`vjZ GKwU Awf‡hvM m¤ú‡K© KZLvwb
ïb‡e, Kx Kx ïb‡e, Kx Kx †kvbv `iKvi, Avmvwgc‡¶i
e³e¨ _vK‡j †m¸‡jv Kx Kx BZ¨vw` welq Gi GKwU
mxgv-cwimxgv wba©viY Kiv `iKvi| GB mxgv-cwimxgv
wba©vi‡Yi KvRwUB GB Aa¨v‡q Kiv n‡q‡Q ev AvBbMZ
wfwË †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GKwU Awf‡hv‡Mi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z
Av`vjZ †Kvb †Kvb NUbv ïb‡e, †KvbUv‡K cÖvmw½K
g‡b Ki‡e ev Ki‡e bv Zv GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbvi
welqe¯‘|
mv¶¨ AvB‡bi GB welq¸‡jv g~jZ wKQz aviYv‡K we¯Í…Z
AvKv‡i e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q| GB mg¯Í aviYv¸‡jv A‡bK
mgq GgwmwKD ai‡b cÖkœ ˆZwi KivUvB GKUv KwVb
welq| d‡j Gi †gŠwjK aviYv¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e AvZ¥¯’
Ki‡Z n‡e| †jUm ÷vU©!
g~j Av‡jvPbv
2q Aa¨v‡q aviv 5 †_‡K aviv 16 ch©šÍ NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv
wk‡ivbv‡g Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| Gi ïiæi avivwU A_©vr 5
bs avivq wePvh© NUbv Ges cÖvmw½K NUbv m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨
†`Iqv hv‡e Ges Zv †h AvBbm¤§Z, Zv wbw`©ó K‡i ejv
Av‡Q| 5 avivwU ïiæ‡ZB †`‡L wbb|
aviv 5 : wePvh© NUbv I cÖvmw½K NUbv m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨
†`Iqv hvB‡e [Evidence may be given of facts in issue
and relevant facts] : †Kv‡bv †`Iqvwb gvgjv ev Kvh©µ‡g
wePvh© cÖ‡Z¨K NUbvi Ges GB AvB‡b AZtci †hB mKj
NUbv‡K cÖvmw½K ewjqv MY¨ Kiv nBqv‡Q Zvnvi Aw¯ÍZ¡
ev Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨ †`Iqv hvB‡Z cv‡i, Ges
Bnv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv NUbv m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨ †`Iqv hvB‡e
bv [Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of
the existence or non-existence of every fact in issue
and of such other fact as are hereinafter declared to be
†jKPvi : 02 aviv : 05-16
NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv

10. 412 welqm~wP
relevant, and of no others.]|
e¨vL¨v : †`Iqvwb Kvh©wewa m¤ú‡K© eZ©gv‡bi cÖPwjZ
†Kv‡bv AvBb †gvZv‡eK †Kv‡bv †jvK †hB NUbv cÖgvY
Kwievi AwaKvix b‡n, GB aviv †gvZv‡eK †mB †jvK †mB
NUbv m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨ w`‡Z cvwi‡e bv [This section shall
not enable any person to give evidence of a fact which
he is disentitled to prove by any provision of the law
for the time being in force relating to Civil Procedure]|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) L-Gi g„Zz¨ NUvBevi B”Qv jBqv jvwV Øviv wcUvBqv
Zvnv‡K nZ¨v Kwievi Aciv‡a K Awfhy³ nBj|
K-KZ©…K L-†K jvwV Øviv cÖnvi;
D³iƒc cÖnv‡ii d‡j K KZ©…K L-Gi g„Zz¨ NUv‡bv;
K KZ©…K L-Gi g„Zz¨ NUvBevi B”Qv|
(L) †`Iqvwb gvgjvi ev`x †h gyP‡jKvi Dci wbf©i
K‡i, Zvnv †m m‡½ jBqv Av‡m bvB, Z‡e gvgjvi cÖ_g
ïbvwb‡Z Dnv Dc¯’vcb Kwievi Rb¨ Zvnvi wbKU cÖ¯‘wZ
ivwLqv‡Q| Dnv Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤ú‡K© †`Iqvwb Kvh©wewa‡Z
†hBiƒc weavb Av‡Q, Zvnv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cš’vq †mB
gvgjvi cieZ©x †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q D³ gyP‡jKv Dc¯’vcb ev
Dnv‡Z Dwjø­
wLZ welq cÖgvY Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv [A suitor
does not bring with him, and have in readiness for
production at the first hearing of the case, a bond on
which he relies. This section does not enable him to
produce the bond or prove its contents at a subsequent
stage of the proceedings, otherwise than in accordance
with the conditions prescribed by the Code of Civil
Procedure.]|
GUv wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbvi `iKvi †bB †eva
Kwi| wel‡qi cÖvmw½KZv Ges wePvh© welq wb‡q Av‡Mi
†jKPv‡iB †gvUvgywU wek` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b
Avi †Kv‡bv wKQz Av‡jvPbv Kivi †bB bZzb K‡i| Avgiv
mvg‡b G‡Mv‡ev| c‡ii aviv¸‡jv|
Res Gastae bv‡g fvix Avi GwjU GKUv kã Av‡Q
NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv wel‡q| GB fvix-fveP°iIqvjv kã
w`‡q RywWwmqvwi‡Z wjwLZ cÖkœ Av‡m| ejv hvq bv, evi
KvDwÝj cix¶vq G wb‡q cÖkœ Avm‡j wK”Qz Kivi _vK‡e
bv †P‡q †P‡q †`Lv Qvov| ZLb ej‡ebÑ `You are
beautiful! Its true!!’ A_©vr wK”Qz Kivi _vK‡e bv, `~i
†_‡K g‡b g‡b fv‡jvevmv Qvov!
†Zv, Res Gastae ! wWKkbvixi `vi¯’ n‡q †bB Avgiv|
resgestae:(rayzjest-tie)n.fromLatinfor“things
done,”itmeansallcircumstancessurroundingand
connectedwithahappening.Thus,theresgestaeofa
crimeincludestheimmediateareaandalloccurrences
and statements immediately after the crime.
res gestae : Things done; transactions; essential
circumstances surrounding the subject. The
circumstances,facts,anddeclarationswhichgrow
outofthemainfact,arecontemporaneouswithit,
and serve to illustrate its character. [Black’s Law
Dictionary]
GB fvix kãUvi gv‡b Lye mvaviY| gv‡b GKwU NUbvi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mg¯Í Awe‡”Q`¨ NUbvmg~n! ev GKB
Kv‡Ri Askwe‡kl| Gi †P‡q †ewk wKQz bv| AvB‡b
Gi Zvrch© GUvB †h, GKwU NUbvi mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e
m¤úwK©Z Acivci NUbvmg~n; hv wKbv D³ g~j NUbv‡K
e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| †mBme Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K ev NUbvi
Awe‡”Q`¨ Askwe‡kl‡K GB Res Gastae bv‡g GK
K_vq AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
wb‡Pi GB aviv¸‡jv welq ev NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv cÖm‡½
Acwinvh© / Awe‡”Q`¨ welq ev Res Gastae| 6 bs avivwU
Gi g~j bxwZ eY©bv K‡i‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ aviv¸‡jv‡Z Res
Gastae bxwZwU Kvh©Ki n‡e wK n‡e bv, ev GKwU NUbvi
Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvq †bIqv n‡e wKbv, Zv
g~jZ †ek wKQz wel‡qi mv‡_ wbf©i K‡iÑ †mB cÖm‡½B
cÖ”Qbœ Avjvc Kiv Av‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e Res Gastae
aviYvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z aviv¸‡jvi wk‡ivbvg¸‡jv fv‡jv
K‡i †Lqvj Kiæb Ges gv_v LvUvb GKUz|
aviv 6 : †h mKj NUbv GKB Kv‡h©i Ask †mB¸wji
cÖvmw½KZv|
aviv 7 : †h mKj NUbv wePvh© NUbvi Dcj¶, KviY ev
cwiYvg|
aviv 8 : D‡Ïk¨, cÖ¯‘wZ I c~e©eZ©x wKsev cieZ©x AvPiY|
aviv 9 : cÖvmw½K NUbvi e¨vL¨v ev AeZviYvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq NUbv|
aviv 10 : Awfbœ AwfcÖvq cÖm‡½ lohš¿Kvixi K_v ev
KvR|
aviv 11 : †h mKj NUbv Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖvmw½K b‡n|
aviv 14 : †hB mg¯Í NUbv g‡bi wKsev †`‡ni Ae¯’v
wKsev ˆ`wnK Dcjwäi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i|

11. welqm~wP 413
avivi wk‡ivbvg¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co‡jb Kx? †h
aviv¸‡jv D‡jø­
L Kiv †bB †m¸‡jvi wk‡ivbvg¸‡jv
GKevi wb‡P †`‡L †bb, Zvn‡j Res Gastae eyS‡Z myweav
n‡e| wb‡¤œv³¸‡jv Res Gastae bq, Z‡e cÖvmw½K|
aviv 12 : ¶wZc~i‡Yi †gvKÏgvq †hBme Av`vjZ KZ©…K
¶wZi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i †mB¸wj cÖvmw½K|
aviv 13 : hLb AwaKvi ev cÖ_v m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ D‡V ZLb
†mme NUbv cÖvmw½K|
aviv 15 : †Kv‡bv KvR AvKw¯§K wKsev B”QvK…Z GB cÖ‡kœ
†h mg¯Í NUbvi cÖfve _v‡K|
aviv 16 : e¨emvi †¶‡Î Abym„Z †Kv‡bv ixwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡
hLb cÖvmw½K|
†KvbUv Res Gastae ev Awe‡”Q`¨-Aciwnvh© NUbv Avi
†KvbUv Res Gastae bq, Gme gyL¯’ Kivi wKQz †bB| AwZ
msw¶ßfv‡e ïay ZvwË¡K aviYvwU †`qv n‡jv|
Avgiv GLb aviv¸‡jv wW‡UBj Avcbv‡`i‡K c‡o wb‡Z
ej‡ev| wb‡P evwK me¸‡jv aviv Zz‡j w`‡q ivLjvg|
GLv‡b Av‡jvPbvi wKQz †bB Avi| †Kbbv, cÖvq cÖwZwU
aviv‡ZB we¯ÍvwiZ D`vniY w`‡q w`‡q †Lv` AvB‡bB
e‡j w`‡q‡Q| GKevi wiwWs w`‡jB Zv cwi®‹vi n‡q
hv‡e| Dciš‘, Avgiv †evanq Av‡M GKevi ejjvg
†h, Kgb‡mÝ ev KvÐÁvb n‡”Q me‡P‡q eo welq|
GKUz gv_v-gMR LvUv‡jB GBme aviYv Avcwb wb‡RB
eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| GBme welq †_‡K GgwmwKD cÖkœ
Kivi my‡hvMI Kg _v‡K| cÖkœB ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e nq
bv GgwmwKD AvKv‡i| d‡j Kgb‡mÝ LvwU‡q aviYvUv
cwi®‹vi _vK‡jB P‡j| †`Lyb bv wb‡Pi cÖkœwU| evi
KvDw݇j Avmv Ic‡ii Av‡jvP¨ AskUzKz †_‡K weMZ 4
`dvi cix¶vq Avmv GKgvÎ cÖkœ! 2015 †Z G‡mwQ‡jv|
“B Gi nZ¨vi Rb¨ A Awfhy³| wePviKv‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb
NUbvwU wePvh© welq n‡e bvÑ [evi : 2015]
K. A, B Gi g„Zz¨ NwU‡qwQj
L. A, B Gi g„Zz¨ NUv‡bvi AwfcÖvq K‡iwQj
M. A, B Gi wbKU n‡Z AvKw¯§K cÖ‡ivPbv †c‡qwQj
N. A Gi eo fvB ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡qwQjÓ
Gevi me¸‡jv aviv G‡Ki ci GK| †evì-AvÛvijvBb
†Lqvj K‡i co–b|
aviv 6 : †h mKj NUbv GKB Kv‡h©i Ask †mB¸wji
cÖvmw½KZv [Relevancy of facts forming part of same
transaction] : †h NUbv wePvh© bq, Zvnv hw` †Kv‡bv
wePvh© NUbvi mwnZ Giƒcfv‡e mswkøó nq †h, Dnviv GKB
Kv‡h©i Askiƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nB‡Z cv‡i [as to form part of
the same transaction], Z‡e D³ NUbv `yBwU GKB mg‡q
I GKB ¯’v‡b msNwUZ nBqv _vKzK, wKsev wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q
I ¯’v‡b msNwUZ nBqv _vKzK, cÖ_‡gv³ NUbv cÖvmw½K|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) L-†K wcUvBqv nZ¨v Kwievi Aciv‡a K Awfhy³
nBqv‡Q| wcUvBevi mgq wKsev wcUvBevi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
ev c‡i K, L wKsev NUbv¯’‡j A‡c¶gvb †jv‡Kiv [the
by-standers at the beating] hvnvB Kwiqv _vKzK ev ewjqv
_vKzK, †mB¸wj‡K hw` D³ wcUvBevi NUbvi mwnZ GKB
Kv‡h©i Askiƒ‡c we‡ePbv Kiv hvq, Zvnv nB‡j †mB¸wj
cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(L) KÑ evsjv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× hy‡× wjß nBevi Aciv‡a
Awfhy³ nBqv‡Q| †m GKwU mk¯¿ MYAf¨yÌv‡b AskMÖnY
K‡i| D³ Af¨yÌv‡b m¤úwË aŸsm nq, ˆmb¨evwnbx AvµvšÍ
nq Ges †RjLvbv fv½v nq| K D³ NUbv¸wji me¸wj‡Z
Dcw¯’Z bv _vwK‡jI GKwU mvaviY Kv‡h©i Ask wn‡m‡e
mKj NUbvB cÖvmw½K|
(M) K I L-Gi g‡a¨Kvi cÎvjv‡ci Ask¯^iƒc GKwU
gvbnvwbRbK e³e¨ _vKvq K L-Gi weiæ‡× †gvKÏgv
Kwiqv‡Q| mswkøó m¤ú‡K© Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ †h me cÎ
wewbgq nBqv‡Q Ges †h cθwj GKB Kv‡h©i Ask¯^iƒc,
†mB¸wji me KwU‡ZB hw`I gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ bvB,
Z_vwc mKj cÎB cÖvmw½K|
(N) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, L-Gi wbKU nB‡Z AW©vi †`Iqv wKQz
gvj K-Gi wbKU Awc©Z nBqv‡Q wKbv| mswkøó gvj¸wj
GKvw`µ‡g ga¨eZ©x †jv‡Ki wbKU Ac©Y Kiv nBqvwQj|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ac©YB cÖvmw½K NUbv [Each delivery is a
relevant fact]|
aviv 7 : †h mKj NUbv wePvh© NUbvi Dcj¶, KviY ev
cwiYvg [Facts which are the occasion cause or effect
of facts in issue]: †hB me NUbv cÖvmw½K A_ev wePvh©
NUbvi Ae¨ewnZ wKsev Ab¨wea msNUb, KviY ev dj,
wKsev †hB¸wj D³ NUbv msNwUZ nBevi cwi‡ek m„wó
K‡i, wKsev †hBme NUbv D³ NUbv msNwUZ nBevi
my‡hvM m„wó K‡i, †mB¸wj cÖvmw½K|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, K LÑ Gi Dci WvKvwZ Kwiqv‡Q wKbv|
WvKvwZi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© L UvKv cqmv m‡½ jBqv †gjvq
wMqvwQj Ges †m Ab¨vb¨ †jvK‡K UvKv †`LvBqvwQj,
wKsev Zvnv‡`i wbKU UvKvi K_v D‡jø­
L KwiqvwQj-
GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(L) cÖkœ nBj K L-†K nZ¨v Kwiqv‡Q wKbv|

12. 414 welqm~wP
NUbv¯’‡j ev Dnvi wbK‡U a¯Ívaw¯Íi `iæb gvwU‡Z †hBme
wPý nBqv‡Q, Zvnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(M) cÖkœ nBj K L-†K wel cÖ‡qvM Kwiqv‡Q wKbv|
welwµqvi j¶Y †`Lv w`evi c~‡e© L-Gi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v
Ges L-Gi Af¨vm hvnv K-Gi Rvbv wQ‡jv, Ges hvnvi
d‡j wel cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó nBqvwQj, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K
NUbv|
aviv 8 : D‡Ïk¨, cÖ¯‘wZ I c~e©eZ©x wKsev cieZ©x AvPiY
[Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent
conduct] : wePvh© ev cÖvmw½K NUbv NUvBevi D‡Ïk¨ ev
cÖ¯‘wZ †hB NUbvi Øviv m„wó nq ev †hB NUbv nB‡Z m„wó
nq, Zvnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
†Kvb †`Iqvwb †gvKÏgv ev Kvh©µg cÖm‡½, wKsev Dnv‡Z
wePvh© ev cÖvmw½K †Kv‡bv NUbv cÖm‡½, D³ †gvKÏgv ev
Kvh©µ‡gi †Kv‡bv c¶ ev †Kv‡bv c‡¶i cÖwZwbwai AvPiY
Ges †hB †jv‡Ki weiæ‡× K…Z †Kv‡bv Aciva †Kv‡bv
†dŠR`vwi Kvh©µ‡gi welqe¯‘, Zvnvi AvPiY hw` †Kv‡bv
wePvh© ev cÖvmw½K NUbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i ev Zvnv Øviv
cÖfvweZ nq Z‡e †mB AvPiY mswkøó NUbvi c~e©eZ©xB
†nvK ev cieZ©x †nvK, Zvnv cÖvmw½K|
e¨vL¨v 1 : GB avivq ÒAvPiYÓ K_vwU ewj‡Z wee„wZ Dnvi
AšÍf©y³ nq bv, hw` bv D³ wee„wZi mv‡_ wee„wZ e¨ZxZ
Avi †Kv‡bv KvR _v‡K ev Dnv Avi †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri e¨vL¨v
K‡i [The word “conduct” in this section does not
include statements, unless those statements accompany
and explain acts other than statements]; wKš‘ GB
AvB‡bi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv avivq AšÍM©Z wee„wZi cÖvmw½KZv
GB e¨vL¨v Øviv cÖfvweZ nB‡e bv|
e¨vLv 2 : †Kv‡bv †jv‡Ki AvPiY hLb cÖvmw½K, ZLb †mB
†jv‡Ki ev Dcw¯’wZ‡Z I kÖæwZ‡MvP‡i cÖ`Ë wee„wZ Zvnvi
AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ Kwi‡j ZvnvI cÖvmw½K|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) L- †K nZ¨v Kwievi `v‡q K-Gi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q|
K M-†K nZ¨v KwiqvwQj, L RvwbZ †h, K M-†K nZ¨v
KwiqvwQj Ges Zvnvi GB Rvwbevi K_v cÖKvk Kwiqv
w`evi fq †`LvBqv L K-Gi wbKU nB‡Z UvKv Av`v‡qi
†Póv KwiqvwQjÑ GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(L) GKwU Lv‡Zi UvKv Av`vq Kwievi Rb¨ K L-Gi
weiæ‡× †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Kwiqv‡Q| L †mB Lv‡Z w`evi
K_v A¯^xKvi Kwij|
†hB mgq LZ †`Iqv nq ewjqv Awf‡hvM Kiv nBqv‡Q,
ZLb we‡kl †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y L-Gi UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv-
Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(M) L-†K wel w`qv nZ¨v Kwievi `v‡q K-Gi wePvi
nB‡Z‡Q |
LÑ †K †h wel †`Iqv nBqvwQj Zvnvi Abyiƒc wel L-Gi
g„Zz¨i c~‡e© K msMÖn KwiqvwQjÑ Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(N) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, †Kv‡bv GKwU `wjj K-Gi DBj wKbv|
Kw_Z DB‡ji Zvwi‡Li eû c~‡e© DB‡ji weavbfz³
welq¸wj m¤ú‡K© K AbymÜvbvw` KwiqvwQj, DBj m¤úv`b
Kiv m¤ú‡K© †m DwK‡ji mv‡_ civgk© KwiqvwQj Ges
DB‡ji Av‡iv KZK¸wj gymvwe`v †m cÖ¯‘Z KwiqvwQj,
wKš‘ †mB¸wj †m Aby‡gv`b K‡i bvB, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K
NUbv|
(O) K †Kv‡bv GKwU Aciv‡a Awfhy³ nBqv‡Q|
mswkøó Aciva msNwUZ nBevi c~‡e© ev †mB mgq wKsev
Zvnvi c‡i K Ggb wKQz mv¶¨ m„wó K‡i hvnv †gvKÏgvi
NUbvejx‡K Zvnvi ¯^c‡¶ jBqv hvB‡Z cv‡i, wKsev
†m mv¶¨ webó ev †Mvcb K‡i, wKsev m¤¢ve¨ mv¶x‡`i
Av`vj‡Z nvwRi nBevi evav m„wó ev Abycw¯’Z nBevi
e¨e¯’v K‡i, wKsev mv¶xw`M‡K wg_¨v mv¶¨ w`‡Z cÖe„Ë
K‡i, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(P) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q K L-Gi Dci WvKvwZ Kwiqv‡Q wKbv|
L Gi Ici WvKvwZ nBevi ci K-Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z M
ewjqvwQj, hvnviv L-Gi Dci WvKvwZ Kwiqv‡Q, Zvnv‡`i
†Luv‡R cywjk Avwm‡Z‡Q Ges Bnvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB K
†`ŠovBqv cvjvBqvwQj-GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(Q) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q K L-Gi wbKU 10,000 nvRvi UvKv
FYx wKbv|
K M-Gi wbKU UvKv avi PvwnqvwQj Ges K-Gi Dcw¯’wZ
I kÖæwZ‡MvP‡i N M-†K ewjqvwQj, Avwg K-†K wek¦vm bv
Kwievi Rb¨ †Zvgv‡K civgk© w`‡ZwQ, KviY †m L-Gi
wbKU 10,000 UvKv FYx Ges K Bnvi †Kv‡bv DËi bv
w`qv Pwjqv wMqvwQjÑ GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(S) K GKwU Aciv‡a Awfhy³ nBqv‡Q|
Kw_Z AcivawU msNwUZ nBevi ci K AvZ¥‡Mvcb
KwiqvwQj wKsev D³ Acivag~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖvß
m¤úwË ev m¤úwË weµqjä A_© Zvnvi `L‡j wQ‡jv,
wKsev D³ Aciva msNwUZ nBevi mgq e¨eüZ nBqv‡Q
ev nBqv _vwK‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv wRwbm †m jyKvBqv
ivwL‡Z †Póv KwiqvwQj, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(T) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, K-Gi Dci ejvrKvi nBqv‡Q wKbv|
Kw_Z ejvrKv‡ii Ae¨ewnZ ci AcivawU m¤ú‡K© †m
GKwU bvwjk `v‡qi K‡i; GB bvwjk Ges †hB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z

13. welqm~wP 415
†m bvwjk K‡i I bvwj‡ki NUbvi †hB eY©bv †`Iqv nqÑ
GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
†Kvb bvwjk `v‡qi bv Kwiqv †m e‡j †h, Zvnvi Dci
ejvrKvi Kiv nBqv‡Q| 32 avivi (1) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i
g„Zz¨Kvjxb †NvlYv wn‡m‡e Bnv cÖvmw½K nB‡jI AÎ aviv
Abymv‡i AvPiY wn‡m‡e Bnv cÖvmw½K b‡n|
(U) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q K-Gi Dci WvKvwZ nBqv‡Q wKbv|
Kw_Z WvKvwZi Ae¨ewnZ ci †m NUbv m¤ú‡K© bvwjk
`v‡qi K‡i| GB bvwjk Ges †h cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvwjk K‡i
I bvwj‡k NUbvi †hB weeiY †`qÑ GB¸wj cÖvmw½K
NUbv|
†Kvb bvwjk `v‡qi bv Kwiqv †m e‡j †h, Zvnvi Dci
WvKvwZ nBqv‡Q| 32 avivi (1) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i
g„Zz¨Kvjxb †NvlYv wn‡m‡e 157 aviv Abymv‡i mg_©bg~jK
mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e Bnv cÖvmw½K nB‡j I AÎ aviv Abymv‡i
AvPiY wn‡m‡e Bnv cÖvmw½K b‡n|
aviv 9 : cÖvmw½K NUbvi e¨vL¨v ev AeZviYvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq NUbv [Facts necessary to explain or
introduce relevant facts] : †Kv‡bv wePvh© NUbv ev
cÖvmw½K NUbv e¨vL¨v ev Dc¯’vcb Kwievi Rb¨ †h NUbv
cÖ‡qvRbxq, wKsev †Kv‡bv wePvh© NUbv ev cÖvmw½K NUbvq
Dwjø­
wLZ Abygvb‡K hvnv mg_©b ev LÐb K‡i, wKsev
hvnvi cwiPq †h NUbv Øviv cÖwZwôZ nq, wKsev †h NUbv
†Kv‡bv wePvh© NUbv ev cÖvmw½K NUbv msNwUZ nBevi mgq
ev ¯’vb wbw`©ó Kwiqv †`q, wKsev Abyiƒc NUbvi mwnZ
mswkøó c¶‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K© †h NUbv nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb
nq, †mB NUbv mswkøó D‡Ïk¨ hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb, ZZUzKz
cÖvmw½K|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q wbw`©ó GKwU `wjj K-Gi DBj wKbv|
Kw_Z DB‡ji Zvwi‡L K-Gi m¤úwË I cwiev‡ii Ae¯’v
cÖvmw½K NUbv nB‡Z cv‡i|
(L) GKwU Am¤§vbRbK AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ K-†K `vqx
Kwievi d‡j K L-Gi weiæ‡× gvbnvwbi †gvKÏgv Kwij|
L njd Kwiqv ewjj †h, gvbnvwbi Awf‡hv‡Mi mwnZ
mswkøó NUbv mZ¨|
†h mgq gvbnvwbKi welq cÖKvwkZ nBqvwQj, c¶M‡Yi
ZrKvjxb Ae¯’v I m¤ú‡K© wePvh© NUbv Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
cÖvmw½K nB‡Z cv‡i|
K I L-Gi g‡a¨ †h welq jBqv weev` Av‡Q, Zvnv Kw_Z
gvbnvwbi mwnZ m¤úK©nxb nB‡j †mB weev‡`i weeiY
AcÖvmw½K| Z‡e weev‡`i d‡j hw` K I L-Gi g‡a¨Kvi
m¤úK© cÖfvweZ nq, Zvnv nB‡j Zvnv‡`i g‡a¨ weev`
Av‡Q Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv nB‡Z cv‡i|
(M) K †Kv‡bv GKwU Aciv‡ai `v‡q Awfhy³ nBqv‡Q|
AcivawU msNwUZ nBevi ci K Zvnvi M„n nB‡Z
AvZ¥‡Mvc‡b Kwij| Bnv 8 aviv Abyhvqx wePvh© NUbvi
cieZ©x AvPiY I wePvh© NUbvi Øviv cÖfvweZ AvPiY
wn‡m‡e cÖvmw½K NUbv|
†h mg‡q †m M„nZ¨vM K‡i, ZLb Zvnvi MšÍe¨ ¯’v‡b
AvKw¯§K I Riæwi cÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv, Bnv Zvnvi AvKw¯§K
M„nZ¨v‡Mi e¨vL¨vg~jK NUbv wn‡m‡e cÖvmw½K|
†h KvR Dcj‡¶ †m M„nZ¨vM K‡i, Zvnvi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY
cÖvmw½K b‡n| Z‡e KvRwU †h AvKw¯§K I Riæwi wQ‡jv
Zvnv †`LvBevi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri hZUzKz weeiY cÖ‡qvRb Zvnv
cÖvmw½K|
(N) K-Gi mwnZ m¤úvw`Z M-Gi PvKzwii Pzw³f½
Kwievi Rb¨ M-†K cÖ‡ivPbv `v‡bi Awf‡hv‡M L-Gi
weiæ‡× K †`Iqvwb †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Kwij| K-Gi PvKzwi
Z¨vM Kwiqv M K-†K ewjj, L Avgv‡K AviI fvj k‡Z©
PvKzwii cÖ¯Íve †`Iqvq Avwg Avcbvi KvR Qvwoqv w`jvg|
GB wee„wZ M-Gi AvPi‡Yi e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e cÖvmw½K NUbv|
M-Gi AvPiY wePvh© NUbv wn‡m‡e cÖvmw½K|
(O) Pzwii `v‡q Awfhy³Ñ K †K †`Lv †Mj †PvivB gvj
L-†K w`‡Z, L-†K †`Lv †Mj Dnv K-Gi ¯¿x‡K w`‡Z|
w`evi mgq L ewjj, K ewjqv w`qv‡Q, Avcwb Bnv jyKvBqv
ivwL‡eb| †jb‡`b Kv‡h©i GKwU As‡ki e¨vL¨vg~jK
wn‡m‡e L-Gi wee„wZ cÖvmw½K|
(P) `v½v Kwievi Awf‡hv‡M K-Gi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q|
RbZvi cy‡ivfv‡M _vwKqv †m AMÖmi nB‡ZwQj ewjqv
cÖgvY nBj| RbZv †h aŸwb w`‡ZwQj, KvRwUi cÖK…wZ
e¨vL¨vg~jK nIqvq Zvnv cÖvmw½K|
aviv 10 : Awfbœ AwfcÖvq cÖm‡½ lohš¿Kvixi K_v ev KvR
[Things said or done by conspirator in reference to
common design] : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ GK‡hv‡M
†Kv‡bv Aciva Kwievi ev bvwjk‡hvM¨ Ab¨vq KvR Kwievi
lohš¿ Kwiqv‡Q Giƒc wek¦vm Kwievi hw` hyw³m½Z
KviY _v‡K, Z‡e Zvnv‡`i D³ B”Qv †cvlY Kwievi ci
Zvnv‡`i H mvaviY B”Qv m¤ú‡K© Zvnv‡`i g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
GKR‡bi †Kv‡bv K_v, KvR ev †jLv, lohš¿Kvix ewjqv
g‡b Kiv nB‡Z‡Q GBiƒc cÖ‡Z¨K †jvK m¤ú‡K© cÖvmw½K
NUbv; loh‡š¿i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Kwievi Rb¨ †hgb Dnv
cÖvmw½K, †Zgwb †Kv‡bv †jvK †h D³ loh‡š¿ wjß wQ‡jv
Zvnv cÖgvY Kwievi Rb¨I Dnv cÖvmw½K|

14. 416 welqm~wP
D`vniYmg~n :
evsjv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv Kwievi GKwU loh‡š¿ K
†hvM`vb Kwiqv‡Q GBiƒc wek¦vm Kwievi hyw³m½Z KviY
we`¨gvb Av‡Q|
lohš¿ Abyhvqx L Av‡gwiKv nB‡Z A¯¿k¯¿ msMÖn Kwiqv‡Q,
Abyiƒc D‡Ï‡k¨ M wm‡jU nB‡Z A_© msMÖn Kwiqv‡Q,
loh‡š¿ †hvM`v‡bi R‡b¨ N ivRkvnxi †jvKRb‡K
DrmvwnZ Kwiqv‡Q, loh‡š¿i D‡Ïk¨ mg_©b Kwiqv O
e¸ov †_‡K †jLv cÖKvk Kwiqv‡Q, M KZ©…K wm‡jU †_‡K
msM„nxZ A_© Ges loh‡š¿i weeiY m¤^wjZ RÑGi †jLv
wPwVi welqe¯‘ XvKv nB‡Z P evM`v‡` Q-Gi wbKU †cÖiY
Kwiqv‡Q, loh‡š¿i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Dnv‡Z K-Gi RwoZ _vKv
GB Dfq welq cÖgvY Kwievi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ NUbv¸wj
cÖvmw½K| NUbv¸wj m¤ú‡K© K hw`I m¤ú~Y© AÁ _vwK‡Z
cv‡i, hvnviv D³ KvR¸wj Kwiqv‡Q, Zvnviv hw`I K-Gi
wbKU AcwiwPZ Ges NUbv¸wj hw`I Zvnvi loh‡š¿
†hvM`v‡bi c~‡e© ev Zvnvi lohš¿ Z¨vM Kwievi c‡i NwUqv
_v‡K, Z_vwc GB¸wj cÖvmw½K|
aviv 11 : †h mKj NUbv Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖvmw½K b‡n,
†mB¸wj hLb cÖvmw½K nq [When facts not otherwise
relevant become relevant] : †hB mKj NUbv Ab¨
†Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖvmw½K b‡n, wbgœwjwLZ †¶‡Î †mB¸wj
cÖvmw½K :
(1) hw` †mB¸wj †Kv‡bv wePvh© NUbv ev cÖvmw½K NUbvi
mwnZ Am½wZc~Y© nq;
(2) hw` †mB¸wj ¯^qs wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv NUbvi
cÖm‡½ †Kv‡bv wePvh© NUbv ev cÖvmw½K NUbvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev
Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv AZ¨waK m¤¢e ev Am¤¢e Kwiqv †Zv‡j|
D`vniYmg~n
(K) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`b K PÆMÖv‡g GKwU
Aciva Kwiqv‡Q wKbv|
D³ Zvwi‡L K XvKvq wQ‡jv, GwU cÖvmw½K|
hLb NUbvwU msNwUZ nB‡ZwQj, Zvnvi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q
K NUbv¯’j nB‡Z GBiƒc `~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Kwi‡ZwQj
†h, Zvnvi c‡¶ D³ Aciva Kiv cy‡ivcywi Am¤¢e bv
nB‡jI eûjvs‡k Am¤¢e wQ‡jv, GBwU cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(L) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q K †Kv‡bv GKwU Aciva Kwiqv‡Q wKbv|
cwiw¯’wZ GBiƒc †h, AcivawU K, L, M wKsev N-Gi
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GKRb Aek¨B Kwiqv‡Q| †h NUbv nB‡Z
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, K e¨ZxZ Avi KvnviI Øviv Dnv nq
bvB, Zvnv cÖvmw½K|
aviv 12 : ¶wZc~i‡Yi †gvKÏgvq †hBme Av`vjZ KZ©…K
¶wZi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i †mB¸wj cÖvmw½K
[In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court
to determine amount are relevant] : †hB mg¯Í
†gvKÏgvq ¶wZc~iY `vwe Kiv nq, †mB‡¶‡Î †hB NUbv
Av`vjZ‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY wba©viY Kwi‡Z mnvqZv
Kwi‡e, Zvnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
aviv 13 : hLb AwaKvi ev cÖ_v m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ D‡V ZLb
†mme NUbv cÖvmw½K [Facts relevant when right
or custom is in question] : †hB‡¶‡Î cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q,
†Kv‡bv AwaKvi ev cÖPwjZ cÖ_vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q wKbv, †mB
†mB‡¶‡Î wbgœwjwLZ NUbv¸wj cÖvmw½K :
(K) †hB Kv‡h©i Øviv mswkøó AwaKvi ev cÖ_v m„wó nBqv‡Q,
`vwe Kiv nBqv‡Q, ms‡kvab Kiv nBqv‡Q, ¯^xK…Z nBqv‡Q,
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nBqv‡Q wKsev A¯^xK…Z nBqv‡Q, wKsev Dnvi
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i hvnv Amw½Zc~Y©|
(L) wbw`©ó †hB mKj †¶‡Î D³ AwaKvi ev cÖ_v `vwe Kiv
nBqv‡Q, ¯^xK…Z nBqv‡Q, Avgj Kiv nBqv‡Q, A_ev †hB
mKj †¶‡Î Dnv e¨env‡i AvcwË Kiv nBqv‡Q, Bnv cÖ‡qvM
ev Z¨vM Kiv nBqv‡Q|
D`vniYmg~n :
cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, GKwU grm¨‡ÿ‡Îi AwaKvi K Gi Av‡Q
wKbv| K-Gi AwaKvi Av‡Q K-Gi c~e©cyiælMY KZ©…K D³
grm¨‡¶ÎwU cÖvwßi `wjj, K-Gi wcZv KZ©…K grm¨‡¶ÎwU
eÜK w`evi `wjj, K-Gi wcZv KZ©…K grm¨‡¶ÎwU cËb
w`evi `wjj, hvnv D³ eÜKxi mwnZ mvgÄm¨wenxb, †h
wbw`©ó †¶‡Î K-Gi wcZv Zvnvi AwaKvi Avgj Kwiqv‡Q
A_ev †h‡¶‡Î K-Gi cÖwZ‡ekxMY K-Gi wcZv‡K D³
AwaKvi Avgj Kwi‡Z †`q bvBÑ GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
aviv 14 : †hB mg¯Í NUbv g‡bi wKsev †`‡ni Ae¯’v wKsev
ˆ`wnK Dcjwäi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i [Facts showing
existence of state of mind, or of bodz, or bodily
feeling] : †hB mg¯Í NUbv nB‡Z B”Qv, Ávb, mij wek¦vm,
DMÖZv, †Kv‡bv e¨w³we‡k‡li cÖwZ Amw`”Qv ev mw`”Qv
cÖf…wZ gvbwmK Ae¯’vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq, wKsev †Kv‡bv
kvwiixK Ae¯’v ev kvwiixK Abyf‚wZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq,
†mB¸wj ZLbB cÖvmw½K, hLb D³iƒc †Kv‡bv gvbwmK
ev kvixwiK Ae¯’v, kvixwiK Abyf‚wZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wePvh© ev
cÖvmw½K nq|
e¨vL¨v 1 : †hB NUbvwU †Kv‡bv cÖvmw½K gvbwmK Ae¯’v
cÖKvk Kwievi Rb¨ cÖvmw½K nq, Z‡e Aek¨B cÖZxqgvb
nB‡Z nB‡e †h, mswkøó gvbwmK Ae¯’vwU mvaviYfv‡e
b‡n, wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wePvh© welq cÖm‡½ we`¨gvb Av‡Q|
e¨vL¨v 2 : wKš‘ †hB‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Aciv‡a †Kv‡bv †jv‡Ki

15. welqm~wP 417
wePviKv‡j D³ †jvK KZ©…K c~‡e© K…Z †Kv‡bv Aciva GB
aviv Abyhvqx cÖvmw½K, †mB‡¶‡Î D³ †jv‡Ki c~‡e© `wÐZ
nIqvI cÖvmw½K NUbv|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) †PvivB gvj ewjqv Rvbv m‡Ë¡I †PvivB gvj MÖn‡Yi
`v‡q K Acivax nBqv‡Q| we‡kl †Kv‡bv GKwU †PvivB
`ªe¨ Zvnvi `L‡j wQ‡jv ewjqv cÖgvwYZ nBqv‡Q|
GKB mgq AviI A‡bK †PvivB `ªe¨ Zvnvi `L‡j wQ‡jv,
Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv, †Kbbv, Bnv nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h,
†h mg¯Í `ªe¨ Zvnvi `L‡j wQ‡jv Zvnvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ges
me¸wjB †PvivB `ªe¨ ewjqv †m RvwbZ;
(L) APj gy`ªv ewjqv Rvbv m‡Ë¡I Ab¨ GKRb‡K
cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e APj gy`ªv Ac©Y Kwievi Aciv‡a K
Acivax nBqv‡Q|
D³ gy`ªv Ac©‡Yi mgq AviI wKQz msL¨K APj gy`ªv K-Gi
`L‡j wQ‡jv, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv;
BwZc~‡e© APj gy`ªv ewjqv Rvbv m‡Ë¡I Ab¨ GKRb‡K
LuvwU gy`ªv ewjqv APj gy`ªv Ac©Y Kwievi Aciv‡a K `wÐZ
nBqvwQj, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(M) L-Gi KzKzi K-Gi ¶wZ Kwi‡j L-Gi weiæ‡× K
¶wZc~i‡Yi †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Kwij| KzKziwU wns¯ª Zvnv
L RvwbZ| BwZc~‡e© KzKziwU P, Q I R-†K KvgovBqvwQj
Ges Zvnviv L-Gi wbKU bvwjk KwiqvwQj GB¸wj
cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(N) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, GKwU eivZ wPwVi ¯^xK…Z`vZv K H
eivZ wPwVi cÖvc‡Ki bvg fyqv Zvnv RvwbZ wKbv|
Abyiƒcfv‡e cÖYxZ Ab¨vb¨ eivZ wPwVi cÖvcKMY h_v_©
†jvK nB‡j Zvnviv †mB eivZ wPwV¸wj K-Gi wbKU †cÖiY
Kwievi c~‡e©B K †mB¸wj‡Z ¯^xK…wZ `vb KwiqvwQj, Bnv
cÖvmw½K NUbv; KviY Bnv nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, cÖvcK
f‚qv †jvK K Zvnv RvwbZ|
(O) L-Gi mybvg ÿzYœ Kwievi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvnvi wb›`vg~jK
welq cÖKvk Kwievi Awf‡hv‡M K Acivax nB‡jv|
BwZc~‡e© K KZ©…K L Gi cÖwZ Amw`”Qv cÖ`k©b Kwiqv L
m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv welq cÖKvwkZ n‡q _vK‡j Zvnv cÖvmw½K
NUbv; KviY Zvnv Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cÖKvkbvi gva¨‡g
L-Gi mybvg ÿzYœ Kwievi B”Qv K-Gi wQ‡jv|
K I L-Gi g‡a¨ BwZcy‡e© †Kv‡bv weev` wQ‡jv bv Ges
Awf‡hvMK…Z welqwU K ïwbqv Zvnvi cybiƒw³ KwiqvwQjÑ
GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv; KviY GB¸wj nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb
nq †h, L-Gi mybvg ÿzYœ Kwievi B”Qv K-Gi wQ‡jv bv|
(P) K cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e M-†K K-Gi wbKU m”Qj ewjqv
cwiPq w`evi d‡j L M-†K wek¦vm K‡i, wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶
M Am”Qj nBevi `iæb L ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Ges Awf‡hv‡M
K-Gi weiæ‡× L GKwU †gvKÏgv `v‡qi K‡i|
K †hB mgq M-†K m”Qj ewjqv cwiPq w`qvwQj, †mB
mgq M-Gi cÖwZ‡ekxiv Ges hvnviv Zvnvi mwnZ Kvievi
KwiZ, Zvnvi M-†K m”Qj g‡b KwiZ, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv;
KviY Bnv Øviv cÖZxqgvb nq, †h mij wek¦vm M-†K ¯^”Qj
ewjqv cwiPq w`qvwQj|
(Q) M bvgK wVKv`v‡ii Av‡`kµ‡g K-Gi evwo‡Z L †hB
KvR Kwiqv‡Q Zvnvi cvwikÖwg‡Ki Rb¨ K-Gi weiæ‡× L
†gvKÏgv `v‡qi Kwij|
K AvZ¥c¶ mg_©‡b ewjj †h, L-Gi Pzw³ M-Gi mwnZ
nBqvwQj|
K D³ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ M-†K UvKv w`qv‡Q, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv,
KviY Bnv nB‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, K mij wek¦v‡m M-Gi
Dci H KvR Z`vi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y KwiqvwQj, Z`byhvqx
M Zvnvi wbR `vwq‡Z¡ L-Gi mwnZ Pzw³ KwiqvwQj, K-Gi
cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e b‡n|
(R) K †hB m¤úwË KzovBqv cvBqvwQj, Zvnv Amvayfv‡e
AvZ¥mvr Kwievi `v‡q †m Acivax nBqv‡Q| cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q,
hLb †m Dnv AvZ¥mvr K‡i, ZLb †m mij wek¦v‡m GB
K_v g‡b KwiZ wKbv †h, D³ m¤úwËi cÖK…Z gvwjK‡K
LuywRqv cvIqv hvB‡e bv|
m¤úwËwU nvivBqv hvIqv m¤ú‡K© K †hLv‡b _v‡K
†mBLv‡b me©mvavi‡Yi ÁvZv‡_© weÁwß †`Iqv nBqvwQj,
Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv| KviY, Bnv nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h,
m¤úwËi cÖK…Z gvwjK‡K LuywRqv cvIqv hvB‡e bv GB K_v
K mij wek¦v‡m g‡b KwiZ bv|
K RvwbZ, wKsev Zvnvi GBiƒc g‡b Kwievi m½Z KviY
wQ‡jv †h, M D³ m¤úwË nvivBqv hvBevi K_v ïwbqv Dnv
m¤ú‡K© wg_¨v `vwe DÌvc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e
H weÁwß w`qvwQj, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv| KviY Bnv nB‡Z
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, K D³ weÁwßi K_v RvwbZ ewjqvB
Zvnvi mij wek¦vm wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ nB‡e bv|
(S) L-†K gvwiqv †dwjevi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvnvi Dci ¸wj
Kwievi `v‡q K Acivax nBqv‡Q| K-Gi D‡Ïk¨ cÖgvY
Kwievi Rb¨ K †h B‡Zvc~‡e©I L-†K ¸wj KwiqvwQj, †m
NUbv cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
(T) L-Gi wbKU fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kwiqv cÎ †cÖi‡Yi `v‡q
K Acivax nBqv‡Q| K BwZc~‡e© I L-Gi wbKU Abyiƒc
†h mKj cÎ wjwLqvwQj, †mB¸wj GB‡¶‡Î cÖgvY Kiv
hvB‡Z cv‡i| KviY, Zvnv nB‡Z wPwV¸wji D‡Ïk¨

16. 418 welqm~wP
cÖZxqgvb nB‡e|
(U) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, K Zvnvi ¯¿x K-Gi wbôyiZvi Rb¨
Acivax wKbv| Kw_Z wbôyiZv cÖ`k©‡bi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
ev c‡i Zvnv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ fv‡ei cÖKvk cÖvmw½K
NUbv|
(V) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, K-Gi g„Zz¨ wel cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv NwUqv‡Q
wKbv| Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq K Zvnvi †iv‡Mi j¶Y m¤ú‡K© †hB
mg¯Í wee„wZ w`qv‡Q Zvnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(W) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, K-Gi Rxeb exgv Kwievi mgq Zvnvi
¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v wKiƒc wQ‡jv|
D³ mgq ev Dnvi KvQvKvwQ mgq K Zvnvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v
m¤ú‡K© †hB mg¯Í wee„wZ w`qvwQj Zvnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(X) L-Gi wbKU nB‡Z K †h Mvox fvov KwiqvwQj, mswkøó
mg‡q Zvnv hyw³m½Ziƒ‡c e¨envic‡hvMx wQ‡jv bv ewjqv
K AvnZ nBj Ges Mvox fvov w`evi e¨vcv‡i Ae‡njvi
Awf‡hv‡M L-Gi weiæ‡× †m †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Kwij|
wbw`©ó MvoxwUi ÎæwU m¤ú‡K© AviI GKvwaKevi L-Gi `„wó
AvKl©Y Kiv nBqv‡Q, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
L †h mg¯Í Mvox fvov w`‡q _v‡K †mB¸wj m¤ú‡K© Ae‡njv
Kiv Zvnvi Af¨vm, Bnv AcÖvmw½K|
(Y) B”Qv Kwiqv L-†K ¸wj Kwiqv nZ¨v Kwievi `v‡q
K-Gi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q| K AviI GKvwaKevi L-Gi cÖwZ
¸wj wb‡¶c Kwiqv‡Q, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv| KviY, Bnv
nB‡Z L-GK ¸wj Kwievi e¨vcv‡i K-Gi B”Qv cÖZxqgvb
nq|
nZ¨v Kwievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †jv‡Ki cÖwZ ¸wj wb‡¶c Kiv
K-Gi Af¨vm, Bnv AcÖvmw½K|
(Z) †Kv‡bv GKwU Aciv‡ai Rb¨ K-Gi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q|
mswkøó AcivawU Kwievi B”Qv cÖKvk Kwiqv K wKQz
ewjqvwQj, Bnv cÖvmw½K NUbv|
H cÖKv‡ii Aciva Kwievi e¨vcv‡i mvaviYfv‡e Zvnvi
cÖeYZv cÖKvk Kwiqv †m wKQz ewjqvwQj, Bnv AcÖvmw½K|”
aviv 15 : †Kv‡bv KvR AvKw¯§K wKsev B”QvK…Z GB cÖ‡kœ
†h mg¯Í NUbvi cÖfve _v‡K [Facts bearing on question
whether act was accidental or intentional] : hLb
cÖkœ D‡V †h, †Kv‡bv GKwU Kvh© B”QvK…Z, ev AvKw¯§K
ev we‡kl Ávb wKsev B”Qv mnKv‡i Dnv Kiv nBqv‡Q,
ZLb H Kvh©vw` Ggb GK NUbv mgwói Ask nq, hvnvi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbvi mwnZ D³ Kv‡h©i KviY mswkøó, Z‡e H
Kvh©wU cÖvmw½K NUbv|
D`vniYmg~n :
(K) K Zvnvi evwoi exgvi UvKv jBevi D‡Ï‡k¨ evwo
†cvovBqv w`evi Aciv‡a Acivax nBqv‡Q|
GKvw`µ‡g K KwZcq evwo‡Z evm Kwiqv‡Q, cÖ‡Z¨K
evwo‡ZB exgv Kiv nBqvwQj, cÖ‡Z¨K evwo‡ZB AwMœKvÐ
NwUqv‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨K AwMœKv‡Ði ci wfbœ wfbœ G‡KKwU
exgv Awdm nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, AwMœKvиwj AvKw¯§K
`yN©Ubv wQ‡jv bv|
(L) L-Gi LvZK‡`i wbKU nB‡Z UvKv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
K Kg©Pvix wbhy³ nBqv‡Q| K †h, UvKv MÖnY Kwi‡e
Zvnv LvZvq Rgv Kiv K-Gi KZ©e¨| GKwU †¶‡Î †m
cÖK…Zc‡¶ hZ UvKv MÖnY Kwiqv‡Q, Zvnv A‡c¶v Kg UvKv
LvZvq Rgv Kwiqv‡Q|
cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, GB wg_¨v Rgv AvKw¯§K, bvwK B”QvK…Z|
H LvZvq K Ab¨vq †h mKj Rgv wjwLqv‡Q, †mB¸wjI
wg_¨v Ges cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡ÎB wg_¨v Rgv K-Gi AbyK‚‡j
nBqv‡Q, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(M) K cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e L-†K GKwU APj UvKv w`evi
Aciv‡a Acivax nBqv‡Q|
cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, UvKvwU Ac©Y AvKw¯§K NUbv wKbv|
L-†K UvKvwU w`evi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© ev Ae¨ewnZ c‡i K
Abyiƒc APj UvKv M, N I O-†K w`qv‡Q, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K
NUbv| KviY GB¸wj nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, L-†K APj
UvKv †`Iqv AvKw¯§K NUbv b‡n|
aviv 16 : e¨emvi †¶‡Î Abym„Z †Kv‡bv ixwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡
hLb cÖvmw½K [Existence of course of business when
relevant]: hLb cÖkœ D‡V †h, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GKwU Kvh©
Kiv nBqv‡Q wKbv, ZLb †h c×wZ‡Z Kvh©wU ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
Kiv nBZ, †mBiƒc †Kv‡bv Kvh© c×wZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖvmw½K
NUbv|
D`vniYmg~n:
(K) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, GKwU wbw`©ó wPwV †cÖwiZ nBqv‡Q wKbv|
Wv‡K w`evi Rb¨ mKj wPwV GK RvqMvq Rgv Kivi
mvaviY Kvh©c×wZ wQ‡jv Ges wbw`©ó †mB wPwV¸wj †mB
RvqMvq ivLv nBqvwQj, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|
(L) cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q, †Kv‡bv GKwU wPwV K-Gi wbKU
†cŠuQvBqv‡Q wKbv|
wPwVLvwb h_vixwZ Wv‡K †`Iqv nBqv‡Q Ges †WW‡jUvi
Awd‡mi gva¨‡g †diZ Av‡m bv, GB¸wj cÖvmw½K NUbv|

17. welqm~wP 419
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cÖkœ
1. †h NUbv mvaviYZ wePvh© bq, Zv KLb wePvh© welq
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i?
K. hLb g~j NUbvi Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq
L. hLb g~j NUbvi Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv Kiv hvq
M. hLb Avmvwg ev weev`x mv¶¨ cÖ`vbKv‡j †Kv‡bv
NUbvi D‡jøL K‡i
N. hLb GKRb AvBbRxex Zvi e³‡e¨ †Kv‡bv welq
Dc¯’vcb K‡i
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 6]
2. 3 gvm a‡i Pj‡Z _vKv †dmeyK P¨vwUs Gi mgq
GKRb A‡b¨i weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ †`q| G wb‡q
gvgjv nq| wbw`©ó gvbnvwbKi Ask ev‡` P¨vwUs Gi
Ab¨vb¨ Ask wK GB gvgjvq cÖvmw½K?
K. nu¨v L. bv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 6]
3. B Gi nZ¨vi Rb¨ A Awfhy³| wePviKv‡j wb‡Pi
†Kvb NUbvwU wePvh© welq n‡e bv- [evi : 2015]
K. A, B Gi g„Zz¨ NwU‡qwQj
L. A, B Gi g„Zz¨ NUv‡bvi AwfcÖvq K‡iwQj
M. A, B Gi wbKU n‡Z AvKw¯§K cÖ‡ivPbv †c‡qwQj
N. A Gi eo fvB ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡qwQj
mwVK DËi : N ; [aviv : 6]; NUbvi cÖvmw½KZv A_©vr 5 †_‡K
16 ch©šÍ mv¶¨ AvB‡bi me¸‡jv avivB c‡o hv‡eb| Gm‡e
A‡bK¸‡jv D`vniY †`Iqv Av‡Q| D`vniY¸‡jv †_‡KB A‡bK
cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q c‡o †bIqv DwPZ aviv¸‡jv|

18. 420 welqm~wP
g~j Av‡jvPbv
Gevi ¯^xK…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv| aviv 17 †_‡K Gi
Av‡jvPbv ïiæ| G GKUv wek` Av‡jvPbvi welq n‡jI
evi KvDw݇ji cix¶v_©x we‡ePbvq LvwbKUv jvMvg †U‡b
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev Avgiv|
mvaviYfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ [Admission] n‡jv †Kv‡bv wel‡q
wee„wZ ev ¯^xKv‡ivw³ cÖ`vb Kiv| GB wee„wZ gvgjvq
jo‡Z _vKv †h‡Kv‡bv c¶ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYfv‡e
ev`x hLb †Kv‡bv wee„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i ZLb †mUv‡K Bs‡iwR
Statement kã Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Avcwb| Avi
hLb Avmvwg Zvi K…Z Aciva m¤ú‡K© wee„wZ w`‡q †Kv‡bv
wKQzi ¯^xK…wZ †`b ev ¯^xKv‡ivw³ K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³ ev Bs‡iwR‡Z Confession ejv nq| mvÿ¨
AvB‡b ¯^xK…wZ ev Admission wel‡q †ek K‡qKwU
kã mgRvZxq A‡_© e¨eüZ nq †hgb, admission,
acknowledgement, statement BZ¨vw`| Gi me¸‡jvi
A_© cÖvq GKB Ges gv‡S gv‡S G‡KKUv G‡KKUvi
cwie‡Z© e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| mv¶¨ AvBb evsjvq
hviv wewfbœ mg‡q Abyev` K‡i‡Qb, †mLv‡b G¸‡jv
†MvQv‡bv A‡_© ev we‡kl A‡_© GKB k‡ã I GKB kãv‡_©
e¨envi nqwb, ev‡K¨i MVb Abyhvqx Zv gv‡S gv‡SB iƒc
e`‡j‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB g~j aviv Abyhvqx co‡Z
wM‡q KbwdDRW n‡q hvb|
Avcbviv wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Gfv‡e AšÍZ g‡b iv‡Lb
†h, Admission Gi mvaviY A_© ¯^xK…wZ| GB ¯^xK…wZ
hLb ev`x wee„wZ AvKv‡i †`q ZLb Bs‡iwR‡Z ej‡eb
Statement ev wee„wZ / ¯^xK…wZ| Avi hLb Avmvwg Zvi
Aciva m¤ú‡K© ¯^xKv‡ivw³g~jK †Kv‡bv wKQz wee„Z K‡i
ZLb Zv‡K Confession ev †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ ej‡eb|
Bs‡iwR-evsjv, mgv_©K-wecixZv_©K BZ¨vw`‡Z Gi †P‡q
†ewk gv_v ¸wj‡q †dj‡eb bv| GLv‡bB †_‡g hvb|
Ic‡ii †QvÆ Av‡jvPbvwU‡K Avcwb mn‡R GBfv‡e g‡b
ivL‡Z cv‡ib †h, ¯^xK…wZ 2 fv‡e n‡Z cv‡i|
1. wee„wZi gva¨‡g ¯^xK…wZ [Admission by
Statement]
2. †`vl ¯^xKv‡ii gva¨‡g ¯^xK…wZ [Admission by
Confession]
Gevi Avwm, ¯^xK…wZi mvaviY ¸iæZ¡ wb‡q| Av`vjZ g~jZ
gvgjvi mv¶¨ cÖgvY hvPvB evQvB K‡i Zvi wePvi K‡ib
ev ivq †`b| †Rivi gva¨‡g mv¶x‡`i KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ
e³e¨ ï‡b ï‡b GKUv mwVK wm×v‡šÍ Avmv mnR n‡q
hvq, hw` gvgjvi †ewkifvM wel‡q ev`x I cÖwZc‡¶i
KvQ †_‡K ¯^xK…wZ AvKv‡i cÖvmw½K Z_¨ Av‡MB cvIqv
hvq| d‡j ¯^xK…wZ Av`vj‡Zi KvR I b¨vqwePvi‡K mnR
K‡i †`q| ZvB Av`vj‡Z ¯^xK…wZi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q|
¯^xK…wZ Zv wee„wZ AvKv‡i †nvK Avi Ab¨ c‡¶i KvQ
†_‡K †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ AvKv‡i †nvKÑ GUv †K w`‡Z
cvi‡e, kZ©vejx Kx Kx BZ¨vw` welqB GB As‡ki cÖavb
Av‡jvP¨ welq|
Avgiv g~j avivq P‡j hvB| aviv 17 †Z ¯^xK…wZi msÁv
†`Iqv Av‡Q| †f‡O †f‡O co‡j cvwbi g‡Zv cwi®‹vi|
wePvh© ev cÖvmw½K NUbv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv †ewmK aviYv
†`‡e G iKg †Kv‡bv wel‡qi †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ wee„wZ‡K
¯^xK…wZ e‡j hv wKbv cieZ©x aviv¸‡jvZ ewY©Z e¨w³MY
Ki‡Z cvi‡eÑ GB n‡”Q ¯^xK…wZi msÁv welqK avivi
g~j K_v| g~j avivwU †`Lyb|
aviv 17 : ¯^xK…wZ msÁv [Admission defined] : ¯^xK…Z
nB‡Z‡Q †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ Ggb †Kv‡bv wee„wZ, hvnv
†Kv‡bv wePvh© NUbv ev cÖvmw½K NUbv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv
Abygv‡bi Bw½Z enb K‡i, Ges hvnv wbgœ Dwjø­
wLZ
e¨w³M‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kn wbgœewY©Z †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kwiqv
_v‡K [Anadmissionisastatement,oralordocumentary,
which suggests any inference as to any fact in issue or
relevant fact, and which is made by any of the persons,
and under the circumstances, hereinafter mentioned.]|
Zvi gv‡b ¯^xK…wZi cÖavb kZ© n‡jv :
1. ¯^xK…wZ †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i|
2. wePvh© welq ev cÖvmw½K welq m¤ú‡K© ¯^xK…wZ n‡Z n‡e|
†jKPvi : 03 aviv : 17-31
¯^xKv‡ivw³ I †`vl ¯^xKvi

19. welqm~wP 421
aviv 18 †_‡K 23 ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv NUbvq †K ev Kviv
Kviv ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zv †Kvb †Kvb k‡Z©
ev cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| 18, 19 I
20 aviv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j K‡qK ai‡bi e¨w³i D‡jø­
L
cvIqv hvq hviv wKbv GB ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡P
†m¸‡jvi D‡jø­
L K‡i ivLjvg| ax‡i my‡¯’ ey‡S ey‡S
GBme e¨w³i cwiPqUv gv_vq †Mu‡_ ivLyb|
1. gvgjvi †Kv‡bv c¶ [aviv 18]|
2. gvgjvi †Kv‡bv c‡¶i cÖwZwbwa [aviv 18]|
3. cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Pwi‡Îi †Kv‡bv ev`x ev weev`x
[aviv 18]|
4. gvgjvi welqe¯‘‡Z †hŠ_ ¯^v_© Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³MY
[aviv 18]| †hgb aiæb, GK fvB Zvi gv‡qi Rwg
Rvj `wjj K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g wb‡q‡Q| fvBwUi Av‡iv
wZbwU †ev‡bi GKRb gvgjv K‡i‡Q †mB NUbvq|
Ges Aci `yB †ev‡bi †mLv‡b †hŠ_ ¯^v_© Av‡Q| Rvj
`wjj cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡j Aci 3 †evbB †mB Rwgi
Askx`vi n‡e|
5. gvgjvi welqe¯‘‡Z gvgjvi c¶MY hv‡`i KvQ
†_‡K ¯^v_©cÖvß n‡q‡Qb, †mBme e¨w³MY [aviv 18]|
†hgb aiæb, Avcwb GKwU Rwg wK‡b‡Qb, wKš‘ RwgwU
`Lj K‡i‡Qb Ab¨Rb Ges GB NUbvq Avcwb GKwU
gvgjv K‡i‡Qb| ZLb D³ Rwgi we‡µZvI gvgjvq
¯^xK…wZ AvKv‡i †gŠwLK ev wjwLZfv‡e Av`vj‡Z Zvi
K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb| †Kbbv, D³ Rwg Zvi KvQ
†_‡K wK‡bB Avcwb Avcbvi gvgjvi welqe¯‘‡Z
¯^v_©cÖvß n‡q‡Qb|
6. Z…Zxq †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ whwb gvgjvi c¶Ø‡qi
Ae¯’vb ev `vq wbw`©ó Kivi †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K †hgb,
gwb‡ei †¶‡Î Zvi f…Z¨, gvwj‡Ki †¶‡Î Zvi G‡R›U
A_ev Gi wecixZUv, G iKg Av‡iv eû †¶‡Îi
Z…Zxq e¨w³ whwb gvgjvi mivmwi c¶ bb [aviv 19]|
7. Z…Zxq †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ hvi ev hv‡`i K_v
gvgjvi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ ev gZvgZ AvKv‡i
cÖvmw½Kfv‡e D‡jø­L Av‡Q, Zvi ev Zv‡`i K_v
¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e †bIqv hv‡e [20 aviv]|
†Zv Gevi aviv¸‡jv c‡o †djyb| aviv¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM
w`‡q ïay co‡jB n‡e bv, mv‡_ mv‡_ Dc‡i †`Iqv
ZvwjKvwUi mv‡_ wgwj‡q wgwj‡q co–b|
aviv 18 : ¯^xK…wZ : †gvKÏgvi c¶ wKsev Zvnvi cÖwZwbwa
KZ©…K [by party to proceeding or his agent] : †Kv‡bv
†gvKÏgvi †Kv‡bv c¶, wKsev †Kv‡bv c‡¶i †Kv‡bv
cÖwZwbwa, Av`vjZ hvnv‡K mswkøó cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D³ c‡¶i
cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wee„wZ `v‡bi Rb¨ cÖKv‡k¨i ev Bw½‡Z
¶gZvcÖvß ewjqv g‡b K‡ib wZwb †Kv‡bv wee„wZ w`‡j
Zvnv ¯^xK…wZ|
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Pwi‡Î ev`x KZ©…K [by suit or in
representative character] : †Kv‡bv cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK
†`Iqvwb †gvKÏgvi ev`x ev weev`x †h wee„wZ `vb K‡ib,
Zvnv cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë bv nBqv _vwK‡j ¯^xK…wZ b‡n|
wbgœwjwLZ e¨w³‡`i wee„wZ, h_v-
(1) †gvKÏgvi welqe¯‘‡Z mswkøó †jvK KZ©…K [by party
interested in subject-matter] : †gvKÏgvi welqe¯‘‡Z
hvnvi gvwjKvbvMZ ev Avw_©K †Kv‡bv ¯^v_© Av‡Q Ges
Abyiƒc ¯^v_© mswkøó †jvK wn‡m‡e hLb wZwb wee„wZ `vb
K‡ib, †mB wee„wZ, wKsev
(2) hvnvi wbKU nB‡Z ¯^v_© cÖvwß NwUqv‡Q ZrKZ©„K [by
person from whom interest derived] : †gvKÏgvi
c¶MY †h mg¯Í †jv‡Ki wbKU nB‡Z †gvKÏgvi
welqe¯‘‡Z ¯^v_©jvf Kwiqv‡Qb, Zvnv‡`i wee„wZ|
aviv 19 : †gvKÏgvi weiæ× c¶ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv‡hvM¨
†jv‡Ki ¯^xK…wZ [Admissions by persons whose
position must be proved as against party to suit] :
gvgjvi †Kv‡bv c‡¶i wecix‡Z †h mKj †jv‡Ki Ae¯’v
ev `vwqZ¡ cÖgvY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Zvnv‡`i wee„wZ ¯^xK…wZ,
hw` Zvnv G mKj †jv‡Ki wecix‡Z Abyiƒc Ae¯’v ev
`vwqZ¡ cÖm‡½, Zvnv‡`i Øviv ev Zvnv‡`i weiæ‡× AvbxZ
†Kv‡bv †gvKÏgvq cÖvmw½K nq Ges wee„wZ`v‡bi mgq hw`
wee„wZ`vZvi Abyiƒc Ae¯’v ev `vwqZ¡ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
D`vniYmgyn:
K L-Gi c‡¶ fvov Av`vq Kwievi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kwij|
M-Gi wbKU nB‡Z L-Gi cÖvc¨ fvov Av`vq bv Kwievi
`iæb K-Gi weiæ‡× L †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Kwij|
M-Gi wbKU nB‡Z LÑGi fvov cvIbv _vKvi K_v K
A¯^xKvi Kwij|
M hw` GB g‡g© †Kv‡bv wee„wZ †`q †h, L Zvnvi wbKU fvov
cvB‡e, Z‡e Zvnv ¯^xK…wZ Ges K hw` GK_v A¯^xKvi K‡i
†h M-Gi wbKU L-Gi fvov cvIbv Av‡Q, Z‡e M-Gi D³
wee„wZ K-Gi wec‡¶ cÖvmw½K NUbv|
aviv 20 : †gvKÏgvi c¶ KZ©…K D³iƒ‡c ewY©Z †jv‡Ki
¯^xK…wZ [Admissions by persons expressly referred

20. 422 welqm~wP
to by party to suit] : †`Iqvwb †gvKÏgvi †Kv‡bv
c¶ weev`fy³ †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨
cÖKvk¨fv‡e †h mg¯Í †jv‡Ki K_v D‡jø­
L K‡i, Zvnv‡`i
wee„wZ ¯^xK…wZ|
D`vniYmg~n:
cÖkœ nB‡Z‡Q K KZ©…K L-Gi wbKU wewµZ GKwU †Nvov
my¯’ wKbv|
K L-†K ewjj, M-Gi wbKU wMqv wRÁvmv K‡iv, M K
m¤ú‡K© mewKQz Rv‡b| M-Gi wee„wZ ¯^xK…wZ|
Ic‡ii me¸‡jv aviv Avgv‡`i wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK
co‡jb Avkv Kwi| Avcbv‡`i‡K Avev‡iv ¯§iY Kwi‡q
†`B †h, Avcbviv evi KvDw݇ji cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡”Qb| mewKQz
cy•Lvbycy•L †evSvi `iKvi †bB| me hw` GLbB ey‡S
†d‡jb, Z‡e cª¨vKwUm Ki‡Z wM‡q wK wkL‡eb? GgbwK
w_Iwi c‡o me eyS‡ebI bv| `iKviI †bB| †hgb 21
avivwU| 22 I 23 avivI GLv‡b Gwo‡q hvevi g‡Zv|
Z‡e aviYv ivLyb, GB 3wU aviv avivevwnKfv‡e w`‡q
ivLjvg wb‡PB| Avgiv †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv Kijvg bv|
†Kbbv, †`vl ¯^xKv‡ii g‡Zv Av‡iKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
Avgv‡`i GB †jKPv‡iB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
aviv 21 : †h †jvK ¯^xKvi K‡i ev hvnvi c¶ nB‡Z
¯^xKvi Kiv nq Zvnvi weiæ‡× ¯^xK…wZi cÖgvY [Proof
of admissions, against persons making them, and
by or on their behalf] : ¯^xK…wZmg~n cÖvmw½K Ges
¯^xK…wZKvix ev Zvnvi ¯^v_©mswk­
ó cÖwZwbwai wec‡¶ Dnv
cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ ¯^xK…wZKvix ev Zvnvi ¯^v_©
mswkøó cÖwZwbwa KZ©…K ev Zvnvi c¶ nB‡Z Dnv wbgœewY©Z
†¶‡Î e¨ZxZ Avi †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡e bv :
(1) ¯^xK…wZ hw` GBiƒc cÖK…wZi nq †h, ¯^xK…wZKvixi g„Zz¨
nB‡j Zvnv 32 aviv Abyhvqx Z…Zxq c¶‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvmw½K
nB‡e, Z‡e ¯^xK…wZKvix ev Zvnvi ¯^v_© mswkøó cÖwZwbwa
KZ©…K ev Zvnvi c¶ nB‡Z Dnv cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
(2) ¯^xK…wZ‡Z hw` gvbwmK ev ˆ`wnK Ggb †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wee„wZ _v‡K hvnv cÖvmw½K ev wePvh© Ges
D³ gvbwmK ev ˆ`wnK Ae¯’v we`¨gvb _vKvKv‡j hw` †mB
wee„wZ †`Iqv nBqv _v‡K Ges Zrci hw` GBiƒc AvPiY
cÖ`wk©Z nBqv _v‡K hvnvi d‡j D³ wee„wZ‡K wg_¨v
cÖwZcbœ Kiv Am¤¢e nBqv c‡o| Z‡e ¯^xK…wZKvix KZ©…K
ev Zvnvi c¶ nB‡Z Dnv cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
†Kvb ¯^xK…wZ hw` ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e bv nBqv Ab¨weafv‡e
cÖvmw½K nq, Z‡e ¯^xK…wZKvix KZ©…K ev Zvnvi c¶ nB‡Z
Dnv cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniYmg~n:
(K) K I L-Gi g‡a¨ cÖkœ DwVqv‡Q, †Kv‡bv GKwU `wjj
Rvj wKbv| K e‡j †h, `wjjwU LuvwU; L e‡j †h, Bnv
Rvj|
`wjjwU LuvwU GB g‡g© L-Gi GKwU wee„wZ K cÖgvY Kwi‡Z
cv‡i Ges `wjjwU Rvj, GB g‡g© K-Gi GKwU wee„wZ L
cÖgvY Kwi‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ `wjjwU LuvwU GB g‡g© K Zvnvi
wb‡Ri wee„wZ cÖgvY Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv Ges `wjjwU Rvj GB
g‡g© L Zvnvi wb‡Ri wee„wZ cÖgvY Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv|
(L) Rvvnv‡Ri K¨v‡Þb K RvnvR cwiZ¨vM Kwiqv‡Q GB
Awf‡hv‡M Zvnvi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q| GB g‡g© mv¶¨ †`Iqv
nBqv‡Q †h, RvnvRwU‡K Dnvi h_v_© MwZc_ nB‡Z
mivBqv jIqv nBqvwQj|
K Zvnvi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©Kjvc cÖm‡½ †h LvZv ivwLqvwQj
Zvnv Dc¯’vcb Kwij| Dnv‡Z Zvnvi ˆ`bw›`b gšÍe¨mg~n
wjwce× Av‡Q ewjqv D‡jø­
L Kiv nBj Ges ejv nB‡jv †h
GBme gšÍe¨ nB‡Z cÖZxqgvb nB‡e †h, RvnvRwU‡K Dnvi
MwZc_ nB‡Z mivBqv jIqv nq bvB| K GB wee„wZ¸wj
cÖgvY Kwi‡Z cv‡i, KviY Zvnvi g„Zz¨ nB‡j 32 avivi
(2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx GB¸wj Z…Zxq c¶‡`i e¨vcv‡i
MÖnY‡hvM¨ mv¶¨ nB‡e|
(M) PÆMÖv‡g GKwU Aciva Kwievi `v‡q K Acivax
nBqv‡Q|
XvKv nB‡Z H Zvwi‡L Zvnvi †jLv Ges H Zvwi‡L XvKv
WvK wPý †`Iqv GKwU wPwV †m Dc¯’vcb Kwij|
wPwVi Zvwi‡Li AšÍM©Z wee„wZ MÖnY‡hvM¨| KviY, K-Gi
g„Zz¨ nB‡j 32 avivq (2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx Zvnv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ nB‡e|
(N) †PvivB gvj ewjqv Rvbv m‡Ë¡I †PvivB gvj MÖnY
Kwievi `v‡q K Acivax nBqv‡Q|
†m cÖgvY Kwievi †Póv K‡i †h, H gv‡ji cÖK…Z g~j¨
A‡c¶v Kg g~‡j¨ Dnv weµq Kwi‡Z †m A¯^xKvi
KwiqvwQj|
GB mg¯Í wee„wZ ¯^xK…wZ nB‡jI †m GB¸wj cÖgvY Kwi‡Z
cv‡i| KviY, GB¸wji g‡a¨ wePvh© NUbvi Øviv cÖfvweZ
AvPi‡Yi e¨vL¨v Av‡Q|
(O) APj gy`ªv ewjqv Rvbv m‡Ë¡I cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e APj
gy`ªv ¯^xq `L‡j ivwLevi `v‡q K Acivax nBj|
†m cÖgvY Kwievi †Póv K‡i †h, H gy`ªv wKbv m‡›`n
nIqvq GB m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁ GKRb †jvK‡K †m Dnv
cix¶v Kwi‡Z ewjqvwQj Ges †mB †jvK Dnv cix¶v
Kwiqv Zvnv‡K RvbvBqvwQj †h, Dnv LuvwU|

21. welqm~wP 423
c~e©eZ©x D`vni‡Y ewY©Z Kvi‡Y K GB NUbv¸wj cÖgvY
Kwi‡Z cv‡i|
aviv 22 : `wj‡j AšÍf©y³ welq m¤ú‡K© †gŠwLK ¯^xK…wZ
hLb cÖvmw½K [When oral admissions as to contents
of documents are relevant] : †Kv‡bv `wj‡j wjwLZ
welq m¤ú‡K© †gŠwLK ¯^xK…wZ cÖvmw½K nq bv, hw` bv Ges
hZ¶Y ch©šÍ bv †h c¶¸wj cÖgvY Kwi‡Z Pvq, †mBc¶
†`Lvq †h, GB AvB‡b AZtci ewY©Z wbqgvbyhvqx D³
`wj‡j wjwLZ welq m¤ú‡K© gva¨wgK mv¶¨ †`evi AwaKvi
Zvnvi Av‡Q, wKsev hZ¶Y ch©šÍ bv Dc¯’vwcZ †Kv‡bv
`wj‡ji LuvwUZ¡ m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ D‡V|
aviv 23 : †`Iqvwb †gvKÏgvi ¯^xK…wZ hLb cÖvmw½K
[Admissions in civil cases when relevant] : †`Iqvwb
†gvKÏgvq †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…wZ hw` GBiƒc cÖKvk¨ kZ©vax‡b
Kiv nq †h, Dnv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv mv¶¨ †`Iqv nB‡e bv,
wKsev hw` GBiƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kiv nq, Dnv m¤ú‡K©
†Kv‡bv mv¶¨ †`Iqv nB‡e bv ewjqv c¶M‡Yi g‡a¨ Pzw³
nBqv‡Q ewjqv Av`vjZ Abygvb Kwi‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zvnv
cÖvmw½K nB‡e bv|
e¨vL¨v : †Kv‡bv e¨wi÷vi, †KŠmywj, GUwb© ev DwKj 126
aviv Abyhvqx wel‡q mv¶¨ w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡j GB avivi
†Kv‡bv weavb Abyhvqx wZwb mv¶¨ †`Iqv nB‡Z Ae¨vnwZ
cvB‡eb bv|
GKUv wU †eªK wb‡Z cv‡ib|
¯^xK…wZi Av‡jvPbv †hLvb †_‡K ïiæ Zvi we¯Í…wZ g~jZ
17 †_‡K 31 aviv ch©šÍ| GBUzKzi g‡a¨ A_©vr ¯^xK…wZ
wb‡q KL‡bv cÖkœ Av‡mBwb| Z‡e Riæwi| G‡mwQ‡jv †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³ wb‡q hv wKbv 24 aviv †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
Avgiv Gevi †mB AskUvB co‡ev|
GKUv welq e‡j †bIqv fv‡jv †h, wee„wZ ev ¯^xK…wZ
mvaviYZ †dŠR`vwi I †`Iqvwb Dfq cÖKvi gvgjvq
n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ cÖavbZ †dŠR`vwi
Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î nq| aviv 24 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ GB †`vl
¯^xKvi wel‡q LuywUbvwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q| †dŠR`vwi
Kvh©wewai 164 I 364 aviv Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
†`vl ¯^xKvi [Confession] ¯^xK…wZi [Admission] GKwU
cÖKvi| wb‡Ri †`vl ¯^xKvi K‡i †`Iqv e³e¨B
n‡”Q †`vl ¯^xKvi [Confession], Z‡e GUv‡K Aek¨B
†¯^”Qvg~jK n‡Z n‡e, †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †Kv‡bv fxwZ, cÖfve
ev cÖwZkÖæwZi Kvi‡Y GB †`vl ¯^xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv A_©vr
Zv ZLb †`vl ¯^xKvi e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv|
PvR© MV‡bi K_v g‡b Av‡Q? wePvwiK cÖwµqvq †mUv
GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask, GKwU we‡kl ¯Íi; Gi ci †_‡KB
GKwU gvgjvi g~j wePviKvR ïiæ nq| GB PvR© MV‡bi
mgq Avmvwg‡K Zvi bv‡g Kx Kx Aciv‡ai Awf‡hv‡M
PvR© MVb Kiv n‡”Q Zv cwi®‹vi fvlvq Rvbv‡bv nq Ges
Zv‡K wR‡Ám Kiv nqÑ Avcwb †`vlx bvwK wb‡`©vl?
Avmvwg ZLb e‡jÑ Avwg wb‡`©vl, Avwg wePvi PvB| Gi
gv‡b n‡jv †KD GKRb Awf‡hvM w`‡”Q Ges Avmvwg
†mUv A¯^xKvi K‡i ej‡QÑ Avwg wb‡`©vl, ZvB Avwg
Gi b¨vqwePvi Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q PvB| GB †h, `yB
c¶ ci¯úi we‡ivax gZvgZ w`‡jvÑ GLvb †_‡KB
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e we‡iv‡ai ïiæ Ges d‡j GLv‡bB wePvi
Kivi cÖkœ Av‡m Av`vj‡Zi| wKš‘ A‡bK †¶‡Î Avmvwg
†`vl ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î wePviKvR mnR n‡q
hvq, SyU Sv‡gjv A‡a©K K‡g Av‡m|
†`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ wb‡q aviv 24 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ Kx Kx
LuywUbvwU ejv Av‡QÑ †m¸‡jv av‡c av‡c g~j avivmn
GKevi †`‡L wb‡q mvims‡¶c Ki‡ev Avgiv| 24
avivwU c‡ob Av‡M|
evRv‡i cÖPwjZ [6wU eB Avgiv †`‡LwQ] eB¸‡jv‡Z GB
avivi wk‡ivbvgwU fyjfv‡e †`Iqv Av‡Q| †KDB j¶
K‡iwb bvwK Bs‡iwR g~j fvm©bUv KL‡bvB †gjvq wbÑ
GUv Avgv‡`i †evaMg¨Zvi evB‡i| Avcbv‡`i myweavi
Rb¨ Bs‡iwR‡ZI g~j avivUv [aviv 24] Zz‡j w`jvg|
Ab¨ Av‡iKUv Z_¨ RvbvB| Bs‡iwR As‡k †`‡Lb KZ
mvejxjfv‡e Confession kãwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjvq me †jLKB GUv‡K Ô¯^xKv‡ivw³Õ e‡j Abyev`
K‡i‡Qb| GUv‡K †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ ej‡jB wKš‘ e¨vcviUv
RwUj _v‡K bv| eo †jLKiv †Kb K‡i‡Qb GgbUv, †mUv
ZuvivB fv‡jv Rv‡bb|
aviv 24 : cÖ‡jvfb, fxwZ cÖ`k©b wKsev cÖwZkÖæwZi Øviv
¯^xKv‡ivw³ Av`vq Kiv nB‡j †dŠR`vwi †gvKÏgvq hLb
Zvnv cÖvmw½K [Confession caused by inducement,
threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal
proceeding] : †Kv‡bv †dŠR`vwi †gvKÏgvi Avmvwg
Zvnvi weiæ‡× AvbxZ †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv
¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwi‡j Av`vj‡Zi wbKU hw` cÖZxqgvb nq †h,
¶gZvm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv †jv‡Ki Øviv cÖ‡jvfb, fxwZcÖ`k©b ev
cÖwZkÖæwZ `v‡bi d‡j Avmvwg D³ ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwiqv‡Q
Ges Av`vjZ hw` g‡b K‡ib †h, Dnvi d‡j Avmvwg
†gvKÏgvq cvw_©e †Kv‡bv myweav cvB‡e ev †Kv‡bv Amyweav
GovB‡Z cvwi‡e ewjqv Zvnvi aviYv nBevi h‡_ó KviY
NwUqvwQj Z‡e Avmvwgi †mB ¯^xKv‡ivw³ AcÖvmw½K| [A

22. 424 welqm~wP
confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in
a criminal proceeding, if the making of the confession
appears to the Court to have been caused by any
inducement, threat or promise having reference to the
charge against the accused person, proceeding from a
person in authority and sufficient, in the opinion of the
Court, to give the accused person grounds which would
appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making
it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a
temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against
him.]
GKUv K_v g‡b iv‡LbÑ mv¶¨ AvB‡b mivmwi †`vl
¯^xKvi Gi †Kv‡bv msÁv †bB| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ †`vl
¯^xKvi n‡jv ¯^xK…wZi GKwU aib| †Zv, Avmvwg hLb
¯^xK…wZ †`q Zvi K…Z Aciva m¤ú‡K©, ZLbB †mUv †`vl
¯^xKvi n‡q hvq| hvB‡nvK, avivwUi wk‡ivbvg LvwbKUv
D‡ëcv‡ë wb‡q co‡jB GB avivi g~j K_v †evSv hvq|
wk‡ivbvgUv Avevi co–bÑ ÒcÖ‡jvfb, fxwZ cÖ`k©b wKsev
cÖwZkÖæwZi Øviv ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Av`vq Kiv nB‡j †dŠR`vwi
†gvKÏgvq hLb Zvnv AcÖvmw½KÓ| wk‡ivbvgwU cv‡ë
†djyb Gfv‡eÑ cÖ‡jvfb, fxwZ cÖ`k©b wKsev cÖwZkÖæwZi
gva¨g e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv (†¯^”Qvg~jK) ¯^xKv‡ivw³ †`Iqv
n‡j Zv †dŠR`vwi gvgjvq cÖvmw½K! ZvBbv? †¯^”Qvg~jK
kãUvi eª¨v‡KU Zz‡j wb‡j Av‡iv cvi‡d± n‡e| avivwU
Av‡iKevi c‡o Avmyb wcøR|
Gevi aviv 25|
aviv 25 : cywjk Awdmv‡ii Kv‡Q cÖ`Ë ¯^xKv‡ivw³ cÖgvY
Kiv hvB‡e bv [Confession to police-officer not to be
proved] : †Kv‡bv Aciv‡a Awfhy³ †Kv‡bv †jvK cywjk
Awdmv‡ii †Kv‡bv ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwiqv _vwK‡j Zvnv Zvnvi
weiæ‡× cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡e bv| [No confession made to
a police-officer shall be proved as against a person
accused of any offence.]
†QvÆ aviv, cvwbi g‡Zv †mvRv| Av‡jvPbv evûj¨| wKš‘
cywjk Awdmv‡ii Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ MÖnYxq
nq bv †Kb? AvBb cÖ‡YZviv GUv a‡iB wb‡qwQ‡jb †h,
cywj‡ki f‡q ev cywj‡ki cxob ev Rei`w¯Íi Kvi‡YI
A‡bK Avmvwg Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †`vl ¯^xKvi K‡i †dj‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ †`vl ¯^xKvi Aek¨B †¯^”Qvq Ges wbf©‡q
n‡Z n‡e| cywjk Øviv cÖfvweZ nIqv ev fxZ nIqv ev
wbh©vZ‡bi f‡q A_ev wbh©vZb †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z Ggb
A‡¯^”Qvq †`vl¯^xKvi ¯^vfvweK n‡Z cv‡i, ev¯Íe Rxe‡bI
GUv Kg‡ewk †`Lv hvq| myZivs, Avmvwgi wbivcËv ev
Zvi b¨vq wePv‡ii ¯^v‡_©B GgbUv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gevi aviv 26|
aviv 26 : Avmvwg cywjk †ndvR‡Z _vKvKv‡j cÖ`Ë
¯^xKv‡ivw³ Zvnvi weiƒ‡× cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡e bv
[Confession by accused while in custodz of police
not to be proved against him] : cywjk Awdmv‡ii
†ndvR‡Z _vKvKv‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³ †Kv‡bv ¯^xKv‡ivw³
Kwi‡j, Zvnv hw` †Kv‡bv g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui cÖZ¨¶ Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
bv nq, Z‡e Zvnv D³ †jv‡Ki weiæ‡× cÖgvY Kiv nB‡e
bv [No confession made by any person whilst he is in
the custodz of a police-officer, unless it be made in the
immediate presence of a Magistrate, shall be proved as
against such person.]|
e¨vL¨v : AÎ avivi g¨vwR‡÷ªU ewj‡Z g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui
Kvh© m¤úv`bKvix MÖvg cÖavb‡K eySvB‡e bv| Z‡e MÖvg¨
cÖavb hw` 1898 m‡bi †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewa Abyhvqx
g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b K‡ib Z‡e Zvnv‡K eySvB‡e
[In this section “Magistrate” does not include the head
of a village discharging magisterial functions unless
such headman is a Magistrate exercising the powers
of a Magistrate under the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1898]|
gv‡b 25 avivq ejv n‡jv cywjk Awdmv‡ii Kv‡Q †`Iqv
†`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ wel‡q, Avi 26 avivq Av‡iKUz †hvM
K‡i ejv n‡jvÑ cywjk †ndvR‡Z _vKvKvjxb cÖ`Ë †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³ wel‡q|
Gevi 27 aviv| Gev‡i Avevi Bs‡iwR AskUv Zz‡j
w`jvg GKUv we‡kl Kvi‡Y| Av‡M avivwU c‡ob, c‡ii
c¨vivq KviY w`jvg|
aviv 27 : Avmvwgi wbKU nB‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ hZLvwb cÖgvY
Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i [How much of information received
from accused may be proved] : †Kv‡bv NUbv m¤ú‡K©
hw` mv¶¨ cvIqv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv Aciv‡a Acivax †Kv‡bv
†jvK cywjk Awdmv‡ii †ndvR‡Z _vKvKv‡j Zvnvi wbKU
nB‡Z cÖvß Z‡_¨i d‡j NUbvwU D`NvwUZ nBqv‡Q, Z‡e
Z‡_¨i †h Ask D`NvwUZ NUbvi mwnZ ¯úóiƒ‡c mswkøó
Zvnv ¯^xKv‡ivw³ nDK ev bv nDK cÖgvY Kiv hvB‡Z
cv‡i| [Provided that, when any fact is deposed to as
discovered in consequence of information received
from a person accused of any offence, in the custodz of
a police officer, so much of such information, whether
it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to
the fact thereby discovered, may be proved.]

23. welqm~wP 425
GLv‡b †`‡Lb Bs‡iwR AskUv ïiæB n‡q‡Q Provided that
kãUv w`‡q| Gi gv‡b n‡”Q ÔZ‡eÕ| evsjv As‡k †`‡Lb
ÔZ‡eÕ kãUv avivwUi gvSLv‡b GKwU RvqMvq Av‡Q|
Abyev` wn‡m‡e cÖcvi RvqMv‡ZB Av‡Q| †bv cÖe‡jg|
GB Provided that ev Z‡e w`‡q GUvB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q
†h, 24, 25 I 26 avivq hv ejv n‡jv, we‡kl K‡i 25
I 26 avivq hv ejv n‡jv Zvi GKUv e¨wZµg Av‡Q|
A_©vr cywjk Awdmvi ev cywjk †ndvR‡Z Avmvwgi †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³g~jK †Kv‡bv e³e¨ Av`vj‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e
bv ev Avmvwgi weiæ‡× Zv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv, wKš‘
Avmvwgi D³iKg †Kv‡bv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³g~jK e³e¨
†_‡K hw` gvgjvi †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ ev e¯‘ D`NvwUZ Kiv
m¤¢e nq Z‡e ïay †mB AskUzKz Av`vj‡Z Zvi weiæ‡×
cÖgvY wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| wK¬qvi n‡jv wK K_vUv?
avivUvi ïiæ †_‡K Av‡iKevi c‡o Av‡mb GLbB|
Zvi gv‡b, 24, 25 I 26 avivq ejv n‡jv †Kvb †Kvb
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ`Ë †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv!
Avi 27 avivq Provided that ev Z‡e w`‡q ejv n‡jvÑ
KLb †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ`Ë †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ MÖnY‡hvM¨
n‡e! Avkv Kwi mvivRxeb GUv fyj‡eb bv|
Avi Gw`‡K 28 avivq mivmwi 24 aviv D‡jø­
L K‡i
e‡j‡Q †h, KLb cÖvmw½K n‡e GKwU †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³|
28 avivwU Avm‡j 24 avivwUi D‡ëv welq! LyeB
wm¤új| avivwU c‡ob|
aviv 28 : cÖ‡jvfb, fxwZ I cÖwZkÖæwZRwbZ aviYv
Acmvi‡Yi ci cÖ`Ë ¯^xKv‡ivw³ cÖvmw½K [Confession
made after removal of impression caused by
inducement, threat or promise, relevant] : †hBiƒc
¯^xKv‡ivw³i welq 24 avivq D‡jø­
L Kiv nBqv‡Q, Z`ªæc
¯^xKv‡ivw³ hw` cÖ‡jvfb, fxwZ cÖ`k©b ev cÖwZkÖæwZ`v‡bi
d‡j myôy aviYv Av`vj‡Zi g‡Z cy‡ivcywi AcmvwiZ
nBevi ci Kiv nq, Z‡e Zvnv cÖvmw½K [If such a
confession as is referred to in section 24 is made after
the impression caused by any such inducement, threat
or promise has, in the opinion of the Court, been fully
removed, it is relevant.]|
aviv 29 wb‡Riv c‡o †bb| GLv‡b Av‡jvPbvi we¯Ívi
Kivi wKQz †bB| bv eyS‡Z cvi‡j Pvc wb‡qb bv, w¯‹c
Kiæb A_ev wØZxqevi covi mgq †`Lyb|
aviv 29 : ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Ab¨fv‡e cÖvmw½K nB‡j, †Kej
†Mvcbxqfv‡e cÖwZkÖæwZ BZ¨vw`i `iæb Zvnv AcÖvmw½K
nB‡e bv [Confession otherwise relevant not to
become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy,
etc] : Abyiƒc ¯^xKv‡ivw³ hw` Ab¨fv‡e cÖvmw½K nq,
Z‡e †KejgvÎ GB Kvi‡YB Dnv AcÖvmw½K nB‡e bv,
†MvcbxqZvi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z Dnv Kiv nBqv‡Q, wKsev
Avmvwgi Dci cÖZviYv Kwiqv Dnv Av`vq Kiv nBqv‡Q,
wKsev †m gvZvj _vKvKv‡j D³ ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwiqv‡Q,
wKsev †h cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z Avmvwg eva¨ b‡n; †h AvKv‡iB
†mB cÖkœ Kiv †nvK, Zvnvi Dˇi †m ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwiqv‡Q,
wKsev †m †h Abyiƒc ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwi‡Z eva¨ b‡n Ges
¯^xKv‡ivw³ Zvnvi weiƒ‡× mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi nB‡Z
cv‡i †m wel‡q Zvnv‡K mZK© Kwiqv bv w`evi d‡j D³
¯^xKv‡ivw³ Kwiqv‡Q [If such a confession is otherwise
relevant, it does not become irrelevant merely
because it was made under a promise of secrecy, or in
consequence of a deception practised on the accused
person for the purpose of obtaining it, or when he was
drunk, or because it was made in answer to questions
which he need not have answered, whatever may have
been the form of those questions, or because he was not
warned that he was not bound to make such confession,
and that evidence of it might be given against him.]|
Gevi aviv 30| mvaviYZ GKRb Avmvwg hLb †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³ K‡ib, ZLb Zv Zvi weiæ‡× e¨envi Kiv
hvq, Ab¨ Avmvwgi weiæ‡× †mUv Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ Gi
GKUv e¨wZµg Av‡Q hv wKbv GB avivi Av‡jvP¨ welq|
†hŠ_fv‡e hLb †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai GKvwaK Avmvwg nq
Ges Zv‡`i †fZi GKRb †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ K‡i ZLb
†mB †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³‡K Ab¨ Avmvwgi Rb¨I cÖ‡hvR¨
Kivi Rb¨ we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| avivi D`vni‡YB cwi®‹vi
n‡q hv‡eb| c‡o †bb|
aviv 30 : GKRb Acivax †jv‡Ki Aciva ¯^xKv‡ivw³
hLb Aci Acivax †jv‡Ki weiæ‡× cÖgvY Kwievi Rb¨
e¨envi Kiv hvq [Consideration of proved confession
affecting person making it and others jointly under
trial for same offence] : †hB‡¶‡Î GKB Aciv‡a
GKvwaK e¨w³i †hŠ_fv‡e wePvi nB‡Z‡Q Ges Zvnv‡`i
g‡a¨ GKR‡bi ¯^xKv‡ivw³, hvnv Øviv †m wb‡R‡K IAb¨‡K
RwoZ Kwiqv‡Q ewjqv Zvnv cÖgvY Kiv nBqv‡Q, †mB‡¶‡Î
Av`vjZ D³ ¯^xKv‡ivw³Kvix I Aci †jv‡Ki weiæ‡× †mB
¯^xKv‡ivw³ we‡ePbv Kwi‡Z cv‡ib [When more persons
than one are being tried jointly for the same offence,
and a confession made by one of such persons affecting
himself and some other of such persons is proved, the
Court may take into consideration such confession as
against such other persons as well as against the person
who makes such confession.]|

24. 426 welqm~wP
e¨vL¨v : GB avivq e¨eüZ ÔAcivaÕ ewj‡Z †mB Aciv‡a
Kwievi mnvqZv `vb I Aciva Kwievi †Póv Kiv‡KI
eySvB‡e [‘Offence’, as used in this section, includes the
abatement of, or attempt to commit the offence]|
D`vniYmg~n:
(K) M-†K nZ¨v Kwievi Aciv‡a K I L-Gi †hŠ_fv‡e
wePvi nB‡Z‡Q cÖgvY Kiv nBqv‡Q †h, K ewjqvwQj, L
I Avwg M-†K nZ¨v KwiqvwQ Av`vjZ L-Gi weiæ‡× GB
¯^xKv‡ivw³ we‡ePbv Kwi‡Z cv‡ib|
(L) M-GK nZ¨v Kwievi Aciv‡a K-Gi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q|
mv¶¨ Av‡Q †h, K I L KZ©…K M wbnZ nBqv‡Q Ges L
ewjqv‡Q : K I Avwg M-†K nZ¨v KwiqvwQ|
GB‡¶‡Î Av`vjZ L-Gi D³ wee„wZ K-Gi weiæ‡×
we‡ePbv bvI Kwi‡Z cv‡ib| KviY, K-Gi mwnZ †hŠ_
fv‡e L-Gi wePvi nB‡Z‡Q bv|
Gici aviv 31 †hLv‡b GKwU bxwZ eY©bv Kiv Av‡Q|
bxwZUv n‡”QÑ †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…wZB P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY bq hw` bv
c‡ii aviv¸‡jv‡Z [A_©vr 32 †_‡K ïiæ] Ggb †Kv‡bv
welq D‡jø­
L bv _v‡K| avivwU c‡o †bb| GB avivwU
G‡÷v‡cj [Estoppel ev estop] Gi aviv wn‡m‡eI
cwiwPZ| Z‡e, G‡÷v‡cj Gi g~j aviv wn‡m‡e 115
avivwU cwiwPZ| 31 avivwU wb‡q aviv msµvšÍ GKwU cÖkœ
Avm‡ZB cv‡i wKš‘!
aviv 31 : ¯^xK…wZ P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY b‡n, Z‡e cÖgv‡Y evav
m„wó Kwi‡Z cv‡i [Admissions not conclusive proof,
but may be estop] : †Kv‡bv wel‡q ¯^xK…wZB †mB welq
m¤ú‡K© P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY bq, Z‡e GB AvBb AZtci ewY©Z
weavbmg~n Abymv‡i Dnv ¯^xK…wZRwbZ evav wn‡m‡e
Kvh©Kix nB‡Z cv‡i [Admissions are not conclusive
proof of the matters admitted but they may operate as
estoppels under the provisions hereinafter contained.]|
†ek `xN© Av‡jvPbv GLv‡bB BwZ Uvwb| GKUv nRgjv
†L‡q †bb|
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cÖkœ
1. Judicial Confession n‡jvÑ [RywW : 2007]
K. Av`vj‡Zi PvR© MV‡bi mgq †`vl ¯^xKvi
L. RbM‡Yi wbKU †`vl ¯^xKvi
M. cywj‡ki wbKU ¯^xKvi
N. g¨vwR‡÷ªU KZ…©K wjwce× Avmvwgi †`vl ¯^xKvi
mwVK DËi : N ; [aviv : 24Ñ 30]
2. mv¶¨ AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^xK…wZ Kq cÖKvi?
K. 3 cÖKvi L. 6 cÖKvi
M. 2 cÖKvi N. 4 cÖKvi
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 17]
3. Confession n‡jvÑ
K. †`vl ¯^xKvi L. A‡b¨i †`vl ¯^xKvi
M. wb‡Ri †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ N. ¯^xKv‡ivw³
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 24-30]
4. †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³g~jK e³e¨ mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e Kvi
weiæ‡× e¨envi Kiv hvq?
K. †Kv‡bv Awfhy³ e¨w³i weiæ‡×
L. whwb †`vl ¯^xKvi Ki‡jb Zvi weiæ‡×
M. gvgjvi Ab¨vb¨ Avmvwgi weiæ‡×
N. ev`xi weiæ‡×
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 30]; GB 30 avivwU‡Z e‡j‡Q †h,
hLb GKRb Acivax Zvi †`vl ¯^xKvi K‡i ZLb H GKB
gvgjvi Aci Acivax‡`i weiæ‡× GUv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e hw`
Ab¨ AvmvgxMY D³ ¯^xKv‡ivw³‡Z Rwo‡q c‡ob| A_©vr cÖvmw½K
nB‡j Ab¨ Avmvwg‡`i weiæ‡× GB ¯^xKv‡ivw³ e¨envi Kiv hv‡e
mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e|
5. mvaviYfv‡e †`vl ¯^xKvi KLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq?
K. cywjk Awdmv‡ii wbKU †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
L. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU cÖ`Ë ¯^xKv‡ivw³
M. cywj‡ki Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKvi Abyhvqx AvjvgZ
D×vi Ki‡j
N. `vqiv R‡Ri Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 25]
6. mvaviYfv‡e †`vl ¯^xKvi KLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq?
K. cywjk †ndvR‡Z _vKvKvjxb †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
L. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU cÖ`Ë ¯^xKv‡ivw³
M. cywj‡ki Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKvi Abyhvqx AvjvgZ
D×vi Ki‡j
N. `vqiv R‡Ri Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 26]

25. welqm~wP 427
8. mvaviYfv‡e wb‡Pi †Kvb †¶‡Î †`vl ¯^xKvi MÖnY‡hvM¨
nq?
K. cywj‡ki Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Abyhvqx hw`
gvgjvi †Kv‡bv welq D`NvwUZ nq
L. cywj‡ki Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Abyhvqx hw`
gvgjvi †Kv‡bv welq D`NvwUZ bv nq
M. AvBbRxexi Kv‡Q †`Iqv †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
N. †Kv‡bvwUB mwVK bq
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 27]
9. †`vl ¯^xKvi KLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv?
K. †`vl ¯^xKvi hw` †¯^”Qvg~jK nq
L. †`vl ¯^xKvi hw` †¯^”Qvg~jK bv nq
M. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
N. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cywj‡ki wbKU †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 24]
10. †`vl ¯^xKvi KLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv?
K. †`vl ¯^xKvi hw` †¯^”Qvg~jK nq
L. †`vl ¯^xKvi hw` †Kv‡bv fxwZi Kvi‡Y nq
M. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³
N. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cywj‡ki wbKU †`vl
¯^xKv‡ivw³
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 24]
11. †`vl ¯^xKvi Kvi Kv‡Q Kiv hvq?
K. cywjk Awdmv‡ii Kv‡Q
L. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Kv‡Q
M. AvBbRxexi Kv‡Q
N. cywjk Kwgkbv‡ii Kv‡Q
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 24]
12. ¯^xK…wZi msÁv mv¶¨ AvB‡bi KZ avivi welqe¯‘?
K. 16 avivi
L. 17 avivi
M. 18 avivi
N. 19 avivi
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 17]
13. mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ wel‡qi mv‡_
†dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai †Kvb avivwU m¤úwK©Z?
K. 54 aviv L. 56 aviv
M. 164 aviv N. 176 aviv
mwVK DËi : M ; †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai GB 164 avivq wee„wZ Ges
†`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ wjwce×Ki‡Yi ¶gZv GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU‡K
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi Av‡iv kZ©vejx ejv Av‡Q| mv¶¨ AvB‡bi
e¨envwiK Ask wn‡m‡e †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai D³ 164 avivwU
Kv‡R jv‡M|
14. mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †`vl ¯^xKv‡ivw³ wel‡qi mv‡_
†dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai †Kvb avivwU m¤úwK©Z?
K. 54 aviv L. 56 aviv
M. 364 aviv N. 176 aviv
mwVK DËi : M ; †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai GB 364 avivq GKRb
g¨vwR‡÷ªU wKfv‡e Avmvwgi Revbew›` wjwce× Ki‡eb,
†m wel‡q ejv Av‡Q| mv¶¨ AvB‡bi e¨envwiK Ask wn‡m‡e
†dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai D³ 364 avivwU Kv‡R jv‡M|
15. cywjk †ndvR‡Z _vKvKvjxb †Kv‡bv cÖ`Ë
¯^xKv‡ivw³ MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv GUv mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †Kvb
avivi welqe¯‘?
K. 24 aviv L. 25 aviv
M. 26 aviv N. 27 aviv
mwVK DËi : M ; [aviv : 26]
16. cywjk Awdmv‡ii Kv‡Q †`q ¯^xKv‡ivw³ cÖgvY Kiv
hvq bv GUv mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †Kvb avivi welqe¯‘?
K. 24 aviv L. 25 aviv
M. 26 aviv N. 27 aviv
mwVK DËi : L ; [aviv : 25]
17. cywj‡ki wbKU Avmvwgi ¯^xKv‡ivw³ †Kvb †¶‡Î
mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e Av`vj‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e? [evi : 2012]
K. g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
L. wbi‡c¶ mv¶xi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
M. ¯^xKv‡ivw³ g‡Z AvjvgZ D×vi
N. ¯^xKv‡ivw³ †¯^”Qvg~jK n‡j
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 26]
18. †`Iqvwb †gvKÏgvq ¯^xK…wZi cÖvmw½KZv wel‡q
mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †Kvb avivq ejv Av‡Q?
K. 23 aviv L. 24 aviv
M. 25 aviv N. 17 aviv
mwVK DËi : K ; [aviv : 23]

26. 428 welqm~wP
g~j Av‡jvPbv
GB †jKPv‡i Av‡jvPbvi g~j welq aviv 32 I 33| Gi
mv‡_ cÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbv aviv 39 ch©šÍ n‡Z cvi‡Zv|
wKš‘ †m Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv Avi XyKwQ bv| †Kbbv G‡Zv
we¯ÍvwiZ ey‡S Avgv‡`i KvR †bB| D‡jø­
L¨ †h, ïay aviv
32 I 33 †_‡KB evi KvDw݇j 3wU Ges RywWwmqvwi‡Z
1wU cÖkœ G‡mwQ‡jv [2017 mvj ev‡`]| aviYv wn‡m‡eI
GB `yBwU aviv Riæwi| mv¶¨ AvB‡b AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU
aviYv n‡jvÑ g„Zz¨Kvjxb †NvlYv [Dying Declaration]|
GB g„Zz¨Kvjxb †NvlYv m¤ú‡K© GBLv‡bB Av‡jvPbv
Av‡Q|
aviv `yBwU A‡bK eo| mgq Kz‡jv‡j, g‡bv‡hvM wgj‡j
aviv `yBwUi we¯ÍvwiZ cvV wb‡q ivL‡Z cv‡ib| aviv
`yBwU Zz‡j †`Iqvi Av‡M Gi GKUv †MvQv‡bv Av‡jvPbv
K‡i ivLv `iKvi| Zv‡Z avivwUi g~j cv‡V †Kv‡bv mgm¨v
nevi K_v bq|
mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv Rvwb †h, Av`vj‡Z †Kv‡bv mv¶¨
whwb †`‡eb Zv †gŠwLK †nvK Avi wjwLZ †nvK, Zv‡K
wb‡RB Av`vj‡Z nvwRi †_‡K mv¶¨ w`‡Z nq| wKš‘ Gi
wKQz e¨wZµg Av‡Q| †mB e¨wZµgUvB GB aviv `yBwUi
welqe¯‘| †hB Dcwk‡ivbv‡gi Aax‡b GB aviv `yBwU
Av‡Q †mUv GiKgÑ †hB mKj †jvK‡K mv¶x wn‡m‡e
Zje Kiv hvq bv, Zvnv‡`i wee„wZ| wk‡ivbv‡g Zvi
gv‡b K_vUv cwi®‹vi †h, hviv mv¶x wn‡m‡e mvaviYfv‡e
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq, Zv‡`i K_v ev mv¶¨ hLb MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq
ev cÖvmw½K nqÑ †m cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv|
5 ai‡bi gvby‡li †¶‡Î Zv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ QvovI Zv‡`i
mv¶¨ wjwLZ A_ev †gŠwLK †hfv‡eB _vKzK bv †Kb Zv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ ev cÖvmw½K n‡e| [evRv‡ii cÖPwjZ †ewkifvM
eB‡q GUv‡K 4 fv‡M †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, Rv÷ BM‡bvi
Kiæb †mUv| ] 5 ai‡bi gvbyl Kviv ev †¶Î¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. g„Z e¨w³
2. wb‡LuvR e¨w³, ev Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q bv Ggb e¨w³
3. mv¶¨ w`‡Z A¶g ev A‡hvM¨ e¨w³
4. †h e¨w³‡K nvwRi Kiv AZ¨šÍ mgqmv‡c¶
5. †h e¨w³‡K nvwRi Kiv gvgjvi we‡iva †gUv‡bvi
welqe¯Íi Zzjbvq AZ¨šÍ e¨qmv‡c¶|
Zvi gv‡b GB 5 ai‡bi e¨w³i †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
Zv‡`i †`Iqv c~e©eZ©x wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK e³e¨ GKwU
gvgjvq cÖvmw½K AvKv‡i MÖnYxq n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv
mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i, hw`I GB mg¯Í
†¶‡Î D³ mKj mv¶x Dcw¯’Z bvI _v‡K! wK¬qvi?
wKš‘ GB 5wU †¶‡Îi ewY©Z †jv‡K‡`i me wel‡qi
e³e¨B Av`vj‡Z M„nxZ n‡e bv| GiI wbqg i‡q‡Q|
wbw`©ó 9wU †¶‡Î Zv‡`i mv¶¨ Zv‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡ZI
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1. g„Zz¨Kvjxb †NvlYv [ †hgb, Zvi g„Zz¨ m¤ú‡K©
g„Zz¨i Av‡M Av‡M e‡j hvIqv †Kv‡bv wee„wZ ]
2. †ckvMZ KvR m¤úwK©Z ¯^vfvweK wee„wZ [†hgb,
GKRb wnmvei¶‡Ki †Kv‡bv wnmve m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv
wee„wZ, GgbwK Awd‡mi wnmv‡ei LvZv]
3. wbR ¯^v_©we‡ivax Dw³ [†h Dw³ wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_©i
weiæ‡× hvq, †hgb, †KD GKRb ej‡jv †h †m
wg. Kwi‡gi KvQ †_‡K 1 j¶ UvKv avi wn‡m‡e
wb‡qwQ‡jv| Zvi GB avi †bIqv m¤ú‡K© wee„wZwU
Zvi wbR ¯^v_©weiæ× e³e¨]
4. MY¯^v_© ev †Kv‡bv cÖ_vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wee„wZ
5. AvZ¥xqZv ev m¤úK© cÖm‡½ †Kv‡bv Dw³ ev wee„wZ
6. cvwievwiK `wjj ev †Kv‡bv DB‡j †`Iqv wee„wZ
7. ¯^Z¡ m„wóKvix `wj‡j wee„wZ
8. RbZv KZ©…K †Kv‡bv wee„wZ hw` Zv †Kv‡bv
†gvKÏgvq cÖvmw½K nq|
9. GKB wel‡q GKB c¶e„‡›`i gvgjvq c~‡e©i
†Kv‡bv gvgjvq cÖ`Ë mv¶¨ ev wee„wZ| [aviv 33
†gvZv‡eK]
†jKPvi : 04 aviv : 32-39
hv‡`i‡K mvÿx wn‡m‡e Zje Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡`i wee„wZ
I we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ`Ë mvÿ¨