Evaluation of the three diets of different biochemical compositions on the zootechnical performances of the rainbow trout (Onchorynchys Mykiss walbaum, 1792) and their impact on the water of the Oum Er-Rbia River (Morocco)
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of three different extruded diets (A, B, and C) on the growth performance of rainbow trout and the impact on water quality in the Oum Er-Rbia River in Morocco. Diet B produced the best growth results with a final weight of 1,043.9g compared to 803.14g for diet A and 942.1g for diet C. Water quality analyses found that diet C resulted in higher nitrogen and phosphate discharges from the fish farms than diets A and B. The biochemical composition, raw material sources, and formulations of the three diets influenced the growth of the rainbow trout.
This study aimed to 1) develop an LC-MS/MS method to quantify ionophores (MON, SAL, NAR) in poultry litter using a modified QuEChERS sample preparation, 2) quantify the levels of ionophores in poultry litter before and after three pilot-scale composting processes (aeration, turning, combination), and 3) identify transformation products of ionophores formed during composting using high-resolution LC-QToF/MS. The validation results showed good accuracy (71-119% recovery) and precision (19% RSD). Composting reduced ionophore levels by 13-68% depending on the conditions. Three transformation products and one
This study evaluated the effect of two methods of carbohydrate fertilization on nutrient discharge, sludge quantity and characteristics in biofloc shrimp culture. Six tanks were divided into two treatments - continuous molasses fertilization throughout cultivation (CONT) or initial molasses only in early weeks (INI). Both treatments stocked shrimp at 180 animals/m2 and cultured them for 12 weeks. The CONT treatment produced more total suspended solids (TSS) in sludge (0.25 kg/kg feed) than INI (0.16 kg/kg feed). Sludge from both treatments had high volatile solids but low carbon:nitrogen ratios and BOD:TSS ratios, indicating difficulty for anaerobic digestion treatment
Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility And Gas Production Characteristi...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production of diets containing varying levels (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). Results showed that in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters like metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production improved with increasing SOPM levels in the diets. Specifically, the diet with 50% SOPM (D4) showed significantly higher in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production compared to the other diets. However, the gas production characteristics like the soluble
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
The Use of in vitro Gas Production Technique as an Index of the Nutritive Val...IOSRJAVS
: The in vitro gas production technique was used to predict rumen fermentable organic matter, gas production kinetics, organic matter digestibility as well as metabolizable energy were evaluated in green shoot, leaves, fruits flesh and seed cakes of Ziziphus spina-christi tree. A gas production was measured by incubating samples in buffered rumen fluid from cannulated steer for 72 h. Total gas production was recorded at 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation periods and kinetics of gas production was described. The chemical analysis of these Ziziphus spina-christi parts, showed that, Leaves contained high protein (14.77±0.23g/kg) and green shoot less protein (8.03±0.15g/kg),however, high ash content was observed in green shoot (10.03±0.07g/kg) compare to other parts. seed cakes has the highest crude fibre content in comparison to other parts (32.46±0.01),while fruits flesh contained the highest ether extract(72.39±0.03).The maximum gas volume was highest for fruits flesh followed by seed cakes, green shoot and leaves after 24hr of incubation. In this study flesh had a significantly higher (P<0.05) gas production from rapid soluble fraction (a) than the other parts, while Ziziphus spina-christi leaves showed the highest gas production from slowly degradable fraction (b) .Organic matter digestibility range was (51.90– 43.79%) and Metabolisable energy was found to be (9.16– 6.74MJ/kgDM) in the flesh and green shoot, respectively. It was concluded that, green shoots, leaves, fruit flesh and seed cake of Ziziphus spina-christi have the potential to be used as protein, energy and mineral supplements for ruminants especially during the dry season
This study aimed to 1) develop an LC-MS/MS method to quantify ionophores (MON, SAL, NAR) in poultry litter using a modified QuEChERS sample preparation, 2) quantify the levels of ionophores in poultry litter before and after three pilot-scale composting processes (aeration, turning, combination), and 3) identify transformation products of ionophores formed during composting using high-resolution LC-QToF/MS. The validation results showed good accuracy (71-119% recovery) and precision (19% RSD). Composting reduced ionophore levels by 13-68% depending on the conditions. Three transformation products and one
This study evaluated the effect of two methods of carbohydrate fertilization on nutrient discharge, sludge quantity and characteristics in biofloc shrimp culture. Six tanks were divided into two treatments - continuous molasses fertilization throughout cultivation (CONT) or initial molasses only in early weeks (INI). Both treatments stocked shrimp at 180 animals/m2 and cultured them for 12 weeks. The CONT treatment produced more total suspended solids (TSS) in sludge (0.25 kg/kg feed) than INI (0.16 kg/kg feed). Sludge from both treatments had high volatile solids but low carbon:nitrogen ratios and BOD:TSS ratios, indicating difficulty for anaerobic digestion treatment
Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility And Gas Production Characteristi...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production of diets containing varying levels (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). Results showed that in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters like metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production improved with increasing SOPM levels in the diets. Specifically, the diet with 50% SOPM (D4) showed significantly higher in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production compared to the other diets. However, the gas production characteristics like the soluble
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
The Use of in vitro Gas Production Technique as an Index of the Nutritive Val...IOSRJAVS
: The in vitro gas production technique was used to predict rumen fermentable organic matter, gas production kinetics, organic matter digestibility as well as metabolizable energy were evaluated in green shoot, leaves, fruits flesh and seed cakes of Ziziphus spina-christi tree. A gas production was measured by incubating samples in buffered rumen fluid from cannulated steer for 72 h. Total gas production was recorded at 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation periods and kinetics of gas production was described. The chemical analysis of these Ziziphus spina-christi parts, showed that, Leaves contained high protein (14.77±0.23g/kg) and green shoot less protein (8.03±0.15g/kg),however, high ash content was observed in green shoot (10.03±0.07g/kg) compare to other parts. seed cakes has the highest crude fibre content in comparison to other parts (32.46±0.01),while fruits flesh contained the highest ether extract(72.39±0.03).The maximum gas volume was highest for fruits flesh followed by seed cakes, green shoot and leaves after 24hr of incubation. In this study flesh had a significantly higher (P<0.05) gas production from rapid soluble fraction (a) than the other parts, while Ziziphus spina-christi leaves showed the highest gas production from slowly degradable fraction (b) .Organic matter digestibility range was (51.90– 43.79%) and Metabolisable energy was found to be (9.16– 6.74MJ/kgDM) in the flesh and green shoot, respectively. It was concluded that, green shoots, leaves, fruit flesh and seed cake of Ziziphus spina-christi have the potential to be used as protein, energy and mineral supplements for ruminants especially during the dry season
Effects of selected extrusion parameters on physicochemical properties and in...Sandrayee Brahma, Ph.D.
The document discusses how different extrusion parameters affect the properties of whole grain oat extrudates. It finds that increasing screw speed results in greater expansion, water absorption, and water solubility of the extrudates. Screw speed also significantly impacts slowly and rapidly digestible starch levels. Lower moisture conditions during extrusion lead to higher resistant starch and water-extractable beta-glucan levels. Extrusion does not significantly change the molecular weight of water-extractable beta-glucan under the conditions tested. Overall, extrusion can beneficially alter the physicochemical properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and beta-glucan extractability of oat extrudates.
This research article studied the stability of vitamin C in homogenized fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Samples of broccoli, potatoes, spinach, strawberries, oranges, and tomatoes were homogenized and stored under refrigeration (0-5°C), conventional freezing (-10 to -20°C), or ultra-low freezing (<-55°C) for up to 7 days. Vitamin C was most stable in samples stored at ultra-low freezing, with no decrease after 7 days. Under refrigeration, the largest decreases were seen in raw spinach and broccoli, losing an average of 9.5 mg/100g and 33.1 mg/100g respectively after 1 day. With conventional freezing, losses were
This document summarizes a study on modeling the anaerobic biodegradation of fruit, vegetable, and cooked oil waste. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the cumulative biogas production from digesting mixtures of these substrates. Four kinetic models (exponential, Cone, Fitzhugh, and Gompertz) were used to analyze degradation performance and estimate the rate constant (k). Statistical analysis found the models fit the observed data well. A dynamic model was also developed and provided a good interpretation of the experimental process. The results showed k values were similar for vegetable and fruit digestion but different for digestion with oil.
Three biowastes - swine manure, vinasse, and composted biosolids - were applied to a sodic soil at different doses to measure their effect on the soil's productivity potential (SPP) indicator over time. The SPP takes into account biological, physical, and chemical soil properties using fuzzy logic modeling. Application of the biowastes generally increased the SPP compared to the control, with swine manure most increasing it in the short term and composted biosolids most in the long term. The biowastes also reduced exchangeable sodium percentage and electric conductivity. While total porosity did not significantly change, CO2 production increased in all treatments versus the control, where SPP
The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
This study evaluates the transformation dynamics of trenbolone acetate (TBA), an anabolic steroid used in beef cattle production that is a potent endocrine disruptor in aquatic life. Previous research discovered that TBA metabolites can reversibly transform between forms, depending on environmental conditions like temperature and pH. This reversible transformation has implications for the unexpected persistence and transport of TBA and suggests current occurrence data may underestimate bioactive steroid levels. The objectives of this study are to develop analytical methods to detect novel TBA photo-products, evaluate how reversible transformations impact transport risk, detect uncharacterized products in the field, and use modeling to predict impacts on agroecosystems. Key outcomes include optimized analytical methods and findings that reversible transformations
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
This document discusses improving the bioenergy conversion efficiency of food waste through pretreatment, co-digestion, and reactor type selection. Food waste has great potential for methane production through anaerobic digestion but currently suffers from low conversion efficiency due to its long hydraulic retention time, low organic loading rate, and low conversion rate. Pretreatment technologies like enzymatic pretreatment and co-digestion with other wastes can help accelerate hydrolysis of organic solids and enhance methane production. Using a third generation anaerobic reactor along with enzymatic pretreatment and co-digestion of food waste with landfill leachate may allow over 90% of organic matter in food waste to be recovered as bioenergy with an organic loading rate greater
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effects of Soil Chemical Composition on the Hematology of Nile Tilapia, Oreoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
Effects of soil chemical property on the hematology of Oreochromis niloticus in earthen ponds were
investigated between March and August 2016. Three soil profile pits were dug side-by-side three
existing earthen ponds in three different geomorphological locations of Imo state at Umuagwo,
Ulakwo, and Uboma. Three homogenous soil horizons (0–20, 20–50, and 60–150 cm) were identified
and evaluated for soil moisture, texture, and chemical composition using standard methods (USDA,
1971, Singer and Mum, 1996). 10 adults of O. niloticus of 250.0 ± 5.4 g average weight were randomly
selected from each of the associated earthen ponds and chemically analyzed for nutrient composition
in accordance with AOAC (2005). Soil texture was sandy at Umuagwo (sand: 798%, silt: 11.7%, and
clay: 10.0%), sandy loam at Ulakwo (sand: 68.7%, silt: 16.0%, and clay: 15.3%), and clay loam at
Uboma (sand: 32.8%, silt: 21.5%, and clay: 50.0%). The soil pH (4.0–4.5), organic carbon (0.4–0.6%),
total nitrogen (0.04–0.08%), and exchangeable bases (Ca: 1.35–1.45, Mg: 0.05–1.60, and Na: 0.003–
0.05 m/100 g) recorded for the clay soil at Uboma were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in other
test soils. Hematological parameters of fish from the sandy soil (PCV 39.5 ± 3.0%, red blood cell
[RBC] [2.78 ± 0.5 × 106 cells/mm3
], white blood cell [WBC] [45.7 ± 0.2 × 103 cells/mm2
], and Hb
[7.8 ± 0.8 g/dl]) did not significantly differ (P > 0.05) from those of sandy loam (PCV [43.6 ± 3.6%],
RBC [2.70 ± 0.6 × 106 cells/mm3
], WBC [45.0 ± 2.7 × 103 cells/mm3
], and Hb [8.13 ± 0.6 g/dl]) and
clay loam soils (PCV was 43.2 ± 2.1%, RBC [2.80 ± 0.01 × 106 cells/mm3
], and Hb [8.13 + 0.6g/dl]).
There was thus no discernible impact (P > 0.05) in the blood of O. niloticus attributable to differences
in soil chemical composition.
Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant...Premier Publishers
Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
This document discusses minerals as essential micronutrients for fish and the importance of sustainable intensification of aquaculture. It notes that aquaculture is increasingly important to meet the growing global demand for seafood. Recirculating aquaculture systems are becoming more viable alternatives to conventional flow-through systems due to improved water use efficiency and disease management. However, further research is needed to understand how fish perform nutritionally in terms of growth and mineral utilization in these systems. The document also discusses how aquaculture feeds have reduced the inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil from wild fisheries to be more sustainable, but that feeds still determine productivity and nutrient retention efficiency which can be improved.
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
Effect of Storage and Poultry Manure Dosage on Soil Nitrate (NO3-) and Ammoni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of storage and poultry manure dosage on soil nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) availability, N-uptake, and yield of Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa, L.) grown on Typic Calciaquoll. Data obtained from the experiment of seven treatments with four replications were subjected to Randomized Block Design. The observation conducted in three times i.e. 4 Week After Plant (WAP), 6 WAP, and 8 WAP. The treatments were: (1) without poultry manure (control), (2) dry poultry manure (DPM) with 12,5 g dosage, (3) DPM with 25 g dosage, (4) DPM with 37,5 g dosage, (5) fresh poultry manure (FPM) with 12,5 g dosage, (6) FPM with 25 g dosage, (7) FPM with 37,5 g dosage. The results of experiment showed that there were significantly effects of storage and poultry manure dosage on soil nitrate and ammonium, N-uptake, and yield of head lettuce. The treatment combination of DPM 37,5 g showed the highest value on soil nitrate and ammonium in 4 WAP, N-uptake in 6 and 8 WAP, and the yield of head lettuce in 6 and 8 WAP. The treatment combination of FPM 37,5 g showed the highest value on soil nitrate and ammonium in 6 and 8 WAP, N-uptake in 4 WAP, and the yield of Head lettuce in 4 WAP. Generally, it concluded that the dry poultry manure (DPM) had the better effects than the fresh poultry manure (FPM) on yield of head lettuce.
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
This study evaluated the effects of replacing maize gluten with rice bran as a feed supplement on fish growth in a composite culture system. Two earthen ponds were stocked with three fish species and provided different feed ratios: Pond 1 received maize gluten and rice bran at a 5:0 ratio, while Pond 2 received a 1:4 ratio. Fish growth was measured in terms of weight gain, fork length, and total length. Results showed that all growth measures were significantly higher for fish in Pond 2 that received the 1:4 maize gluten to rice bran ratio, indicating it is a more effective supplemental feed for improved fish yields compared to maize gluten alone.
Effects of selected extrusion parameters on physicochemical properties and in...Sandrayee Brahma, Ph.D.
The document discusses how different extrusion parameters affect the properties of whole grain oat extrudates. It finds that increasing screw speed results in greater expansion, water absorption, and water solubility of the extrudates. Screw speed also significantly impacts slowly and rapidly digestible starch levels. Lower moisture conditions during extrusion lead to higher resistant starch and water-extractable beta-glucan levels. Extrusion does not significantly change the molecular weight of water-extractable beta-glucan under the conditions tested. Overall, extrusion can beneficially alter the physicochemical properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and beta-glucan extractability of oat extrudates.
This research article studied the stability of vitamin C in homogenized fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Samples of broccoli, potatoes, spinach, strawberries, oranges, and tomatoes were homogenized and stored under refrigeration (0-5°C), conventional freezing (-10 to -20°C), or ultra-low freezing (<-55°C) for up to 7 days. Vitamin C was most stable in samples stored at ultra-low freezing, with no decrease after 7 days. Under refrigeration, the largest decreases were seen in raw spinach and broccoli, losing an average of 9.5 mg/100g and 33.1 mg/100g respectively after 1 day. With conventional freezing, losses were
This document summarizes a study on modeling the anaerobic biodegradation of fruit, vegetable, and cooked oil waste. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the cumulative biogas production from digesting mixtures of these substrates. Four kinetic models (exponential, Cone, Fitzhugh, and Gompertz) were used to analyze degradation performance and estimate the rate constant (k). Statistical analysis found the models fit the observed data well. A dynamic model was also developed and provided a good interpretation of the experimental process. The results showed k values were similar for vegetable and fruit digestion but different for digestion with oil.
Three biowastes - swine manure, vinasse, and composted biosolids - were applied to a sodic soil at different doses to measure their effect on the soil's productivity potential (SPP) indicator over time. The SPP takes into account biological, physical, and chemical soil properties using fuzzy logic modeling. Application of the biowastes generally increased the SPP compared to the control, with swine manure most increasing it in the short term and composted biosolids most in the long term. The biowastes also reduced exchangeable sodium percentage and electric conductivity. While total porosity did not significantly change, CO2 production increased in all treatments versus the control, where SPP
The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
This study evaluates the transformation dynamics of trenbolone acetate (TBA), an anabolic steroid used in beef cattle production that is a potent endocrine disruptor in aquatic life. Previous research discovered that TBA metabolites can reversibly transform between forms, depending on environmental conditions like temperature and pH. This reversible transformation has implications for the unexpected persistence and transport of TBA and suggests current occurrence data may underestimate bioactive steroid levels. The objectives of this study are to develop analytical methods to detect novel TBA photo-products, evaluate how reversible transformations impact transport risk, detect uncharacterized products in the field, and use modeling to predict impacts on agroecosystems. Key outcomes include optimized analytical methods and findings that reversible transformations
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
This document discusses improving the bioenergy conversion efficiency of food waste through pretreatment, co-digestion, and reactor type selection. Food waste has great potential for methane production through anaerobic digestion but currently suffers from low conversion efficiency due to its long hydraulic retention time, low organic loading rate, and low conversion rate. Pretreatment technologies like enzymatic pretreatment and co-digestion with other wastes can help accelerate hydrolysis of organic solids and enhance methane production. Using a third generation anaerobic reactor along with enzymatic pretreatment and co-digestion of food waste with landfill leachate may allow over 90% of organic matter in food waste to be recovered as bioenergy with an organic loading rate greater
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effects of Soil Chemical Composition on the Hematology of Nile Tilapia, Oreoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
Effects of soil chemical property on the hematology of Oreochromis niloticus in earthen ponds were
investigated between March and August 2016. Three soil profile pits were dug side-by-side three
existing earthen ponds in three different geomorphological locations of Imo state at Umuagwo,
Ulakwo, and Uboma. Three homogenous soil horizons (0–20, 20–50, and 60–150 cm) were identified
and evaluated for soil moisture, texture, and chemical composition using standard methods (USDA,
1971, Singer and Mum, 1996). 10 adults of O. niloticus of 250.0 ± 5.4 g average weight were randomly
selected from each of the associated earthen ponds and chemically analyzed for nutrient composition
in accordance with AOAC (2005). Soil texture was sandy at Umuagwo (sand: 798%, silt: 11.7%, and
clay: 10.0%), sandy loam at Ulakwo (sand: 68.7%, silt: 16.0%, and clay: 15.3%), and clay loam at
Uboma (sand: 32.8%, silt: 21.5%, and clay: 50.0%). The soil pH (4.0–4.5), organic carbon (0.4–0.6%),
total nitrogen (0.04–0.08%), and exchangeable bases (Ca: 1.35–1.45, Mg: 0.05–1.60, and Na: 0.003–
0.05 m/100 g) recorded for the clay soil at Uboma were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in other
test soils. Hematological parameters of fish from the sandy soil (PCV 39.5 ± 3.0%, red blood cell
[RBC] [2.78 ± 0.5 × 106 cells/mm3
], white blood cell [WBC] [45.7 ± 0.2 × 103 cells/mm2
], and Hb
[7.8 ± 0.8 g/dl]) did not significantly differ (P > 0.05) from those of sandy loam (PCV [43.6 ± 3.6%],
RBC [2.70 ± 0.6 × 106 cells/mm3
], WBC [45.0 ± 2.7 × 103 cells/mm3
], and Hb [8.13 ± 0.6 g/dl]) and
clay loam soils (PCV was 43.2 ± 2.1%, RBC [2.80 ± 0.01 × 106 cells/mm3
], and Hb [8.13 + 0.6g/dl]).
There was thus no discernible impact (P > 0.05) in the blood of O. niloticus attributable to differences
in soil chemical composition.
Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant...Premier Publishers
Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
This document discusses minerals as essential micronutrients for fish and the importance of sustainable intensification of aquaculture. It notes that aquaculture is increasingly important to meet the growing global demand for seafood. Recirculating aquaculture systems are becoming more viable alternatives to conventional flow-through systems due to improved water use efficiency and disease management. However, further research is needed to understand how fish perform nutritionally in terms of growth and mineral utilization in these systems. The document also discusses how aquaculture feeds have reduced the inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil from wild fisheries to be more sustainable, but that feeds still determine productivity and nutrient retention efficiency which can be improved.
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
Effect of Storage and Poultry Manure Dosage on Soil Nitrate (NO3-) and Ammoni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of storage and poultry manure dosage on soil nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) availability, N-uptake, and yield of Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa, L.) grown on Typic Calciaquoll. Data obtained from the experiment of seven treatments with four replications were subjected to Randomized Block Design. The observation conducted in three times i.e. 4 Week After Plant (WAP), 6 WAP, and 8 WAP. The treatments were: (1) without poultry manure (control), (2) dry poultry manure (DPM) with 12,5 g dosage, (3) DPM with 25 g dosage, (4) DPM with 37,5 g dosage, (5) fresh poultry manure (FPM) with 12,5 g dosage, (6) FPM with 25 g dosage, (7) FPM with 37,5 g dosage. The results of experiment showed that there were significantly effects of storage and poultry manure dosage on soil nitrate and ammonium, N-uptake, and yield of head lettuce. The treatment combination of DPM 37,5 g showed the highest value on soil nitrate and ammonium in 4 WAP, N-uptake in 6 and 8 WAP, and the yield of head lettuce in 6 and 8 WAP. The treatment combination of FPM 37,5 g showed the highest value on soil nitrate and ammonium in 6 and 8 WAP, N-uptake in 4 WAP, and the yield of Head lettuce in 4 WAP. Generally, it concluded that the dry poultry manure (DPM) had the better effects than the fresh poultry manure (FPM) on yield of head lettuce.
Effect of Storage and Poultry Manure Dosage on Soil Nitrate (NO3-) and Ammoni...
Similar to Evaluation of the three diets of different biochemical compositions on the zootechnical performances of the rainbow trout (Onchorynchys Mykiss walbaum, 1792) and their impact on the water of the Oum Er-Rbia River (Morocco)
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
This study evaluated the effects of replacing maize gluten with rice bran as a feed supplement on fish growth in a composite culture system. Two earthen ponds were stocked with three fish species and provided different feed ratios: Pond 1 received maize gluten and rice bran at a 5:0 ratio, while Pond 2 received a 1:4 ratio. Fish growth was measured in terms of weight gain, fork length, and total length. Results showed that all growth measures were significantly higher for fish in Pond 2 that received the 1:4 maize gluten to rice bran ratio, indicating it is a more effective supplemental feed for improved fish yields compared to maize gluten alone.
This document summarizes research on managing a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) to sustainably produce shrimp. The RAS was designed to conserve water, recycle nutrients, and prevent escapement of shrimp. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, salinity, and ammonia were monitored daily or biweekly. Initial data showed difficulties maintaining adequate dissolved oxygen levels in the nursery and leaks in the RAS. With improvements to aeration and sealing, the RAS aims to provide a sustainable alternative to traditional aquaculture and fisheries facing declining yields.
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).
Interaction of Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen and Feed Energy on Growth Perfor...AI Publications
This study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of dissolved oxygen, temperature and feed in fibre glass tanks of all male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). It was conducted between August 2017and February 2018 at the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Sapele out station Sapele. Nine circular fibre glass tanks were used in the experiment.All experimental tanks were identical in shape and size. Tanks capacities were 3.08m3 and depth of 60.5cm each and diameter 176.78cm.Sex reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of 0.80g average size was stocked in triplicates. The treatments were dried chicken manure only, dried chicken manure plus commercial diet (coppens) and commercial diet (coppens) only as control.Three hundred (300) fish were stocked in each tank. Fish were fed at 800hr and 1600hr with dried chicken manure only, chicken manure with coppens and coppens only.. The feeding rate was 5% of the total fish biomass presented in each tank. Data collected were subjected to statistical test using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Test of temperature and dissolved oxygen were taken between 0800 to 1600 hour biweekly using (AMT08 PEN TYPE DO METER) according to Boyd (1992).Results indicated that ponds fed with coppens only performed better but not significant at (P<0.05). The regression equation also indicated that all the tanks are highly correlated and they interacted with each other, temperature also have effect on the dissolved oxygen in the fibre tanks.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
4.Influence of stocking density on production and water quality of a photo-he...earambulm3
- The study examined the effect of stocking density on shrimp production in a photo-heterotrophic intensive system using circular lined ponds with minimal water replacement.
- Five stocking densities were tested (100, 300, 500, 700, 900 shrimp/m3) and water quality, growth, and survival were measured over 98 days.
- Results showed water quality was maintained at all densities but higher densities had increased TAN, nitrate, and phosphorus levels. Growth and survival decreased at densities over 300 shrimp/m3. The 500 shrimp/m3 density achieved the highest biomass and production.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Organic and inorganic cu sailts utilization in fattening goatsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different copper salts (Cu proteinate, CuSO4, CuNO3) on the growth
performance and health of West African Dwarf goats. Goats were fed diets with 100g of one of the copper salts
per 50kg of feed or a control diet. Results showed goats fed copper salts had higher dry matter intake, average
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Evaluation of the three diets of different biochemical compositions on the zootechnical performances of the rainbow trout (Onchorynchys Mykiss walbaum, 1792) and their impact on the water of the Oum Er-Rbia River (Morocco)
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-4, Apr-2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.5.4.7 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 275
Evaluation of the three diets of different
biochemical compositions on the zootechnical
performances of the rainbow trout
(Onchorynchys Mykiss walbaum, 1792) and their
impact on the water of the Oum Er-Rbia River
(Morocco)
KHADIJA OUAISSA1, 2,*, Assia KRITIHI1, 2, Youness.OUMESSOUD,
Abdelaziz MAYCHAL2 and Mustapha HASNAOUI1
1Environnemental Engineering Team. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques .University Sultan
Moulay Slimane. M’ Ghila, B.O 523. 23 000 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
2Fish Farming Ain Aghbal,Azrou–Morocco
Corresponding author*: Email:
Abstract— In order to compare the effects of three types
of extruded foods (A, B and C) on the growth of rainbow
trout, an experimental test was conducted on June 15,
2015 at the Oum Er Rbia Fish, Morocco.
The comparison of three foods of different composition
and energy is performed in isoenergetic condition. In this
study, three extruded foods were tested: food A with 39%
protein, 27% fat and 19.2 MJ / kg, food B with41%
protein , 24% fat and 20 MJ / Kg and food C with40%
protein, 26 fat and 19 MJ / Kg .The initial trout weight
was ±40 g bred in six freshwater basins with twice-per-
hour renewal.
Fish were raised underthe same conditionsofbreeding at
a density of 1.58 kg / m3
and a load of 1.04 m3
/ h. Each
group was fed twice a day after 222 days of
experimentation. The final weight of three foods A, B and
C was 803.14g, 1043.9g and 942.1g.
Results showed that the best performances of growth are
obtained by food B with a final weight of 1043.9g.
The biochemical composition, the origin of the raw
material used in the feed and the formulation of the three
extruded feeds had an influence on the growth
performance of the rainbow trout. Outlet water from
magnification basins does not show any pollution of the
aquatic environment.
Keywords— Foods, Biochimical composition,
Performances, Rainbow trout, Environment, Morocco.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, fish food toke an important place in the
world market. It’s one of the most desired foods in human
alimentation. In this case and to ensure a sustainable
control of the production phase of salmonids, it becomes
necessary to optimize the nutrition of this specie and to
maintain a high quality of the final product in order to
meet the customers’ requirements.
In fish farms, it’s possible to control the breeding
parameters for the enhancement of aquaculture
production. Such as environmental conditions
(temperature, water flow, quality of the environment,
etc.), biochemical composition of food (protein, lipids,
carbohydrates, etc.) and water quality (ammoniacal
nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended matter).
Feeding represents 40 to 60% of the production costs of
farmed fish. Its composition must contain high levels of
fish meal as the main source of protein, an essential
component of artificial fish feeding (NRC, 1993).Foods
must be rich in protein (47 to 50% protein). As main
ingredient, Fish meal contains 70% of protein. This
composition is ideal to cover the fish needs.
Lipids present an important nutrient for rainbow trout
(Médale et al. 1991). It requires high levels of lipids in
foods without affecting their digestibility (Refstie and
Austreng 1981; Choubert et al. 1991; Berge and
Storebakken 1991).
In contrast, the introduction of carbohydrates into trout
diet induces prolonged hyperglycemia and decreased
growth (ANR, 2008).
The objective of this study is to compare the effect of
three extruded foods on the growth performance of
rainbow trout. This will allow determining the food that
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-4, Apr-2019]
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has a positive effect on the growth performances of
rainbow trout. Additionally, it will permit to evaluate the
digestibility of this specie in order to limit and optimize
fish releases and to adopt a sustainable aquaculture that
respects the environment.
For economic and ecological reasons, this comparative
test of three foods made it possible to remember that the
food B had a better zootechnical and low performance
with fewer fish releases (Ouaissa et al. 2007).
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
a. Experimental study
The experiment was carried out on June 15, 2015 at the
Oum Er Rbia Fish Farm (Morocco).Growth basins are fed
by spring water at 14°C renewed every half hour (48
times /days) with high level of oxygen (more than 90 %
saturation).
4574 Trout, of average weight of 40 g, were sampled
from the same batch of eggs and divided randomly into
six tanks. The test was carried out in monoculture and the
fish were fed manually with a determined daily ration.
Every 15 days, 90 fish (according to Student's law) are
captured from each basin, being fasted for 24 hours and
then anesthetized to measure the size and the weight of
each fish, weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR),
specific growth ratio (SGR) and factor condition (K). The
distributed foods were weighted to estimate the
consumption by the fish between two successive
sampling.
b. Experimental foods
To investigate about the evolution of the individual
weight of the fish, we used three types of foods
corresponding to their development cycle and
magnification (with 3, 4.5 and 7 mm in diameter).
c. Composition of three foods extruded
Table.1 bellow shows the biochemical composition of the
three studied foods (A, B and C) in (%).
Table 1. The biochemical composition of the three studied foods (the different food diameters).
Type of foods A B C
Food diameter 3mm 4.5mm 7mm 3mm 4.5mm 7mm 3mm 4.5mm 7mm
Protein (%) 40 39 39 45 43 41 46 45 40
Lipid (% 23 27 27 20 22 24 20 24 26
NFE (%) 21 18.2 18.2 20 20.7 20.5 15 14 13
Cellulose (%) 2.25 1.86 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.3 1 1 1
Ash (%) 7.20 6.77 6 8.1 7.4 7.2 10 10 10
Phosphorus (%) 1.05 0.98 0.9 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.40
Digestible energy(Mj/kg) 19.2 20.2 20.2 20 20.3 20.6 19 19.90 20.50
Digestible protein/Digestible
energy (g/MJ)
19 17.5 17.5 - - - 22.30 22.30 17.60
Vitamin A (UI.kg) 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000
Vitamin D3 (UI.kg) 1750 1750 1750 1000 1000 1000 1850 1850 1850
Vitamin E (UI.kg) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Vitamin C (UI.kg) 150 150 150 - - - 180 180 180
Table .2 show the zootechnical performances studied for the growth of the rainbow trout
Table.2: Parameters of zoo-technical performances studies
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d. Analysis of fish releases
Physical and chemical parameters of water
To estimate the outflows of nitrogen (NH4
+), phosphorus
(PO4
3-) and suspended matter at the inlet and the outlet of
basins, water samples are taken twice per month
consecutively. Samples are transported, in a cooler at 4°C
and analyzed in the laboratory of the Oum Er-Rbia
hydraulic basin agency in Beni-Mellal.
According to AFNOR (1983), Ammonia nitrogen was
measured by the acidimetric method after distillation
(NFT90-015) ; orthophosphates by spectrophotometry
after mineralization followed by acid hydrolysis (NFT 90-
013) and suspended matter by filtration method on
fiberglass filter disc (NFT 90-105).
III. RESULTS
The following table presents the zootechnical
performances of the three foods (A, B and C) in the three
stages of rearing fed by the different food diameters
(3mm, 4.5mm and 7mm) obtained during this test.
Table.3: Zootechnical performances of rainbow trout fed with extruded food during the three growth stages.
Settings A B C
3mm 4,5mm 7mm 3mm 4,5mm 7mm 3mm 4,5mm 7mm
Initial weight(g) 41.05 192.31 428.4 41.15 192.15 501.1 44.65 180.55 48.95
Final weight(g) 143.28 366.66 803.14 147.22 421,1 1043.9 132.68 402.5 942.1
Specific growth rate (% ) 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.7 1,2 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.4
Conversion index 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8
Condition factor 1.2 1.22 1.27 1.27 1.45 1.61 1.08 1.28 1.03
Fig.1: Growth of rainbow trout with thethree foods (A, B and C)
During the experiment, the test was carried out
under the same conditions of breeding for the three tested
foods A, B and C (temperature, oxygen and water flow).
Table 3 shows the growth performance of rainbow trout
during the experimental period. food B is still the most
efficient (weight gain, specific growth rate and daily
individual growth). It gives greater growth and better
performance compared to the other two tested foods (A
and C).
Weight growth has a major impact on production. It
reflects the effectiveness of the food in mass production.
For this reason, a regular trout weight measurement was
carried out throughout the experimental test.
The graphical representation of the evolution of the
average weight of rainbow trout fed by three types of iso-
energetic food of different biochemical compositions is
shown in table 1.
In term of growth, the results reveal that food Bis the
most efficient food. Its growth has recorded 1043.9 g
compared to foods A (803.14g) and C (942.1g) even if its
lipid content is lower than the other two foods A and C.
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
Growth(g)
Growth of three foods tested
A
B
C
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Fig.2: The evolution of rates of nitrogen discharges.
Figure 2 show that the amount of nitrogen discharges increases with exponential production. This is due to the fact that the release of
nitrogen is proportional to the quantities of food distributed. However, releases from fish for the three foods tested remain below the
0.5 mg/L standards.
Fig.3: The evolution of rate of phosphorus discharges.
Fig.4: Evolution of suspended matter solids rate.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
NH4
+(mg/l)
A
B
C
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
HPO3
-(mg/l)
A
B
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
SM(mg/l)
A
B
C
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Figures2, 3 and 4 presents the results of water analysis at the outlet
of basins with the three extruded foods tested.Fish fed with food C
discharged more nitrogen and phosphate than food A and B.
IV. DISCUSSION
The rainbow trout fish were kept under optimal
conditions throughout the trial period, the values obtained
for temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH meeting the
standards for breeding these fish (Wedemeyer, 1996).
According to this comparative study,the results showthat
feed B ensures a significant growth of trout fish compared
to food A and C. the final weight for food B was 1043.9g,
compared to 883.1g for food A and 942.1g for food C.
The extruded food B provided better growth performance
compared to food A and C. The highest final average
weight values of daily growth rates and feed conversion
efficiencies were obtained using diet B.
It was found that growth was also increased by increasing
lipid levels in diet C. The final weight of the fish fed by
the food B is higher than food C even if they have almost
the same protein content (B = 39 % and C = 40%) but
with a different lipid content in both diets. Our results are
similar to those obtained by (Luquet, 1971) and defined
by the preliminary saving.
The results confirm the existence of a feed
efficiency; the better growth was recorded for food B
(1043.9 g). At the magnification stage, food B contains
low fats (24%) compared to food A and C that contain
27% and 26% of lipids, respectively. These results are
contradictory to those found by (Chaiyapechara, 2003).
The conversion indexes recorded in this study
was {CIb=0.86} and they are comparable to those
obtained by (Erika et al. 2007) and those reported by
(Brauge et al. 1994) and (Azevedo et al. 2004), whose
experiments concern the study of the effect of two
extruded foods on the rainbow trout’ performances and
that reveals a good growth andan efficient food
conversion (0.88).
Our results show also that the factor condition
(K) is very high in diet B by {Kb=1.61}, which shows the
excellent health status of the fish. This factor explains
why the fish undergoing this diet have better growth
performances in term of weight and length ratio. On the
other hand, for the diet C, the fish had a size performance
higher than the weight performances. This can be
explained by the richness of the food C by the phosphorus
which leads to an important development of skeleton fish
fed by food B (Kaushik, 2005).
In the context of sustainable development and
the preservation of water resources, aquaculture by their
turn acts directly on the environment and preserves water
resources. Several studies have been interested on
determining the effect of aquaculture on the environment
(Einen and al. 1997) on the bar "Dicentrarchuslabrax"
and salmonids (Young and al. 1998 ; Dosdat et al. 2003).
In open fish farms, nitrogen releases were estimated using
the linear relationship between nitrogen in food and
nitrogen excreted.
Since the excretion of dissolved substances is linked to
the fish metabolism, excretion within the same species
remains the same irrespective of the considered breeding
(cages, ponds or rearing in recycled water (Pagand, 1999).
According to the work of (Kaushik, 1998), it has been
observed that as long as the diet is rich in protein, the
excretion of ammonia is important. This is not in accord
with our results because the food B, which is rich in
protein, presents a low concentration of nitrogen in the
fish releases.
All the phosphorus required for fish comes from
their diet. The phosphorus produced will, therefore,
depends on the amount present in the food. Phosphorus
can be of animal origin (fish meal), vegetable or mineral.
The digestibility of phosphorus varies depending on the
species and the origin of the phosphorus.
Based on the results obtained and shown in the figures
{1,2 and 3}, it can be said that the extruded food B allows
a reduction of fish releases compared to foods A and C,
knowing that the food B contains 41% of protein content
in the composition (39%) and normally have more
releases than the load B at a rate of 0.31 mg / L compared
to the nitrogen concentration released by the food B (0.32
mg / L).
Additionally, food C has a high content of
suspended solids compared to food A and B, due to the
high level of phosphate and nitrogen excreted by fish in
test basins.
V. CONCLUSION
This study shows that extruded food is
characterized by its energy content, its high digestibility,
its best energy digestible / digestible protein ratio and its
non-protein energy determining level. This food offers the
best growth performance of rainbow trout.
The price of food production is the main factor of
production in intensive fish farming. Using extruded diets
despite their high price can be justified by their important
advantages like:
Savings resulting from their food efficiency,
The best feed conversion,
The reduction of discards,
The contribution to sustainable aquaculture.
All this requires technical and professional efficiency in
the control of food formulation.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no
conflict of interest.
6. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-4, Apr-2019]
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Ethical approval “This article does not contain any studies
with animals performed by any
of the authors.”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the manager of the fish farmof rainbow trout in
Azrou for their technical and financial support.
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