The document discusses a survey conducted to evaluate public perception of generic drugs in India regarding safety, efficacy, and quality. The key findings were:
- Most respondents had good knowledge about generics but negative perceptions of their quality and safety compared to branded drugs.
- Only 41% reported using generics, mainly for minor ailments. Few used them for serious conditions.
- Doctors prescribed generics for only 33% of patients.
- The survey highlights the need for efforts to enhance public trust in generic quality through education, stringent regulation, and promoting the role of pharmacists. Addressing negative perceptions is important for improving generic drug utilization and access to healthcare.
Generic medicines promulgating growth and access rev1Balaji Ramadurai
Large population of poor people in India, find it difficult to afford the more expensive branded category of medicines. They were fired up by our PM's “Jan Aushadhi” scheme which ensures availability of quality medicines at affordable prices to all.
My students are doing their bit for the country . Appreciate if you could look through their work and encourage them for their future. In case you need to contact them, we have provided the contacts on their project material.
EML :Satisfy the priority healthcare needs of majority of the population.
WHO EML was recognised as important guiding document mainly for the public sector for the procurement, distribution, rational use and quality assurance of medicines.
The list is made with consideration to disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and comparative cost-effectiveness of the medicines.
Careful selection of a limited range of essential medicines results in a higher quality of care, better management of medicines and more cost-effective use of health resources.
Not considered on Sales turnover on the basis of volume.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy(NPPP)2012, DPCO
Generic medicines promulgating growth and access rev1Balaji Ramadurai
Large population of poor people in India, find it difficult to afford the more expensive branded category of medicines. They were fired up by our PM's “Jan Aushadhi” scheme which ensures availability of quality medicines at affordable prices to all.
My students are doing their bit for the country . Appreciate if you could look through their work and encourage them for their future. In case you need to contact them, we have provided the contacts on their project material.
EML :Satisfy the priority healthcare needs of majority of the population.
WHO EML was recognised as important guiding document mainly for the public sector for the procurement, distribution, rational use and quality assurance of medicines.
The list is made with consideration to disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and comparative cost-effectiveness of the medicines.
Careful selection of a limited range of essential medicines results in a higher quality of care, better management of medicines and more cost-effective use of health resources.
Not considered on Sales turnover on the basis of volume.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy(NPPP)2012, DPCO
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, avera...SriramNagarajan17
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, average cost of therapy and percentage of patients received injections (parenterals) in pediatrics dept; study carried out at multi-specialty teaching hospital”
A Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of Ibuprofen Suspensions with Other...iosrjce
The use of medicines in our society follows no rules and ethics however there are detail regulations
available for this. Both patients and general physicians are responsible for this trend. Patients from middle to
lower class are affected by high cost of medicine this is the reason they tend to buy medicine of cheap price and
sometime agree to compromise with quality of medicines. On the other hand general physicians are influenced
by the unethical pressure of pharmaceutical companies. In this study similar problem is addressed and detailed
investigation has been performed. This study revealed the trends in the prescription of medicine addressing pain
and fever mostly relevant to children by general physicians. This is a survey based research and analysis which
showed that general physicians are influenced by the brand and the manufacturer’s name.
A comparison between two medicines namely Ibuprofen and Paracetamol was also discussed which are
commonly prescribed by the general physician for the management of pain and fever in children.. Although both
are regarded as alternate to each other, as reveled from the survey but an Ibuprofen brand is prescribed more
than the other brands. There are many factors associated with this phenomenon such as brand names,
manufacturer’s name, marketing strategies and cost. The strategies need to gain market share were also
discussed. It is concluded from the research that Ibuprofen suspension has an advantage on its competitors
prevailing in the market. Ibuprofen suspension has a cost effective advantage and its response is fast as
compare to acetaminophen. Moreover dosage time between two dosages of Ibuprofen is greater than
acetaminophen. For quick relief doctors prefers to prescribe popular brand of Ibuprofen suspension as compare
to acetaminophen.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, avera...SriramNagarajan17
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, average cost of therapy and percentage of patients received injections (parenterals) in pediatrics dept; study carried out at multi-specialty teaching hospital”
A Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of Ibuprofen Suspensions with Other...iosrjce
The use of medicines in our society follows no rules and ethics however there are detail regulations
available for this. Both patients and general physicians are responsible for this trend. Patients from middle to
lower class are affected by high cost of medicine this is the reason they tend to buy medicine of cheap price and
sometime agree to compromise with quality of medicines. On the other hand general physicians are influenced
by the unethical pressure of pharmaceutical companies. In this study similar problem is addressed and detailed
investigation has been performed. This study revealed the trends in the prescription of medicine addressing pain
and fever mostly relevant to children by general physicians. This is a survey based research and analysis which
showed that general physicians are influenced by the brand and the manufacturer’s name.
A comparison between two medicines namely Ibuprofen and Paracetamol was also discussed which are
commonly prescribed by the general physician for the management of pain and fever in children.. Although both
are regarded as alternate to each other, as reveled from the survey but an Ibuprofen brand is prescribed more
than the other brands. There are many factors associated with this phenomenon such as brand names,
manufacturer’s name, marketing strategies and cost. The strategies need to gain market share were also
discussed. It is concluded from the research that Ibuprofen suspension has an advantage on its competitors
prevailing in the market. Ibuprofen suspension has a cost effective advantage and its response is fast as
compare to acetaminophen. Moreover dosage time between two dosages of Ibuprofen is greater than
acetaminophen. For quick relief doctors prefers to prescribe popular brand of Ibuprofen suspension as compare
to acetaminophen.
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
1.Patients have poor or no knowledge of the price variations among branded and generic medicines, and leave the choice of the medicine to the doctor.
2.The government must take up generic promotional schemes, general awareness programs on quality of generics to build confidence among prescribers, pharmacists, and consumers.
Curofy report on - Doctors opinion - Prescription of "Generics vs Brands"Mudit Vijayvergiya
Do Indian doctors agree with PM MODI? Yes/No. Get to know citywise/statewise/specialtywise opinions from 5673 doctors across the country. For details - contact mudit.vijayvergiya@curofy.com
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Essential Drugs and Rational use of Medicines by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
BRANDED OR GENERIC: THE DILEMMA OF PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET IN INDIATejasKhopde
The pharmaceutical market in India faces the dilemma of choosing between branded and generic medications. Branded drugs are associated with established names and higher prices, often believed to be of higher quality. On the other hand, generic drugs are more affordable alternatives that contain the same active ingredients as their branded counterparts. This debate encompasses factors like cost, efficacy, safety, trust, and accessibility, both for consumers and the healthcare system. The choice between branded and generic medications involves striking a balance between quality assurance and affordability while considering the regulatory landscape and consumer preferences.
More than any other traditional or alternative medicine strategy, herbal medicines are closest to the conventional treatment method. Herbal remedies have been divided into four categories based on their origin, evolution, and contemporary forms of use, including indigenous herbal remedies; herbal remedies used in systems (AYUSH), modified herbal remedies, and imported goods with herbal medicine base. Herbal medications are dispensed or supplied mostly by pharmacists and are prescribed by doctors all over the world as adjuvant or adjuncts with contemporary drugs.
See More : https://www.herbcyte.com/basil-leaves-medicinal-uses/
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Evaluation of public perception towards safety and efficacy
1. EVALUATION OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION
TOWARDS SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF
GENERIC DRUGS
Presented by
k.Sravya
B.Pharmacy
RBVRR WOMENS
COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MYTHS AND FACTS OF GENERIC DRUG
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
4. SURVEY CONDUCTED
5. METHODOLOGY
6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
7. CONCLUSION
3. • GENERIC DRUG –
• A generic drug is a medication created to be the same as an existing approved brand-
name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route of administration, quality, and
performance characteristics.
• A generic drug can only be marketed after the brand name drug's patent has expired, which
may take up to 20 years after the patent holder’s drug is first filed with the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA).
• Branded drugs - A branded drug is a medication that is originally designed and
developed by pharmaceutical company.
• Branded generics- A branded generic is a generic drug that has gone through
the ANDA process, and is assigned a name other than the chemical name. These branded
generic drugs may be developed by a generic drug company, or by the original
manufacturer after patent expiration. The branded generic name is owned by the company.
4. BRAND NAME DRUG GENERIC DRUG
1.Protected by patent 1.Lowest cost version of
branded drugs
2.Supplied by single companies
.
2.Produced by generic
companies.
3.Sold under manufacturer
name
3.Not sold under
manufacturer name
4.price-examples
Linemett-500mg -23.00 Rs Per
10 tablets
Tetracycline -8.94 Rs Per 10
tabs
5. Advantages -
• Accessible to poor.
• Bioequivalent to expensive drugs in market.
• Easy to manufacture.
• Cost effective for healthcare system.
Disadvantage -
• Misconceptions and doubts
• Cost Raises Suspicion Among Many Patients.
• Generic appear different from branded drugs.
6. CURRENT SCENARIO OF GENERIC DRUGS IN
INDIA
• As India is one of the highest per capita out-of-pocket expenditures’ Country, such
generics will save a lot of money which can be used for other health issues.
• In 2008, the Government of India, through the Department of Pharmaceuticals,
started a new initiative “Jan Aushadhi” (a Hindi word literally translated as “Medicine
for People”).
• Until March 15, 2018, 3200 Jan Aushadhi stores were operating in more than 33
states/union territories across India. There are not enough Jan Aushadhi stores,
possibly 3200 against more than 8 lakh retail pharmacies in existence, with many
rural areas still underserved.
• India is the largest provider of generic drugs by exporting in more than 200
countries with the 20 per cent of global exports of generics in terms of volume.
7. MYTHS AND FACTS OF GENERIC DRUGS
ingredient
•Generic and brand name drugs have same active ingredients
•Not all brand drugs available as generics.
prescription
•Need prescription like brand ones.
•Generics -not cheaper because they are inferior versions of branded drugs
cost
•Ph companies invest on branding, advertising, research, and development- influence the cost
•difference in price has nothing to do with the main active ingredients.
8. Safety and efficacy-
Generic drugs are equivalent to the brand formulation they have the same active
substance (with a difference of ±5%), the same pharmaceutical form, the same
therapeutic indications and a similar bioequivalence (±20%) relatively to the reference
medicinal product.
At a physiological level, generic medicines behave very similarly to their originator
counterparts; therefore, theoretically, they may show a similar efficacy.
Although use of generic medications has increased rapidly in the past 2 decades, in
recent national surveys about one-third of patients, physicians, and pharmacists were
still classified as sceptics about the safety, effectiveness, and quality of generic
medications.
Negative perceptions may lead patients to switch back to the brand-name product after
generic substitution.
9. o In 2011 G.L.Singal et al., conducted a
comparative evaluation of price and
quality of some branded versus
branded–generic medicines of the
same manufacturer in India
o n 2013, Luca Gallelli et al., discussed
about the Safety and Efficacy of generic
drugs with respect to brand
formulation
• - Both versions were within their
permissible range for all the
quantitative and qualitative parameters
as prescribed in Indian Pharmacopoeia.
• -the use of generic drugs could be
related with an increased days of
disease (time to relapse) or might lead
to a therapeutic failure; on the other
hand, a higher drug concentration
might expose patients to an increased
risk of dose-dependent side-effects.
10. • In 2014, Alrasheedy A, et al., Performed
a study on patient knowledge,
perceptions, and acceptance of generic
medicines.
• In 2018, Ruta Joshi et al., conducted a
study to determine if consumer
perception of generic drugs is
equivalent to their perception of
branded drugs
• - there is a need for educational
interventions and activities to educate
patients about generic medicines.
Hence health care professionals need
to play a more active role by educating
patients and recommending generic
medicines to their patients.
• -aside the constructional reasons for
the lack of acceptance of generic drugs,
it has come across that the beliefs and
attitude of people towards the use of
generic drugs is a giant barrier.
11. SURVEY CONDUCTED
• AIM - Evaluation of Public perception towards safety and Efficacy of
Generic Medicines and reviewing the quality aspects of generic drugs.
• OBJECTIVES:
• Review the consumer’s knowledge, attitudes and opinions on the use of
Generic Medicines.
• Review the consumers opinion towards the safety and efficacy of Generic
Drugs
• To assess the generic drug usage pattern
• To Bring Awareness among public on Generic Drugs consumption.
• To find out Role of Doctors and Pharmacists in Generic Drug usage
• To compare and contrast the public perception of generic drugs’ quality
aspects with published literature.
12. METHODOLOGY
• Study design-An Investigative and unacknowledged e-survey was conducted
among individuals of 18 years above
• Study timing-The data collection was performed between May 1 2021 to May 16
2021.
• Questionnaire content-The questionnaire was combined form of Open ended and
Multiple-choice questions with Predefined answers offering respondents the
possibility to choose the correct options by rank among several Options to know
the public awareness, their knowledge and their perceptions about generic drugs.
• Data collection and Analysis -The questionnaire was designed and incorporated
into the Google survey tool (Google Forms) and a shareable link was generated
and shared on What's app to various people and groups.
Results obtained from the questionnaire were assessed and discussed
accordingly.
13. • Several aspects related to generic drugs were asked in
questionnaire to understand whether consumers
preferred to use these drugs as compared to the
branded ones and also to know their opinion about the
generic drugs. Total 311 responses were received.
• Responses were collected from Telangana and AP
States.
• RESULT-Age-30-45{55%}
• 18-{25%} >50-{20%}
• Gender of participants-59.5% Females and 40.5% Males
• Among responders 50.2% were students.
• . Responses were collected from rural and urban areas
of Telugu states with 74.28% in Telangana and 25.7 %
percentages in AP respectively
14. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GENERIC DRUGS
• Here the Students have more
good knowledge -(41.8%
among 50%),
• Private employees (21.5%
among 27.3%)
• Government employees (6.1%)
• others (12.8% among 16.6%
which include house wife's,
business man, self-employed
1
Do you know that A generic drug is a medication
created to be the same as an already marketed
brand-name drug in dosage form, safety, strength,
route of administration, quality, performance
characteristics, and intended use?
Yes%
82.9
No%
17.1
Good
2
Do you know that A branded medicine is the original
product that has been developed by a pharmaceutical
company?
84.8
15.2 Good
3
Do you know that A branded medicine is the original
product that has been developed by a pharmaceutical
company?
67.7 32.3 Above Average
4
Do you know what is a generic and branded drug?
77.8 22.2 Good
5 Do you know what is a branded drug? 68.8 31.2 Above average
6
Do you know that Generic medicines are available at
cheaper rate?
69.8 69.8 Above average
15. • Accessed on 27 January 2019) The knowledge about the generic drugs India was
increased compared to past. Jan Aushadhi Campaign facilitated by Pharmacists and
Sthyamevajyate like programs in mass and social media might be contributing to
this improvement of awareness.
• Most of them got awareness from Pharmacist as shown in Figure and rest of them
got from other sources I.e., doctors and TV and relatives and friends .
•
16. FREQUENCY OF GENERIC DRUG USE AND STORE VISITS
28.30%
4.20%
52.10%
15.40%
Sales
NEVER ALWAYS RARELY FREQENTLY
• Only 43.5 % consumers visited generic drugs
and 43.4% never visited a generic store.
• most of the consumers -(52.1%) rarely use
generic medicines.
• Frequently use (15.4%)
• Very few -Always use generic drug(4.2%)
• Almost never used generics (28.3%)
17. PRACTICE OF GENERIC DRUG PRESCRIPTION
• As per survey responses the practice of generic
drug prescription by doctors was only 33.2% .
• 45.8% people have come across getting a
substitute of the brands prescribed by the
pharmacist from the Pharmacy.
• Although the doctors had good knowledge and the
attitude regarding generics this was not reflected in
prescription rates-- gap b/w knowledge with
attitude and practice.
FREQUENCY OF DRUG SUBSTITUTION-
substitution took place –
many times for 8%
frequently for 12.8% people
sometimes for 25% people
substitution never took place to 54.2%.
8%
12.80%
25%
54.20%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
many times frequently sometimes never
Frequency of subsitution
18. ASPECTS OF CONSUMERS ON GENERIC DRUGS REGARDING
QUALITY SAFETY, AND EFFICACY
• Most of the consumers - 41.2% don’t
use generic drugs because doctors do
not prescribe them.
• 27% are concerned about the quality
and efficacy
• 3.2% of people think that both brands
and generics are similar in price
• only 28.6% of people use them
41.20%
27%
3.20%
28.60%
0.00% 10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%
don’t use-doctors don’t prescribe
concerned -safety,efficacy
price of both similar
use generic drugs
ASPECTS
19. PERCEPTIONS OF CONSUMERS ON GENERIC DRUGS
REGARDING QUALITY SAFETY, AND EFFICACY
• With questions about quality the percentage of
participants that said that about the generic
medicines –
• consumers who said quality is different were up
to 11.3%.
• consumers who felt safety is less -up to 12.5%,
• who said both quality and safety is different -
40.5%.
• of consumers stated that both quality and safety
of generics are same as brand -15.8%
- 12.2% stated that quality is same
- 7.7% stated that safety is also same • Though the consumers had a good knowledge on
the generic drugs the results reflected negative
about their perception on generics. This showed
that most of them are concerned about quality
and safety.
20. Most of the people don’t use generics I.e., 52.7%
the below graph is for people who are using the
generics
2%
8.60%
6%
9.60%
20.10%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
GI disorders
hypertension
diabetics
cough,cold,fever
vit deficiencies
DISEASES FOR WHICH PEOPLE
USE GENERICS
Series 1
categories of medicines- negative response
of 59 % that they do not use generic
medicines.
41% of consumers gave positive responses
.among this most of category drugs used
are shown in below fig ( %)
CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES
USED BY CONSUMERS
21. • generic medicines they are using, we came to know that most of them are using Multivitamins,
Vit-c, Calcium, Paracetamol, the use of these medicines was increased due to the covid –19
pandemic, since vit-c,vitd3, and multivitamins act as the immunity boosters also since the
generics are cheaply available .
• It was also observed that the consumers are not using the generic medicines for Serious or
moderate diseases.
• It was also observed that only 41.2% consumers predicted that they will intend to use the generic
medicines in future and 11.6% said No and 47.3%people said that they may choose to use the
generic medicines in future.
• QUALITY ASPECTS OF GENERIC DRUGS
• Generic drugs are held to the same standards of quality as those required for brand name
drugs. As part of our generic drug review and approval process, FDA scientific experts assess each
drug product application to verify the active ingredients and drug product have adequate quality
controls and are going to be manufactured to meet quality standards.
• Hence, the critical issues that affect the quality of generic drugs are purity, potency, stability, and
drug release, and these should be controlled within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to
ensure the desired drug quality.
• Generic drugs are typically 30-80% cheaper than the original versions.
22. PERCEPTIONS OF QUALITY OF GENERIC
MEDICINES
although perceptions about the quality of generic medicines have improved, mistrust
remains, often reflected by assertions such as “(the)more you pay, better the quality".
medicines are a crucial building block of the health system and contribute to health and well-
being of individuals and populations and negative perceptions that are unfounded in empirical
evidence, if unaddressed, can negatively influence utilization of health services, particularly in the
public sector.
Awareness
• more people have a better awareness of branded drugs in both urban and rural areas, even if they are more expensive
Commission receive
• because doctors often receive a ‘commission’ from drug-makers for prescribing particular branded drugs.
• Medical shop owners also receive kickbacks and have been known to push branded drugs for this reason.
23. Suggestions to improve generic drug usage in
India
The government should ensure uniform quality across all the generics, and experts in the
field of medicine say only then will doctors prescribe them willingly and with confidence.
. To ensure that the quality of generic drugs is equivalent to its branded version and that this
equivalence is scrupulously maintained.
the government should also bring legislation to ensure compliance in generic drug
manufacturing and testing.
Confidence and habit of generic prescribing need to be inculcated into our medical field.
On the other hand, ensuring quality with strict regulatory mandate and providing updated
information regarding the generic drugs will eventually enhance prescription of generic
drugs.
24. o Although the consumers had a good
knowledge on generic drugs there is a
huge difference between their knowledge
and attitude, perceptions.
o Most of the consumers were not sure about
the Safety and efficacy of generic drugs.
Most of them are worried about their
quality aspects.
o In spite of having knowledge of generics
they have negative perceptions on
equivalence, effectiveness and quality of
generics.
o The availability of Exclusive generic stores
are still very less in number even after
initiation of Janaoushadhi stores from
Government.
o Physicians practice in prescribing the
generics to the patients was poor.
There is a need of multidimensional
approach in escalating the use of generics
A stringent Quality control vigilance from
Government sector can enhance the trust in
Generics among consumers
access to medicines programmes must
invest systematically in information on
Generic drug quality
and establish ways to increase trust in
government-provided healthcare.
Pharmacists could play a critical role in not
just promoting generic usage but also
enhancing patient knowledge of generics.
Hence, we would conclude that this
research highlights the need of a bigger
effort in the country on generics
information and usage.