Technological innovations like the heavy wheeled plow and water mills increased food production in Europe, supporting growing populations and trade. Kings started collecting taxes instead of troops and used money to hire mercenaries, decreasing nobles' military demands and leading knights to fight each other. The church developed chivalry to curb violence between Christians. Interest in rediscovered classical Greek and Latin texts and contact with Muslim culture revived intellectual life, though Aristotle's focus on reason through philosophy sometimes conflicted with the church's teachings that truth comes from God and faith. Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism to show how reason and faith could jointly find truth.

1. Europe in Transition

2. What technological innovations brought prosperity to Europe? Heavy Wheeled Plow Better suited for deep, rocky soil Three-Field system Farmers planted only 2/3 of land each season Wind & water mills

3. What effect did these innovations have? Increased food production Increase in population Increase in trade Growth of a merchant class Growth of towns & cities

4. How did the relationship between Kings & nobles change in the 1200’s? Kings started collecting taxes instead of troops Kings used money to hire mercenaries

5. What problems came from the decrease in nobles’ military demands? Knights got bored and started fighting each other By the late 1100’s the church came up with a code of Chivalry to keep Christians from killing Christians

6. What caused the revival of intellectual life during the late 1000’s? Rediscovery of classical Greek & Latin texts Contact with Muslim culture Rediscovery of Aristotle

7. What problems did interest in Aristotle & Greek philosophy cause? Aristotle focused on finding truth through reason The church taught that truth was revealed by God & faith

8. How did Tomas Aquinas try to reconcile reason & faith? In the 1200’s came up with Scholasticism Tried to show reason & faith could work together to find truth