The document discusses several philosophical approaches to ethics, including egoism, hedonism, utilitarianism, and Kant's deontic ethic. It examines the views of key philosophers like Plato, Hobbes, Epicurus, Bentham, and Mill. Utilitarianism is introduced as assessing the morality of actions based on the amount of happiness or good they produce. Bentham's calculus of felicity and Mill's distinction between higher and lower pleasures are discussed. Criticisms of utilitarianism are also presented, such as through the example of sacrificing one person to save several others.

1. Ethics, part 1 Unit 11