This document summarizes a survey of the River Etherow in Manchester, UK that analyzed water quality and pollution levels. Key findings include:
1) Organic pollution levels in the river varied between sites but were generally not high. Based on dissolved oxygen, BOD, and ammonia levels, most sites fell into the good or fair water quality categories with one site assessing as poor quality.
2) Analysis of aquatic invertebrate communities found 11 to 14 different taxa present across sites. BMWP scores ranged from 28 to 64, indicating variation in habitat quality.
3) Overall, the survey found that while organic pollution levels in the River Etherow varied between sites, the quality of water and
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document describes the development of an enzymatic biosensing system to detect hydrogen sulfide (H2S) based on the inhibitory effect of H2S on the activity of ascorbate oxidase (AOx). Ascorbate oxidase was immobilized on a nylon membrane using glutaraldehyde. The immobilization parameters, including glutaraldehyde concentration and pH, were optimized using experimental design to achieve the fastest steady-state reaction time of 55 seconds. The biosensing system showed a linear response to H2S concentrations between 1-15 mg/L. Common ions like Fe3+ and SO42- had little effect on the sensor's ability to detect H2S. The sensor could retain
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of two pesticides, diazinon and glyphosate, on the oxygen consumption of the box mussel Septifer bilocularis. Mussels were exposed to various sublethal concentrations of each pesticide and their oxygen consumption was monitored over time. Results showed that low concentrations tended to increase oxygen consumption, while higher concentrations decreased it. Specifically, concentrations of 6 and 30 ppm diazinon and 720 and 960 ppm glyphosate were found to have a statistically significant effect on reducing the mussels' oxygen consumption. The study provides insight into how these common pesticides may impact the physiology and energy requirements of non-target marine organisms.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Final Report Daad13 02 C 0015 Part5 App L Pinscore
1) The document describes methods for detecting chemical agents like nerve agents, mustard, and cyanide in water using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
2) Two SERS substrates are tested: electrochemically roughened silver foils and silver- or gold-doped sol-gels. Samples of various chemical agents are prepared and their SERS spectra are collected and analyzed.
3) For sulfur mustard (HD) detected with both substrates, broad peaks are observed around 600-800 cm-1 assigned to C-S and C-Cl stretching modes, along with additional peaks around 1000-1300 cm-1 assigned to C-C stretching and CH2 bending modes. Peak shifts are consistent
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
The document discusses various topics related to environmental and agricultural microbiology. It includes 20 multiple choice questions about microorganisms found in different environmental conditions, their roles in various processes, and characteristics. Some key points addressed are the susceptibility of surface waters to contamination from surface runoff and precipitation, thermophilic bacteria that thrive at temperatures between 70-72°C, and methanotrophic bacteria that oxidize methane gas.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document describes the development of an enzymatic biosensing system to detect hydrogen sulfide (H2S) based on the inhibitory effect of H2S on the activity of ascorbate oxidase (AOx). Ascorbate oxidase was immobilized on a nylon membrane using glutaraldehyde. The immobilization parameters, including glutaraldehyde concentration and pH, were optimized using experimental design to achieve the fastest steady-state reaction time of 55 seconds. The biosensing system showed a linear response to H2S concentrations between 1-15 mg/L. Common ions like Fe3+ and SO42- had little effect on the sensor's ability to detect H2S. The sensor could retain
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of two pesticides, diazinon and glyphosate, on the oxygen consumption of the box mussel Septifer bilocularis. Mussels were exposed to various sublethal concentrations of each pesticide and their oxygen consumption was monitored over time. Results showed that low concentrations tended to increase oxygen consumption, while higher concentrations decreased it. Specifically, concentrations of 6 and 30 ppm diazinon and 720 and 960 ppm glyphosate were found to have a statistically significant effect on reducing the mussels' oxygen consumption. The study provides insight into how these common pesticides may impact the physiology and energy requirements of non-target marine organisms.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Final Report Daad13 02 C 0015 Part5 App L Pinscore
1) The document describes methods for detecting chemical agents like nerve agents, mustard, and cyanide in water using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
2) Two SERS substrates are tested: electrochemically roughened silver foils and silver- or gold-doped sol-gels. Samples of various chemical agents are prepared and their SERS spectra are collected and analyzed.
3) For sulfur mustard (HD) detected with both substrates, broad peaks are observed around 600-800 cm-1 assigned to C-S and C-Cl stretching modes, along with additional peaks around 1000-1300 cm-1 assigned to C-C stretching and CH2 bending modes. Peak shifts are consistent
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
The document discusses various topics related to environmental and agricultural microbiology. It includes 20 multiple choice questions about microorganisms found in different environmental conditions, their roles in various processes, and characteristics. Some key points addressed are the susceptibility of surface waters to contamination from surface runoff and precipitation, thermophilic bacteria that thrive at temperatures between 70-72°C, and methanotrophic bacteria that oxidize methane gas.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions about food microbiology. It covers topics like microorganisms with high vitamin content, pH requirements for baker's yeast production, microorganisms that produce certain acids and products like dextran, desired characteristics for industrial microorganisms, microorganisms used for fermenting rice and producing soy sauce, bacterial growth on hydrocarbons, factors influencing microbial growth like pH, moisture, temperature, and preservation methods like salting. The questions test knowledge about various microorganisms and concepts in food microbiology.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Hg analysis from the fish and their effect on human life by using Cold Vapor ...Dadu Mal DK
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metal found on earth it causes many decease, the main cause of mercury pollution is the mining industry and industrial effluent.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira species in water and soils from selecte...University of Malaya
This document summarizes a study on Leptospira bacteria found in water and soil samples collected from urban sites in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 151 water and soil samples were collected from 12 recreational lakes and wet markets over 6 months. After culturing the samples and conducting PCR and other tests, 8 isolates of Leptospira bacteria were identified - 2 were pathogenic, 5 were saprophytic, and 1 was intermediate. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the 8 isolates were genetically diverse. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the urban environment highlights the importance of water screening to minimize the risk of Leptospira infection.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Edible Tissues of Nile ...Mohamed Fathi
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal concentrations in water and fish tissues from two Egyptian fish farms irrigated with different water sources. Water and fish tissue samples were collected monthly from each farm for a year and analyzed for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead. Iron generally had the highest concentration in water, while zinc was highest in fish tissues. Cadmium and lead were below detection limits in most samples. Metal concentrations varied between farms and seasons, but were within permitted limits except for iron.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
The chemical investigation on water pollution of kurnool district by water qu...Avishkaarsgrowup
1) The document analyzes water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients and heavy metals in drinking water samples from 10 locations in the Nandyal region of Kurnool district, India.
2) Testing found the pH, conductivity, fluoride and heavy metal levels were within WHO guidelines for most locations, but some had higher turbidity and nutrients like nitrates.
3) The highest levels of parameters like copper, iron and manganese were found in samples from locations like Maddur and Kowlur.
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction couple...Jorge Casado Agrelo
A quantitative targeted screening method for the determination of residues of a broad group of more than 250 pesticides in surface water samples was developed and validated. Substances were isolated from the sample matrix by solid-phase extraction (SPE), using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced polymeric sorbents (HLB), and analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) - Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Compounds were quantified in full scan acquisition mode, while accurate data dependant MS2 analysis was simultaneously triggered for the unambiguous identification of the targeted substances. This analytical protocol combines simplicity and robustness, with quantitative recoveries for 215 of the pesticides, negligible matrix effects during electrospray ionisation (ESI) and limits of quantification (LOQs) below 5 ng L-1 for 204 of the analysed compounds. Method capabilities were checked at qualitative and quantitative levels, analysing a set of four river water samples from rural areas in the Southwest of England. A total of 33 different pesticides were found in these samples with MCPA present at the highest concentration, in excess of 130 ng L-1. Retrospective examination of the LC-HRMS chromatograms permitted the identification of an additional pesticide and a group of nine antimicrobials and veterinary drugs that were also present in the processed samples.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
The document discusses pH meters and their uses. It introduces pH meters as potentiometric devices that can estimate hydrogen ion concentration in order to determine if a sample is acidic, basic, or neutral. pH meters have various applications, including acid-base titrations, pharmaceutical drug development, medical diagnosis, dairy production, agriculture, aquaculture, and assessing water quality. The document also provides background on pH, explaining that it was first defined in 1909 as a scale by the Danish scientist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen to quantify hydrogen ion concentration in solutions, which is important for enzymatic reactions in living systems.
Hepatitis A virus and environmental quality indicators in aquatic ecosystems ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study on the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in river waters used for oyster farming in northeastern Pará, Brazil. Over a 15 month period, 203 water samples were collected from 4 municipalities and tested for HAV using concentration methods and nested PCR. HAV RNA was detected in 10.8% of samples. All positive samples were genotype IB. There was no significant difference in HAV detection between concentration methods or among municipalities. The results indicate HAV is circulating in these aquatic environments, posing a potential risk to public health through contaminated oysters. More effective sanitation measures are needed in these oyster farming communities.
This document describes the development of a novel in situ sampler called the IS2B that can collect time-averaged water and porewater samples to determine trace levels of pollutants. The IS2B uses solid phase extraction cartridges to preconcentrate samples from an engineered wetland over 48 hours. Results showed it could detect fiprole pesticides and metabolites in the low parts-per-trillion range with recoveries of 72-95%. Comparisons to discrete grab samples found the IS2B produced comparable data but represented time-averaged concentrations rather than single time points. The IS2B allows for bioavailability assessments without transporting large sample volumes.
Application of Rapid Bioassay Method for Assessing Its Water Purification by ...IJERA Editor
Appreciated integral toxicity of four water samples taken from various sources, urban and rural environment,
and explored some of the properties of the reagent chemical purification of water - potassium ferrate K2FeO4.
These data allow suggesting for practical use test system based on bacterial luminescence for express evaluation
of the toxicity of chemical reagents used for water purification, selection of their effective concentrations and
optimal processing time of water samples.
W1001 Cyanotoxin Program Status Report FinalRon Zurawell
This document provides a status report on Alberta Environment's Cyanotoxin Program from 2005-2008. It finds that microcystins (MCYST), liver toxins produced by cyanobacteria, were detected in the majority of lakes and reservoirs sampled, including occasionally in low nutrient lakes. Concentrations sometimes exceeded guidelines. Multiple MCYST analogues were detected, challenging guidelines focused on a single analogue. The nerve toxin anatoxin-a was rarely found. Initial studies detected the neurotoxin BMAA in some eutrophic waters. Warmer temperatures may increase toxic cyanobacteria blooms.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions about food microbiology. It covers topics like microorganisms with high vitamin content, pH requirements for baker's yeast production, microorganisms that produce certain acids and products like dextran, desired characteristics for industrial microorganisms, microorganisms used for fermenting rice and producing soy sauce, bacterial growth on hydrocarbons, factors influencing microbial growth like pH, moisture, temperature, and preservation methods like salting. The questions test knowledge about various microorganisms and concepts in food microbiology.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Hg analysis from the fish and their effect on human life by using Cold Vapor ...Dadu Mal DK
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metal found on earth it causes many decease, the main cause of mercury pollution is the mining industry and industrial effluent.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira species in water and soils from selecte...University of Malaya
This document summarizes a study on Leptospira bacteria found in water and soil samples collected from urban sites in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 151 water and soil samples were collected from 12 recreational lakes and wet markets over 6 months. After culturing the samples and conducting PCR and other tests, 8 isolates of Leptospira bacteria were identified - 2 were pathogenic, 5 were saprophytic, and 1 was intermediate. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the 8 isolates were genetically diverse. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the urban environment highlights the importance of water screening to minimize the risk of Leptospira infection.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Edible Tissues of Nile ...Mohamed Fathi
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal concentrations in water and fish tissues from two Egyptian fish farms irrigated with different water sources. Water and fish tissue samples were collected monthly from each farm for a year and analyzed for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead. Iron generally had the highest concentration in water, while zinc was highest in fish tissues. Cadmium and lead were below detection limits in most samples. Metal concentrations varied between farms and seasons, but were within permitted limits except for iron.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
The chemical investigation on water pollution of kurnool district by water qu...Avishkaarsgrowup
1) The document analyzes water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients and heavy metals in drinking water samples from 10 locations in the Nandyal region of Kurnool district, India.
2) Testing found the pH, conductivity, fluoride and heavy metal levels were within WHO guidelines for most locations, but some had higher turbidity and nutrients like nitrates.
3) The highest levels of parameters like copper, iron and manganese were found in samples from locations like Maddur and Kowlur.
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction couple...Jorge Casado Agrelo
A quantitative targeted screening method for the determination of residues of a broad group of more than 250 pesticides in surface water samples was developed and validated. Substances were isolated from the sample matrix by solid-phase extraction (SPE), using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced polymeric sorbents (HLB), and analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) - Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Compounds were quantified in full scan acquisition mode, while accurate data dependant MS2 analysis was simultaneously triggered for the unambiguous identification of the targeted substances. This analytical protocol combines simplicity and robustness, with quantitative recoveries for 215 of the pesticides, negligible matrix effects during electrospray ionisation (ESI) and limits of quantification (LOQs) below 5 ng L-1 for 204 of the analysed compounds. Method capabilities were checked at qualitative and quantitative levels, analysing a set of four river water samples from rural areas in the Southwest of England. A total of 33 different pesticides were found in these samples with MCPA present at the highest concentration, in excess of 130 ng L-1. Retrospective examination of the LC-HRMS chromatograms permitted the identification of an additional pesticide and a group of nine antimicrobials and veterinary drugs that were also present in the processed samples.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
The document discusses pH meters and their uses. It introduces pH meters as potentiometric devices that can estimate hydrogen ion concentration in order to determine if a sample is acidic, basic, or neutral. pH meters have various applications, including acid-base titrations, pharmaceutical drug development, medical diagnosis, dairy production, agriculture, aquaculture, and assessing water quality. The document also provides background on pH, explaining that it was first defined in 1909 as a scale by the Danish scientist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen to quantify hydrogen ion concentration in solutions, which is important for enzymatic reactions in living systems.
Hepatitis A virus and environmental quality indicators in aquatic ecosystems ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study on the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in river waters used for oyster farming in northeastern Pará, Brazil. Over a 15 month period, 203 water samples were collected from 4 municipalities and tested for HAV using concentration methods and nested PCR. HAV RNA was detected in 10.8% of samples. All positive samples were genotype IB. There was no significant difference in HAV detection between concentration methods or among municipalities. The results indicate HAV is circulating in these aquatic environments, posing a potential risk to public health through contaminated oysters. More effective sanitation measures are needed in these oyster farming communities.
This document describes the development of a novel in situ sampler called the IS2B that can collect time-averaged water and porewater samples to determine trace levels of pollutants. The IS2B uses solid phase extraction cartridges to preconcentrate samples from an engineered wetland over 48 hours. Results showed it could detect fiprole pesticides and metabolites in the low parts-per-trillion range with recoveries of 72-95%. Comparisons to discrete grab samples found the IS2B produced comparable data but represented time-averaged concentrations rather than single time points. The IS2B allows for bioavailability assessments without transporting large sample volumes.
Application of Rapid Bioassay Method for Assessing Its Water Purification by ...IJERA Editor
Appreciated integral toxicity of four water samples taken from various sources, urban and rural environment,
and explored some of the properties of the reagent chemical purification of water - potassium ferrate K2FeO4.
These data allow suggesting for practical use test system based on bacterial luminescence for express evaluation
of the toxicity of chemical reagents used for water purification, selection of their effective concentrations and
optimal processing time of water samples.
W1001 Cyanotoxin Program Status Report FinalRon Zurawell
This document provides a status report on Alberta Environment's Cyanotoxin Program from 2005-2008. It finds that microcystins (MCYST), liver toxins produced by cyanobacteria, were detected in the majority of lakes and reservoirs sampled, including occasionally in low nutrient lakes. Concentrations sometimes exceeded guidelines. Multiple MCYST analogues were detected, challenging guidelines focused on a single analogue. The nerve toxin anatoxin-a was rarely found. Initial studies detected the neurotoxin BMAA in some eutrophic waters. Warmer temperatures may increase toxic cyanobacteria blooms.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
Bacterial and phytoplanktonic alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was measured from
March to December 1998 in the mesotrophic Allal El Fassi reservoir located in a semiarid
zone (Morocco). The total APA varied between 0,107-1,780 mmol PNP·L-1·h-1. In
epilimnion, the bacteria contributed significantly (> 60%) to the total APA. In the meta
and hypolimnion, the APA was predominantly algal (> 58%). The absence of correlation
between APA and orthophosphates indicates that the hydrolysis caused by this enzyme
was not a significant process in the recycling of phosphorus in Allal El Fassi reservoir.
So, the APA was not a valid test of phosphorus deficiency.
ESTIMATION OF SODIUM IN TAP WATER SAMPLE BY FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETER ...Sadia Rahat
The document describes a procedure to estimate the concentration of sodium in a tap water sample using flame emission spectrophotometry. The procedure involves preparing standard sodium chloride solutions of known concentrations, measuring their emissions using the spectrophotometer, and generating a calibration curve. The tap water sample's emission is also measured and its sodium concentration is determined using the calibration curve. The estimated sodium concentration in the tap water sample was 1.45 ppm.
This study examined the effects of a dumpsite on groundwater quality in a poultry community in Liberia. Water samples were collected from 8 wells near the dumpsite and tested for various physical parameters. The results found that 4 of the wells exceeded Liberian standards for turbidity, total suspended solids, and other measures. The dumpsite is concluded to be polluting the local groundwater supply due to leachate migration from decomposing waste. Recommendations include closing the dumpsite, constructing a proper landfill, and efforts by government agencies to address the public health risks from groundwater pollution.
The document describes a student research project that analyzed various physio-chemical parameters of the Danube River water quality in Drobeta Turnu-Severin town, Romania. Water samples were taken from three sites along the river through town and tested for ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, pH, and total hardness. The results found higher levels of ammonium and nitrites downstream from the town, indicating pollution from agricultural and industrial activities affects the river water quality as it passes through the populated area. In conclusion, the quality of the Danube River water is impacted by both natural and human factors in the town.
Toxicological Effect of Effluents from Indomie Plc on Some Biochemical Parame...IOSR Journals
1) The study examined the effect of effluent from an Indomie food company on biochemical parameters of fish in the New Calabar River in Nigeria.
2) Fish and water samples were collected from four stations - a non-point control station, the effluent discharge point, and stations 10m upstream and downstream.
3) Analysis found higher levels of potassium, sodium, urea and creatinine in the blood, gills, liver and muscles of fish sampled closest to the discharge point, indicating pollution has the greatest effect near the source of the effluent.
Preliminary investigation of some physicochemical parameters and water qualit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on water quality in Imo River, Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected from three stations on the river - upstream, midstream, and downstream - and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The results showed variations in parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients, and metals across the stations. For example, turbidity ranged from 6-305 mg/L and copper ranged from 0.92-1.16 mg/L in water samples. The study aims to investigate the impact of nearby industrial and human activities on water quality in the river system.
The document summarizes a study on the phytoplankton community structure in Sampaloc Lake in Laguna, Philippines. The study found that the phytoplankton community consisted of 3 divisions - Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Cyanophyta, comprising 20 taxa total. Melosira sp. and Cyclotella sp. were the most abundant taxa present. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, transparency and dissolved oxygen were analyzed across 5 stations in the lake. The results indicate that Sampaloc Lake has an eutrophic trophic state based on the presence of certain phytoplankton bioindicator species.
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70-100% were achieved for most contaminants at a chelator to metal ion ratio of 4:1 after 1 hour of treatment.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrates
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70% were achieved for most contaminants when using a 1:1 molar ratio of chelator to metal ions.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrogen as nitrates and nit
Physiological and histopathological effects of Bisphenol A .Bisphenol A is less soluble in water. For that reason, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a medium to obtain proper distribution in the test solution (Chen, J., et al, 2015). Working solution of commercial grade Bisphenol A (97% pure) was prepared by dilution of stock solution double distilled water immediately prior to experimental use. Serial dilutions of the stock solution were prepared using previously aerated, copper free and stored tap water. The water was continuously aerated. This was prepared by dissolving BPA (50mg) in 100ml of DMSO and the desired concentrations of BPA in tap water were prepared by adding appropriate volumes of this stock solution into test aquarium. A static non-renewable bioassay was conducted in triplicate for each concentration with four animals in each tub. No water exchange was done and the fishes were not fed during the period of the experiment. Percentage mortality was recorded at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h interval. Control group was subjected to acetone at the maximum acetone volume used in the dilution of the dose concentrations. The range of LC50 for H.fossilis (mean wt. 36.78 g) under given conditions was determined to lie between 5 and 10 mg/L for BPA. Hence, for the definitive test, concentrations such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mg/L of BPA concentration were selected. The test was conducted in triplicate for each concentration with 10 fishes in each tank. At the end of 96 h, the fishes that had survived were anesthetized with clove oil at 100 mg/L, sampled for blood, and processed for hematological analysis. The data obtained from the experiment was processed by probit analysis using a Microsoft Excel computer program.
This document discusses water quality parameters and testing. It outlines that water quality depends on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Approximately 25% of the world's population lacks access to potable water. Key water quality parameters that are tested include turbidity, pH, hardness, nitrates, chlorides, fluoride, and heavy metals. Testing methods examine parameters like color, odor, dissolved solids, and presence of bacteria, protozoa, and other microorganisms. Maintaining high-quality drinking water requires regular monitoring, sample collection, and analysis of water sources.
1Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus Kolkata, India
2Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata, India
3Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata, India
*Address for Correspondence: Atanu Roy, Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University,
Salt lake Campus, Kolkata, India
ABSTRACT- Three decades data (1984 – 2015) was used to study the effect of surface water temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate on chlorophyll a concentration in three water bodies meant for fish culture (locally
known as Bheries) in East Kolkata Wetlands. The data revealed significant spatio-temporal variations (p < 0.01). The
increasing trend of temperature, nitrate and phosphate reflects the effect of intense urbanization at local level. The
pronounced variation of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a (decreasing trend) may be attributed to increased load of
sewage in the selected water bodies, which has posed an adverse impact on the phytoplankton standing stock as revealed
through decreasing chlorophyll a trend.
Key-words- East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), Phytoplankton, Chlorophyll a, Nutrients, ANOVA
Assessment of pesticide residues in sediments collected from river ravi and i...Alexander Decker
The study assessed pesticide residue levels in sediments collected from 18 sites along the River Ravi and its tributaries in Pakistan. All sediment samples were found to contain pesticide residues below national and international tolerance limits, with endosulfan being the most prevalent. Sediment samples collected downstream of the Degh fall and Hudiara drain tributaries, which receive untreated industrial and domestic waste, exhibited the highest contamination levels of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran.
This study analyzed water quality at 5 sites that drain the University of Houston-Clear Lake campus. Water samples were tested for various physical and chemical parameters including conductivity, nitrogen levels, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total dissolved solids. Statistically significant differences were found for conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, pH and TDS between the sites. Ammonia levels exceeded state standards at all sites. High rainfall prior to sampling likely affected the results. Overall, the water quality meets standards for wildlife except for ammonia levels, though more testing is needed after rain events.
Radioactive contamination of aquatic ecosystemsfollowing the chernobyl accidenttrabajomuestreo
1) The document analyzes radioactive contamination of aquatic ecosystems following the Chernobyl nuclear accident, focusing on accumulation of radionuclides in aquatic biota.
2) Radionuclide levels remained highly elevated in the Chernobyl cooling pond ecosystem for years after the accident, with bottom sediments, aquatic plants, and mollusks showing particularly high contamination.
3) Predatory fish species in the cooling pond and other water bodies accumulated much higher levels of radiocesium than non-predatory species, demonstrating the effect of trophic transfer.
The document analyzes physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface and underground water samples from iron mining areas in Kogi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons from 7 locations. Results found pH to be weakly acidic in dry season and weakly alkaline in rainy season. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness fell within recommended limits. Concentrations of heavy metals like lead, cadmium and chromium were higher than guidelines in some samples, indicating pollution from mining activities. Overall, the study assessed water quality in the mining region and found evidence of toxic metal contamination from mining impacts.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The risk assessment audit report for PoMC found several strengths in their processes but also identified some weaknesses and opportunities for improvement. Specifically, the audit uncovered strong conventions but warned of potential threats if weaknesses are not addressed.
Alvaro Pescador has worked as a subcontractor for Integrated Consulting Solutions since 2010, providing his experience in HSEQ project management and environmental consulting. With wide industry experience, he has assisted ICS in representing the company to clients in various industries. Al has a passion for tackling climate change and seeks to contribute through implementing environmental policies and management systems. He has broad experience in risk assessments, auditing, and developing and improving emergency response and compliance plans. Al is a qualified lead and internal auditor for environmental and quality management systems. He has successfully undertaken projects for several ICS clients.
This document summarizes the proceedings of a conference organized by UNESCO and the World Bank to discuss how to better organize and link knowledge to advance environmentally and socially sustainable development. The conference brought together academics and development leaders from various disciplines to consider how to reorient higher education curricula and research agendas to meet the needs of sustainable development. Key topics discussed included the new knowledge and links between disciplines required by the sustainable development paradigm; necessary research to implement sustainable development and how to address gaps; and how disconnects between disciplines affect sustainable development at the national level. The conference aimed to encourage partnerships between academic and development communities and new initiatives to reorient higher education to support sustainable development.
The document discusses using environmental indicators to evaluate environmental performance beyond regulatory compliance as part of continual improvement under ISO 14001. It describes how indicators can measure progress toward sustainability goals by tracking resource use, emissions, and environmental conditions. The document recommends applying the Pressure-State-Response model to link operational performance indicators to environmental aspects and impacts, and condition indicators to environmental quality. Building indicators requires collecting data and developing metrics at different aggregation levels to support decision making.
El documento describe la empresa AdM Ltda, la cual fabrica e importa equipos de protección personal (EPP) para actividades industriales, trabajo en alturas y deportes de alto riesgo. AdM compite en un mercado competitivo ofreciendo productos de alta calidad y seguridad certificados bajo estándares europeos y americanos. La empresa implementó un sistema de gestión de calidad ISO 9001:2000 para medir el desempeño de sus procesos y cumplir con las expectativas de sus clientes.
The document discusses using environmental indicators to evaluate environmental performance and continually improve environmental management systems (EMS) according to ISO 14001. It describes how indicators can measure progress toward objectives, monitor operations, and support management review. Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is presented as a process for collecting data through indicators to understand impacts and achieve improvements. Challenges with applying the ISO 14031 standard on EPE are described, and an alternative Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) framework from the OECD is suggested for building indicators to link various levels of an organization's EMS.
Desing and Development of a Steady State System SimulatorAlvaro H. Pescador
1. The document describes the development of a Steady State System Simulator (SIMPRES) to model various chemical engineering equipment processes.
2. The author was responsible for developing the simulation modules for pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, valves, and turbines. He also developed the thermodynamic and physicochemical property algorithms using equations of state.
3. SIMPRES allowed users to simulate different types of heat exchangers by specifying necessary input parameters. It also included a database of 471 compounds to compute mixture properties.
Environmental Indicators for Natural Resources Management using the OECD mode...Alvaro H. Pescador
CE 2.1 This project developed Colombia's first national-level environmental indicators system from 1996-1998 to identify environmental problems and pressures on natural resources to inform policy.
CE 2.12-2.13 The consultant added "Impact" and "Management" categories to the OECD PSR framework to better track how environmental state affects human/biodiversity health and measure management effectiveness.
CE 2.15 The consultant formulated indicators for themes including urban industrial settlements, infrastructure, mining and energy to monitor pressures, state, impacts, responses and management in Colombia's system.
This document provides details on an environmental management plan project conducted in 1999-2000 for the CIB Refinery of ECOPETROL in Colombia. The project developed an environmental impact study and instructions to improve the refinery's environmental performance from 2000-2010. It involved assessing waste management practices and developing recommendations to align them with national and international standards. The author was contracted to build an environmental index to monitor waste disposal management at the refinery.
The document discusses the need for an effective environmental indicators system to support decision making around natural resource management in Australia. It proposes that an ideal system would:
1. Integrate indicators within each stage of the decision making process, from identifying problems to evaluating policies and strategies.
2. Aggregate data into indices and indicators to synthesize information at different scales for national, regional, and local planning needs.
3. Allow flexibility in working with indicators across scales using tools like geographical information systems, while validating the system with stakeholders.
The goal is to assess Australia's current system and identify ways to better support the assessment and monitoring of natural resource condition for sustainable development objectives.
This document discusses an integrated operational system for quality, environment, and occupational health and safety (OHS) management. It covers implementing ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 standards together in a unified management system. The system aims to foresee and control risks, promote high responsibility across the organization, and integrate management ways of thinking, attitudes, behaviors, procedures and skills. It discusses key components like planning, policy, processes, management review, and the PDCA cycle. The overall goal is zero accidents and illnesses, environmental protection, and meeting standards and legal requirements.
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1. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHE S T E R
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
“Surv e y of the River Ethero w ”
- POLLUTION DAMAGE -
By: Alvaro H. Pescador R.
To: Dr. Keith White
MSc.POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL
MANCHESTER - 1996
2. SURVEY OF THE RIVER ETHEROW
OBJECTIVES
By analysing the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of samples
collected at different points of the river, the porpoise of this survey is to look
to organic pollution in fresh water quality, as well as the pollution caused by
heavy metals, studying the impact of the pollutants on the river’s
invertebrates biota.
This survey, looks on the one hand to key physical parameters of a running
water such as flow, temperature (which determines the water density and
influences its conductivity), and the river’s substract, that allows different
species of invertebrates to live inside it. The flow and the temperature were
established directly at each one of the sites that were monitored (1 to 9),
whereas the invertebrates were taken by the kick-sampling technique, once
the sample was taken they were killed and preserved “fixed” in a 4% water
solution of formaldehyde.
On the other hand, chemical parameters that influences the biota of the river
such as the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), the dissolved Oxygen
and the pH (Hydrogen Potential) were measured as well. Whereas the
dissolved oxygen and the pH can be done directly, the BOD have to be
established at the laboratory five days after the sample has been taken.
Being this a biological surveillance, one of the main objectives is to study
the invertebrates community of the river in order to establish the quality of
3. the water, through the determination of the BMWP (Biological Monitoring
Working Party Score) and the ASPT (Average Score per Taxa).
Some other parameters such as the total hardness were determined as well.
These, the heavy metals tests and the ammonia concentration are key
indicators to establish whether the water is potable or not.
1. IMPACT OF ORGANIC POLLUTION ON WATER QUALITY
The Table 1 provides the physical and chemical parameters that were
measured in order to analyse the current impact of organic pollution on the
river. The table shows the mean value between the samples taken on
November 15th an November 22nd of 1995. When there was only one data
available, as in the case of the BOD (the test were not established for the
samples taken on the 15 th of November) the value that appears was the
only one available.
The suspended solids, the dissolved oxygen, the temperature of the water
(which influences the maximum amount of dissolved oxygen in the water),
the BOD, and the pH are the key parameters that allow us to measure the
impact of the organic pollution on the water quality. In table 1, these values
appears, except the one for suspended solids, for all the sites that were
monitored, (site number 7 was not) in agreement with the map that appears
in Appendix 1.
TABLE 1 - ORGANIC POLLUTION INDICATORS
4. Parameter/Site S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S8 S9
Temperature (°C) 8.5 9.6 10.3 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.9 14.4
Dissolved O2 (mg/l) 17.6 17.3 18.1 17.4 12.6 12.1 19.5 15.8
Saturation of O2 % 88% 84% 86% 85% 61% 58% 93% 67%
BOD (mg/l) 6.5 1.5 1 7.8 1.6 2.6 15.9 6.4
pH (pH units) 5.4 7.5 7.4 7 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.1
Phosphate (mg/L) 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.5 0.04 0.04
Ammonia (mg/L) 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.05
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.90 0.75 1.15 1.66 1.24 1.12 3.16 0.41
Chloride (mg/l) 1.7 1.1 2.1 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.0 1.2
The Saturation of O2 as percentage has been obtained in agreement with the
ideal value (100% of saturation) that should be in the water at the
temperature given1
. The values are taken for an atmospheric pressure of 1
atm, the deviation is to little to be taken into account since none of the sites
is more than 1000 meters of altitude from the level of the sea (1 atm).
In agreement whit Ellis2
we can classify the river (classes 1 to 4) for the
quality of key values such as the Dissolved oxygen, the BOD5 and the
Ammonia concentration by using the next criteria:
1A: good quality:
Dissolved Oxygen: Saturation grater than 80%
BOD (five days): Not grater than 3 mg/l
Ammonia concentration: Not grater than 0.4 mg/l
1B
Dissolved Oxygen: Saturation between 60-80%
BOD (five days): Not grater than 5 mg/l
1
PERRY, Jhon, “Chemical Engeeniers’ Handbook”, New York, McGrw-Hill, 4a
ed.,
1963, p. 6-138.
2
ELLIS, K.V., “Surface Water Pollution and its Control”, London, Macmillan Press
Ltd., 1989, p. 109-113.
5. Ammonia concentration: Not grater than 0.9 mg/l
2. Fair quality
Dissolved Oxygen: Saturation between 40-60%
BOD (five days): Not grater than 9 mg/l
Ammonia concentration: Grater than 0.9 mg/l
3. Poor quality
Dissolved Oxygen: Saturation between 10-40%
BOD (five days): Not grater than 17mg/l
Ammonia concentration: Grater than 0.9 mg/l
4. Bad quality
Waters which are inferior to class 3 in terms of dissolved oxygen and likely
to be anaerobic at times.
In agreement with this, in terms of oxygen, From table 1 we could classify
sites 1 to 9 of the river Etherow as follows:
Good quality, 1A: Sites 2 and 3.
Good quality, 1B: Sites 1 and 5.
Fair quality: Sites 4, 6 and 9.
Poor quality: Site 8.
FIG 1. ORGANIC POLLUTION: SATURATION OF O2 %
6. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S8 S9
Saturation of O2 %
In spite of the high percentage of saturation of O2 in site 8 (93%), THE
HIGHEST of all the sites, the poor quality of the water is given for the high
value of the BOD5 obtained at the laboratory (Fig 2).
Fig 2. BOD (mg/l)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S8 S9
BOD (mg/l)
Perhaps there has been a mistake during the lecture of the dissolved O2 at
site 8 in the river, or the sample for the BOD could have been received some
other external influence (and therefore to be spurious). It is estrange to find
this high level of BOD (15.9 mg/l) in a place with such a high amount of
dissolved oxygen (19.5 mg/l).
Unfortunately we did not run a test for suspended solids, which is also
useful to establish the amount of organic pollution in the water. Any way, in
7. agreement with the classification stated by Ellis, as has been already
analysed, the pollution by organic material in the river Etherow is not high,
and the quality of the water in the different places that were monitored in
relation with the Oxygen tests is really good, just with the exception of site
8, for the possible reasons already explained.
2. CURRENT IMPACT OF THE ORGANIC POLLUTION ON THE
BIOTA.
In order to establish the current impact of the pollution on the biota, a
biological surveillance using invertebrates as bioindicatiors of the actual
state of the quality of the river has been done. The different taxa of
invertebrates that were identified at the laboratory appears in Table 2.
The BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party Score) will be used in
order to establish the quality of the river.
TABLE 2 - OCCURRENCE OF INVERTEBRATES, 1995.
TAXA/SITE BMW
p
Score
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Class Hirudinea (leeches)
Glosiphonia complanata 3 0 0 2 1 0 3 14 0
Erpobdella octoculata 3 0 0 26 9 3 0 3 1
Helobdella stagnallis 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Class Oligochaeta (worms) 1 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0
Lumbricidae 1 7 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Haplotaxidae 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Lumbricullidae 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. The data that appears at the bottom of Table 2 is the result of the biological
surveillance on 15 th and 22 th of November, 1995. In the case of sites 5, 8
and 9 there was only available the data on November 15 th and is the one
that appears there. On the other sites, the value of the BMWP is slightly
different for 15th and 22 th at each place. There has been taken the highest
values of BMWP for each site (e.g. in site 1 are 61 and 64 respectively,
therefore 64 is the one that appears here) as the current BMWP score of the
site. These results are plot in figure 3.
FIG 3. Current impact of the organic pollution on the biota of the
river Etherow.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
BMWP
As can be seen from Fig. 3, the quality of the water decreases steadily
downstream from site 1 to site 4 where the BMWP score reaches its lowest
level (28), this is the place where the Zn leachate is located. Then, the
quality of the water increases from site 4 to 5, after the junction of the river
Glossop, there, the BMWP reaches a value of 39. Among other things, the
increasing of the quality of the water in site 5 is due to the good quality of
11. the water of the river Glossop in site 8, just before the linking to the
Etherow (BMWP=63). Finally, the quality of the water increases with the
distance downstream from site 5 to 7 (the data used for site 7 has been
calculated using Appendix 7, BMWP=76, in 1992).
The relationship between the BMWP Score, the typical biota and river
designation is given in the table 3.
Table 3. BMWP and river designation
TYPICAL BIOTA DESIGNATION BMWP SITE
Salmonis,Plecoptera,
Tricoptera, Amphipoda
Good Quality + 70
Coarse fish
All above group resticted
except Anphipoda and
Baetidae
Fair Quality 30-70 1,2,3,5,6,8
Few fish
Few Tricoptera&Baetidae
Asellus dominant.
Poor Quality 3-40 4,9
Very few fish if so.
Few or no Asellus
Chironomus dominant
Bad Quality 1-3
No fish. Oligochetes
dominat or no animals life.
To Bad. 0-1
In agreement with Table 3 and the results plotted in figure 3, sites 1 to 3
and 5 to 6 of the river Etherow have a fair quality (BMWP between 30-70),
the expected biota of the river in this places is summarised in table 3 as well.
On the other hand, the worst condition of the river is found in site 4, with a
BMWP score of 28: poor quality of the water, no fish will be found in this
place and Asellus will be dominant. The river can be classified as to have
good quality downstream from site 7(1992), with a BMWP score of 76.
12. On the other hand, the ASPT, which is not only independent of the sample
size (a larger sample is likely to include more families, inflating the BMWP
score), but also less influenced by the seasons. Mason3
has established that
the Lincoln Quality Index (LQI), inimically derived by Extence et al4
, using
both the BMWP score and the ASPT can be a more accurate way for the
surveillance in agreement with the River Quality Objectives (RQOs).
To standardised the data a X raiting is given for the BMWP scores, whereas
a Y rating is assigned to the ASPT. In agreement with the results, the scores
for the Habitat-poor rifles and pools might be used in the case of the river
Etherow:
Table 4. Standardised Rating for the OQR.
BMWP Score Rating X ASPT Rating Y
121+ 7 5.0+ 7
101-120 6 4.5-4.9 6
81-100 5 4.1-4.4 5
51-80 4 3.6-4.0 4
25-50 3 3.1-3.5 3
10-24 2 2.1-3.0 2
0-9 1 0-2.0 1
The Overall Quality Ranking is derived as:
OQR = (X + Y) / 2
3
MASON C.F., “Biology of freshwater pollution”, New York, Longman Scientific&
Technical, 2a ed, 1995, p. 234-239.
4
EXTENCE, C.A and FERGUSON A.J.D, “Aquatic invertebrate surveys as a water
quality management tool in the Anglian water region”, Regul Rivers 4, 139-146.
13. The table 5 shows the X and Y values that has been obtained using the
BMWP scores and the ASPT at the bottom of table 2:
Table 5. OQR for the rivers Etherow and Glossop
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S8 S9
BMWP 64 45 42 28 39 47 63 39
Rating X 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3
ASPT 5,5 5 4.2 4 4,3 5 4,5 4,3
Rating Y 7 7 5 4 5 7 6 5
OQR 5.5 5 4 3.5 4 5 5 4
The Overall quality ratings with their equivalent Lincoln Quality Index
values and interpretation of results are shown in table 6.
Table 6. OQR of the rivers Etherow and Glossop
OQR Index Interpretation Site
6+ A++ Excellent quality
5.5 A+ Excellent quality 1
5 A Excellent quality 2,6, 8
4.5 B Good quality
4 C Good quality 3,5
3.5 D Moderate quality 4, 9
3 E Moderate quality
2.5 F Poor quality
2 G Poor quality
1.5 H Very poor quality
1 I Very poor quality
The results are also plotted in Fig. 4, which shape is quite similar for the one
shown in Fig. 3 (BMWP scores). As can be seen from the figure in next
page, the OQR decreases steadily down stream from site 1 to site 4 where
14. the quality of the water shows its lowest level (Moderate quality), then the
river Etherow increases the quality of its water steadily downstream,
reaching in site 6 an excellent quality, almost as good as the one of site 1
(located 6.2 Km after its boring, just before of the reservoir).
Fig 4. OQR values of the river Etherow
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
OQR
3. LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE WATER QUALITY ARISING
FROM ORGANIC POLLUTION.
The Appendix 3 provides information for the same parameters that appears
in Table 1, for sites 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8, for odd years from 1981 to 1991, and in
some cases (2, 4 and 7) until 1995. It can be seen from this data that the
Dissolved Oxygen has been between 10 and 11 (mg/l) during all these years
whereas the percentage of saturation never has been below 80% (just with
the exception of site 2 in 1995, that was 79.1% which is very close to 80%).
15. On the other hand, the BOD5 never has been grater than 6 mg/l during the
last 15 years, and shows its highest values at site 7 as can be seen in table 7
and fig. 5.
Table 7. BOD5 for the last twenty years at site 7.
Year BOD Year BOD Year BOD Year BOD
1973 2.6 1978 2.8 1983 - 1988 2.5
1974 4.4 1979 4.5 1984 - 1989 2.5
1975 4.2 1980 - 1985 3.4 1990 5.2
1976 3.8 1981 3.7 1986 3.3 1991 3.8
1977 3.2 1982 4.3 1987 3.0 1992 2.9
Fig. 5. BOD5 in site 7 from 1973 to 1992.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
73 81 91
BOD
As the highest BOD5 during the last years has happened in this site, and this
is an index of organic pollution, it will be interesting to study what has been
the impact on the biota in this place. Having in mind that site 7 measures the
quality of the water of the river Etherow before entering to the river Goyt
that in turn joins the Tame in Stockport, it is interesting as well to study
what has been the impact of the organic pollution on the biota at the end of
16. the river (site 7). Table 8 shows the occurrence of invertebrates in this site
from 1970 to 1992. At the bottom of the table the BMWP score and the
ASPT have been computed in each case.
Table 8. Occurrence of invertebrates at site 7 from 1970 to 1992.
TAXA / YEAR BMWP 1970 1975 1980 1985 1992
PLATHELMYTHES
Policelys sp. 5 3 0 0 0 1
ANNELIDA
Oligochaeta
Glosiphonia complanata
Erpobdella octoculata
1
3
3
3
0
0
3
0
1
3
1
0
3
2
3
3
1
2
MOLLUSCA
Gastropoda
Ancylus fluviatile
Lymnae peregra
Bivalvia
Sphaerium sp.
7
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
CRUSTACEA
Asellus aquaticus
Gammarus pulex
3
6
2
0
2
0
3
0
4
1
2
2
INSECTA
Plecoptera
Isoperla grammatica
Leutra sp.
Nemoura sp.
10
10
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
TAXA/SITE BMWP 1970 1975 1980 1985 1992
INSECTA (Cont.)
Ephemeroptera
Rhithrogena semicolorata
Ephemerella ignita
Baethis rhodani
10
10
5
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
Coleoptera
17. Dytiscidae 5 0 0 0 1 1
Tricoptera
Rhyacophila dorsalis
Polycentropus sp.
Hydrospsyche siltalai
Limnephilidae
7
7
5
7
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
0
0
2
2
2
0
1
1
2
0
Neuroptera
Sialis sp. 4 0 0 0 0 1
Diptera
Simulidae
Chironomidae
Tipulidae
5
2
5
0
4
0
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
0
BMWP 36 43 64 99 88
Rating X 3 4 4 5 5
ASPT 4.4 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.0
Rating Y 5 5 6 7 7
OQR 4 4.5 5 6 6
As can be seen from the results, the quality of the river has been improving
from 1970 to 1992, the BMWP and the ASPT have been increasing almost
steadily, and therefore the OQR shows a continues recovering from the
organic pollution that river Etherow have achieved during the last 20 years.
This behaviour of recuperation can be seen clearly in Fig. 8.
Fig 8. Overall Quality Raiting showing the recovering of the river
Etherow from Organic Pollution between 1970 and 1992.
18. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1970 1975 1980 1985 1992
OQR
Since 1985 the water have achieved an excellent quality in agreement with
the interpretation given to the OQR, already described in table 6. This
excellent quality remained steady in 1992. Site 7 (Fig. 8) shows the long-
term recoverance of the river Etherow just before of the junction to the river
Goyt and therefore, the impact of the organic pollution on the biota at the
end of the river, as well as the impact that the Etherow will have in the
quality of the water of the river Goyt which in turn joins the Tame at
Stockport.
4. IMPACT ON HEAVY METAL POLLUTION ON WATER
QUALITY AND THE BIOTA.
Table 9 shows the mean values of the concentration of heavy metals, the pH,
and Total Hardness that were measured from site 1 to 9 on 15 th and 22th of
November, 1995.
Table 9. Heavy Metal Concentration in the rivers Etherow and
Glossop
Parameter or Metal/Site S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S8 S9
19. Temperature (°C) 8.5 9.6 10.3 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.9 15.8
pH (pH units) 5.4 7.5 7.4 7 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.1
Conductivity (uS) 504 60 90 110 198 213 209 131
Copper (µg/l) 5 3 2.5 1.5 15 13.3 14.5 9.5
Zinc (µg/l) 55 31 21.5 31 46.5 53 55 50.5
Total Hardness (mg/l) 28 39.6 46.3 51 67 77 73 56
It is quite important to look to heavy metals due to they are conservative
pollutants, they do not break down and therefore they effectively become
permanent additions to the aquatic environment. They accumulate in
organisms and some may biomagnify in food chains.
The heavy metals of most widespread concern to human health are mercury,
cadmium and lead5
. Nevertheless copper and zinc belong to the “Gray List
Compounds” of the EEC. Fishes like salmon are more tolerant to zinc than
to copper, the incipient LC50 has been estimated at a concentration of 50 µg/l
for copper and 600 µg/l for zinc.
Table 10 show the presence of these metals in the rivers Etherow and
Glossop, whereas in figure 8 we can se the concentration down stream the
Etherow.
Fig 8. Concentration of zinc and copper downstream the Etherow
5
MASON, E.G., Ibid at p. 168.
20. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Copper ( g/l)
Zinc ( g/l)
It is really estrange that the river has a high concentration of zinc in site 1,
most probably the data at this site must be spurious. Any way it is
interesting to see that the concentration of zinc increases steadily from site 3
to site 6. The impact of the zinc leachate at site 4 is observed as the
concentration of zinc increases downstream in sites 5 and 6.
On the other hand, the concentration of copper is not as high as the one for
zinc, but copper has a more lethal effect upon the organisms than zinc. For
salmon, the incipient LC50 has been estimated to be a concentration of 50
µg/l for copper and 600 µg/l for zinc. As it is shown in Fig. 8, the highest
concentration of copper (15 µg/l at site 5) and the highest concentration of
zinc (55 µg/l at site 6) are below the incipient LC50 for the salmon.
It is important to see as well that the pH influences the toxicity of the metals.
If there is a little change in speciation and metal binding is weak at the
biological surface as in the case of zinc and copper, the toxicity of the metal
decreases when the pH decreases as well, due to competition for binding
sites from hydrogen ions. Figure 9 shows the pH condition of the river
Etherow.
21. Fig. 9. Hydrogen Potential of the river Etherow
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
pH (pH units)
As can be seen from figure 9, just with the exception of site 1 which shows
an acid level of pH (5.3), the pH increases downstream from site 1 to site 2
reaching a condition very close to the desirable neutral pH (7) for potable
water. This condition remains almost steadily through out the river; we can
say that the pH levels of the river are really good.
Impact on the river biota due to heavy metals pollution
Species diversity in metal-polluted water is reduced, but tolerant species can
be very abundant. Some species of invertebrates that are very sensitive to
organic pollution, such as stoneflies and casselies caddies, are tolerant to
heavy metal pollution.
Whereas copper affects the photosynthesis of some algae like cyanobacteria,
a concentration of 0.1 mg/l reduces the photosynthesis by 80% in Sprirulia
22. Plantesis, bioaccumulation occurs in the moss Fontinalis squammosa,
which concentration factor is 22.000 for zinc.
There is not doubt that the presence of Zinc in the food chain is the major
reason why site 4 has the worst biological indicators of the river Etherow
(BMWP=28, ASPT=4 and OQR=3.5) which in agreement with the BMWP
score can be interpreted as “poor condition” as was showed in table 5 and
figure 3, or as “moderate quality” (Index D in the equivalent Lincoln Quality
Index) as showed in table 6 and figure 4.
Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of the leaching of Zinc that steel
happens in site 4 because it is the major responsible for the depression in
the quality of the water of the river, and absence of fish in sites 4 and 5. The
presence of copper has to be carefully monitored as well, due to its incipient
LC50 on salmons is just of 50 µg/l.
On the other hand, in order to establish whether the water could be potable
or not, it is important to look to the Total Hardness quality of the water. The
values of table 10 appears plotted in figure 10.
Figure 10. Total Hardness in the water of the river Etherow.
23. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Total Hardness (mg/l)
Figure 10 show us that the amount of ions of Ca++
and Mg++
in the river
Etherow increases steadily downstream. The highest values occurs once the
Glossop has joined the Etherow in sites 5 and 6. There is not doubt that the
total hardness in the water of the river Glossop (73) has a big influence in
the increment of the hardness in the water at site 5 of the river Etherow. In
agreement with its hardness the water could be potable, but the
concentration of Ammonia, the BOD tests and the presence of metals such
as zinc and copper do not allow us to reccomend Ehterow’s water as a
drinking one.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of invertebrates in biological surveillance is very helpful to monitor
the quality of running waters and work out Environmental Impact
Assessment for organic pollution and/or sewage pollution, but some species
that are very sensitive to organic pollution such as stoneflies and casselss
cadis are more tolerant to heavy metal pollution. The cladophora algae is
24. sensitive to zinc and can be used to monitor it, cladophora ausence could be
an indicator of heavy metal pollution.
As an empirical method, the Biological Monitoring Working Party score has
a degree of error due to the size of the samples and to changes in the
invertebrates population throughout the seasons of the year. These errors,
can at least be standardised using the ASPT as well as the OQR that may be
derived using both, the BMWP and the ASPT.
In agreement with biological survilliance and the chemical analysis mainly
sumaraized in tables 5 and 6, and clearly shown in figures 3 and 4, we can
synthetize the surveyllance clasifying each part of the river in agreement
with the NRA system, as it is show in table 12 of the next page.
Ussing the map that appears in Appendix 1, and looking to the distances
from one site to another, we can establish the conditions of the water in the
river Etherow in amount of Kilometers without taken into account the
distance of the Londendale Reservoir.
Fig 12 NRA Quality System applied to the river Etherow
WATER
QUALITY
CLASS SITE Distance
(Km)
POTENTAIL USES
Good quality 1a Water of high quality suitable for
potable supply abstractions and
other abstractions; game or other
high class fisheris; high amenity
value.
Good quality 1b 1,2,7*
7.5 Usuable for substantially the
same purposes as class 1a but
water of lower quality.
25. Fair quality 2 3,5,6 8.5 Water supporting reasonably
good coarse fisheries; water
suitable for potable supply after
advanced treatment; moderate
amenity value.
Poor qualituy 3 4 1.4 Waters which are polluted to an
extent that fish are absent or only
sporadically present; may be used
for low grade industrial
abstraction purposes. Considera-
ble potential for further use ir
cleaned up.
Bad quality 4 Waters which are grosly polluted
and are likelly to cause nuisance
----
*
This value comes from the survey of 1992 in site 7.
Finally, we can have a look to the water quality of the river Etherow as it is
shown in the figures 10 and 11.
Figure 10. The Quality of the water of the river Etherow
43%
49%
8%
Class 1b: 7.5 Km = 43%
Class 2: 8.5 Km = 49%
26. Class 3: 1.4 Km = 8%
Figure 11. The Class of the river Etherow in Kilometers.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Km
1b 2 3
APPENDIX 1. MAP OF THE RIVER ETHEROW