The document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Valapattanam River in Kerala, India using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. A total of 408 individuals from 20 genera and 14 families were collected from 5 stations along the river during 3 seasons. The downstream stations showed signs of moderate pollution, with tolerant species like Chironomus present. Water quality was found to be impacted by sewage and agriculture, reducing aquatic insect abundance. Biological water quality criteria were used to analyze the data and found deterioration in quality from upstream to downstream sites.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
The study identified 12 species of copepods from 4 freshwater lakes in periurban areas near Chennai, India. 8 species of cyclopoid copepods and 4 species of calanoid copepods were found. Diaptomus sicilis, first reported from Madipakkam lake, was the dominant copepod species there. The occurrence of copepods, particularly calanoids, depended on the size of the water body as well as the pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Mesocyclops aspericornis, identified as a pollution indicator species, was present in all 4 lakes.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study compared passive and active macroinvertebrate collection methods along the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. Passive methods included rock baskets and Hester-Dendy samplers, while active methods used D-frame nets and Serber samplers. The diversity, pollution tolerance, and taxonomic composition of collected macroinvertebrates were analyzed. Results showed that active methods captured a more diverse set of organisms but passive methods also provided valuable data. Both collection types should be used to fully understand macroinvertebrate communities in non-wadeable rivers.
Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on var...ijtsrd
Kolhapur city is one of the major cities in Maharashtra and well source of water bodies available in the western region of Maharashtra. But still facing the water scarcity in summer days due to the polluted water is unfit to use. Kolhapur district and city have major problems with water quality. Some of the parts of district blessed with River or lakes but due to human activities pollute the surface water sources. Groundwater table lowering day by day pass or contaminated due to industrial activities. So basically, it is not fit for drinking and for also irrigation purpose. This review paper is to analyze the groundwater and also surface water physicochemical parameter analysis and potential of calculating parameters and remedies the effect of pollution activities. A. A. Adsule | Dr. G. S. Kulkarni"Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12899.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/12899/comparative-analysis-of-ground-water-and-surface-water-of-kolhapur-based-on-various-physico-chemical-parameters/a-a-adsule
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
The study identified 12 species of copepods from 4 freshwater lakes in periurban areas near Chennai, India. 8 species of cyclopoid copepods and 4 species of calanoid copepods were found. Diaptomus sicilis, first reported from Madipakkam lake, was the dominant copepod species there. The occurrence of copepods, particularly calanoids, depended on the size of the water body as well as the pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Mesocyclops aspericornis, identified as a pollution indicator species, was present in all 4 lakes.
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U....Jeremiah Wilson
Summary and interpretation of monitoring data for synthetic pyrethroids in U.S. surface water and sediment - Presentation for the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study compared passive and active macroinvertebrate collection methods along the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. Passive methods included rock baskets and Hester-Dendy samplers, while active methods used D-frame nets and Serber samplers. The diversity, pollution tolerance, and taxonomic composition of collected macroinvertebrates were analyzed. Results showed that active methods captured a more diverse set of organisms but passive methods also provided valuable data. Both collection types should be used to fully understand macroinvertebrate communities in non-wadeable rivers.
Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on var...ijtsrd
Kolhapur city is one of the major cities in Maharashtra and well source of water bodies available in the western region of Maharashtra. But still facing the water scarcity in summer days due to the polluted water is unfit to use. Kolhapur district and city have major problems with water quality. Some of the parts of district blessed with River or lakes but due to human activities pollute the surface water sources. Groundwater table lowering day by day pass or contaminated due to industrial activities. So basically, it is not fit for drinking and for also irrigation purpose. This review paper is to analyze the groundwater and also surface water physicochemical parameter analysis and potential of calculating parameters and remedies the effect of pollution activities. A. A. Adsule | Dr. G. S. Kulkarni"Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12899.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/12899/comparative-analysis-of-ground-water-and-surface-water-of-kolhapur-based-on-various-physico-chemical-parameters/a-a-adsule
This document summarizes a study investigating the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria in four Dutch recreational waters and the potential role of nearby wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as contamination sources. Samples were taken from recreational waters, WWTP effluents, surface waters upstream and downstream of WWTP discharge points, and additional surface waters not influenced by the WWTPs. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in all recreational waters and 62% of samples, with concentrations averaging 1.3 CFU/100ml. Isolates with identical genetic characteristics were found in WWTP effluents and surface waters, including occasionally in recreational waters, indicating WWTPs contribute to their presence. However,
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and various hydrological parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, transparency, nutrients etc. in and around the Indian Sundarbans. Significant positive correlations were found between chlorophyll a and salinity, pH and transparency, indicating that higher salinity, slightly alkaline conditions and water transparency favor phytoplankton growth. Negative correlations with nutrients like nitrate and phosphate suggest phytoplankton uptake of these nutrients. An insignificant relationship with silicate may be due to lower diatom abundance compared to flagellates in the study area. The findings confirm phytoplankton dependence on various environmental factors.
This document provides information about monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in Kushog Lake to assess lake health. It describes what benthic macroinvertebrates are and why they are useful for biological monitoring of water quality. Several indicators of water quality are identified based on the types of invertebrates present, such as the number of taxa collected (richness), the percentage of mayflies, dragonflies and caddisflies (%EPT), and the Hilsenhoff Index value. Recommendations are provided for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in Kushog Lake to evaluate lake health over time.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the toxicity of acid metalliferous water (AMW) in mallards. 221 bird deaths were investigated at 3 mine sites and were assumed to be from consumption of AMW. A synthetic AMW (SAMW) was formulated based on the contaminant profile of a pond where many carcasses were found. An acute oral toxicity trial with mallards found that 7 of 9 birds exposed to SAMW died within 12 hours of consuming doses of 69.8-270.1 mL/kg. Clinical signs and lesions in SAMW-exposed birds were consistent with acute metal toxicosis, especially copper toxicity. Blood and kidney copper levels were much higher in SAMW
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Fish are useful ecological indicators because they integrate ecosystem health over large spatial and temporal scales, are sensitive to disturbances like hydrologic alteration, and their biology is often well understood. Developing fish-based indicators is challenging due to the difficulty and expense of effectively sampling fish populations. Setting reference conditions for unimpaired sites is also difficult, especially in areas with widespread human impacts. Two examples of fish-based indicators are the Fish-IBI used in the US and Europe, and Australia's Sustainable Rivers Audit which reports on fish assemblages in the Murray-Darling Basin. Both evaluate community composition, population status, and individual health.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
IRJET- Assessment of Spatial Variations of Water Quality Index of Deepor Bee...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the spatial variations in water quality of Deepor Beel in Assam, India using water quality index parameters. Water samples were collected from 6 sites around the beel in September and October 2017 and tested for 13 physico-chemical parameters. The water quality index was calculated using the weighted arithmetic index method. The results found that the WQI values ranged from 78.82 to 158.25, with the highest value of 158.25 recorded at site 2 near the railway bridge, indicating the water is unsuitable for drinking. Most parameters exceeded permissible limits, suggesting the water quality is affected by waste discharged from the nearby city of Guwahati. As an important wetland, regular monitoring and preventive measures are needed
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
This study statistically analyzed water quality parameters in the Sukhnag stream in Kashmir Himalaya to identify pollution sources. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to 26 water quality parameters measured between 2011-2012. Principal component analysis identified two factors that explained 96% of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Cluster analysis showed high similarity between certain sampling sites. Regression analysis found relationships between parameters like phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and pollution indicators. The study aims to help sustainable management of the stream.
This study examined water quality in two streams - Apathy Creek and Erosion Creek - located in an urban forest preserve. Apathy Creek drains stormwater runoff from a parking lot, while Erosion Creek drains runoff from a housing development and receives discharge from a combined sewer overflow. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, nitrates and phosphates were measured at three locations along each stream. Preliminary results found that conductivity and dissolved solids were similarly high in both streams compared to natural streams, suggesting human impact. Erosion Creek also had higher concentrations of dissolved solids, possibly from de-icing salts, sewer overflow and
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging challenges in water quality. It outlines key water quality parameters and indicators, including physiochemical factors and bio-indicators like E. coli. Emerging challenges include polluted runoff transporting pathogens, combined sewer overflows during storms, and rapid urbanization overwhelming sanitation systems. Re-emerging pathogens are also discussed, driven by new environments, technologies, and intensive livestock practices. Recommendations focus on improved sanitation, integrated water management, wastewater treatment, and monitoring to address these challenges.
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Benthic macroinvertebrates as the bioindicators of freshwater polluton in Riv...Kinza Irshad
Benthic macroinvertebrates were studied as bioindicators of freshwater pollution in River Dorr in Pakistan from January to June 2017. Two sites were examined: Site A upstream from a pollution source and Site B downstream. More individuals and families of macroinvertebrates were found at Site A, indicating better water quality. Site B had fewer individuals and families and a higher percentage of pollution-tolerant diptera, showing it was more polluted. Sensitive mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies were found at Site A while mostly tolerant midges were found at Site B, demonstrating the macroinvertebrates' ability to indicate water quality differences between the sites.
The author argues that scientists must better advocate for federal funding of basic scientific research by directly engaging with members of Congress. As a former congressional science fellow, the author observed similarities between the scientific process and policymaking process. Scientists are encouraged to explain their passion for their work and the importance of funding to elected officials through briefings, visits to congressional offices, and personal stories that resonate more than technical details. Personal advocacy from a diversity of scientists, especially early career researchers, can influence policymakers' decisions around science budgets.
This document provides information about CVs and cover letters for graduate students at Harvard University. It discusses the key components of a CV, including contact information, education, research experience, teaching experience, publications, presentations, honors and awards, and references. It offers formatting tips and emphasizes tailoring the CV to the specific position or audience. CVs for graduate students are typically 2-5 pages. The document also notes that cover letters are another important part of the application package and should highlight the applicant's relevant qualifications and interest in the opportunity.
This document summarizes a study investigating the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria in four Dutch recreational waters and the potential role of nearby wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as contamination sources. Samples were taken from recreational waters, WWTP effluents, surface waters upstream and downstream of WWTP discharge points, and additional surface waters not influenced by the WWTPs. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in all recreational waters and 62% of samples, with concentrations averaging 1.3 CFU/100ml. Isolates with identical genetic characteristics were found in WWTP effluents and surface waters, including occasionally in recreational waters, indicating WWTPs contribute to their presence. However,
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and various hydrological parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, transparency, nutrients etc. in and around the Indian Sundarbans. Significant positive correlations were found between chlorophyll a and salinity, pH and transparency, indicating that higher salinity, slightly alkaline conditions and water transparency favor phytoplankton growth. Negative correlations with nutrients like nitrate and phosphate suggest phytoplankton uptake of these nutrients. An insignificant relationship with silicate may be due to lower diatom abundance compared to flagellates in the study area. The findings confirm phytoplankton dependence on various environmental factors.
This document provides information about monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in Kushog Lake to assess lake health. It describes what benthic macroinvertebrates are and why they are useful for biological monitoring of water quality. Several indicators of water quality are identified based on the types of invertebrates present, such as the number of taxa collected (richness), the percentage of mayflies, dragonflies and caddisflies (%EPT), and the Hilsenhoff Index value. Recommendations are provided for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in Kushog Lake to evaluate lake health over time.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the toxicity of acid metalliferous water (AMW) in mallards. 221 bird deaths were investigated at 3 mine sites and were assumed to be from consumption of AMW. A synthetic AMW (SAMW) was formulated based on the contaminant profile of a pond where many carcasses were found. An acute oral toxicity trial with mallards found that 7 of 9 birds exposed to SAMW died within 12 hours of consuming doses of 69.8-270.1 mL/kg. Clinical signs and lesions in SAMW-exposed birds were consistent with acute metal toxicosis, especially copper toxicity. Blood and kidney copper levels were much higher in SAMW
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Fish are useful ecological indicators because they integrate ecosystem health over large spatial and temporal scales, are sensitive to disturbances like hydrologic alteration, and their biology is often well understood. Developing fish-based indicators is challenging due to the difficulty and expense of effectively sampling fish populations. Setting reference conditions for unimpaired sites is also difficult, especially in areas with widespread human impacts. Two examples of fish-based indicators are the Fish-IBI used in the US and Europe, and Australia's Sustainable Rivers Audit which reports on fish assemblages in the Murray-Darling Basin. Both evaluate community composition, population status, and individual health.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
IRJET- Assessment of Spatial Variations of Water Quality Index of Deepor Bee...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the spatial variations in water quality of Deepor Beel in Assam, India using water quality index parameters. Water samples were collected from 6 sites around the beel in September and October 2017 and tested for 13 physico-chemical parameters. The water quality index was calculated using the weighted arithmetic index method. The results found that the WQI values ranged from 78.82 to 158.25, with the highest value of 158.25 recorded at site 2 near the railway bridge, indicating the water is unsuitable for drinking. Most parameters exceeded permissible limits, suggesting the water quality is affected by waste discharged from the nearby city of Guwahati. As an important wetland, regular monitoring and preventive measures are needed
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
This study statistically analyzed water quality parameters in the Sukhnag stream in Kashmir Himalaya to identify pollution sources. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to 26 water quality parameters measured between 2011-2012. Principal component analysis identified two factors that explained 96% of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Cluster analysis showed high similarity between certain sampling sites. Regression analysis found relationships between parameters like phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and pollution indicators. The study aims to help sustainable management of the stream.
This study examined water quality in two streams - Apathy Creek and Erosion Creek - located in an urban forest preserve. Apathy Creek drains stormwater runoff from a parking lot, while Erosion Creek drains runoff from a housing development and receives discharge from a combined sewer overflow. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, nitrates and phosphates were measured at three locations along each stream. Preliminary results found that conductivity and dissolved solids were similarly high in both streams compared to natural streams, suggesting human impact. Erosion Creek also had higher concentrations of dissolved solids, possibly from de-icing salts, sewer overflow and
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging challenges in water quality. It outlines key water quality parameters and indicators, including physiochemical factors and bio-indicators like E. coli. Emerging challenges include polluted runoff transporting pathogens, combined sewer overflows during storms, and rapid urbanization overwhelming sanitation systems. Re-emerging pathogens are also discussed, driven by new environments, technologies, and intensive livestock practices. Recommendations focus on improved sanitation, integrated water management, wastewater treatment, and monitoring to address these challenges.
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Benthic macroinvertebrates as the bioindicators of freshwater polluton in Riv...Kinza Irshad
Benthic macroinvertebrates were studied as bioindicators of freshwater pollution in River Dorr in Pakistan from January to June 2017. Two sites were examined: Site A upstream from a pollution source and Site B downstream. More individuals and families of macroinvertebrates were found at Site A, indicating better water quality. Site B had fewer individuals and families and a higher percentage of pollution-tolerant diptera, showing it was more polluted. Sensitive mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies were found at Site A while mostly tolerant midges were found at Site B, demonstrating the macroinvertebrates' ability to indicate water quality differences between the sites.
The author argues that scientists must better advocate for federal funding of basic scientific research by directly engaging with members of Congress. As a former congressional science fellow, the author observed similarities between the scientific process and policymaking process. Scientists are encouraged to explain their passion for their work and the importance of funding to elected officials through briefings, visits to congressional offices, and personal stories that resonate more than technical details. Personal advocacy from a diversity of scientists, especially early career researchers, can influence policymakers' decisions around science budgets.
This document provides information about CVs and cover letters for graduate students at Harvard University. It discusses the key components of a CV, including contact information, education, research experience, teaching experience, publications, presentations, honors and awards, and references. It offers formatting tips and emphasizes tailoring the CV to the specific position or audience. CVs for graduate students are typically 2-5 pages. The document also notes that cover letters are another important part of the application package and should highlight the applicant's relevant qualifications and interest in the opportunity.
This document outlines best practices for addressing conflict and food insecurity. It defines conflict and food security, and explains how the two are often interconnected. Conflict can destroy agricultural resources and displace people, leading to food insecurity, while food insecurity itself can be a cause of conflict. The document recommends using food aid as an entry point for resolving conflict in fragile areas, while also promoting long-term agricultural investments, early warning systems, and contingency planning to build resilience against future crises. Adaptation to climate change, increased research and extension services, and cautious use of technologies like biotechnology are also suggested for improving food security in conflict-prone regions.
Elymárcia Primo é uma consultora de marketing autônoma com formação superior em marketing. Ela tem experiência em marketing digital, redes sociais e consultoria para pequenas empresas como Lojas Tippo e Descolada Modas.
O documento discute a importância da atmosfera de compra e como criá-la em uma loja. Ele explica que a atmosfera de compra influencia em 81% das decisões de compra dos consumidores e que elementos como comunicação visual, cores, iluminação, som, aroma, tato, paladar e atendimento ao cliente devem ser considerados para estimular as compras.
This document describes ShakePatch, an Android app created by Team Triumphant Troop. ShakePatch focuses on earthquake safety and aims to provide emergency help, safety precautions and training, real-time earthquake updates worldwide, and a way to report cracks in buildings or infrastructure. It offers unique features like safety preparation documents and videos, quizzes, and games to practice quick decision making during earthquakes. The team's business plan is to initially offer the app for free and later introduce yearly subscriptions or advertisements on the training materials. Their goal is to engage international organizations working on earthquake safety and help users remain prepared for earthquakes.
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
Stress of Environmental Pollution on Zooplanktons and theirComparative Studi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes a study of zooplankton biodiversity in two reservoirs in Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu, India from December 2014 to November 2015. A total of 24 zooplankton species were found in the Kelavarapalli reservoir, including 9 rotifer, 7 cladoceran, 5 copepod, and 3 ostracod species. The Krishnagiri reservoir contained 20 species total, with 8 rotifer, 5 cladoceran, 4 copepod, and 3 ostracod species. Rotifers made up the largest percentage of species in both reservoirs, at 36% in Kelavarapalli and 39% in Krishnagiri. Zooplankton
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Emily Shultz-Optimized Seperation of Estuarin Plankton to Determine Associati...Emily Shultz, M.S.
1. The study developed and optimized a method for separating estuarine plankton using a freshwater plankton separator to quantify associations between Vibrio species and different plankton.
2. Results showed the optimal separation time with the least cross-contamination between phytoplankton and zooplankton was between 30-40 minutes.
3. Determining the relationships between plankton species and Vibrio populations could help predict disease outbreaks from contaminated shellfish and inform monitoring of coastal waters.
Study of Zooplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Shahjangi Pond of Bha...ijtsrd
The present study was conducted in Shahjangi Pond of Bhagalpur District of Bihar during April 2021 to March 2022. Zooplanktonic abundance and diversity were determined by using standard method. The principal aim of this study was to study more about the swamps overall zooplankton diversity. Water samples were collected using zooplankton net and preserved with formalin aqueous solution of formaldehyde and 5 neutral buffer 10 ml on the spot, then brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Totally 21 species of zooplankton of four different classes were recorded rotifer, cladocera, copepod and ostracoda in which Rotifera was the most dominant class followed by the cladocera, copepoda and ostracoda. From total 21 genera 10 were belongs to Rotifera, 6 from cladocera, 3 from copepoda and 2 from ostracoda. Shannon Weaver index were employed to analysis the species diversity. Priyama Kumari | Dr. Ashok Kumar Thakur "Study of Zooplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Shahjangi Pond of Bhagalpur, Bihar (India)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49809.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/49809/study-of-zooplankton-abundance-and-species-diversity-in-shahjangi-pond-of-bhagalpur-bihar-india/priyama-kumari
International Biodiversity Conferencer 2012 AbstractD Kannan
This document contains summaries of two studies presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity & Sustainable Energy Development in Hyderabad, India in September 2012. The first study examined the community structure and distribution of mesozooplankton in the coastal waters of the Indian Sundarban mangrove wetland over time. Copepods dominated the zooplankton and correlation and regression analyses identified factors influencing their distribution. The second study analyzed water quality and macro vegetation diversity in two springs in Madurai, India impacted by different levels of human activity to determine the effects on ecological health. Water quality was poorer and diversity lower in the spring with greater human influence.
A MULTI WATER QUALITY PARAMETER STUDIES FORM VELLAR RIVER, TAMIL NADUIAEME Publication
In recent days, environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic input into rivers has become a serious problem. Studies on physiochemical characteristics of water on major rivers in Tamil Nadu have been done. However, minor rivers such as Vellar have less attention. At the same time, studies on microbial diversity are useful for environmental monitoring. In this regard, we collected samples from the Vellar River to examine physiochemical characters and microbial diversity to understand the present state of the river. The result shows that physiochemical characters (pH, Temperature, Salinity, TDS, and EC) are varied spatially. Whereas, the microbial diversity studies suggest that the most of water samples contact with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria’s (Escherichia coli, streptococcus, salmonella typhi, bacillus sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal diversity. The overall result suggests that the water quality of the Vellar River is classified in the D (poor) category. This is an alarming situation and immediate mitigative actions are needed.
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
Diversity of Molluscan communities in Kondakarla Freshwater Lake, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Amaravathi D*, P S Raja Sekhar, Rama Rao K
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.1.5
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
This document proposes a case study to monitor water quality in Vembanad Lake using remote sensing, modeling, and field observations. Vembanad Lake is an ecologically important water body in Kerala, India that has experienced increased pollution and disease outbreaks from development. The study aims to identify reservoirs of pathogenic vibrios like V. cholerae in the lake, understand their seasonal and spatial variation, and develop models to forecast disease outbreaks. Researchers will use remote sensing, field measurements, laboratory experiments, statistical modeling, and citizen science with local volunteers. The goals are to generate risk maps of outbreak areas, make recommendations to reduce pathogens and prevent disease, and engage communities through education programs.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Macrobenthic community-structure--an-approach-to-assess-coastal-water-polluti...Md. Monjurul Hasan
A research on the assemblages of benthic macro faunal community in the coastal areas of Bangladesh was
conducted during February-March, 2015 following the standard methods to assess the status of environmental
pollution. The abundance (r=0.846) and species richness (r=0.864) of the macrobenthic communities were
signifcantly influenced by the water salinity of the sampling sites (p ≤ 0.05). Both the study areas namely the
Bakkhali River Estuary and the Meghna River Estuary showing the highest (3909 ± 540 ind./m2) and lowest (2236
± 689 ind./m2) density of benthic macrofaunal abundance respectively might be considered as moderately polluted
areas according to the results obtained from Shannon-Wiener index of species diversity (2.69 ± 0.13 and 2.00 ± 0.11
respectively) and Margalef’s species richness (2.21 ± 0.43 and 1.36 ± 0.11 respectively). Therefore, it is plausible
that the macrobenthic community explained in the present study might be a key future outline to assess the status of
coastal water pollution of those concerned areas of Bangladesh.
Distribution of macrozoobenthos in river narmada near water intake pointAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the distribution of macrozoobenthos in the River Narmada near a water intake point in India. Five sampling stations were established along the river reach. A total of 35 taxa from 3 phyla were identified. The highest diversity was found at the upstream station I with 31 species identified. Diversity decreased at stations closer to the water intake point, with only 9 species identified at station III in front of the intake. This loss in macrozoobenthos distribution near the water intake point indicates that the ecological conditions are degrading due to the impact of the water intake infrastructure on the river habitat. In conclusion, the study shows that the water intake point is altering the riverine habitat and
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Inventory of the aquatic macrophytes in lake kharungpat, indiaAlexander Decker
This study surveyed the aquatic plant species in Lake Kharungpat in India. A total of 54 species from 28 families were found. The plants were grouped as submerged (7 species), floating leaves (6 species), free floating (8 species), or emergent (33 species). The most common species were Alternanthera philoxeroides, Azolla pinnata, Brachiaria mutica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia crassipes, Enhydra fluctuans, Hygroryza aristata, Ludwigia adscendens, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia cucullata and Zizania lat
Monitoring of pollution using density, biomass and diversity indices of macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations
along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran [Raigad], Navi Mumbai, west coast of India
from April 2009 to March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were
identified comprising of gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps.
Higher values of density, biomass and diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than
the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro
benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking
depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust [JNPT], hectic activities of Container Freight
Stations [CFS], and other port wastes. This study reveals that macro benthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of
Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Monitoring of pollution using density, biomass and diversity indices of macro...
water quality
1. Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net
The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, 6, 1-9 1
1875-0400/14 2014 Bentham Open
Open Access
Water Quality Assessment of Valapattanam River Basin in Kerala, India,
using Macro-Invertebrates as Biological Indicators
Puthenveedu Sadasivan Pillai Harikumar*
, Radhakrishnan Deepak and Ayarkode Ramachandran
Sabitha
Water Quality Division, Centre for Water Resources development and Management, Kunnamangalam, Kozhikode-
673571, Kerala, India
Abstract: Biomonitoring is a valuable assessment tool that is receiving increased use in water quality monitoring pro-
grams of all types. The study was to identify the freshwater Benthic Macro-invertebrates and to find out the biological wa-
ter quality using BWQC developed by Central Pollution Control Board (New Delhi) in Valapattanam River, Kerala origi-
nating from Brahmagiri of Western Ghats. A total of 408 individuals belonging to 20 genera and 14 families were col-
lected from the five stations of the River Valapattanam during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon periods.
Chironomus sps a pollution tolerant species were present in most of the stations showing high degree of organic pollution.
The downstream stations showed moderate pollution during pre and post monsoon seasons and slight improvement during
monsoon. The water quality of the Valapattanam River was deteriorated by sewage effluents and agricultural activities,
diminishing the abundance of aquatic insects and macro-invertebrates.
Keywords: Benthic Macro-invertebrates, Biological indicators, Biological monitoring, Biological Water Quality Criteria
(BWQC), Pollution.
INTRODUCTION
River water pollution is a major global problem. Biologi-
cal indicators are species used to monitor the health of an
environment or ecosystem. A biological approach to water
quality monitoring incorporates the use of stream organisms
themselves as a basis for pollution detection. Biological
monitoring or bio monitoring, is the use of biological re-
sponse to assess changes in the environment, generally
changes due to anthropogenic causes [1]. Bio monitoring
programs may be qualitative, semi quantitative or quantita-
tive. Bio-monitoring is a valuable assessment tool that is
receiving increased use in water quality monitoring pro-
grams of all type [2]. Benthic macro- invertebrates are the
most popular and commonly used group of fresh water or-
ganisms in assessing water quality [3]. Benthic macro inver-
tebrates have a sedentary and long life span, sensitive com-
munity response to organic loading, thermal impacts, sub-
strate alteration and toxic pollution [4]. They are regarded as
the most informative bio indicators of water pollution.
Macro invertebrates and water quality are interrelated to
each other, as macro invertebrates are a potential indicator of
water quality [5]. They are most frequently used in bio moni-
toring studies because the responses of macro invertebrates
to organic and inorganic pollution have been extensively
documented [6, 7]. They have sensitive life stages that
*Address correspondence to this author at the Scientist and Head Water
Quality Division, Centre for Water Resources development and Manage-
ment, Kunnamangalam, Kozhikode-673571, Kerala, India;
Tel: 919847781444; E-mail: drpshari@yahoo.co.in
respond to stress and integrate effects of both short-term and
long-term environmental stressors [8] and that they are im-
portant areas for maintaining biodiversity [9, 10]. The ben-
thic macro invertebrate population may vary in time and
space and their diversity within a certain area are clearly
related to fertility and productivity of overlying water [11].
The Kerala State is blessed with 44 Rivers, however
many of these are under threat due to anthropological activi-
ties like encroachment, sand mining, degradation of river
banks, construction of bunds across the rivers and pollution.
According to the report on “Environmental monitoring pro-
gramme on water quality, 2012” by Kerala State council for
Science, Technology and Environment, most of the rivers in
Kerala shows evidences of organic pollution and biota is
facing stress because of this [12]. Valapattanam River is the
largest River in the Kannur District. It originates from the
Brahmagiri of Western Ghats of Kodagu and discharge to
the Arabian Sea, near Azheekal. The length of main stream
is 110 km. Srikandapuram, Valiyapuzha, Venipuzha and
Aralampuzha are the main Tributaries of Valapattanam
River. Valapattanam River is well known for its wood-based
industries. Valapattanam is also a famous fishing harbour as
well as the main source of the irrigation project (Pazhassi
Dam) in the district. Considerable number of human popula-
tion depends on this river for their daily livelihood. A total of
5 sampling stations (Fig. 1) were selected for the biological
analysis during three different seasons ie pre monsoon (Feb-
ruary- May), monsoon (June -September) and post monsoon
(October - January) seasons. The major objective of the
study was to identify and use fresh water Benthic Macro-
invertebrates in Valapattanam River to assess the biological
2. 2 The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 Harikumar et al.
water quality using BWQC developed by Central Pollution
Control Board (New Delhi).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sediment samples were collected from Valapattanam
River basin during three seasons (pre-monsoon, Monsoon
and post-monsoon) using standard procedure prescribed by
Central pollution Control Board (CPCB, 1999) [13]. The
detail of the sampling stations is given in Table 1. Sediment
samples were collected with Ekman dredge and benthic
macro-invertebrates was soon filtered through the sieves of
mesh size 0.5mm and 0.2mm and preserved in 5 % formal-
dehyde, sorted and identified using standard keys [14, 15].
To assess the actual health of water bodies, Central pollu-
tion Control Board (CPCB, (1999) has derived a Biological
Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) for water quality evaluation
(Table 2). This system is based on the range of saprobic val-
ues and diversity of the benthic macro-invertebrate families
with respect to water quality. Saprobic score method in-
volves a quantitative inventory of the presence of Macro-
Invertebrate benthic fauna up to family level of taxonomic
precision. All possible families having saprobic indicator
value are classified on a score scale of 1 to 10 according to
the preference for saprobic water quality. The saprobic
scores of all the families are to produce Bio-Monitoring
Working Party (BMWP) index. The families which are more
sensitive to pollution have been assigned scores of 10 while
the most pollution tolerant families have been assigned
scores of 1 and 2.
Abundance scale:
A = single (one individual)
B = scarce (2-10 individuals)
C = common (10-50 individuals)
D = abundant (50-100 individuals)
E = excessive (more than 100 individuals or only one
species)
The diversity score is the ratio of the total number of dif-
ferent animals (runs) and the total number of organisms en-
countered. The ratio of diversity has a value between 0 and
1. Diversity score method involves a pair-wise comparison
of sequentially encountered individuals, and the differences
of two specimens can easily be observed up to species level,
no taxonomic skill is required. First observed animal is al-
ways different and scored as 1 run. When the next observed
is different from the last, a new run starts. The encounter of
an individual which cannot be discerned from the last does
not increment the number of runs.
Saprobic score = Grand total multiplied score / Grand to-
tal number of families encountered
Fig. (1). Map of Valapatanam River basin showing the sampling locations.
3. Water Quality Assessment of Valapattanam River Basin The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 3
Diversity score = Number of runs / Number of organisms
To indicate changes in water quality to different grades
of pollution level, the entire taxonomic groups with their
range of saprobic score from 1 to 10, in combination with the
range of diversity score from 0 to 1 has been classified into
five different classes of water quality. The abnormal combi-
nation of saprobic score and diversity score indicates sudden
change in environment conditions.
RESULTS
The benthic community which was identified during
three seasons is shown in Table 3.
A total of 408 individuals belonging to 20 genera and 14
families were collected from the five stations of the River
Valapattanam during pre monsoon, monsoon and post mon-
soon periods. The highest diversity of benthic macro- inver-
tebrates was noticed in the station near Aralam Bridge and
the lowest diversity was reported in the downstream station
during pre monsoon season. Macro invertebrates belonging
to orders Tricoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Co-
leoptera, Hemiptera, Neotaenioglossa and Hygrophila were
encountered. During the present study, Ephemeroptera was
the most diverse with families Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerel-
lidae, Baetidae, and Heptageniidae. Tricoptera, Diptera and
Coleoptera had two families each. One family each from the
other orders Odonata, Hemiptera. Neotaenioglossa, Hygro-
phila were also observed. The most dominant genera of
Ephemeroptera were Megaglena and Baetes. For Diptera
Chironomus were the only representatives. Tricoptera genera
were dominated by Potamya and Hydropsychae. Coleoptera
was dominated by Dryops larvae and Odonata by Paragom-
phus. The presence of Baetis, (Ephemeroptera), Paragom-
phus (Odonata), Macrostemum, Hydropsychae, (Tricoptera)
and Dryops (Coleoptera) were quite predominant, since
many species of Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Tricoptera and
Coleoptera show morphological and/or behavioral adaptation
for attachment to surfaces of stones or other substrates be-
tween short bursts of swimming [16].
Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC), based on the
range of saprobic and diversity values of the benthic macro
invertebrate families were displayed for the five sampling
stations is in Table 4. At Aralam Bridge the river water qual-
ity decreased from pre monsoon to post monsoon. Here
saprobic score and diversity score had negative correlation
(-0.99). While Vallithode Bridge showed a lower saprobic
value during pre monsoon, when compared to the value ob-
tained during monsoon and post monsoon. Diversity score
was also higher during the pre monsoon (0.60), with respect
to monsoon (0.50). The scores were in negative correlation
(-0.60) here as well but water quality was improved from pre
monsoon to post monsoon. Remaining three downstream
stations showed similar trend in water quality i.e. only slight
improvement during monsoon and back to same condition at
post monsoon which may be due to a higher flow rate and
flooding nature of the river during monsoon. Saprobic scores
Table 1. Details of sampling locations along the river course.
Sampling
Code
Sampling Station Latitude Longitude Details
1 Aralam bridge 11º59.637’ 75º40.589’ Mixed vegetation
2 Vallithode Bridge 12º01.736’ 75º42.990’
Mixing point Kundurpuzha with the river the
river from Koottupuzha.
3 Near Kottiyoor Temple 11º52.422’ 75º59.974’
One side of the river is forest, highly faecal
contaminated.
4 Munambukadavu bridge 11º58.737’ 75º30.278’
Mixing point of Sreekandapuram river with the
main stream, Plantation area.
5 Valapattanam Bridge 11º55.802’ 75º21.183’
Dense Mangrove Vegetation. Township area,
industries and wood factories near the shore.
Table 2. Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC).
Sl No Range of Saprobic Score Range of Diversity Score Water Quality Water Quality Class Indicator Colour
1 7 and more 0.2-1.0 Clean A Blue
2 6-7 0.5-1.0 Slight Pollution B Light Blue
3 3-6 0.3-0.9 Moderate Pollution C Green
4 2-5 0.4-less Heavy Pollution D Orange
5 0-2 0-0.2 Severe Pollution E Red
4. 4 The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 Harikumar et al.
Table 3. Benthic community identified in Valapattanam River Basin.
Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Rhyachophilidae Himalopsyche sps
Potamya sps
Cheumatopsyche sps
Polymorphan sps
Macrostemum sps
Tricoptera
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsychae sps
Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus larvae
Habrophlebiodes sps
Leptophlebiidae
Megaglena sps
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sps
Baetidae Baetis sps
Ephemeroptera
Heptageniidae Epeorus sps
Paragomphus sps
Odonata Gomphidae
Leptogomphus sps
Dryopidae Dryops larvae
Coleoptera
Psephenidae Psephenoidinae sps
Arthropoda Insecta
Hemiptera Belastomatidae Sphaerodema sps
Neotaenioglossa Thiaridae Melanoides sps
Mollusca Gastropoda
Hygrophila Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sps
Table 4. Biological water quality of Valapattanam River during pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons.
Name of the Stations Season Saprobic Score Diversity Score Water Quality Water Quality Class
Pre monsoon 7.00 0.39 Clean A
Monsoon 6.15 0.51 Slight pollution BAralam bridge
Post monsoon 6.15 0.50 Slight pollution B
Pre monsoon 3.00 0.60 Moderate pollution C
Monsoon 6.56 0.50 Slight pollution BVallithode Bridge
Post monsoon 6.89 0.58 Slight pollution B
Pre monsoon 5.00 0.43 Moderate pollution C
Monsoon 6.20 0.75 Slight pollution BNear Kottiyoor Temple
Post monsoon 6.00 0.47 Moderate pollution C
Pre monsoon 5.38 0.35 Moderate pollution C
Monsoon 6.11 0.72 Slight pollution BMunambukadavu bridge
Post monsoon 5.56 0.33 Moderate pollution C
Pre monsoon 5.70 0.30 Moderate pollution C
Monsoon 6.00 0.67 Slight pollution BValapattaanam Bridge
Post monsoon 5.91 0.41 Moderate pollution C
5. Water Quality Assessment of Valapattanam River Basin The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 5
Table 5. Abundance of benthic macro invertebrates.
Pre Mon Post
Stations Family Genus Name
N A N A N A
Rhyachophilidae Himalopsyche sps 5 B 2 B 1 A
Potamya sps 8 B 1 A 1 A
Cheumatopsyche sps 1 A 2 B 2 B
Polymorphan sps 1 A 1 A 3 B
Macrostemum sps 1 A 2 B 3 B
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsychae sps 4 B 1 A 4 B
Chironomidae Chironomus larvae - - 1 A 3 B
Habrophlebiodes sps 1 A 3 B 1 A
Leptophlebiidae
Megaglena sps - - 4 B 1 A
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sps - - 2 B 1 A
Baetidae Baetis sps - - 3 B 1 A
Heptageniidae Epeorus sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Paragomphus sps - - 2 B 3 B
Gomphidae
Leptogomphus sps - - 3 B 3 B
Dryopidae Dryops larvae - - 2 B 3 B
Psephenidae Psephenoidinae sps - - 2 B 2 B
Thiaridae Melanoides sps - - 2 B 2 B
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Aralam Bridge
Belastomatidae Sphaerodema sps - - 2 B 2 B
Rhyachophilidae Himalopsyche sps - - 8 B 1 A
Potamya sps 4 B 1 A 4 B
Cheumatopsyche sps - - 1 A 1 A
Polymorphan sps - - 2 B 1 A
Macrostemum sps - - 1 A 1 A
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsychae sps 2 B 2 B 2 B
Chironomidae Chironomus larvae - - 2 B - -
Habrophlebiodes sps 1 A 2 B 1 A
Leptophlebiidae
Megaglena sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sps - - 1 A 2 B
Baetidae Baetis sps 1 A 2 B 1 A
Heptageniidae Epeorus sps - - 2 B 5 B
Paragomphus sps - - 2 B 2 B
Vallithode Bridge
Gomphidae
Leptogomphus sps - - - - - -
6. 6 The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 Harikumar et al.
Table 5. contd…
Pre Mon Post
Stations Family Genus Name
N A N A N A
Dryopidae Dryops larvae - - - - 1 A
Psephenidae Psephenoidinae sps - - - - - -
Thiaridae Melanoides sps - - - - - -
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Belastomatidae Sphaerodema sps - - - - - -
Rhyachophilidae Himalopsyche sps - - 1 A 1 A
Potamya sps 5 B 1 A 5 B
Cheumatopsyche sps - - - - 1 A
Polymorphan sps - - - - - -
Macrostemum sps - - 1 A - -
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsychae sps 2 B - - 2 B
Chironomidae Chironomus larvae 2 B - - 8 B
Habrophlebiodes sps - - - - - -
Leptophlebiidae
Megaglena sps 1 A 3 B 1 A
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sps - - - - 1 A
Baetidae Baetis sps 1 A - - 1 A
Heptageniidae Epeorus sps - - - - - -
Paragomphus sps - - - - - -
Gomphidae
Leptogomphus sps - - - - 1 A
Dryopidae Dryops larvae - - - - 1 A
Psephenidae Psephenoidinae sps - - - - 1 A
Thiaridae Melanoides sps 1 A 1 A 5 B
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sps 2 B 1 A 0
Near KottiyoorTemple
Belastomatidae Sphaerodema sps - - - - 4 B
Rhyachophilidae Himalopsyche sps - - - - 1 A
Potamya sps 4 B - - - -
Cheumatopsyche sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Polymorphan sps 2 B 1 A 2 B
Macrostemum sps 4 B 2 B 4 B
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsychae sps 6 B 1 A 6 B
Chironomidae Chironomus larvae 4 B 1 A 4 B
Habrophlebiodes sps 2 B 1 A 2 B
Leptophlebiidae
Megaglena sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Munambukadavu
Bridge
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sps - - 1 A - -
7. Water Quality Assessment of Valapattanam River Basin The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 7
Table 5. contd….
Pre Mon Post
Stations Family Genus Name
N A N A N A
Baetidae Baetis sps 4 B 5 B 5 B
Heptageniidae Epeorus sps - - - - - -
Paragomphus sps - - - - - -
Gomphidae
Leptogomphus sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Dryopidae Dryops larvae 1 A 1 A 1 A
Psephenidae Psephenoidinae sps - - 1 A - -
Thiaridae Melanoides sps 4 B 1 A 7 B
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sps 3 B - - 4 B
Belastomatidae Sphaerodema sps - - - - - -
Rhyachophilidae Himalopsyche sps 1 A - - 1 A
Potamya sps 9 B - - 5 B
Cheumatopsyche sps 5 B - - - -
Polymorphan sps 3 B - - - -
Macrostemum sps 2 B - - 1 A
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsychae sps 5 B - - 1 A
Chironomidae Chironomus larvae 2 B 1 A 5 B
Habrophlebiodes sps 2 B 1 A 2 B
Leptophlebiidae
Megaglena sps 9 B - - 4 B
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sps - - - - 2 B
Baetidae Baetis sps 5 B 5 B 5 B
Heptageniidae Epeorus sps - - 1 A - -
Paragomphus sps 1 A 1 A 1 A
Gomphidae
Leptogomphus sps 1 A - - - -
Dryopidae Dryops larvae 4 B 1 A - -
Psephenidae Psephenoidinae sps 1 A - - 1 A
Thiaridae Melanoides sps 3 B 1 A 1 A
Lymnaeidae Lymnaea sps 2 B 1 A 4 B
Valapattanam Bridge
Belastomatidae Sphaerodema sps 1 A - - 1 A
Abundance of benthic macro invertebrates
N- No:of organisms A- Abundance Pre-Pre monsoon Mon-Monsoon Post-Post monsoon
and diversity scores of these stations were positively corre-
lated (+0.71, +0.96 & +0.90 respectively).
DISCUSSION
The water quality of Valapattanam River appears to have
deteriorated as a result of various anthropogenic and local
land uses. Since the River originates from the Western Ghats
(Western Ghats or the Sahyadri constitute a mountain range
along the western side of India. It is a UNESCO World Heri-
tage Site and is one of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biologi-
cal diversity in the world) considered to be a protected re-
gion under the Reserve Forest Area, the quality of upstream
water implies to be excellent in nature. The upstream station
8. 8 The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal, 2014, Volume 6 Harikumar et al.
Aralam was found to be slightly polluted in both monsoon
and post monsoon season. Vallithode was also not clean.
This sector can be influenced by the discharge of domestic
effluent and by community bathing. Interestingly during pre-
monsoon, Aralam was clean while Vallithode was found to
be polluted and these were respectively the maximum and
minimum saprobic scores obtained in the study. This indi-
cates that Aralam is comparatively less influenced by human
activities when compared to Vallithode. Abundance of ben-
thic macro invertebrates is depicted in Table 5. As the station
near Kottiyoor temple, Chironomus sps were abundant dur-
ing pre and post monsoon seasons indicating the low oxygen
conditions at the bottom of the river as a result of high de-
gree of organic degradation. This species was observed in
pre and post-monsoon surveys only. It is reported that the
abundance of this pollution tolerant species of benthic fauna
in Neyyar River in both these seasons is a clear indication of
organic contamination and the enrichment of organic matter
in the river bed [17]. This stream near temple being a pilgrim
spot attracts pilgrims during the monsoon season resulting in
pollution of streams with organic waste. The species was
recorded only when the stream was moderately polluted.
Due to the increase in flow of the stream during monsoon,
pollution level seems to decrease slightly and water quality
improved and impact of monsoon pilgrimage became evi-
dent only during post monsoon where water again became
moderately polluted.
Downstream stations such as Munambukadavu Bridge
and Valapattanam Bridge also reported similar trend.ie mod-
erate pollution during pre and post monsoon seasons and
slight improvement during monsoon. The tolerant species of
Tricoptera are usually associated with highly polluted water.
So the presence of Macrostemum sps at Munambukadavu
Bridge and Valapattanam Bridge indicates the pollution of
water. Caddis fly occur in most type of fresh water habitats:
spring streams and seepage areas, rivers, lakes, marshes and
temporary pools [18]. The Tricoptera and Diptera have the
capability to adapt to varied aquatic habitats due to their ex-
tra ordinary structural organization [19-21]. The degraded
quality of water affects macro invertebrates by eliminating
many of them and those remain will be abundant due to ei-
ther decreased competition or increased tolerance [22]. The
highest diversity of benthic macro invertebrates were noticed
in Valappatanam bridge during pre monsoon season.
All the stations except Aralam showed an improvement
in water quality during monsoon.ie pollution level decreased
from moderate to slight. This may be due to the flood oc-
curred as a result of series of landslides in the upstream areas
of the river during the period of study. More pollution sensi-
tive genera were observed during the monsoon season, this
might be due to the high flow rate and the dilution. The im-
pact of landslide was observed more at Aralam, an upstream
station. Population of some of the common benthic organ-
isms decreased. This might be due to the washing away of
benthic forms or logging in and clumping of organic sub-
stances reached in the river from uphill areas during land-
slide occurred in Aralam.
Aralam and Vallithode were the stations which showed
considerable change in water quality during the complete
period of study. At Aralam saprobic score was reduced and
diversity score was increased from premonsoon to monso-
on indicating an increase in number and diversity of pollu-
tiontolerant organisms. At Vallithode reverse phenomena
happened i.e. number of pollution sensitive organisms in-
creased.
One of the major environmental problems faced by the
rivers of Kerala is due to the disposal of untreated municipal
sewage. This may result in the organic pollution of the rivers
[17]. Biological water Quality assessment of Karamana
River by using benthic macro invertebrates, Southern Kerala,
India found that the water quality showed a sudden decline
as the river heaves towards the discharge site [23]. The up-
stream stations Kottiyoor showed similar trend as down-
stream stations regarding the biological quality. This might
be because of high influence of rain and other climatic fac-
tors in northern part of Kerala during the period of study.
CONCLUSION
Various anthropogenic activities are showing its impacts
on the water quality of Valapattanam River. Upstream sta-
tions Aralam and Vallithode showed fluctuations in macro-
invertebrate diversity and biological water quality. Kottiyur
and downstream stations Munambukadavu and Valapat-
tanam Bridge showed moderate pollution and diminishing
the abundance of sensitive organisms.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this article content has no con-
flicts of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Kerala State Council for Sci-
ence, Technology and Environment, Trivandrum, Kerala,
India for the financial support.
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