Essay On Evaluating The Beck Anxiety Inventory

Essay on Evaluating the Beck Anxiety Inventory
Evaluating the Beck Anxiety Inventory
The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a 21–item scale that measures the severity of self–reported anxiety in
adults and adolescents. The inventory was created by Aaron T. Beck and his colleague, Robert A.
Steer, at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry. The most recent edition was published in 1993 by The Psychological
Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company in San Antonio, TX. The first edition was published in
1988. The 1993 edition recommends different scoring guidelines than previous editions. There is
only one form and one manual as part of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). To purchase the BAI in
2010, the manual and 25 scoring sheets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The items of the BAI were drawn from three earlier self–report instruments that measured various
aspects of anxiety. The BAI was developed with adult psychiatric outpatients and the manual
recommends using caution with other clinical populations.
Reliability
The manual discusses internal consistency and test–retest in terms of reliability. Internal consistency
is measuring how scores on individual items relate to each other or to the test as a whole. In two
subsample studies, high internal consistency was found. In the first study, with a mixed sample of
160 outpatients, Beck, Epstein et al. (1988) reported that the BAI had high internal consistency
reliability (Cronbach coefficient alpha = .92), and Fydrich et al. found a slightly higher level of
internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .94). This means that the items on the BAI are all
measuring the same variable, anxiety. Test–retest is testing for a relationship between a score from
one test given at two different opportunities. A sample of 83 outpatients from the Beck, Epstein et
al. study completed the BAI one week after their initial intake evaluation and before starting
cognitive therapy. The correlation between intake and one–week BAI scores was .75 (p < .001).
This means that the patient's responses were consistent from the first test to the second test a week
later.
Validity
The manual considers five types of validity: content, concurrent, construct,
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Mother Infant Dyads Completed All Aspects Of The Study Essay
Method
Twenty–four mother–infant dyads completed all aspects of the study. Of those 24, 18 were
Caucasian, 22 were married, eight of them had an annual family income of $50,000 to $74,999, and
seven had an annual family income of over $100,000. Also 16 of the participating mothers had a
graduate degree. Not only is the sample size very small, but the demographics of the mothers is
greatly disproportionate. With the majority of mothers being caucasian, educated, middle class,
married women, the sample size does not accurately represent the majority of the population who
lives in relative poverty and cannot afford to seek help. About half of the mothers had a history of
depression and were taking or had just started taking antidepressant medication when they first
enrolled. Considering the size of the sample, all the mothers should have been either prescription
drug users, or not, but not both. Prescription drug treatment for any depression significantly changes
perceptions of mood, skewing the results, and there is not enough women in the study to make a
concise prognosis.
To assess the mothers' postpartum psychiatric difficulties the Postpartum Depression Screening
Scale (PDSS; Beck & Gable, 2000) was used. Prior to treatment, mothers completed a self–report
questionnaire packed comprised of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993), the
Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI–SF; Abidin, 1995), and the Maternal Self–Report
Inventory–Short Form (MSI–SF; Shea &

Causes Of Aggression In Patients With Dementia
The research illustrates the sociological imagination by understanding how to examine causes that
predict signs of aggression in patients with dementia. The study of a group of patients with dementia
by reviewing factors that signal aggression and develop a plan of action to prevent aggression and
without the use of medications. Those suffering from dementia can exhibit aggressive behavior and
pose challenges for caregivers. The study consisted of a hundred seventy one Veterans sixty years of
age or older with a newly diagnosis of dementia. Those participating had not displayed any
aggression following the diagnosis and the caregivers would take part in the study. The longitudinal
study time frame was twenty four months and the data was ... Show more content on
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The Ryden scale was a tool used into continue to assess aggressive behavior. The study used the
Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory to assess aggression and agitation along with nonaggression
agitation. Dementia was evaluated by using the Dementia Rating Scale and assessing depression the
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression along with measuring pain by using the Philadelphia
Geriatric Center Pain Intensity Scale. The relationship of the caregiver was evaluated based using
the Mutuality Scale, which measure the quality of their relationship and the Burden Interview
measure the how the caregiver's were impacted by the care needed by the participant. The time to
aggression onset was the outcome variable. The data used to calculated change over time was the
baseline observation data and the last know observation data collected. This information was used to
calculate the linear slope in the study with regards to change. The observed baseline measurements
included psychosocial variables, nonaggressive physical agitation, patient–caregiver mutuality and
nonaggressive physical agitation. A time of event variable was the time to the beginning of
aggression. In conclusion the following factors agitation, depression, patient–caregivers relationship
declining, worsening pain, high levels of burden of caregivers were found to be directly increase
risk of aggression. Depression and the severity of dementia were indirectly related to the beginning
of aggression. The correlation of time and increasing nonaggressive physical agitation was separate
of the relationship between psychosocial measures and the beginning of

The Effects Of Bright Light Therapy On Improvement Of...
The Effects of Bright Light Therapy on Improvement of Postpartum Depression
Significance of Problem Estimates of the prevalence of postpartum depression range from 13% to
19% (O 'Hara & McCabe, 2013). However, major depressive episodes may go undiagnosed in 65%
of pregnant women ( (Ko, Farr, Dietz, & Robbins, 2012). It is important for pregnant women and
new mothers to undergo depression screening to be diagnosed and treated early if they are
experiencing any symptoms of depression. Depression during pregnancy is associated with a higher
risk of inadequate nutrition, poor weight gain, inadequate prenatal care, preterm birth, surgical birth
and low birth weight babies (Wirz–Justice, et al., 2011). The newborns have a higher rate of
neonatal intensive care admissions and increased risk of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
disorders (Wirz–Justice, et al., 2011). The current methods of treatment for postpartum depression
include antidepressant medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants, and/or psychotherapy.
However, there is a certain amount of risk when taken during pregnancy and lactation. These
medications are a pregnancy category C and SSRIs, have been shown to have a slight risk of heart
and lung birth defects (Reefhuis, Devine, Friedman, Louik, & Honein, 2015). In breastfeeding
mothers, all psychiatric medications are secreted in breastmilk, and some

Effect Of Vrikshasanas On Depression
ABSTRACT Topic: Effect of (vrikshasana) on depression patients. Aim: To measure the depression
levels Before and after vrikshasana yogasanas. Objective: To determine whether Yogasanas can
cause changes in depression level. INTRODUCTION : yoga is a physical,mental and spiritual
practices or disciplines which is originated in ancient India.There is a broad variety of yoga schools,
practices,goals and also for people to come out of their depression. People with more stress and
depression can undergo certain asanas for themselves to calm down and be in a normal posture.
Thus the effect of Vrikshasana may have an positive impact on depression people. MATERIALS
AND METHODS: 30 patients was chosen from yoga centre to study the depressive ... Show more
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Majority of study gives a positive effect of exercise on depression.[6]. Among the diagnoses that are
seen in CAM seekers, depression is most prevalent.[7] Reviews endorse a role for yoga among the
CAMs as an effective treatment in depressive disorder patients. [8].Yoga is a generic discipline that
is available as a recognized curriculum in standard college courses (example, a bachelor and post–
graduate degree in yoga). There is hence an option to use practices elucidated in traditional texts as
a generic yoga module in the treatment of selected ailments,depression being one[9]. This study is to
verify whether vrikshasana helps on depression people to come out of their heavy depression and to
avoid side effects due to long–period addiction of dosage so such alternate method can be

Medical And Surgical Treatment Of Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a skin disease where an individual loses their pigmentation when the pigment producing
cells are attacked and destroyed (AOCD, n.d.). Vitiligo is also known to be an auto–immune
disorder where certain white blood cells direct the destruction of the melanocyte (AOCD, n.d.).
Melanocytes are cells that give us our skin and hair color (AAOD, n.d.). Vitiligo affects any
individual no matter their ethnic origin or sex. Individuals often notice that they have the skin
disease before they reached the age of 20 which is often notice on individuals with darker skin.
Common areas that vitiligo would normally start would be on an individual's hands, feet, or face
(AOCD, n.d.).
Currently, there's no cure for vitiligo but there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Articles that involved foreign language and children were excluded from the search.
Search Strategy The systematic review was searched independently by one reviewer to find articles
related to vitiligo and depression. There was no primary focus for a particular country. There was
one particular database used to conduct the search which was google scholar. fig.1
Author(s) Country Objectives Methods Results
Al–Harbi, M (2012) Europe To study and classify depressive symptoms Self–administered
questionnaires 54 % were found to be depressed. Depression was more prevalent in single patients.
Branch and Layegh (2010) Iran Evaluate the degree of depression in vitiligo patients Beck
Depression Questionnaire 70 % was the prevalence rate of depression in individuals with vitiligo.
Chan et al. (2012) Asia Explore the level of depression in a group of vitiligo patients A descriptive
study 17.2% had been identified as depressed.
Maleki et al (2005) Iran Evaluate the prevalence and severity if depression in vitiligo patients
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Out of the 52 participants 24(46%) were depressed.
Zaki and Elbatrawy (2009) Egypt To detect the level of depression in patients with vitiligo Hamilton
Depression Rating Scale Depression was found in 33 % of the patients. Table 2.
Results The results for

Bipolar Disorder And Cognitive Functioning And Behavior
Bipolar Disorder and Impairments in Cognitive Functioning and Behavior Bipolar disorder is
behavior disorder that results in shifts of mood, lack of energy, low activity levels, and difficulty
performing day–to–day tasks. There are two types of Bipolar disorder. Bipolar 1 Disorder, is when
the primary symptom is manic, or cycling episodes of mania and depression. Bipolar 2 Disorder is
reoccurring depression alongside hypomanic episodes. Manic episodes are periods of elevated,
expansive, or irritable mood that may occur for at least a week. In contrast, depressive episodes are
intensely unhappy or hopeless states. Emotional and drastic changes from the individual's standard
behavior that may occur randomly are called mood episodes. These mood episodes are the reason
that bipolar disorder is sometimes referred to as manic–depressive illness. According to the National
Institute of Mental Health, symptoms during manic episodes include talking quickly, racing
thoughts, little sleep, inflated self esteem, and low attention spans. During depressive episodes,
individuals have diminished ability in remembering, indecisiveness, lack of energy to engage in
activities, reduced interest in activities, guilt, feeling valueless, and suicidal thoughts or sometimes
in extreme cases, attempts at suicide. Besides these common symptoms, researchers have found that
bipolar disorder may also cause memory dysfunctions, attention deficits, and learning problems. The
impairments in cognitive

Social Isolation: A Case Study
Contrary cases are clear examples of what is not the concept (Gilmartin, Grota, & Sousa, 2013). An
example of a contrary case of social isolation is the individual who loves to be to him or her self.
She enjoys being along, she is a loner and only limits her social interactions to the necissities. She is
not socially isolated becase she electively prefers to isolate herself for her own satisfaction and
peace of mind. When hospitalized she does not want any guess and or visotrs. She enjoys being
alone in her hospital room. Antecedents and Consequences Antecedents is defined as those events or
incidents that must occur or be in place prior to the occurrenct of the concept (Gilmartin, Grota, &
Sousa, 2013). Antecedents as it pertains to social isolation includes individual perception and
situational dimensions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequences of social isolation range from minor to major. Consequences includes but are not
limited to anxiety, depression, mood disturbances, anger, adverse health events, and mortality.
Empirical Referents Empirical referents are classes or categories of actual phenomena that by their
existene or presence demonstrate the occurrence of the concept itself (Gilmartin, Grota, & Sousa,
2013). No empirical referents of social isolation were found, but tools to assess the outcomes of
social isolation have been widely used. Loneliness, depression, anxiety, mood distrubance, and
anger have been assessed using instruments such as the University of California, Los Angeles
loneliness scale, the hospital anxiety and depression scale, the hamilton depression

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder
Introduction Bipolar disorder, commonly known as manic depression, is considered a serious mental
condition of the brain in which an individual alternates between feelings of depression and mania
(Craddock & Jones, 1999). Over 2.3 million United States adults or an estimate of 1% of the
population in a year are being affected by bipolar disorder (Jianfei, Patel, Li & Keck, 2010).
Different symptoms of this disorder include rapid speech, increase in activity or energy, denial, high
risk behavior, extreme distractibility and irritability, excessive excitement, a decrease sleep needed,
increase sex drive, and uncommonly poor judgment (Craddock & Jones, 1999). All these symptoms
may not be present in a patient with bipolar disorder, however, with severe case of the disorder, the
more likely more of the symptoms mentioned may occur. Fortunately, the disabling and intense
symptoms of bipolar disorder usually can be relived through various treatment involving
combinations of psychotherapy and medications. Bipolar disorder normally occurs in early
adulthood or late adolescence, but in some cases it starts early. Episodes of depression flare up in
the course of life, usually disrupting school, family, work, and social life. Thus, treatment to attain
and maintain a balanced state is exceedingly significant. Without treatment that is effective, the
disorder can result in suicide in about 20% of cases (Jianfei, Patel, Li & Keck, 2010). A variety of
research methods are being

Depression Causes
Causes and Preventions for Depression In Adolescence Tatyana Adkins English 1002 Professor
Mckay November 7th, 2017 Depression is a mental illness that can cause a person to feel sad, guilty,
lonely, and hopeless. Depression is a life threatening illness that is commonly unrecognized. Many
people are diagnosed with depression at a very young age. Things such as being bullied, not having
friends, or feeling unwanted can cause a person to suffer with depression. Whereas most people just
have depression and do not really understand why and do not have a reason for being sad.
Depression tends to be recognized during the teenage years and brushed off as if it is just a
transitioning phase. Most people do not realize their children have depression until it is too late. A
person's lifestyle can change greatly when they develop depression. Such as, when a person has
depression they tend to stop doing normal day activities, become unsocial, and give up on their life.
Depression is something that should be treated as soon as it is spotted and not pushed off. There are
many ways to prevent depression and to manage it. Preventing depression takes a lot of work, but
could save many lives in the end. There are many causes for depression, although some causes may
not be recognized until later on in life. Children can suffer with depression and not understand why
they have it. Later on in life they might look back and realize reasons to why they suffered with

Bipolar I Disorder Group And The Control Group
According to Dbsalliance.org. bipolar I disorder is characterized by one or more manic episodes or
mixed episodes and one or more major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder is the most severe
form of illness marked by extreme manic episodes (Types of Bipolar Disorder). In the experiment,
Understanding Creativity in Bipolar I Disorder, the experimenters hypothesized that bipolar I
disorder would be related to elevations of and greater variability in lifetime creative
accomplishment and divergent thinking In this experiment, there were two groups which were the
bipolar I disorder group and the control group. The experimenters examined if divergent thinking
within the bipolar group was related to positive affectivity, ambition, medication, or depressive and
manic symptom severity. They also examined if trait like levels of positive affectivity,
neurocognition and ambition were related to either divergent thinking or lifetime creative
accomplishment within bipolar disorder. In this experiment there were 62 participants that were
diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder and 50 control participants that had no diagnosis of a lifetime
mood disorder. The people that were participating were recruited from the Bay Area Community in
California. Everyone was fluent English speakers and ranged between 18 and 65 years old. Neither
with no history of brain injury or medical conditions of the central nervous system and no show of
impaired mental status or developmental disability. Every

Beck Depression Inventory
Beck Depression Inventory–II
Dependent Variable The main dependent variable in the study is depression level (continuous
dependent variable). In this paper, depression will be operationally defined as a score level of Beck
Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II).
Instrument to Measure Depression
The Title of the Instrument The title of the instrument is Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II).
Beck Depression Inventory II was developed by Aaron T. Beck (1996). Content of the instrument –
how many categories, items. The BDI–II is broadly utilized 21–item self–report inventory
measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults (Age 13 years and over) (Beck, Steer,
& Brown, 1996; Carmody, 2005).
Regarding types of items, patients choose statements to describe themselves in terms of the
following 21 areas: sadness, pessimism, past failure, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment
feelings, self– dislike, self–critics, suicidal thoughts or wishes, crying, agitation, loss of interest,
indecisiveness, worthlessness, loss of energy, changes in sleeping pattern, irritability, changes in
appetite, concentration difficulty, tiredness or fatigue, and loss of interest in sex (Beck, et al., 2004).
The patient response is rated on a 4–point Likert–type scale ranging from 0 to 3, based on the
severity of each item (Wang, Andrade, & Gorenstein, 2005).
Score the instrument – subscale score and total score. Each of the 21 items corresponding to a
symptom

Depressive Disorders: A Case Study
Depressive disorders are among the most common psychological conditions affecting individuals in
the Westernized world, some 4% of men and 8% of women suffer from a clinically significant
depressive disorder (Kessler, 2003) and larger numbers experience some symptoms of depression
(WHO, 2012). The term depression is used to refer to a broad spectrum of mental health issues
characterised by the lack of positive feelings (an absence of concern and satisfaction in every day
activities and experiences), a bad mood and a variety of related emotional, cognitive, physical and
behavioural symptoms (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health UK, 2010). Mood
variations range from between clinically significant degrees of depression (for example, major
depression) and to those of a more spasmodic and lesser nature importance consider the symptoms
of depression according to (Lewinsoh, Solomon & Seeley, 2000) as happening on a continuum of
severity. The identification of major depression is based not only on its severity but also on
perseverance, and the level of functional and social deficiency (National Collaborating Centre for
Mental Health, UK, 2010). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other scales such as Profile of Mood States (POMS) (Mc Nair, Lorr, Droppleman, 1971) the
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995) include depression as one
of their

Clinician-Rated Test Essay
All clinician–rated test should have three types of reliability: internal reliability, retest reliability,
and interrater reliability (Bagby, Ryder, Schuller, & Marshall, 2004). Research regarding who the
HRSD was normed on is unavailable. However, Cusin et al. (2012) recently reported on the HRSD
psychometrics properties. Interrater reliability of the total scores for the HRSD is considered to be a
strong relationship ranging from 0.80–0.98, with Cronbach alpha estimates of ≥0.70 which is an
adequate score. Interrater reliability examines the relationship between scores provided by different
raters observing the same phenomenon and Cronbach's alpha, is the average of all possible split–
half reliabilities (Shultz, Whitney, & Zickar, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One issue with test retest reliability is that longer intervals are likely to impose psychological
change, thus changing true scores (Furr, & Bacharach, 2013). Therefore, the interval amount of time
can have an impact on the client's score. Cusins et al. (2012), research does not indicate the interval
time, but their retest reliability score of 0.81 is indicative of a strong relationship.
The factor structure of the Hamilton depression scale comprises of part of validity 1) content, 2)
convergent, 3) discriminant, 4) factorial, and 5) predictive validity. Cusins et al. (2012), did not go
in depth regarding the assessment validity, but did indicate that the HRDS has been reported of
having a validity from the ranges of range from 0.65 to 0.90, which is considered to be a strong
relationship. A study by Bagby et al. (2004) did refer to the different types of validity in the HRSD.
The term validity refers to if an assessment properly measures what it supposed to measure (Shultz,
Whitney, & Zickar, 2013). Content validity is performed by a rational inspection of the completed
test by subject matter experts (Furr, & Bacharach, 2013). According to Bagby et al. (2004), the
HRSD has poor content validity. The rationale for this is because although the symptoms listed on
the HRSD are features associated with depression, the assessment does not match the official DSM
diagnostic criteria. Since the development of the HRSD, the definition of depression has

Oaea Case Study
Omegas have been thought to play a role in perinatal depression by affecting depression
neurotransmitters and receptors in the brain. Furthermore, analysis has shown that n–3 PUFA levels
are decreased in depressed individuals in contrast to individuals not depressed. A double blind,
randomized, placebo controlled study was conducted for 6 weeks. The participants had to meet the
DSM–IV criteria for major depression and be within the timeline of third trimester to six months
postnatal. The participants were required to score greater or equal to 13 on the EPDS, or greater than
14 on the Hamilton Depression Ration scale HDRS or greater than 25 on the Montgomery Asberg
Depression Rating Scale. The study had 13 randomly assigned to the ... Show more content on
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To participate in this study the individuals had to have a HAM–D score of 26 or higher at the
beginning of the study. The results of the trial showed a statistically significant reduction in the
HAM–D score. Specifically, a 21–mean reduction in the average HAM–D score in the Brexanolone
group in comparison to the 8.8 –mean reduction in the placebo group. This indicates Brexanolone is
an effective method in treating post–partum depression. This metaanalysis analyzed four different
treatments in the management of PPD. Treatment one and two consisted of Fluoxetine or placebo
medication. The third and fourth treatment included Fluoxetine or placebo medications coupled with
one or six sessions of CBT. By the end of the study the researchers observed that there was a
reduction in depression in all groups. Specifically, the Fluoxetine group showed greater
improvement than the placebo group. Furthermore, the six CBT therapy sessions proved to be more
beneficial than the one CBT therapy session. It was also observed that women in the Fluoxetine and
CBT group did not show significantly greater improvement than individuals who received just the
Fluoxetine alone. Although results were observed to be greater in the Fluoxetine group, CBT was
shown to be beneficial whether coupled with or without pharmacological assistance. In sum, the
results of the study were found to be inconclusive. This is due to that the participants were only
experiencing mild PPD. Therefore, a wider

Aaron Beck Depression Inventory
Abstract
In 1961, psychiatrist Aaron Beck created an assessment that measures an individual's severity of
depression in asking questions that relate to affect and somatic symptoms. The questions ask about a
variety of symptoms including mood change, feelings of hopelessness, to more physical symptoms
such as insomnia and loss of appetite The Beck Depression Inventory is a 21–question survey that
asks questions regarding a client's risk of suicide and feelings about the future. The answering scale
ranges from "never" experiencing a symptom to "always" experiencing a symptom. The BDI has
been used as an initial evaluation of depressed clients for over fifty years, and is still today, one of
the most frequently used and preferred tests to measure depressed client's symptoms.
History of Publisher of the Beck Depression Inventory
Aaron Beck was born July 18, 1921, in Rhode Island. He attended Brown University and graduated
in 1942. He continued his studies in psychology at Yale Medical School, where he earned his PhD.
Beck developed the BDI in 1961, along with the help of peers Clyde Ward, Myer Mendelson, John
Mock, and John Erbaugh. In 1969, the BDI was adapted, but was not copyrighted until 1979. The
BDI II was written and enhanced to adapt to the changes in the DSM.
The purpose of the BDI assessment is to measure a client's symptoms of depression. The test asks
questions about both physical and emotional issues that a depressed individual may face.

Major Depressive Disorder ( Mdd ) Essay
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), commonly called depression, is almost twice as prevalent in
women than it is in men (Cyranowski, Frank, Young, & Shear, 2000). Previously it was thought that
this statistic was so because women were more likely to seek help than men were for this disease.
However, this has been widely discounted by the gender difference seen across the world
(Cyranowski, Frank, Young, & Shear, 2000). With the rising cases of MDD, and the higher
likelihood of being diagnosed at younger ages, depression is becoming more accepted and less
stigmatized in society. Causes of the disorder are heavily intertwined between social–causation,
neurological/genetic disposition and psychological–causation. Treatment ranges from group and
single therapy to medication with all sorts of other types in–between. This paper aims to look at the
causes and outcomes of MDD in women and the potential treatments.
Introduction
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 18 million people in the United States
alone, and 340 million people worldwide. MDD, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual, 5th ed. (DSM–V), is characterized by "one or more major depressive episodes that are
persistent and abnormally depressed mood states that last at least 2 weeks and include cognitive
symptoms and disturbed physical functions". The DSM–V includes a clinical significance criterion
where "symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,

Lamotrigine: A Case Study
Lamotrigine, like any anticonvulsant drug, has withdrawal symptoms when stopped abruptly.
Although lamotrigine has not shown to be a habit–forming or addictive drug, there is still the
possibility of withdrawal symptoms when inappropriately discontinuing the drug. Most common
cases of withdrawal symptoms are returns of bipolar episodes, headaches, depression, and irrational
thinking. Discontinuation of lamotrigine is best done in small increments over several weeks, with
the advice of a doctor. This is done in order to reduce the withdrawal symptoms and to allow a safe
change in medications (Parker, C., 2016).
Empirical article – Lamotrigine:
The empirical article on lamotrigine is a case study by Case Western Reserve University and their ...
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However, with any trail and article, possible issues arise that must be questioned. For example, the
article states that the trials ran for a 48 week period, which in my opinion was too short of a period
to show the effectiveness of this drug. Drugs such as lamotrigine should be studied for several years
in order to assess the long term effects of the drug on the brain, activity and overall effects on the
patients bipolar condition. There could be a possibility that several long term effects could be
produced in the long run but were unfortunately not done in trails to see these effects. Secondly, the
article states that the trail was done as an open–trail. Open–trail's unfortunately open the situation of
bias as both the patients and the doctors have knowledge of the drug in use. The experiment should
have involved the use of placebos so that the possibility of patient bias could be reduced and
therefore making the overall trail much more successful. The possibility of bias can definitely make
this trail untrustworthy and must definitely be seen with a grain of

How Recreational Therapists Can Take Advantage
Yoga isn't only beneficial to the body but also the mind. Recreational therapists can take advantage
of this by applying yoga techniques to improve the mood and reduce feelings of irritability and
apathy for individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. Moreover, the participants should have been
previously diagnosed with MDD, which according to the DSM–V means they have shown five or
more of the following symptoms during the same two weeks and represent a change from previous
functioning. The symptoms related to MDD also stated in the DSM– V are: a depressed mood for
most of the day, nearly every day, a diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities, insomnia
or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, feelings of ... Show more content on
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This is because the use of yoga as an exercise intervention will trigger the release of endorphins and
serotonin, which are associated to positive mood and well–being (Broderick, 2015). It is said that
there is a chemical imbalance in individuals with MDD and the use of yoga increases levels of
GABA neurotransmitters connected to the antidepressant effects (Kinser, 2012). Referrals The
participants selected for this program should be women from 25–44 because that is the highest
incidence of people with MDD (All About Self Help, 2015). Those that do not meet the initial
criteria may also participate in the program if it is shown to improve others condition. The
participants will be tested and those that fall on the moderate to severe side of the Hamilton rating
scale will be selected. Individuals with a high suicide risk (according to the MINI suicidality scale),
alcohol abuse, a physical impairment that may make yoga difficult, and surgery in the last month or
near future are not eligible to participate in the program. Although, it is advised to use Yoga as a
complementary treatment, participants selected will be requested to abstain from the use of
antidepressants, in order to effectively see the effects of the intervention. Risk Management One of
the biggest risks that this program plans to prevent is the risk of the participants attempting suicide
or having suicidal thoughts. To prevent this event

Benefits Of Medicinal Herbs And Nutritional Supplements
Curcumin: Researchers have been studying on different herbs and nutritional supplements which led
to the proposal for managing clinical disorders like depression .For example ashwagandha treats
anxiety and brahmi is being used for the cognitive problems while colostrinin for dementia4 and
ginseng has been successful in treating the sexual dysfunction .(1–4) Curcumin, is one of the
ingredients present in turmeric. It is also an unconventional treatment that has been studied in the
management of depression.Turmeric is a spice originally from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma
longa.Turmeric contains differentnumber of bioactive substances, like polyphenols,
sesquiterpenes,diterpenes, triterpenoids, sterols, and alkaloids.(5,6) ... Show more content on
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Depression is one of the most common health issues and it affects twenty one percent of total
population in the world. (9,10).The major and primary cause of depression has been found to be
imbalance in the physiology of monoaminergic neurotransmission through serotonin (11) .However
, present studies put forward that most of the depression cases are correlated with systemic and
biological imbalances.(12)As a result this lead to the study of how to deal with the imbalances. For
example studying the effect of anti–inflammatory on immuno–inflammations (13) and effect of
antioxidants on increasing antioxidant defences and lower free radical damage. (14,15).Despite the
fact these pharmaceutical agents have antidepressant effect on monoaminergics,evidences support
that they can also alter immuno–inflammation, decrease oxidative stress, intensify neurotrophic
actions and influence HPA activity (16–18). Even though there are wide variety of drugs available
for treating depression, the search for safer drugs leads to the path of research in Curcumin. This
compound has a potential effect in treating depression without any adverse side effects.
(19)According to Xu et al curcumin is the ingredient of curcuma longa and has proven antioxidant
effect and neuroprotective effect. (20,21). Chinese medicine has been found to use the curcumin in

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: A Case Study
Teasdale et al. (2002) showed that mindfulness interventions increase metacognitive awareness and
reduced levels of major depression in patients. A necessary component to the mindfulness practice is
the dis–identification of one's thoughts and emotions. Instead of taking on thoughts and emotions
and labeling them as a part of the self, mindfulness practice shifts this cognitive set and looks at
these thoughts and emotions as just passing, random mental events, like clouds in a blue sky
(Teasdale et al., 2002). The phrase, "I am bad" changes to "I happen to be feeling bad at the moment
naturally." Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002) has
been shown to utilize this concept of decentering or dis–identifying ... Show more content on
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In a study comparing the effects of relapse in depressed patients currently in remission, one hundred
and sixty patients aged 18–65 years old meeting DSM–IV criteria for major depressive disorder
were given antidepressant pharmacotherapy first, and then MBCT after discontinuing their drug
treatment. If they continued drug treatment according to the original design, a mindfulness based
intervention was not substituted. The findings concluded that MBCT was just as effective in the
survival of their remission as the original drug intervention was even after the drug was abruptly

Symptoms And Treatment Of Clinical Depression
Recently, critics have questioned the ability of SSRIs to reduce the symptoms of clinical depression.
Dr. Hieronymous and his researchers believe high rates of unsuccessful clinical trials additionally
fuel negative critiques. The team from University of Gothenburg, Department of pharmacology set
out to investigate 32 past trials concerning new medications– many containing similar compounds
to those found in common market SSRIs such as Paxil, Prozac, Celexa, and Zoloft. Greater than half
of the company–sponsored SSRI trials, using common test protocols, demonstrated significant
depression relief regarding active drug versus placebo groups. Their resulting data points out
possible depression measuring defects as a possible source of trial failure, rather than solely SSRI
drug ineffectiveness. The Effect Parameter To prove a drug works, researchers must quantify
significant patient symptom differences before and after active treatment and differentiate these
results against placebo effects. The metric commonly used to measure SSRI impact regarding
depressive symptom changes is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), or more specifically
HDRS–17. Dr. Max Hamilton's article "A Rating Scale for Depression", describes his depression
scale design developed in the 1950s. HDRS–17 analyses 17 different symptoms associated with
depression where each is given a grade reflecting symptom severity (0 to 4, or 0 to 2). A score of 0
represents an absent symptom while a maximum score

Case Presentation And History : Michael
Case presentation and history
Michael is a 12 years old boy who is a slim built and he is attending year seven at a local High
school for visual Arts and Design. Michael is living with his mother, father, and younger brother.
Michael has presented symptoms of severe stress, moderate mood, and normal anxiety during the
last week before the assessment. Michael has a history Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and he
indicated fears of harming other, resulting in checking and reassurance behaviour as well as he
tended to be a perfectionist on some tasks. Michael reported a symptom of liable mood, increased
energy and hyperactive behaviour for a month–long period in the last three months. Also, he had a
symptom of difficulties with attention and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The score is 31 which means that Michael is mildly ill with an impairment score of 5% (Leclair,
Leclair & Brigham, 2009). Per this test Michael has shown symptoms during the last week
including very mild depression, mild anxiety and moderate hostility indicating that Michael was
overtly angry on several occasions or yelled at others excessively.
Kessler 10 (k10)
This test is used to the psychological distress and the score is 21 which means that Michael has a
mild distress. Also, Michael during the last week showed symptoms of moderate restless and fidgety
as he could not sit still, he was a little of time nervous and worthless, and depressed. Also, he
sometimes feels tired out and sad that nothing could cheer him up.
Depression Anxiety Stress scale 21 (DASS21)
Michael scored 9 in depression scale which indicates that he has moderate depression as it was
difficult for him to work up the initiative to do things. And scored 2 in anxiety scale which indicates
that he has not anxiety because he has the normal range. Also, scored 13 in stress scale which
indicates that he has severe stress as he always was agitated and was difficult for him to relax. He
often finds it hard to wind down and intolerant of anything that disturbing him during any task
(Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS)
Michael scored 27 which indicates that is normal in social functioning and he

Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale For Depression,...
Convergent validity refers to two measures that should be theoretically related (Furr, & Bacharach,
2013). Bagby et (2004) used thirteen scales to compare the validity. Some of the scale used were the
Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Major Depression Inventory, Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Raskin Depression Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale,
Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, and the Global Assessment Scale. Convergent validity is
considered to be adequate when a scale shows Pearson's r values of at least 0.50 in correlations with
other measures (Bagby et al.,2004). Bagby et al., (2004) alluded that the HRSD showed adequate
convergent reliability, because it met the correlations with the majority of the scales. One of the
scales that the HRSD failed to meet the correlation with is the Structured Clinical Interview for
DSM–IV (.37). This is important to note because the DSM–IV is the standard for definitions and
diagnoses of mental disorders (Bagby et al., 2004). Failing to meet the Structured Clinical Interview
for DSM–IV is consistent with the rationale for failing to meet content validity.
Discriminate validity test to ensure that measurements that are not supposed to be related to the
measure are in fact not actually related (Shultz, Whitney, & Zickar, 2013). On the basis of the
Global Severity Scale, Bagby et al. (2004) concluded that the HRSD was able to discriminate
psychiatric patients classified as mildly, moderately, and

Summary Of Freeman Basson And Crighton
The purpose of the Freeman, Basson, and Crighton study published in the Lancet was to test the
effectiveness of real electroconvulsive therapy compared to simulated electroconvulsive therapy in
the treatment of a depressive illness using a randomized controlled trial.
A total of 40 patients from four acute units of the Royal Edinburgh Hospital took part in the trial. All
subjects were assessed to determine eligibility and then randomly allocated into two groups in
which the experimental group would be given real ECT and the control group would undergo
simulated ECT. The experimental group (group R) received ECT bilaterally twice a week from a
machine that delivered sine–wave currents. The control group (group S) received simulated ECT
where

The Beck Depression Inventory-II
Review
The Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) is the latest version of one of the most extensively used
assessments of depression that utilizes a self–report method to measure depression severity in
individuals aged thirteen and older (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). The BDI–II proves to be an
effective measure of depression as evidenced by its prevalent use in both clinical and counseling
settings, as well as its use in studies of psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment (Beck, Steer &
Brown, 1996). Even though the BDI–II is meant to be administered individually, the test
administration time is only 5 to 10 minutes and Beck, Steer & Brown (1996) remark that the
interpretive guidelines presented in the test manual are straightforward, ... Show more content on
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Article Summary
In an effort to explore further research on the use of the BDI–II on a sample population closer to that
in which I will be working, I selected a journal article that details the study of the BDI–II's ability to
assess depression among Mexican–American youth. VanVorrhis & Blumentritt (2007) examined the
internal consistency reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and factor structure of the BDI–II
in a sample of 131 Mexican–American youth residing in a residential treatment facility, juvenile
correction facility, or an alternate education facility in an effort to provide support for the use of the
BDI–II as an effective measure of depression for this sample. The results of the study allow the
researchers to conclude that "the BDI–II is a psychometrically sound and useful measure of
depressive symptomology for Mexican American adolescents" (VanVorrhis & Blumentritt, 2007,
pg.795). Although this appears to be a positive conclusion, the researchers do warn that great care
be taken when interpreting the data from the study for various reasons, most notably because of the
small sample size used that is not representative of the general adolescent Mexican–American
population; therefore the researchers were not able to generalize their findings (VanVorrhis &
Blumentritt, 2007). What the study does provide is "preliminary support for the use of the BDI–II
with Mexican

Is Data Analysis For Psychology Helped Me Understand And...
"Data analysis means that data is gathered from all sources, reviewed and then analyzed to form
some sort of a finding or conclusion" (Tukey, 1961). Introduction Reflecting on Data Analysis for
Psychology helped me understand and got me thinking about my dissertation. I did have some sort
of an idea of what I wanted to conduct my dissertation research on and I have come to an
understanding that I would like to conduct a research with parents of children who are diagnosed
with mental health illness and disorders. I would like to know from the research what kind of
services, if any, are out there to support parents as it must be overwhelming for these parents to take
care of their children and to also hold on to their jobs, homes, other children, family and friends.
How do these parents deal with their own depression and anxiety while caring for the diagnosed
children? There is very little research on marriages falling apart, families breaking down, and
parents having to downsize as they either lose their jobs or go part–time, and other siblings in the
family suffer. WEEK 1 My dissertation is going to be involved using human participants and week 1
discussion was an eye opening as it taught me how to follow "Ethics in Research with Human
Participants" (B.D., & Folkman, S., 2000). When working with individuals or families of
individuals suffering with mental health illness and disorder stigma is attached and as a researcher it
is very important to be respectful,

Antidepressant Medication Analysis
In this article, antidepressant medication (ADM) is described as the most commonly used treatment
for severe depression and cognitive therapy (CT) is the most talked about treatment that could be
used for severe depression. Although, some patients do not want to take ADMs daily and CT is still
being studied as a treatment option for major depression disorder. There was another alternative
therapy treatment that was being questioned, behavioral activation therapy. The primary objective of
this study was to test the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy towards adults with major
depression disorder. For this study, behavioral activation was studied with cognitive therapy and
antidepressant medications in a placebo controlled randomized

Summary: The Heterogenous Nature Of Depression
Science "Events" Assignment 2016 Carie Guan, presenting on Tuesday, November 29th, 2016 The
Heterogenous Nature of Depression; Science Daily (October 24th, 2016); University van
Amsterdam; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161024131122.htm See next page A
new study by Eiko Fried from the University van Amsterdam suggests that depression is not
consistent amongst those who suffer from it. Research has found that the symptoms of depression,
as measured by various scales, rarely overlap. These conclusions indicate that not all treatments for
depression are effective and a more personalized approach will be required when dealing with this
disorder. However, these results may cause problems with how this illness is studied. Eiko states ...
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For example, as stated by Eiko Fried, the study of the brain structure of a group enrolled by the
Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression compared to a group enrolled by the Beck Depression
Inventory will result in different conclusions Psychologists/Psychiatrists When diagnosing a patient,
more scales may need to be used in order to more accurately determine their symptoms. This way,
treatments for their illness become less generalized, so that the medications and therapy prescribed
can more effectively heal the patient, rather than treating this illness as the same disorder amongst

Postpartum Depression: A Case Study
Comparison of the effectiveness of different classes of antidepressants with placebo and with other
forms of treatment like psychosocial interventions in women with postpartum depression
Introduction
.Depression is one of the psychological disorders that influence 15–25 % of adults in United States
every year. Women are twice as likely as men to experience symptoms of depression. In women,
most common period of occurrence of depression is between 18–44 years and this happens to be the
prime childbearing years. Women who are at risk for depression are very vulnerable during
pregnancy and after child birth because of hormonal fluctuations. Postpartum depression is a clinical
term associated with a major depressive episode associated with childbirth. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This might have affected the generalisability of the study. The dose of Sertraline was titrated very
slowly over this 6 week period and the study was not long enough to demonstrate a group– time
effect and this may have limited the ability to detect an impact of treatment with an active drug
before study

Cacstromethorphan Case Studies
1.Dextromethorphan is believed to have rapid acting antidepressant properties at high dosage
because it's similar to glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, which has shown rapid
(within hours after administration) antidepressant effects. However, ketamine has adverse effects
and a high potential to be abused [16].
2.C. Previous Studies and case reports of with Dextromethorphan/Rationale of Study
Currently, numerous studies are examining the use of Dextromethorphan in the treatment of
neurological and psychiatric disorders because of its' profile and diverse pharmacokinetic and
pharmacologic actions in the central nervous system. Several preclinical, open–label and blinded
clinical trials have shown the clinical and beneficial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[18]
A case report showed Dextromethorphan was effective in a middle–aged man with Major
Depressive Disorder. A 51–year–old Caucasian male with DSM–V Major Depressive Disorder,
recurrent, severe, non–psychotic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder was treated with 600 mg/day of
CYP2D6 inhibitor bupropion XL (a common antidepressant drug) and a 60 mg BID oral dose of
Dextromethorphan. The patient showed improvement in major depressive disorder without side
effects. This case study was the first to show the fast acting effect of Dextromethorphan in major
depressive disorder in humans. This adds to the building literature on the antidepressant effects
observed in Dextromethorphan. The report suggested the administration of other common
antidepressants with Dextromethorphan, such as lithium might prolong the duration of the rapid–
antidepressant effect [19].
Although this case report illustrates that Dextromethorphan has rapid antidepressant effects in
humans, there are very few clinical trial on the effect of Dextromethorphan on major depressive
disorder. This clinical trial will be one of very few controlled evaluating the safety and efficacy of
Dextromethorphan in patients with major depressive disorder. Therefore, various assumptions will
be required to estimate sample size. This trial will focus on patient who have

Analysis Of Beck Depression Inventory II
Dependent Variable The main dependent variable in the study is depression level (continuous
dependent variable). In this paper, depression will be operationally defined as a score level of Beck
Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) developed by Aaron T. Beck (1996).
Instrument to Measure Depression
The Title of the Instrument The title of the instrument is Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II).
Beck Depression Inventory II was developed by Aaron T. Beck (1996). Content of the instrument –
how many categories, items. The BDI–II is broadly utilized 21–item self–report inventory
measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults (age 13 years and over) (Beck, Steer,
& Brown, 1996; Carmody, 2005). The BDI–II ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On two items (16 and 18) there are seven options (0, 1a–1b, 2a–2b, 3a–3b) to point out either an
increase or decrease of appetite and sleep. Cut scores guidelines for the BDI–II is given with the
recommendation that thresholds be adjusted based on the characteristics of the sample, and the aim
for use of the BDI–II. The Total score ranges from 0 – 63. Total score of 0–13 is considered minimal
range, 14–19 is mild, 20–28 is moderate, and 29–63 is severe. Higher total scores indicate more
severe depressive symptoms. BDI–II scale will be used as an interval, continuous scale, for
example, a higher score means higher level of depression, lower score –for example 11 is lower than
12– means lower depression level.
The Quality of The Instrument (Validity and Reliability)
Development of the BDI–II
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II) was formed by Aaron T. Beck. In its current version, the
BDI–II is designed for individuals aged 13 years and over (Wang et al., 2005).
The BDI–II was a 1996 revision of the BDI, developed in response to the American Psychiatric
Association 's publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
Edition, which changed many of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (DSM,
2008). The BDI– II has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms
and a card form (Smarr & Keefer, 2011; Wang et al., 2005). The BDI– II is a revised copy from the
BDI– I, but the

The Hamilton Rating Scale For Depression
The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Max Hamilton created the Hamilton Rating Scale for
Depression and published the original assessment in 1960. The room for improvement of the
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was advised, which led to the revision of the assessment in
1994. This assessment is aimed to benefit adults eighteen and older who have been diagnosed with
depression. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is a 21–item questionnaire administered by
interview, that requires an estimate of ten minutes (Reynolds & Kobak, 1995) The Cost of The
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression can be purchased
throughout several websites. There are different packets professionals can purchase that correspond
to their needs. The whole kit costs one hundred and thirty six dollars, which contains 20 auto forms
for clinicians, 20 auto score self–report inventories, and one manual. Clinicians are able to purchase
these items separately. A twenty–five pack of clinician forms and self report problem inventories
each costs fifty dollars, one hundred answer sheets and self report answer sheets costs eighteen
dollars and fifty cents each, and The Hamilton Rating Scale manuals costs sixty eight dollars and
fifty cents. A CD version of The Hamilton Rating Scale has been created at the cost of two hundred
and seventy dollars and fifty cents. The purchase of these items depends on what the clinician is in
demand of. (Warren, 2015) The Purpose

Flupenthixol Decanoate
According to the Handbook of Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists, "bipolar disorders are
mood disorders characterized by the essential diagnostic feature of mania or hypomania – these
disorders follow cyclic patterns of moods, behavior, and thought alterations, alternating between
mania or hypomania and depression" (p. 100). In the experiment of The efficacy of flupenthixol
decanoate in bipolar disorder patients who have no sufficient remission with existing treatments,
experimenters are making an attempt to evaluate the effect of flupenthixol decanoate in remitted
bipolar disorder patients. Flupenthixol decanoate (also known as Fluanxol Depot) is a neuroleptic
agent that is administered as an injection of 20 mg/mL into the gluteal ... Show more content on
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"The evidence is so strongly compelling that bipolar [disorder] is a largely biologic–based disorder
that pharmacologic intervention is the mainstay of treatment," (p.111) It is crucial to find a wide
assortment of ways in order to treat this disorder because every case of the illness varies from
patient to patient. In some cases, a medication that works efficiently for a group of patients may
have little to no effect or adverse effects to another group of patients. It is important to utilize
psychotherapies such as cognitive, behavioral, and psychoeducational approaches in order to
supplement the prescribed medications, as medications cannot "teach" the patient different coping
skills like therapy can. Even though medication alone is not always the most effective way of
treating patients, "some of the most convincing evidence in favor of a biological etiology remains
the relatively good response to pharmacotherapy and the extremely poor response to purely
psychological interventions," (p. 110). In turn, those patients have a better probability to enter into
remission and transition into more productive and higher quality

The Beck Depression Inventory II
The Beck Depression Inventory–II was developed by Aaron T. Beck, Gregory K. Brown, and
Robert A. Steer. The inventory was published by The Psychological Corporation in San Antonio,
Texas in 1996. The BDI–II is available on the Q–global which offers 24 hours 7 days a week web–
based access (pearsonclinical.com). The Q–global is portable, accessible on mobile devices such as
a laptop or tablet (pearsonclinical.com). According to Pearson Clinical, the cost of the BDI–II Q–
global starter kit is $84.25 which includes the BDI–II print manual, digital manual and 5 Q–global
interpretive reports (pearsonclinical.com). The cost of BDI–II manual (digital) is $54.80. The BDI–
II Q–global interpretive report cost $3.05 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Smarr (2003), the instrument was validated using college students, adult and
adolescent psychiatric outpatients (Smarr, 2003). Today, the BDI–II is widely used for those patients
as well as normal populations. According to Wang & Gorenstein (2013), the BDI–II can be easily
adapted in most clinical settings for detecting major depression and recommending a suitable
intervention (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Thus, in health care settings the BDI–II has been BDI–II
has been expanding in practice in the pathologically ill to assess depressive states that occur at high
prevalence (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). The purpose of the BDI–II is to use to measure the severity
of depression in adolescents and adults 13 years of age or older. It was established to address the
DSM–IV criteria for depression (DSM–IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). It is not a
diagnostic instrument and the manual cautions the user against using for that purpose (Beck et al.,
1961). The latent structure of the BDI–II instrument is described by the somatic and cognitive–
affective dimension (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Cognitive and non–cognitive are two of the
subscales of the BYI–II (Drummond et al., 2016). The content of the BDI–II was grounded on
clinical observations and patient description and measures cognitive, affective, somatic, and
vegetative

Bulima Nervosa Essay
Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is a disease that predominately affects young females. Since the origination of its
medical definition various studies have been implemented to examine the cause of onset and effects
of bulimia nervosa. There have also been studies surveying the long–term outcome of bulimia
nervosa. These long–term studies have analyzed such relationships as age, employment status,
social status and marital status and bulimia nervosa. By using three scientific studies of long–term
outcome of bulimia nervosa, this paper will try and evaluate the research obtained and offer critical
suggestions to help further studies on this topic.
The first study, "Bulimia nervosa: a 5–year follow–up study," uses a follow up sample ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients were assessed on four scales: Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Hamilton Rating Scale for
Depression (HRSD), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA) and Social Problem Questionnaire
(SPQ). The study considered such characteristics as age, employment status, marital status and
number of children, alcohol intake, mental health, weight, menstrual status, social class, social
outcome, anxiety and depression ratings and eating attitude rating.
Many of the results obtained from this study agreeably compare with those of other studies. Yet, this
study points out the difficulty of comparing such studies. The main complication being that the
criteria chosen to categorize outcome groups may differ from study to study. Twenty–five percent of
the sample still suffered from bulimia nervosa and fulfilled diagnostic criteria of the disease. The
number of members in the good outcome group contained 47.2% of the sample. Firstly, the study
provides further evidence supporting the view that symptomatically bulimia nervosa improves with
time (Johnson–Sabine, 1992). Secondly, this study contradicts the idea that bulimia nervosa is a
variant of affective disorder. Thirdly, the study found a correlation between the good outcome group
and fewer social problems. There was no significant association found between alcohol abuse and
outcome group. Finally, the study confirmed that sufferers of bulimia nervosa are best managed in
out–patient programs due

Comparing Two Treatments For Bipolar Disorder
Comparing Two Treatments for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mental health issue that
affects millions of people worldwide. It is typically treated with a combination of mood stabilizers
and antidepressants. It can take a patient and their doctor a long time to find the right combination
of medications to effectively treat their bipolar disorder. Some individuals do not find much comfort
in any level of the traditional medications and continue to struggle with their depression. Recently,
scientists have been looking into newer ways to help treat bipolar disorder. Two of these new
treatments for helping people suffering from bipolar depression are the use of ketamine and
olanzapine. Ionescu et al. (2015) examined the use of ketamine to treat bipolar depression.
Ketamine is an anesthetic drug. Lately, there has been a lot of research into possible treatment of
several psychological disorders using sub–anesthetic levels of ketamine. Recent research has shown
ketamine to be effective at treating depression in patients with treatment resistant bipolar I and
bipolar II. Ionescu et al. (2015) examined if the antidepressant effects of ketamine in bipolar
patients, was lessened if they had comorbid anxiety. This study was part of a larger, double blind,
placebo controlled study, which examined the safety of using ketamine with mood stabilizers. The
participants in this study were split into two groups, those with comorbid anxiety, and those without.
All participants received

The Relationship Between Sleep And Depression
Introduction
My research topic is related to the relationship between sleep and depression. Many disorders go
hand in hand and I believe that these disorders hold a very strong relationship. More specifically, my
research topic revolves around how insomnia and mood disorders, like depression, are comorbid
and the appropriate methods of therapy to treat them. My hypothesis is that cognitive behavior
therapy is an effective treatment towards treating sleep and mood disorders.
Depression can be described as more than just a feeling of sadness. Some of the symptoms that are
seen with people who are depressed are a lack of interest in everyday activities, fluctuation of
weight, issues with sleep, a decrease in energy, feeling hopeless/worthless, a great amount of guilt,
and tend to engage suicide ideation (American Psychological Association). Over time, there have
been many studies to see how people with this mental illness are effected by activities such as sleep.
There have also been many studies that measure the relationship between quality of sleep and
depression. Some studies argue that low–quality of sleep may lead to depressive moods or relapse of
depression for those who were already diagnosed. Studies have also shown that insomnia and
depression are two disorders that are comorbid with each other (cite).
Article 1
The hypothesis of this article is that chamomile tea has positive effects on sleep quality, fatigue, and
depression in women directly after they have given

Instrument Used For Measuring Depression
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT REVIEW.
In this paper I am going to review instrument used for measuring depression. Depression can be
defined as that state of mind that an individual is sad or in an unhappy mood. Other symptoms
associated with depression are the feeling of tiredness, unenthusiastic, or hopeless. In some cases,
depression can lead to suicidal ideation. It can be described as severe case of major depression; or in
a chronic, mild–to–moderate form, as is the case with persistent depressive disorder.
Depression is a serious, but common, illness. It is believed that one in ten adults report experiencing
depression, and the condition is the most common cause of disability in the United States. In life an
individual, has 17% chances of becoming depressed. It usually starts from the late teens or early
twenties
The instrument I am comparing and contrasting here are:
1). The Major Depression Inventory. This is an instrument developed by the world health
organization's collaborating Center in Mental Health. It is a category B measuring instrument. It is a
12 items, self–reporting mood questionnaire. It items are measured as a frequency over a two–week
period. MDI also gives us the opportunity to assess that severity of the depression. The patient is
asked to rate how much time in the past two weeks each of the symptoms of the depressive
syndrome was present.it has a six–point rating scale ranging from none (zero) to all of the time (5).
Therefore, this is a subjective scale

Essay On Evaluating The Beck Anxiety Inventory

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