Essay Methods

Essay on Research methods exam
Chapter 1: Introduction to research
1. Business research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific
problem, encountered in the work setting that needs a solution.
*a. T
b.F
2. Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to solve specific problems
currently being experienced in an organization is called basic research.
a.T
*b. F
3. Research done chiefly to make a contribution to existing knowledge is called basic, fundamental,
or pure research.
*a.T
b.F
4. Applied research is not scientific in nature.
a. T
*b. F
5. Fundamental research has little practical relevance.
a. T
*b. F 6. Managers with knowledge of research have an...show more content...
a.T
*b. F
12. A disadvantage of engaging in an internal team to do the research project is that, in view of their
long tenure as internal consultants, the internal team may quite possibly fall into a stereotyped way
of looking at the organization and its problems.
*a.T
b. F
13. A disadvantage of engaging in an internal team to do the research project is that certain
organizational biases of the internal research team might in some instances make the п¬Ѓndings less
objective and consequently less scientific.
*a.T
b. F
14. An advantage of engaging in an external team to do the research project is that the external team

can draw on a wealth of experience from having worked with different types of organizations that
have had the same or similar types of problems.
*a.T
b. F
15. Ethics in business research refers to a code of conduct or expected societal norm of behavior
while conducting research.
*a.T
b. F
16. Ethical conduct applies to the researchers who undertake the research, but not to the respondents
who provide them with the necessary data.
a.T
*b.F
17. The main distinction between applied and basic business research is that the former is
specifically aimed at solving a currently experienced problem, whereas the latter has the broader
objective of generating knowledge and understanding of phenomena and problems that occur in
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Horizontal Vertical And Ratios
In a 2 to 3 page paper, evaluate the three methods of analysis: horizontal, vertical, and ratio as
explained in Chapter 9 of your textbook. Summarize each method, and discuss how the financial
information is used to make a particular decision. Provide a scenario in a health care situation in
which a given method of analysis might be used.
Horizontal: "Horizontal analysis, also called trend analysis, refers to studying the behavior of indi–
vidual financial statement items over several accounting periods. These periods may be several
quarters within the same fiscal year or they may be several different years. The analysis of a given
item may focus on trends in the absolute dollar amount of the item or trends in percentages. For
example, a...show more content...
The application of appropriate techniques is often a mechanical process, although care should be
taken that differences in ratio calculation, accounting policies, asset valuation, and so on are
understood so that a valid comparison between companies can be made. Finally, interpretation of the
results requires putting the results in context– for example, by comparing results with industry
benchmarks.
One technique used for analyzing financial statements is vertical analysis. It can be difficult to see
even basic financial relationships when looking at the numerical values in a company's financial
statements. Therefore, it is helpful to construct common–size statements and perform a vertical
analysis in order to look for any unusual percentages in the common–size statements that identify
items that have an excessively large or small value when considered relative to other values reported
in the same accounting period. Both single period and multiple period vertical analyses can be used.
Another technique used for analyzing financial statements is horizontal analysis. It involves making
comparisons across two or more years of financial statements data. Although horizontal analysis
techniques can be applied to the balance sheet to quantify the changes in current or total assets over
time, this type of analysis is usually focused on quantifying the

Feminist Methodologies Essay example
Feminism is a perspective not a research method, meaning there are multiple ways to approach the
study of women (Reinharz, 1992). However, a central goal of feminist empiricism, standpoint
epistemology, and post–modernism methodologies is that women's lives are important and must
understand women from their perspective and in context (O'Donnell, 1985, in Reinharz, 1992).
Feminist methodologies all share a dedication to move the focus from the masculine perspective to
incorporating both men and women to advance knowledge (DeVault, 1996). Therefore, it isresearch
about women but also for women. It aims to identify various intelligences, the different ways of
knowing, and to give a say to the silent voices (DeVault, 1996). Feminist...show more content...
Harding (1987) acknowledges there are three feminist methodologies depending on the relationship
between experience and theory the researcher takes. These differences are based on epistemology
and the research approach, instead of data collection (Davidson & Tolich, 2003), and each
methodology shapes the research methods used (Skeggs, 1995). The first is feminist empiricism
developed in the 1960s–1970s. It opposed the universality of male experience, and the partial
knowledge that patriarchal methods provided (Burns & Walker, 2005). Women were thus added into
research to remove the sexist bias, as these researchers believed women see the world differently to
men, and experiences by women bring an objective knowledge that is central to challenging
stereotypes and untruths (Skeggs, 1995). This methodology seeks equal opportunities for men and
women, achieving this by questioning society and using mainstream methods in a new way.
The second is feminist standpoint epistemology. This position views the oppressed to be the source
of knowledge as they are the ones with the experience and knowing. Researchers thus understand the
world from the view of the oppressed women in that particular location (Skeggs, 1995). However, as
the social control of women (race, history, and interests) differs across cultures, this methodology
uses 'insider' investigation to enhance knowledge on a particular group by transferring all authority

Essay on Research Methods
(Zikmund, 2003) states that exploratory research should be used to clarify ambiguous problems.
Management may have discovered general problems but research is needed to gain better
understanding of the dimensions of the problems.
This study aims at exploring and delving into the underlying factors of why organisations struggle
to attract and retain talent using the employer brand. The challenges of talent management are well
known and are applicable to all players, there is a possibility that other drivers are at play and
therefore warrant the need to explore.
(Leedy & Ormond, 2005) asserts that qualitative research answers the questions we cannot skim
across the surface. They focus on phenomena that occur in natural settings – the...show more
content...
The ultimate goal is to learn about a large population by surveying a sample of that population.
In order to gain additional insights into the conceptual framework and to further clarify the concepts
and effects anticipated in literature, a preliminary research in the form of semi–structured, in–depth
interviews will be undertaken. A semi structured interview allows the researcher to follow standard
questions with one or more individually tailored questions to get clarification or probe a person's
reasoning. Respondents will be current employees of a SA financial institution. The semi structured
in–depth interviews will be undertaken to provide detailed insights into the nature of each concept,
and to assist in the development of a relevant framework.
3 focus groups interviews comprising of 8 – 10 people will be conducted with current employees.
The semi structured in–depth interview will be conducted on site (at the bank), using open ended
questions and data and responses will be captured using a recording device. The respondents will be
recruited through a referral based convenience sample utilising a snowballing technique. Current
employees are chosen because they were once engaged with the recruitment process and are still
engaged with the retention process, allowing them to provide informed comments on the topic at
hand. In

Essay on Research Methodology
3. Methodology: 3.1 Introduction: The study for this thesis will be exploratory research using
secondary data collected by the communication agency, MESH Planning. The agency developed an
innovative approach called 'real–time experience tracking', which involves three stages of data
collection. And both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected and used in this context in
order to get an insight of critical incidents. This section will start with a comparison of three
possible methodologies for data collection: ethnography, survey (or interview) and real time
experience tracking. And then sampling and data collection methods will be examined followed by
a description of data analysis. 3.2 Research approach selection:...show more content...
They are much cheaper than ethnography with a greater effectiveness, however, all of these
interviews or surveys were based on the retrospective data, respondents answered the questions by
their memory and the issue may happened for a long time. There could be a great influence on the
quality of data since the ability of respondent to recall information differed from one to another and
some incorrect information often occurred (Baker, 2003). The third approach considered in this
study is the real–time experience tracking developed by MESH planning. This is an approach to
record 360–degree touchpoints of brand by respondents in real time. There are three stages of data
collection. The first stage uses the pre–online questionnaire to collect information about brand health
and relationship quality. The third stage uses the same questions to ask respondents' perception
after brand encounters in order to identify any change. While the second stage for data collection
is the most crucial process in the approach. Respondents are asked to send SMS message to report
any brand encounter via mobile phones. And the online diary also helped to expand these
experiences (Willis et al 2010). Meanwhile, for identifying the CIs, weekly questionnaire will be
sent to respondents about the CIs happened in the past week. The approach offers a holistic view to
track customer experience as well as identifying critical incidences. The real–time tracking approach
enabled to identify a

Research Methods Essay
Quantitative and Qualitative are said to be systematic in different design. Both design have to follow
a process system that involved defining a principle of research.
General speaking, quantitative research is thought to be objective, however qualitative research
often involves a subjective element. There are differences designs in qualitative research in
comparison to quantitative research. Qualitative research involves words, pictures, or objects;
Quantitative involves data in the form of numbers and statistics.
However, the researcher uses in–depth interviews in qualitative research to find out how the subjects
view their world. In quantitative research the researcher uses precise measurement to predict
hypotheses. Whereas,...show more content...
Qualitative research is conducted in a natural setting and attempts to understand a human problem
by developing a holistic narrative and reporting detailed views of informants about the culture of a
problem. It forms a report with pictures and words. One of the most important distinctions that sets
qualitative research apart from more traditional types of research is that qualitative research is
holistic in that researchers study phenomena in their entirety rather than narrowing the focus to
specific defined variables" (p. 93). Similarly, Cresswell (1984) indicated that qualitative research
"is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a
holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a
natural setting" (p. 2). Cresswell's definition clearly delineates the major characteristics of qualitative
research. Pg. 50 (Smith & Davis, 2010). Pg. 51 (Smith & Davis, 2010). "How do researchers
evaluate trustworthiness?" Guba and Lincoln (1994) proposed that trustworthiness could be judged
by the following criteria: conformability, dependability, credibility, and transferability.
For Example, Qualitative researchers use conformability, dependability, credibility, and
transferability to evaluate the trustworthiness of a qualitative research report. In order to prevent
researcher bias they can have other researchers point out

Sampling Methods Essay
Sampling Methods
A great deal of sociological research makes use of sampling. This is a technique aiming to reduce
the number of respondents in a piece of research, whilst retaining – as accurately as possible – the
characteristics of the whole group.
The purpose of taking a sample is to investigate features of the population in greater detail than
could be done if the total population was used, and to draw inferences about this population. In
addition, at the practical level, a sample is likely to be both cheaper and quicker to investigate.
All sampling will involve error and sociologists have developed sampling techniques in order to
minimize this error. All methods of sampling make...show more content...
So the test is, does every person in the group have an equal chance of being selected?
Examples of random sampling include; ERNIE, a telephone directory, out of a hat.
An example of systematic random sampling is Willmott and Young's sample of Bethnal Green
families.
The technique depends on the mathematical probability that a number of members carefully selected
from a larger group will be more or less representative of that group. Of course, the improbable can
happen and the sample is unrepresentative of the target population. One way to increase the precision
of sampling is through stratification.
Non–representative sampling also occurs in sociology. The logic of this approach is that a
non–representative sample might present a more demanding test of a researcher's hypothesis. For
example, Goldthorpe and Lockwood tested the embourgoisement thesis (the belief that the w/c were
becoming more like the middle class) with untypical affluent workers. They argued that if the
hypothesis was not true among affluent workers, it was not likely to be true with any other workers.
In other words they gave the hypothesis the best chance of being proved correct.
Stratified sample
When the population to be studied is large and the sample relatively small it may be efficient to use
stratified sampling. Random sampling assumes that the list of the

Methodology of Research Essay examples
Methodology of Research
The method that I will be using to research my area of sociology will be a
structured questionnaire, it will be structured so that the candidates stick to the
questions that they are asked and do not write about irrelevant matters. I will first of
all produce a pilot questionnaire and send it round to a test group of people, and
hopefully see whether or not I am able to obtain the relevant information that I need
for my research with the questions that I have asked my targeted group of people. If
the questionnaire provides me with my needed information, I will the produce more
and send them out to a larger sample of people and obtain my...show more content...
Also using a questionnaire is a quick way to
obtain information and can cover a wide area of matters with just a few questions,
whereas if I had used an interview as my method it would of taken a much longer
amount of time and I might of not been able to get the answers that I needed out of
my candidates. Another bonus of using a questionnaire, would be that once I have
received all of the information I will be able to put my findings into the relevant
tables, and then I will be able to compare my findings to the secondary data that I
have gathered with and will be able to do this with ease.
Because I am establishing the role of women within working class households and the
effect that their roles have had on their families way of life. I need to be able to define
what I class as a working class household; which in my view is a family with either a
mum or a dad or both that goes out to work and then comes home to look after that

home and the family. Therefore I have asked questions to determine who in the
household goes out to work and the sort of jobs that they do around the home. By
asking these questions I feel that I will be able to differentiate between upper, lower
and middle class households and therefore gather the information that I

Sample Methodology Essay
Chapter 3 3.0 Methodology This methodology section of the research report describes how the
study will be conducted and the methods used to collect and analyse the data. The overall aim of
this methodology section is to provide an overview on the methods employed so that a judgment
can be made as to how appropriate they are and how valid the data that has been generated is.
Throughout the methodology process, it is imperative to remember the question this research is
aiming to answer for: Has the Recession been a significant factor in bringing about change in the
recruitment process within the public sector? Introduction The recession has affected many HR
Processes and new strategies must be developed in order to adapt to the...show more content...
Firstly, in interpretivism, there is no notion of a factual reality, but rather a situation that is created
and interpreted by people (Denscombe, 2002). This means that any research conducted into social
research will automatically shape the results found (Denscombe, 2002). Interpretivism has evolved
from studies trying to understand how people make sense of the world around them (Bryman,
2004). This research methodology engages in an Interpretivism approach so therefore to a major
extent rejects the basic assumptions made by positivism. A summary of the main differences
between positivism and interpretivism can be found in table 3.1 Positivism| Interpretivism| The
patterns and regularities in the social world exist independently of whether they are recognised by
people| Social reality is subjective| The research tools have no effect on the thing being observed|
Humans react to the knowledge that they are being studied| The researcher is expected to remain
impartial in order to obtain objective results| It is impossible to gain objective knowledge about
social phenomena| Table 3.1 Summary of Positivism versus Interpretivism (Denscombe, 2002) 1.2.5
Inductive versus Deductive Approachesпј€
еЅ’зєідёЋжј”з»Ћпј‰ The deduction approach begins
from the proposal of the theory and ends when the evidence is collected in order to prove the theory
either true or

Research Methods
Analyze of research in averagely can be accounted as an aim for understanding or a systematic
study in search of information to shape or accept achievable facts. There are two mainly different
ways of research. First, there is the basic research that appears not to go into the study field and the
second, way is the applied research that studies given area into the aspect. It applies to resolve,
understand and advance the methods and systems that are used in the search for human
understanding of abnormal matters to do with the society. Research also can apply to advance the
scientific and technical levels of knowledge that are applicable in the society. Other research
challenges may apply to raise the information and knowledge about nature,...show more content...
These methods are also applied in mathematical sciences like Chemistry and Physics but the
experimentation here is limited. The results from this type of research methods are convinced
through statistics, graphs and tabulations. Although, quantitative research methods have the
limitation that they tend to neglect and ignore the non–measurable actors, which may be of great
consequence to the hypothetical relationships. Although this limitation is overcome by applying the
qualitative research techniques in explaining the quantitative accounts that are accumulated from
quantitative methods. This mode of using the two types of research techniques is referred as the
Mixed–Research Technique. (Becker 1994, 53–71)
The distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research methods; The term qualitative applies
to the fact that the data collected is non–numerical, while quantitative means that the data collected
can be quantified into numbers or numerals. An example of a qualitative research method is one that
relates the environment of individuals and the character that they develop over time. The data
collected from this research will be convinced in terms of answers where one may hypothesize that,
children who are brought up in slums grow up to become deviant adults. The qualitative cause
affects relationship here is between deviance and the slum upbringing. A good example of a
quantitative research method is one that seeks to establish the

Sampling Methods Essay
Sampling is the framework on which any form of research is carried out. A suitable sample that
meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria of a research design must be chosen from a given
population to carry out studies. In this essay comparison is made between stratified random
sampling and convenience sampling. The population on which the researcher is interested in
carrying out his or her research may be too large, therefore a suitable sample which can represent the
population in correct proportion must be chosen. Restraints such as limitation of time, resources and
many other factors necessitate the selection of a sample for research purpose so that better quality
data is obtained from it and that the researcher can make statement about...show more content...
The methodological strength and weaknesses of this two sampling methods is discussed in terms of
identifying the samples for research, the representativeness it possesses to the general population, the
methods and the outcome. Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling where the selection
of sampling unit is left to a random process, all units in the sample has an equal and non–zero
chance of being selected on a probability ground or chance and not on the choice or judgement of
the researcher (Sim,J and Wright,C. 2000,). Convenience sampling is an example of non probability
sampling where the selection of the units is not by chance, rather it is dependent on the researcher's
judgement, the researcher decides the samples to be included in the study which may be subject to
availability, time, individual preferences etc. The probability of selection of a particular sampling
unit may or may not be known. Stratified random sampling is commonly done in quantitative
researches. When the samples reflect the characteristics of the target population in the same
proportion; assumptions can be made on generalizing the data acquired from these samples provided
it has been done correctly, since it is statistically representative (Sim,J and wright,C.,2000) but
sampling error

Psychology Methods
Psychology Methods
Cara Stettler
University of Great Falls
Abstract
This paper consists of the similarities and differences between two therapies used in psychology. The
approaches are known as the Client–Centered Approach and the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. They
are both used daily, world–wide, and can be seen in different ways. In psychology, the use of therapy,
approaches, and techniques are used all the time. The client–centered model is all about the clients
themselves and the cognitive behavioral therapy relies on direct counseling tools to control and guide
the client. Cognitive behavioral therapy is more short–term treatment is structured and is going
towards a goal whereas the client–centered model aims towards asking...show more content...
It analyzes how and why the client thinks a certain way, and aims at changing these patterns to form
positive, nurturing, and emotional states that can replace the current state of disharmony that the
client is facing. Behavioral therapy is, in a way, the next stage. It focuses on actions rather than
thoughts and equips the therapist with effective tools to form new behavioral patterns for a client,
by stimulating certain positive "rewards" (emotional, such as praise and encouragement), for the
positive changes in behavior that the client demonstrates when encountering a certain problem.
When comparing the two methods, it may seem that the role of the therapist is a lot less important in
the client–centered model than in the cognitive behavioral therapy. However, this impression is far
from being true. In fact, the client–centered approach is very much about how the therapist
encourages the client to open up, by showing congruence. As stated by Rogers, the creator of the
client–centered model, "By this we mean that the feelings that the therapist is experiencing are
available to him, available to his awareness and he is able to live these feelings, be them, and able
to communicate them if appropriate." (Dr. C. George Boeree, n.d., n.p.) The therapist is to be as
honest and natural as possible while showing sincere empathy and nurturing the client's inner
capacity towards healing. Being appreciative of the honesty and hard work that the client is

Essay Methods

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