The document discusses nonsense point mutations, which occur when a single nitrogenous base is substituted, resulting in a premature stop codon during translation. This causes the amino acid chain to be altered and translation to end early. One example given is Hurler syndrome, which is caused by a nonsense point mutation and results in the incomplete production of an enzyme needed for breakdown of complex sugars. Nonsense mutations can lead to genetic disorders by preventing the full protein from being synthesized.