Esoft Metro Campus - Programming with C++
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Overview of C++ Language
C++ Program Structure
C++ Basic Syntax
Primitive Built-in types in C++
Variable types
typedef Declarations
Enumerated Types
Variable Scope
Constants/Literals
Storage Classes
Operators
Control Constructs
Functions
Math Operations in C++
Arrays
Multi-dimensional Arrays
Strings
C++ Pointers
References
Date and Time
Structures
Basic Input / Output
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
Overloading
Polymorphism
Interfaces
Files and Streams
Exception Handling
Dynamic Memory
Namespaces
Templates
Preprocessor
Multithreading
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module VII) Advanced PHP Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Arrays
Indexed Arrays
Associative Arrays
Multidimensional arrays
Array Functions
PHP Objects and Classes
Creating an Object
Properties of Objects
Object Methods
Constructors
Inheritance
Method overriding
PHP Strings
printf() Function
String Functions
PHP Date/Time Functions
time() Function
getdate() Function
date() Function
mktime() function
checkdate() function
PHP Form Handling
Collecting form data with PHP
GET vs POST
Data validation against malicious code
Required fields validation
Validating an E-mail address
PHP mail() Function
Using header() function to redirect user
File Upload
Processing the uploaded file
Check if File Already Exists
Limit File Size
Limit File Type
Check if image file is an actual image
Uploading File
Cookies
Sessions
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module VI) Fundamentals of PHP
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to PHP
What PHP Can Do?
PHP Environment Setup
What a PHP File is?
PHP Syntax
Comments in PHP
echo and print Statements
PHP Variables
PHP Data Types
Changing Type by settype()
Changing Type by Casting
PHP Constants
Arithmetic Operators
String Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Operators Precedence
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Switch Statement
The ? Operator
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
break Statement
continue Statement
Functions
User Defined Functions
Functions - Returning values
Default Argument Value
Arguments as Reference
Existence of Functions
Variable Local and Global Scope
The global Keyword
GLOBALS Array
Superglobals
Static Variables
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module VIII) Programming with Java
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Java
Features of Java
What you can create by Java?
Start Java Programming
Creating First Java Program
Java Virtual Machine
Basic Rules to Remember
Keywords in Java
Comments in Java Programs
Printing Statements
Primitive Data Types in Java
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Reading User Input
Arrays
Two Dimensional Arrays
Objects and Classes
Java Classes
Java Objects
Methods with Return Value
Methods without Return Value
Method Overloading
Variable Types
Inheritance
Method Overriding
Access Modifiers
Packages
GUI Applications in Java
Java Applets
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in c / c++ programmingRasan Samarasinghe
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in java basics
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Structure of a program
Variables & Data types
Constants
Operators
Basic Input/output
Control Structures
Functions
Arrays
Character Sequences
Pointers and Dynamic Memory
Unions
Other Data Types
Input/output with files
Searching
Sorting
Introduction to data structures
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module VI) Windows Based Application Development in Java
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Java
Features of Java
What you can create by Java?
Start Java Programming
Creating First Java Program
Java Virtual Machine
Basic Rules to Remember
Keywords in Java
Comments in Java Programs
Printing Statements
Primitive Data Types in Java
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Reading User Input
Arrays
Two Dimensional Arrays
Strings
Objects and Classes
Java Classes
Java Objects
Methods with Return Value
Methods without Return Value
Constructors
Method Overloading
Variable Types
Inheritance
Method Overriding
Abstract Classes
Interfaces
Polymorphism
Packages
Access Modifiers
Encapsulation
Exceptions
JDBC
GUI Applications with Swing
NetBeans IDE
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module V) Windows Based Application Development in C#
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to .NET Framework
.NET Framework Platform Architecture
Microsoft Visual Studio
C# Language
C#, VS and .NET Framework Versions
Your First C# Application
Printing Statements
Comments in C#
Common Type System
Value Types and Reference Type
Variables Declaration in C#
Type Conversion
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
Switch Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Arrays
Accessing Arrays using foreach Loop
Two Dimensional Arrays
Classes and Objects in C#
Inheritance in C#
Partial Classes
Namespaces
Windows Forms Applications
Using Buttons, Labels and Text Boxes
Displaying Message Boxes
Error Handling with Try… Catch… finally…
Using Radio Buttons
Using Check Boxes
Using List Boxes
Creating Menus
Creating ToolStrips
MDI Forms
Database Application in C#
Creating a Simple Database Application
SQL Insert / Update / Retrieving / Delete
SQL Command Execute Methods
Data Sets
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IX) Programming with C#.NET
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to .NET Framework
.NET Framework Platform Architecture
Microsoft Visual Studio
C# Language
C#, VS and .NET Framework Versions
Your First C# Application
Printing Statements
Comments in C#
Common Type System
Value Types and Reference Type
Variables Declaration in C#
Type Conversion
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
Switch Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Arrays
Accessing Arrays using foreach Loop
Two Dimensional Arrays
Classes and Objects in C#
Inheritance in C#
Partial Classes
Namespaces
Windows Forms Applications
Using Buttons, Labels and Text Boxes
Displaying Message Boxes
Error Handling with Try… Catch… finally…
Using Radio Buttons
Using Check Boxes
Using List Boxes
Creating Menus
Creating ToolStrips
MDI Forms
Database Application in C#
Creating a Simple Database Application
SQL Insert / Update / Retrieving / Delete
SQL Command Execute Methods
Data Sets
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module VII) Advanced PHP Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Arrays
Indexed Arrays
Associative Arrays
Multidimensional arrays
Array Functions
PHP Objects and Classes
Creating an Object
Properties of Objects
Object Methods
Constructors
Inheritance
Method overriding
PHP Strings
printf() Function
String Functions
PHP Date/Time Functions
time() Function
getdate() Function
date() Function
mktime() function
checkdate() function
PHP Form Handling
Collecting form data with PHP
GET vs POST
Data validation against malicious code
Required fields validation
Validating an E-mail address
PHP mail() Function
Using header() function to redirect user
File Upload
Processing the uploaded file
Check if File Already Exists
Limit File Size
Limit File Type
Check if image file is an actual image
Uploading File
Cookies
Sessions
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module VI) Fundamentals of PHP
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to PHP
What PHP Can Do?
PHP Environment Setup
What a PHP File is?
PHP Syntax
Comments in PHP
echo and print Statements
PHP Variables
PHP Data Types
Changing Type by settype()
Changing Type by Casting
PHP Constants
Arithmetic Operators
String Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Operators Precedence
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Switch Statement
The ? Operator
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
break Statement
continue Statement
Functions
User Defined Functions
Functions - Returning values
Default Argument Value
Arguments as Reference
Existence of Functions
Variable Local and Global Scope
The global Keyword
GLOBALS Array
Superglobals
Static Variables
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module VIII) Programming with Java
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Java
Features of Java
What you can create by Java?
Start Java Programming
Creating First Java Program
Java Virtual Machine
Basic Rules to Remember
Keywords in Java
Comments in Java Programs
Printing Statements
Primitive Data Types in Java
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Reading User Input
Arrays
Two Dimensional Arrays
Objects and Classes
Java Classes
Java Objects
Methods with Return Value
Methods without Return Value
Method Overloading
Variable Types
Inheritance
Method Overriding
Access Modifiers
Packages
GUI Applications in Java
Java Applets
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in c / c++ programmingRasan Samarasinghe
Esoft Metro Campus - Certificate in java basics
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Structure of a program
Variables & Data types
Constants
Operators
Basic Input/output
Control Structures
Functions
Arrays
Character Sequences
Pointers and Dynamic Memory
Unions
Other Data Types
Input/output with files
Searching
Sorting
Introduction to data structures
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module VI) Windows Based Application Development in Java
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Java
Features of Java
What you can create by Java?
Start Java Programming
Creating First Java Program
Java Virtual Machine
Basic Rules to Remember
Keywords in Java
Comments in Java Programs
Printing Statements
Primitive Data Types in Java
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Reading User Input
Arrays
Two Dimensional Arrays
Strings
Objects and Classes
Java Classes
Java Objects
Methods with Return Value
Methods without Return Value
Constructors
Method Overloading
Variable Types
Inheritance
Method Overriding
Abstract Classes
Interfaces
Polymorphism
Packages
Access Modifiers
Encapsulation
Exceptions
JDBC
GUI Applications with Swing
NetBeans IDE
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module V) Windows Based Application Development in C#
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to .NET Framework
.NET Framework Platform Architecture
Microsoft Visual Studio
C# Language
C#, VS and .NET Framework Versions
Your First C# Application
Printing Statements
Comments in C#
Common Type System
Value Types and Reference Type
Variables Declaration in C#
Type Conversion
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
Switch Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Arrays
Accessing Arrays using foreach Loop
Two Dimensional Arrays
Classes and Objects in C#
Inheritance in C#
Partial Classes
Namespaces
Windows Forms Applications
Using Buttons, Labels and Text Boxes
Displaying Message Boxes
Error Handling with Try… Catch… finally…
Using Radio Buttons
Using Check Boxes
Using List Boxes
Creating Menus
Creating ToolStrips
MDI Forms
Database Application in C#
Creating a Simple Database Application
SQL Insert / Update / Retrieving / Delete
SQL Command Execute Methods
Data Sets
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IX) Programming with C#.NET
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to .NET Framework
.NET Framework Platform Architecture
Microsoft Visual Studio
C# Language
C#, VS and .NET Framework Versions
Your First C# Application
Printing Statements
Comments in C#
Common Type System
Value Types and Reference Type
Variables Declaration in C#
Type Conversion
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Nested If Statement
Switch Statement
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
Arrays
Accessing Arrays using foreach Loop
Two Dimensional Arrays
Classes and Objects in C#
Inheritance in C#
Partial Classes
Namespaces
Windows Forms Applications
Using Buttons, Labels and Text Boxes
Displaying Message Boxes
Error Handling with Try… Catch… finally…
Using Radio Buttons
Using Check Boxes
Using List Boxes
Creating Menus
Creating ToolStrips
MDI Forms
Database Application in C#
Creating a Simple Database Application
SQL Insert / Update / Retrieving / Delete
SQL Command Execute Methods
Data Sets
Qcon2011 functions rockpresentation_scalaMichael Stal
This is the part I of the tutorial I planned to give at QCon 2011 on Functional Programming with Scala. It also includes Scala 2.8 as well as upcoming features
The emergence of support of functions and lambda expressions as first-class citizens in Java 8 gives us a tremendous opportunity to adapt the concepts of functional programming to the Java language.
Oh Crap, I Forgot (Or Never Learned) C! [CodeMash 2010]Chris Adamson
Abstract: Chances are you code in a language that's either descended from C, inspired by C, or run in an interpreter that itself is written in C. Still... do you actually know how to code in C? Despite its long-standing position as a sort of "lingua franca", an agreed-upon common language, more and more developers are putting together successful, satisfying careers, without ever learning this seminal language. But what if you have to call into C code from your favorite scripting language, or use APIs like OpenGL that are written to be called from C? Many developers find C very challenging, particularly its manual memory-management and other low-level concerns. In this session, we'll show you why you shouldn't be afraid of C, how you can use the skills you already have from the languages you code in today, and how to master structs, enums, typedefs, malloc(), free(), and the rest of C's sharp edges. Examples will be from the point-of-view of the C-skewing iPhone SDK, but will be designed to be broadly applicable and platform-agnostic.
Presentation on C++ Programming Languagesatvirsandhu9
It consists information about c++ programming language which is a object oriented language. This presentation is very useful for those who want to learn c++ from beginning.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module II) Multimedia Technologies
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a Database?
The Relational Data Model
Relationships
Normalization
Functional Dependency
Normal Forms
DBMS
What is MySQL?
PHP Connect to MySQL
Create a MySQL Database
Connect to Database
Close Database
Create a MySQL Table
Insert Data Into MySQL
Get Last ID
Insert Multiple Records
Prepared Statements
Select Data From MySQL
Update Data in MySQL
Delete Data From MySQL
Qcon2011 functions rockpresentation_scalaMichael Stal
This is the part I of the tutorial I planned to give at QCon 2011 on Functional Programming with Scala. It also includes Scala 2.8 as well as upcoming features
The emergence of support of functions and lambda expressions as first-class citizens in Java 8 gives us a tremendous opportunity to adapt the concepts of functional programming to the Java language.
Oh Crap, I Forgot (Or Never Learned) C! [CodeMash 2010]Chris Adamson
Abstract: Chances are you code in a language that's either descended from C, inspired by C, or run in an interpreter that itself is written in C. Still... do you actually know how to code in C? Despite its long-standing position as a sort of "lingua franca", an agreed-upon common language, more and more developers are putting together successful, satisfying careers, without ever learning this seminal language. But what if you have to call into C code from your favorite scripting language, or use APIs like OpenGL that are written to be called from C? Many developers find C very challenging, particularly its manual memory-management and other low-level concerns. In this session, we'll show you why you shouldn't be afraid of C, how you can use the skills you already have from the languages you code in today, and how to master structs, enums, typedefs, malloc(), free(), and the rest of C's sharp edges. Examples will be from the point-of-view of the C-skewing iPhone SDK, but will be designed to be broadly applicable and platform-agnostic.
Presentation on C++ Programming Languagesatvirsandhu9
It consists information about c++ programming language which is a object oriented language. This presentation is very useful for those who want to learn c++ from beginning.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module II) Multimedia Technologies
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a Database?
The Relational Data Model
Relationships
Normalization
Functional Dependency
Normal Forms
DBMS
What is MySQL?
PHP Connect to MySQL
Create a MySQL Database
Connect to Database
Close Database
Create a MySQL Table
Insert Data Into MySQL
Get Last ID
Insert Multiple Records
Prepared Statements
Select Data From MySQL
Update Data in MySQL
Delete Data From MySQL
Programming is hard. Programming correct C and C++ is particularly hard. Indeed, both in C and certainly in C++, it is uncommon to see a screenful containing only well defined and conforming code.Why do professional programmers write code like this? Because most programmers do not have a deep understanding of the language they are using.While they sometimes know that certain things are undefined or unspecified, they often do not know why it is so. In these slides we will study small code snippets in C and C++, and use them to discuss the fundamental building blocks, limitations and underlying design philosophies of these wonderful but dangerous programming languages.
This content has a CC license. Feel free to use it for whatever you want. You may download the original PDF file from: http://www.pvv.org/~oma/DeepC_slides_oct2012.pdf
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module VII) Introduction to Project Management
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a Project?
History of the Project Management
Attributes of a Project
What is Project Management?
Why Project Management Important?
The Triple Constraints of a Project
Project Stakeholders
Performing Organizational Structures
Project Management Life Cycle
Project Management Processes
Nine Knowledge Areas
Integration Management
Scope Management
Time Management
Cost Management
Quality Management
Human Resource Management
Communication Management
Risk Management
Procurement Management
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Sometimes you see code that is perfectly OK according to the definition of the language, but which is flawed because it breaks too many established idioms and conventions. On the other hand, a solid piece of code is something that looks like it is written by an experienced person who cares about professionalism in programming.
A presentation at Norwegian Developer Conference 2010
Let's turn the table. Suppose your goal is to deliberately create buggy programs in C and C++ with serious security vulnerabilities that can be "easily" exploited. Then you need to know about things like stack smashing, shellcode, arc injection, return-oriented programming. You also need to know about annoying protection mechanisms such as address space layout randomization, stack canaries, data execution prevention, and more. These slides will teach you the basics of how to deliberately write insecure programs in C and C++.
A PDF version of the slides can be downloaded from my homepage: http://olvemaudal.com/talks
Here is a video recording of me presenting these slides at NDC 2014: http://vimeo.com/channels/ndc2014/97505677
Enjoy!
This is an overview of C++ (based on 1999 / 2003 standard) and its use in Object Oriented Programming. The presentation assumes that the audience knows C programming.
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
DITEC - Expose yourself to Internet & E-mail (second update) Rasan Samarasinghe
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module V) Expose yourself to Internet & E-mail
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is the Internet?
Benefits of the Internet
History of the Internet
Facts about Internet…
What are the services on Internet?
How Internet works?
Binary Signals
Data Communication
Packets
Routers
Fault Tolerance
TCP
What is WWW?
How to browse Internet?
Web Browser Software
Website/Page URL
IP Address
Domain Name System
HTTP
HTTP Get Requests
HTML
HTTP Post Requests
Cookies
HTTPS
What is Email?
Types of Email Accounts
Email Address
How to use Email?
Obtaining an Internet Connection
Types of Internet Connections
Security Concerns on Internet
Privacy on Internet
DITEC - Expose yourself to Internet & E-mail (updated)Rasan Samarasinghe
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module V) Expose yourself to Internet & E-mail
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is Internet?
Benefits of the Internet
History of the Internet
Facts about Internet…
What are the services on Internet?
What is WWW?
How to browse Internet?
Web Browser Software
Website/Page URL
What is Email?
Types of Email Accounts
Email Address
How to use Email?
Obtaining an Internet Connection
Types of Internet Connections
Security Concerns on Internet
Privacy on Internet
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module VII) Software Engineering
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is software?
Software classification
Attributes of Software
What is Software Engineering?
Software Process Model
Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Throw away prototype model
Evolutionary prototype model
Rapid application development
Programming styles
Unstructured programming
Structured programming
Object oriented programming
Flow charts
Questions
Pseudo codes
Object oriented programming
OOP Concepts
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Generalization/specialization
Unified Modeling Language
Class Diagrams
Use case diagrams
Software testing
Black box testing
White box testing
Software documentation
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module I) Introduction to Software Engineering
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is software?
Software classification
Generic Software vs Custom Software
Attributes of Software
What is Software Engineering?
Software Engineering Process Model
Waterfall Model
Waterfall Model Stages
Extended Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Throw away prototype model
Evolutionary prototype model
Rapid application development model (RAD)
Stages in the RAD
#Code2Create series: C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop operating systems, browsers, games, and so on. C++ supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and so on.Start your programming journey and join us to learn C++ basics!
by Google Developers Group and Women Tech-markers Kuwait chapter:
Instagram and Twitter: @GDGWTMKUWAIT
it is written in a very simple language.generally ,it will help students of first year to achieve success in this language . one can easily score good marks after reading from this note.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This is the Complete course of C++ Programming Language for Beginners. All Topics of C++ programming Language are covered in this single power point presentation.
Visit: www.cyberlabzone.com
This presentation delivered for undergraduate students under the university relations programme of 99X Technology. This presentation covers basic concepts of Unified Modelling Language including some hands-on activities.
Advanced Web Development in PHP - Understanding REST APIRasan Samarasinghe
ESOFT Metro Campus - Advanced Web Development in PHP - (Module VIII) Understanding REST API
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Resources: codeofaninja.com
Contents:
What is an API?
Comparing a website to an API
Classification of APIs
What is REST API?
What model does REST use?
REST HTTP Methods
HTTP Codes
The advantages of REST
What is CRUD?
CRUD Operations
CRUD Application Example
Simple REST API Implementation in PHP
Web root Folders and Files Structure
MySQL Database
Reading all Products
Reading one Product
Creating a Product
Updating a Product
Deleting a Product
Searching a Product
Advanced Web Development in PHP - Understanding Project Development Methodolo...Rasan Samarasinghe
ESOFT Metro Campus - Advanced Web Development in PHP - (Module II) Understanding Project Development Methodologies (Scrum and Kanban)
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Image courtesy: Axosoft
Contents:
Agile Software Development
Agile Manifesto
Customer’s Bill of Rights
Project Team’s Bill of Rights
What is Scrum?
Scrum Timeline
Team Roles in Scrum
Product Backlog
User Story
Release Backlog
Time Estimation
Time Estimation Techniques
Sprint Backlog
Burndown Charts
Daily Standups
Sprint Retrospectives
Kanban
Kanban Board
Kanban WIP Limits
Scrum + Kanban
Advanced Web Development in PHP - Code Versioning and Branching with GitRasan Samarasinghe
ESOFT Metro Campus - Advanced Web Development in PHP - (Module III) Code Versioning and Branching with Git
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Git
What is Version Controlling?
What is Distributed Version Controlling?
Why Use a Version Control System?
Downloading and Installing Git
Git Life Cycle
Init command
Clone Command
Config Command
Add Command
Commit Command
Status Command
Log Command
Diff Command
Revert Command
Reset Command
Clean Command
Commit --amend Command
Rebase Command
Reflog Command
Branch Command
Checkout Command
Merge Command
Remote Command
Fetch Command
Pull Command
Push Command
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module IX) Using Extensions and Image Manipulation
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Image Manipulation with PHP
GD Library
ImageCreate()
ImageColorAllocate()
Drawing shapes and lines
imageellipse()
imagearc()
imagepolygon()
imagerectangle()
imageline()
Creating a new image
Using a Color Fill
imagefilledellipse()
imagefilledarc()
imagefilledpolygon()
imagefilledrectangle()
Basic Pie Chart
3D Pie Chart
Modifying Existing Images
imagecreatefrompng()
imagecolortransparent()
imagecopymerge()
Creating a new image…
Stacking images…
Imagestring()
Draw a string
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module VIII) Multimedia Technologies
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
include and require Statements
include and require
include_once Statement
Validating Files
file_exists() function
is_dir() function
is_readable() function
is_writable() function
is_executable() function
filesize() function
filemtime() function
filectime() function
fileatime() function
Creating and deleting files
touch() function
unlink() function
File reading, writing and appending
Open File - fopen()
Close File - fclose()
Read File - fread()
Read Single Line - fgets()
Check End-Of-File - feof()
Read Single Character - fgetc()
Seek File - fseek()
Write File - fwrite()
Write File - fputs()
Lock File - flock()
Working with Directories
Create directory - mkdir()
Remove directory - rmdir()
Open directory - opendir()
Read directory - readdir()
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module V) Programming with JavaScript
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to JavaScript
What JavaScript Can Do?
Script tag in HTML
Noscript tag in HTML
Your First JavaScript Program
JavaScript Placement in HTML File
JavaScript Syntax
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript Variables
JavaScript Identifiers
Arithmetic Operators
String Concatenation Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
If Statement
If… Else Statement
If… Else if… Else Statement
Switch Statement
The ? Operator
While Loop
Do While Loop
For Loop
For…in Loop
break Statement
continue Statement
Arrays
Functions
JavaScript Objects
JavaScript Scope
Strings
Regular Expressions
JavaScript Numbers
Math Object
Date and Time
JavaScript Events
Dialog Boxes
Error Handling in JavaScript
JavaScript Forms Validation
JavaScript HTML DOM
JavaScript BOM
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module III) Coding HTML for Basic Web Designing
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to HTML
HTML Versions
HTML Standards
Creating a Simple HTML Document
Document Type Declaration
Comments in HTML
HTML Attributes
Paragraphs
Line Break
Headings
Text Formatting
Font Formatting
Images
Hyperlinks
Page Body
Lists
Tables
Cell Merging in a Table
Table Attributes
Horizontal Rule
Iframes
HTML Blocks
Division
Span
Audio
Video
Youtube Videos
Forms and Input
Introduction to CSS
Advantages of Using CSS
CSS Syntax
CSS Comments
How to Insert CSS?
CSS Tag, ID and Class Selectors
Grouping and Nesting Selectors
CSS Backgrounds
CSS Text
CSS Fonts
CSS Links
CSS Lists
CSS Tables
CSS Box Model
CSS Dimension
CSS Display - Block and Inline
CSS Positioning
CSS Float
CSS Alignment
Navigation Menu in CSS
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Web Engineering - (Module II) Multimedia Technologies
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What are Graphics ?
Digital Image Concepts
Pixel
Resolution of Images
Resolution of Devices
Color Depth
Color Palette
Dithering
Bitmap and Vector Graphics
Bitmap Graphics
Vector Graphics
Comparison
Graphics File Formats
Bit Map
Tagged Image File Format
Graphical Interchange Format
Join Picture Expert Group
Portable Network Graphics
Multi-image Network Graphics
Multimedia on Web
Animations
Rollovers
Animated GIF
Flash Files
Audio
Audio on Web Sites
Audio File Formats
MIDI
WAVE
MP3
AU
AIFF
Video
Video File Formats
AVI
ASF
MPEG
QuickTime
RealVideo
Copyrights of Web Content
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module X) E-Commerce & ASP.NET
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a Business ?
E-Business
Application of E-Businesses
What is E-Commerce ?
E-Commerce Models
Business to Business (B2B)
Business to Consumer (B2C)
Consumer to Business (C2B)
Business to Employee (B2E)
Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
Shopping Carts
Types of Web Pages
Creating Dynamic Web Pages
What is ASP.NET ?
What you can do with ASP.NET ?
How ASP.NET Works ?
Features of ASP.NET
ASP.NET Web Forms
Controls in Web Forms
HTML Controls
Server Controls
HTML Server Controls
Event Handlers
The Page Load Event
IsPostBack Property
Navigation by using Response Class
Passing Values from Page to Another
Data Binding to a Drop Down List
Exploring Innovations in Data Repository Solutions - Insights from the U.S. G...Globus
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has made substantial investments in meeting evolving scientific, technical, and policy driven demands on storing, managing, and delivering data. As these demands continue to grow in complexity and scale, the USGS must continue to explore innovative solutions to improve its management, curation, sharing, delivering, and preservation approaches for large-scale research data. Supporting these needs, the USGS has partnered with the University of Chicago-Globus to research and develop advanced repository components and workflows leveraging its current investment in Globus. The primary outcome of this partnership includes the development of a prototype enterprise repository, driven by USGS Data Release requirements, through exploration and implementation of the entire suite of the Globus platform offerings, including Globus Flow, Globus Auth, Globus Transfer, and Globus Search. This presentation will provide insights into this research partnership, introduce the unique requirements and challenges being addressed and provide relevant project progress.
Understanding Globus Data Transfers with NetSageGlobus
NetSage is an open privacy-aware network measurement, analysis, and visualization service designed to help end-users visualize and reason about large data transfers. NetSage traditionally has used a combination of passive measurements, including SNMP and flow data, as well as active measurements, mainly perfSONAR, to provide longitudinal network performance data visualization. It has been deployed by dozens of networks world wide, and is supported domestically by the Engagement and Performance Operations Center (EPOC), NSF #2328479. We have recently expanded the NetSage data sources to include logs for Globus data transfers, following the same privacy-preserving approach as for Flow data. Using the logs for the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) as an example, this talk will walk through several different example use cases that NetSage can answer, including: Who is using Globus to share data with my institution, and what kind of performance are they able to achieve? How many transfers has Globus supported for us? Which sites are we sharing the most data with, and how is that changing over time? How is my site using Globus to move data internally, and what kind of performance do we see for those transfers? What percentage of data transfers at my institution used Globus, and how did the overall data transfer performance compare to the Globus users?
Modern design is crucial in today's digital environment, and this is especially true for SharePoint intranets. The design of these digital hubs is critical to user engagement and productivity enhancement. They are the cornerstone of internal collaboration and interaction within enterprises.
In software engineering, the right architecture is essential for robust, scalable platforms. Wix has undergone a pivotal shift from event sourcing to a CRUD-based model for its microservices. This talk will chart the course of this pivotal journey.
Event sourcing, which records state changes as immutable events, provided robust auditing and "time travel" debugging for Wix Stores' microservices. Despite its benefits, the complexity it introduced in state management slowed development. Wix responded by adopting a simpler, unified CRUD model. This talk will explore the challenges of event sourcing and the advantages of Wix's new "CRUD on steroids" approach, which streamlines API integration and domain event management while preserving data integrity and system resilience.
Participants will gain valuable insights into Wix's strategies for ensuring atomicity in database updates and event production, as well as caching, materialization, and performance optimization techniques within a distributed system.
Join us to discover how Wix has mastered the art of balancing simplicity and extensibility, and learn how the re-adoption of the modest CRUD has turbocharged their development velocity, resilience, and scalability in a high-growth environment.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
Globus Compute wth IRI Workflows - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
As part of the DOE Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) program, NERSC at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and ALCF at Argonne National Lab are working closely with General Atomics on accelerating the computing requirements of the DIII-D experiment. As part of the work the team is investigating ways to speedup the time to solution for many different parts of the DIII-D workflow including how they run jobs on HPC systems. One of these routes is looking at Globus Compute as a way to replace the current method for managing tasks and we describe a brief proof of concept showing how Globus Compute could help to schedule jobs and be a tool to connect compute at different facilities.
Innovating Inference - Remote Triggering of Large Language Models on HPC Clus...Globus
Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently the center of attention in the tech world, particularly for their potential to advance research. In this presentation, we'll explore a straightforward and effective method for quickly initiating inference runs on supercomputers using the vLLM tool with Globus Compute, specifically on the Polaris system at ALCF. We'll begin by briefly discussing the popularity and applications of LLMs in various fields. Following this, we will introduce the vLLM tool, and explain how it integrates with Globus Compute to efficiently manage LLM operations on Polaris. Attendees will learn the practical aspects of setting up and remotely triggering LLMs from local machines, focusing on ease of use and efficiency. This talk is ideal for researchers and practitioners looking to leverage the power of LLMs in their work, offering a clear guide to harnessing supercomputing resources for quick and effective LLM inference.
How Does XfilesPro Ensure Security While Sharing Documents in Salesforce?XfilesPro
Worried about document security while sharing them in Salesforce? Fret no more! Here are the top-notch security standards XfilesPro upholds to ensure strong security for your Salesforce documents while sharing with internal or external people.
To learn more, read the blog: https://www.xfilespro.com/how-does-xfilespro-make-document-sharing-secure-and-seamless-in-salesforce/
Into the Box Keynote Day 2: Unveiling amazing updates and announcements for modern CFML developers! Get ready for exciting releases and updates on Ortus tools and products. Stay tuned for cutting-edge innovations designed to boost your productivity.
Cyaniclab : Software Development Agency Portfolio.pdfCyanic lab
CyanicLab, an offshore custom software development company based in Sweden,India, Finland, is your go-to partner for startup development and innovative web design solutions. Our expert team specializes in crafting cutting-edge software tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established enterprises alike. From conceptualization to execution, we offer comprehensive services including web and mobile app development, UI/UX design, and ongoing software maintenance. Ready to elevate your business? Contact CyanicLab today and let us propel your vision to success with our top-notch IT solutions.
Advanced Flow Concepts Every Developer Should KnowPeter Caitens
Tim Combridge from Sensible Giraffe and Salesforce Ben presents some important tips that all developers should know when dealing with Flows in Salesforce.
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
First Steps with Globus Compute Multi-User EndpointsGlobus
In this presentation we will share our experiences around getting started with the Globus Compute multi-user endpoint. Working with the Pharmacology group at the University of Auckland, we have previously written an application using Globus Compute that can offload computationally expensive steps in the researcher's workflows, which they wish to manage from their familiar Windows environments, onto the NeSI (New Zealand eScience Infrastructure) cluster. Some of the challenges we have encountered were that each researcher had to set up and manage their own single-user globus compute endpoint and that the workloads had varying resource requirements (CPUs, memory and wall time) between different runs. We hope that the multi-user endpoint will help to address these challenges and share an update on our progress here.
Check out the webinar slides to learn more about how XfilesPro transforms Salesforce document management by leveraging its world-class applications. For more details, please connect with sales@xfilespro.com
If you want to watch the on-demand webinar, please click here: https://www.xfilespro.com/webinars/salesforce-document-management-2-0-smarter-faster-better/
Quarkus Hidden and Forbidden ExtensionsMax Andersen
Quarkus has a vast extension ecosystem and is known for its subsonic and subatomic feature set. Some of these features are not as well known, and some extensions are less talked about, but that does not make them less interesting - quite the opposite.
Come join this talk to see some tips and tricks for using Quarkus and some of the lesser known features, extensions and development techniques.
Climate Science Flows: Enabling Petabyte-Scale Climate Analysis with the Eart...Globus
The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is a global network of data servers that archives and distributes the planet’s largest collection of Earth system model output for thousands of climate and environmental scientists worldwide. Many of these petabyte-scale data archives are located in proximity to large high-performance computing (HPC) or cloud computing resources, but the primary workflow for data users consists of transferring data, and applying computations on a different system. As a part of the ESGF 2.0 US project (funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science), we developed pre-defined data workflows, which can be run on-demand, capable of applying many data reduction and data analysis to the large ESGF data archives, transferring only the resultant analysis (ex. visualizations, smaller data files). In this talk, we will showcase a few of these workflows, highlighting how Globus Flows can be used for petabyte-scale climate analysis.
Globus Connect Server Deep Dive - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
We explore the Globus Connect Server (GCS) architecture and experiment with advanced configuration options and use cases. This content is targeted at system administrators who are familiar with GCS and currently operate—or are planning to operate—broader deployments at their institution.
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
Games are powerful teaching tools, fostering hands-on engagement and fun. But they require careful consideration to succeed. Join me to explore factors in running and selecting games, ensuring they serve as effective teaching tools. Learn to maintain focus on learning objectives while playing, and how to measure the ROI of gaming in education. Discover strategies for pitching gaming to leadership. This session offers insights, tips, and examples for coaches, team leads, and enterprise leaders seeking to teach from simple to complex concepts.
Why React Native as a Strategic Advantage for Startup Innovation.pdfayushiqss
Do you know that React Native is being increasingly adopted by startups as well as big companies in the mobile app development industry? Big names like Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest have already integrated this robust open-source framework.
In fact, according to a report by Statista, the number of React Native developers has been steadily increasing over the years, reaching an estimated 1.9 million by the end of 2024. This means that the demand for this framework in the job market has been growing making it a valuable skill.
But what makes React Native so popular for mobile application development? It offers excellent cross-platform capabilities among other benefits. This way, with React Native, developers can write code once and run it on both iOS and Android devices thus saving time and resources leading to shorter development cycles hence faster time-to-market for your app.
Let’s take the example of a startup, which wanted to release their app on both iOS and Android at once. Through the use of React Native they managed to create an app and bring it into the market within a very short period. This helped them gain an advantage over their competitors because they had access to a large user base who were able to generate revenue quickly for them.
Why React Native as a Strategic Advantage for Startup Innovation.pdf
Esoft Metro Campus - Programming with C++
1. Programming with C++
Rasan Samarasinghe
ESOFT Computer Studies (pvt) Ltd.
No 68/1, Main Street, Pallegama, Embilipitiya.
2. Contents
1. Overview of C++ Language
2. C++ Program Structure
3. C++ Basic Syntax
4. Primitive Built-in types in C++
5. Variable types
6. typedef Declarations
7. Enumerated Types
8. Variable Scope
9. Constants/Literals
10. Storage Classes
11. Operators
12. Control Constructs
13. Functions
14. Math Operations in C++
15. Arrays
16. Multi-dimensional Arrays
17. Strings
18. C++ Pointers
19. References
20. Date and Time
21. Structures
22. Basic Input / Output
23. Classes and Objects
24. Inheritance
25. Overloading
26. Polymorphism
27. Interfaces
28. Files and Streams
29. Exception Handling
30. Dynamic Memory
31. Namespaces
32. Templates
33. Preprocessor
34. Multithreading
3. Overview of C++ Language
• C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general
purpose programming language.
• C++ Supports procedural, object-oriented and
generic programming.
• C++ is a middle-level language.
• C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting
in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C
language.
• C++ is a superset of C and that virtually any legal
C program is a legal C++ program.
4. Use of C++
• C++ is used by hundreds of thousands of
programmers in essentially every application
domain.
• C++ is being highly used to write device
drivers and other software that rely on direct
manipulation of hardware.
• C++ is widely used for teaching and research.
• Primary user interfaces of Apple Macintosh
and Windows are written in C++.
5. A list of C++ Compilers
• C++ Builder
• Turbo C++ Explorer
• Borland C++
• Clang
• CodeWarrior
• GCC
• Intel C++ Compiler
• Visual C++
7. Compile & Execute C++ Program
• Open a text editor and add the code as above.
• Save the file as: hello.cpp
• Open a command prompt and go to the
directory where you saved the file.
• Type 'g++ hello.cpp' and press enter to
compile your code.
• Now, type ‘a’ and Enter to run your program.
8. C++ Basic Syntax
• Semicolons
• Case Sensitivity
• C++ Identifiers
• Comments
9. Semicolons
• semicolon is a statement terminator.
• Each individual statement must be ended with
a semicolon.
x = y;
y = y+1;
add(x, y);
10. Case Sensitivity
C++ is a case-sensitive programming language.
Manpower and manpower
are two different identifiers in C++
11. C++ Identifiers
• An identifier is a name used to identify a
variable, function, class, module, or any other
user-defined item.
• An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z
or an underscore followed by zero or more
letters, underscores and digits.
19. Variable Declaration
A variable declaration provides assurance to the
compiler that there is one variable existing with
the given type
Syntax:
extern type variable_list;
20. Variable Declaration
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
extern int a, b; // variable declaration
int main ()
{
int a, b; // variable definition
a =10; // initialization
b =20; // initialization
}
21. typedef Declarations
You can create a new name for an existing type
using typedef.
typedef type newname;
Ex:
typedef int feet; // feet is another name for int
feet distance; // creates an int variable
22. Enumerated Types
• An enumerated type declares an optional type
name and a set of zero or more identifiers that
can be used as values of the type.
• Each enumerator is a constant whose type is
the enumeration.
23. Enumerated Types
Syntax:
enum enum-name { list of names } var-list;
Examples:
enum color { red, green, blue } c; /* default values
are 0, 1, 2 */
c = blue;
enum color { red, green=5, blue }; /* values are 0,
5, 6 */
24. Variable Scope
• Local Variables
– Declared inside a function or block.
• Global Variables
– Defined outside of all the functions.
25. Local Variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
int a, b, c; // Local variable declaration
// Initialization
a =10;
b =20;
c = a + b;
cout << c;
return 0;
}
26. Global Variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int g; // Global variable declaration
int main ()
{
int a, b;
a =10;
b =20;
g = a + b; // Initialization
cout << g;
return 0;
}
27. Global Variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int g =20; // Global variable declaration
int main ()
{
int g =10; // Local variable declaration
cout << g;
return 0;
}
38. The const Keyword
const type variable = value;
Ex:
const int LENGTH = 10;
const int WIDTH = 5;
39. Storage Classes
• auto
– default storage class for all local variables.
• register
– used to define local variables that should be stored in
a register instead of RAM.
• static
– instructs the compiler to keep a local variable in
existence during the life-time of the program
• extern
– used to give a reference of a global variable that is
visible to ALL the program files.
• mutable
– applies only to class objects
50. Control Constructs
• If Statement
• If… Else Statement
• If… Else if… Else Statement
• Switch Statement
• The ? : Operator
• While Loop
• Do While Loop
• For Loop
53. If… Else if… Else Statement
if(Boolean_expression 1){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
}else if(Boolean_expression 2){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}else if(Boolean_expression 3){
//Executes when the Boolean expression 3 is true
}else {
//Executes when the none of the above condition
is true.
}
57. The ? : Operator
Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;
Exp1 is evaluated. If it is true, then Exp2 is
evaluated and becomes the value of the entire
expression.
If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated and its
value becomes the value of the expression.
66. Example
int max(int num1, int num2)
{
int result;
if (num1 > num2){
result = num1;
}else{
result = num2;
}
return result;
}
67. Function Declarations
A function declaration tells the compiler about
a function name and how to call the function.
return_type function_name( parameter list );
Ex:
int max(int num1, int num2);
int max(int, int);
68. Calling a Function
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
int ret;
/* calling a function to get max value */
ret = max(a, b);
70. Function call by value
passing arguments to a function copies the
actual value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the function.
71. Function call by value
void swap(int x, int y)
{
int temp;
temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
return;
}
72. Function call by value
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int x, int y);
int main () {
int a = 100, b = 200;
cout << "Before swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "Before swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
swap(a, b);
cout << "After swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "After swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
return 0;
}
73. Function call by pointer
passing arguments to a function copies the
address of an argument into the formal
parameter.
74. Function call by pointer
void swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int temp;
temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
return;
}
75. Function call by pointer
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int *x, int *y);
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
cout << "Before swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "Before swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
swap(&a, &b);
cout << "After swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "After swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
return 0;
}
76. Function call by reference
The call by reference method of passing
arguments to a function copies the reference of
an argument into the formal parameter.
77. Function call by reference
void swap(int &x, int &y)
{
int temp;
temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
return;
}
78. Function call by reference
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int &x, int &y);
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
cout << "Before swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "Before swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
swap(a, b);
cout << "After swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "After swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
return 0;
}
79. Default Values for Parameters
• When you define a function, you can specify a
default value for each.
• This value will be used if the corresponding
argument is left blank when calling to the
function.
80. Default Values for Parameters
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void welcome(string name);
void welcome(string name = "Guest"){
cout << "Welcome " << name << endl;
}
int main(){
welcome();
welcome("Roshan");
return 0;
}
81. Math Operations in C++
• C++ has a rich set of mathematical operations,
which can be performed on various numbers.
• To utilize these functions you need to include
the math header file <cmath>.
83. Arrays
• An Array is a data structure which can store a
fixed size sequential collection of elements of
the same type.
• An array is used to store a collection of data.
86. Initializing Arrays
double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};
If you omit the size of the array, an array just big
enough to hold the initialization is created.
double balance[] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};
88. Multi-dimensional Arrays
C++ programming language allows
multidimensional arrays.
Here is the general form of a multidimensional
array declaration:
type name[size1][size2]...[sizeN];
92. Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements
An element in two dimensional array is accessed
by using row index and column index of the
array.
int val = a[2][3];
93. Passing Arrays as Function Arguments
Formal parameters as a pointer
void myFunction(int *param) { }
Formal parameters as a sized array
void myFunction(int param[10]) { }
Formal parameters as an unsized array
void myFunction(int param[]) { }
94. Return array from function
int * myFunction() {
static int demo[5] = {20, 40, 50, 10, 60};
return demo;
}
95. Pointer to an Array
double balance[5] = {20.50, 65.00, 35.75, 74.25, 60.00};
double *ptr;
ptr = balance;
int i;
cout << "Array values using pointer" << endl;
for(i=0; i<=4; i++){
cout << "balance[" << i << "] =" << *(ptr+i) << endl;
}
cout << "Array values using balance" << endl;
for(i=0; i<=4; i++){
cout << "balance[" << i << "] =" << *(balance+i) << endl;
}
96. Strings
C++ provides following two types of string
representations:
• C-style character string.
• string class type introduced with Standard
C++.
97. C-Style Character String
This string is actually a one-dimensional array of
characters which is terminated by a null
character '0'
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '0'};
char greeting[] = "Hello"; // array initialization
98. C-Style Character String
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '0'};
cout << "Greeting message: ";
cout << greeting << endl;
return 0;
}
100. String Class in C++
The standard C++ library provides a string class
type that supports all the operations mentioned
above and additionally much more functionality.
108. C++ Pointers
Some C++ tasks are performed more easily with
pointers and other C++ tasks, such as dynamic
memory allocation, cannot be performed
without them.
109. Variable Address
every variable is a memory location and every
memory location has its address defined which
can be accessed using ampersand (&) operator.
int n;
char x[10];
cout << "Address of n variable: " << &n << endl;
cout << "Address of x variable: " << &x << endl;
110. What Are Pointers?
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address
of another variable.
pointer variable declaration:
type *var-name;
112. What Are Pointers?
int *ip; // pointer to an integer
double *dp; // pointer to a double
float *fp; // pointer to a float
char *ch // pointer to a character
113. How to use Pointers?
1. Define a pointer variable.
2. Assign the address of a variable to a pointer.
3. Access the value at the address available in
the pointer variable.
114. How to use Pointers?
int var = 20;
int *ip;
ip = &var;
cout << "Value of var variable: " << var << endl;
cout << "Address stored in ip variable: " << ip << endl;
cout << "Value of *ip variable: " << *ip << endl;
115. NULL Pointers in C
int *ptr = NULL;
cout << "The value of ptr is " << ptr ;
116. Incrementing a Pointer
int var[] = {10, 100, 200};
int i, *ptr;
ptr = var;
for ( i = 0; i <= 2; i++) {
cout << "Address of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << ptr << endl;
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr << endl;
ptr++;
}
117. Decrementing a Pointer
int var[] = {10, 100, 200};
int i, *ptr;
ptr = &var[2];
for ( i = 2; i >= 0; i--) {
cout << "Address of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << ptr << endl;
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr << endl;
ptr--;
}
118. Pointer Comparisons
int var[] = {10, 100, 200};
int i, *ptr;
ptr = var;
i = 0;
while ( ptr <= &var[2] ) {
cout << "Address of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << ptr << endl;
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr << endl;
ptr++;
i++;
}
119. Array of pointers
int var[] = {10, 100, 200};
int i, *ptr[3];
for ( i = 0; i <= 2; i++) {
ptr[i] = &var[i];
}
for ( i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
cout << "Value of var[" << i << "] = ";
cout << *ptr[i] << endl;
}
120. Pointer to Pointer
When we define a pointer to a pointer, the first
pointer contains the address of the second
pointer.
121. Pointer to Pointer
int var;
int *ptr;
int **pptr;
var = 3000;
ptr = &var;
pptr = &ptr;
cout << "Value of var :" << var << endl;
cout << "Value available at *ptr :" << *ptr << endl;
cout << "Value available at **pptr :" << **pptr << endl;
122. Passing pointers to functions
void getSeconds(long *hours) {
*hours = *hours * 60 * 60;
}
int main () {
long hours;
getSeconds( &hours );
cout << "Number of seconds :" << hours << endl;
return 0;
}
123. Return pointer from functions
int * getNumber( ) {
static int r[5] = {20, 40, 50, 10, 60};
return r;
}
int main () {
int *p;
int i;
p = getNumber();
for ( i = 0; i <= 4; i++ ) {
cout << "*(p + " << i << ") : ";
cout << *(p + i) << endl;
}
return 0;
}
125. C++ References vs Pointers
• You cannot have NULL references.
• Once a reference is initialized to an object, it
cannot be changed to refer to another object.
Pointer. Pointers can be pointed to another
object at any time.
• A reference must be initialized when it is
created. Pointers can be initialized at any time.
126. Creating References in C++
int i = 17;
int& r = i;
i = 5;
cout << "Value of i : " << i << endl;
cout << "Value of i reference : " << r << endl;
127. References as Parameters (Example)
void swap(int& x, int& y) {
int temp;
temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
return;
}
128. References as Parameters (Example)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int& x, int& y);
int main () {
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
cout << "Before swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "Before swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
swap(a, b);
cout << "After swap, value of a :" << a << endl;
cout << "After swap, value of b :" << b << endl;
return 0;
}
129. Reference as Return Value
double vals[] = {10.1, 12.6, 33.1, 24.1, 50.0};
double& setValues( int i ) {
return vals[i]; // return a reference to the ith element
}
int main () {
setValues(1) = 20.23; // change 2nd element
setValues(3) = 70.8; // change 4th element
cout << "Value after change" << endl;
for ( int i = 0; i <= 4; i++ ) {
cout << "vals[" << i << "] = " << vals[i] << endl;
}
}
130. Reference as Return Value
int& func() {
int q;
// return q; // Compile time error
static int x;
return x; // Safe, x lives outside this scope
}
131. Date and Time
• C++ inherits the structs and functions for date
and time manipulation from C.
• To access date and time related functions and
structures, you would need to include <ctime>
header file in your C++ program.
• There are four time-related types: clock_t,
time_t, size_t, and tm.
132. struct tm
struct tm {
int tm_sec; // seconds of minutes from 0 to 61
int tm_min; // minutes of hour from 0 to 59
int tm_hour; // hours of day from 0 to 24
int tm_mday; // day of month from 1 to 31
int tm_mon; // month of year from 0 to 11
int tm_year; // year since 1900
int tm_wday; // days since sunday
int tm_yday; // days since January 1st
int tm_isdst; // hours of daylight savings time
}
134. Current date and time
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
// current date/time based on current system
time_t now = time(0);
// convert now to string form
char* dt = ctime(&now);
cout << "The local date and time is: " << dt << endl;
// convert now to tm struct for UTC
tm *gmtm = gmtime(&now);
dt = asctime(gmtm);
cout << "The UTC date and time is:"<< dt << endl;
}
135. Format time using struct tm
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
// current date/time based on current system
time_t now = time(0);
cout << "Number of sec since January 1,1970:" << now << endl;
tm *ltm = localtime(&now);
// print various components of tm structure.
cout << "Year: "<< 1900 + ltm->tm_year << endl;
cout << "Month: "<< 1 + ltm->tm_mon<< endl;
cout << "Day: "<< ltm->tm_mday << endl;
cout << "Time: "<< 1 + ltm->tm_hour << ":";
cout << 1 + ltm->tm_min << ":";
cout << 1 + ltm->tm_sec << endl;
}
136. Structures
• Structure is another user defined data type
which allows you to combine data items of
different kinds.
• Structures are used to represent a record.
137. Defining a Structure
struct [structure tag] {
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];
138. Defining a Structure
struct Books {
string title;
string author;
string category;
int book_id;
} book;
• You can specify one or more structure variables
but it is optional.
• The structure tag is optional when there are
structure variable definition.
139. Assigning values to Structure
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type
Books */
Book1.title = "Tom Sawyer";
Book1.author = "Mark Twain";
Book1.category = "Novel";
Book1.book_id = 64954;
141. Structures as Function Arguments
// function definition
void printBook( struct Books book ) {
cout << "Book title : " << book.title <<endl;
cout << "Book author : " << book.author <<endl;
cout << "Book category : " << book.category
<<endl;
cout << "Book id : " << book.book_id <<endl;
}
// calling function
printBook( Book1 );
142. Pointers to Structures
//define pointer to structure
struct Books *struct_pointer;
//store the address of a structure variable in the pointer
struct_pointer = &Book1;
//access the members of a structure
struct_pointer->title;
143. Basic Input / Output
• C++ I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences
of bytes.
• If bytes flow from a device like a keyboard, a disk
drive, or a network connection, etc to main
memory, this is called input operation.
• If bytes flow from main memory to a device like a
display screen, a printer, a disk drive, or a
network connection, etc this is called output
operation.
145. The standard output stream (cout)
• The predefined object cout is an instance of
ostream class.
• The cout object is said to be "connected to"
the standard output device, which usually is
the display screen.
146. The standard output stream (cout)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
char str[] = "Hello C++";
cout << "Value of str is : " << str << endl;
}
147. The standard input stream (cin)
• The predefined object cin is an instance of
istream class.
• The cin object is said to be attached to the
standard input device, which usually is the
keyboard.
148. The standard input stream (cin)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
char name[50];
cout << "Please enter your name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Your name is: " << name << endl;
}
149. The standard error stream (cerr)
• The predefined object cerr is an instance of
ostream class.
• The cerr object is said to be attached to the
standard error device, which is also a display
screen but the object cerr is un-buffered and
each stream insertion to cerr causes its output
to appear immediately.
150. The standard error stream (cerr)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
char str[] = "Unable to read....";
cerr << "Error message : " << str << endl;
}
151. The standard log stream (clog)
• The predefined object clog is an instance of
ostream class.
• The clog object is said to be attached to the
standard error device, which is also a display
screen but the object clog is buffered.
• This means that each insertion to clog could
cause its output to be held in a buffer until the
buffer is filled or until the buffer is flushed.
152. The standard log stream (clog)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
char str[] = "Unable to read....";
clog << "Error message : " << str << endl;
}
153. Classes and Objects
• The main purpose of C++ programming is to
add object orientation to the C programming
language.
• A class is used to specify the form of an object
and it combines data representation and
methods.
154. C++ Class Definitions
• When you define a class, you define a
blueprint for a data type.
• It define what data an object will consist of
and what operations it can be performed.
155. C++ Class Definitions
class Box {
public:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
156. Define C++ Objects
Box Box1; // Declare Box1 of type Box
Box Box2; // Declare Box2 of type Box
158. Class Member Functions
class Box {
public:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
double getVolume(void) {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};
159. Scope resolution operator
you can define same function outside the class using
scope resolution operator ::
class Box {
public:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
double getVolume(void); // Returns box volume
};
double Box::getVolume(void) {
return length * breadth * height;
}
160. Class Access Modifiers
The access restriction to the class members is
specified by the labeled public, private, and
protected sections within the class body.
161. Class Access Modifiers
class Base {
public:
// public members go here
protected:
// protected members go here
private:
// private members go here
};
162. Class Access Modifiers
• Public members:
– Accessible from anywhere outside the class but
within a program.
• Private members:
– Cannot be accessed, or even viewed from outside
the class.
• Protected members:
– Similar to a private member but they can be
accessed in child classes.
163. Class Constructor
• A class constructor is a special member
function of a class that is executed whenever
we create new objects of that class.
• A constructor will have exact same name as
the class and it does not have any return type.
• Constructors can be very useful for setting
initial values for certain member variables.
164. Class Constructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Line {
public:
Line(); // This is the constructor
};
Line::Line(void) {
cout << "Object is being created" << endl;
}
int main( ) {
Line line; // creates an object, invokes constructor
return 0;
}
165. Parameterized Constructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Line {
public:
Line(double len); // This is the constructor
double length;
};
Line::Line( double len) {
cout << "Object is being created, length = " << len << endl;
length = len;
}
int main( ) {
Line line(10.0);
cout << "Length of line : " << line.length << endl;
return 0;
}
166. Using Initialization Lists
// In case of parameterized constructor, you can use following
syntax to initialize the fields
Line::Line( double len) {
cout << "Object is being created, length = " << len << endl;
length = len;
}
// Following syntax is equal to the above syntax:
Line::Line( double len): length(len) {
cout << "Object is being created, length = " << len << endl;
}
167. Class Destructor
• A destructor is a special member function of a
class that is executed whenever an object of
its class goes out of scope or whenever the
delete expression is applied to a pointer to the
object of that class.
• Destructor can be very useful for releasing
resources before coming out of the program
like closing files, releasing memories etc.
168. Class Destructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Line {
public:
Line(); // This is the constructor declaration
~Line(); // This is the destructor declaration
double length;
};
Line::Line(void) {
cout << "Object is being created" << endl;
}
Line::~Line(void) {
cout << "Object is being deleted" << endl;
}
int main( ) {
Line line;
line.length = 6.0;
cout << "Length of line : " << line.length << endl;
return 0;
}
169. Copy Constructor
• A copy constructor is a special constructor for
creating a new object as a copy of an existing
object.
• The copy constructor is used to:
– Initialize one object from another of the same type.
– Copy an object to pass it as an argument to a function.
– Copy an object to return it from a function.
170. Copy Constructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student{
public:
string name;
//constructor
Student(string n){
name = n;
cout << "Constructor invoked, name: " << name << endl;
}
//copy constructor
Student(Student &s){
name = "copy of " + s.name;
cout << "Copy constructor invoked, name: " << name << endl;
}
};
//create a copy of its argument
void testfunc(Student arg){
cout << "Hello from testfunc" << endl;
}
int main(){
Student x("Roshan"); //invokes constructor
testfunc(x); //invokes copy constructor
return 0;
}
171. C++ Friend Functions
• A friend function of a class is defined outside
that class' scope but it has the right to access
all private and protected members of the
class.
• Even though the prototypes for friend
functions appear in the class definition,
friends are not member functions.
173. The this Pointer in C++
• Every object in C++ has access to its own
address through an important pointer called
this pointer.
• this pointer is an implicit parameter to all
member functions.
174. The this Pointer in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box {
public:
Box(double l=2.0, double b=2.0, double h=2.0) {
cout <<"Constructor called." << endl;
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
}
double Volume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
int compare(Box box) {
return this->Volume() > box.Volume();
}
private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
int main(void) {
Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5); // Declare box1
Box Box2(8.5, 6.0, 2.0); // Declare box2
if(Box1.compare(Box2)) {
cout << "Box2 is smaller than Box1" <<endl;
}else{
cout << "Box2 is equal to or larger than Box1" <<endl;
}
return 0;
}
175. Pointer to C++ Classes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box{
public:
Box(double l=2.0, double b=2.0, double h=2.0){
cout <<"Constructor called." << endl;
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
}
double Volume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
int main(void){
Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5); // Declare box1
Box *ptrBox; // Declare pointer to a class.
ptrBox = &Box1;
cout << "Volume of Box1: " << ptrBox->Volume() << endl;
return 0;
}
176. Static Members of a Class
• When we declare a member of a class as static
it means no matter how many objects of the
class are created, there is only one copy of the
static member.
• A static member is shared by all objects of the
class.
177. Static Members of a Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box{
public:
static int objectCount;
Box(double l=2.0, double b=2.0, double h=2.0) {
cout <<"Constructor called." << endl;
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
objectCount++;
}
double Volume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
int Box::objectCount = 0;
int main(void) {
Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5); // Declare box1
Box Box2(8.5, 6.0, 2.0); // Declare box2
cout << "Total objects: " << Box::objectCount << endl;
return 0;
}
178. Static Function Members
• A static member function can be called even if
no objects of the class exist.
• Static functions are accessed using only the
class name and the scope resolution operator
::.
• A static member function can only access
static data member, other static member
functions and any other functions from
outside the class.
179. Static Function Members
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box{
public:
static int objectCount;
Box(double l=2.0, double b=2.0, double h=2.0) {
cout <<"Constructor called." << endl;
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
objectCount++;
}
static int getCount() {
return objectCount;
}
private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
int Box::objectCount = 0;
int main(void){
cout << "Inital Stage Count: " << Box::getCount() << endl;
Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5); // Declare box1
Box Box2(8.5, 6.0, 2.0); // Declare box2
cout << "Final Stage Count: " << Box::getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}
180. Inheritance
• Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms
of another class, which makes it easier to
create and maintain an application.
• The idea of inheritance implements the is a
relationship. For example, mammal IS-A
animal, dog IS-A mammal hence dog IS-A
animal as well and so on.
181. Base & Derived Classes
• A class can be derived from more than one
classes, which means it can inherit data and
functions from multiple base classes.
• A class derivation list names one or more base
classes and has the form:
class derived-class: access-specifier base-class
182. Base class “Shape” (continued)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
void setWidth(int w) {
width = w;
}
void setHeight(int h) {
height = h;
}
protected:
int width;
int height;
};
183. Derived class “Rectangle” (continued)
class Rectangle: public Shape {
public:
int getArea() {
return (width * height);
}
};
184. Main function
int main(void) {
Rectangle Rect;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
// Print the area of the object.
cout << "Total area: " << Rect.getArea() << endl;
return 0;
}
186. Type of Inheritance
• Public Inheritance:
– Public members of the base class become public members
of the derived class.
– Protected members of the base class become protected
members of the derived class.
– Base class's private members are never accessible directly
from a derived class.
• Protected Inheritance:
– Public and protected members of the base class become
protected members of the derived class.
• Private Inheritance:
– Public and protected members of the base class become
private members of the derived class.
187. Multiple Inheritances
• A C++ class can inherit members from more than
one class
• Here is the extended syntax:
class derived-class: access baseA, access baseB....
188. Base class Shape
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
void setWidth(int w) {
width = w;
}
void setHeight(int h) {
height = h;
}
protected:
int width;
int height;
};
191. Main function
int main(void) {
Rectangle Rect;
int area;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
area = Rect.getArea();
// Print the area of the object.
cout << "Total area: " << Rect.getArea() << endl;
// Print the total cost of painting
cout << "Total paint cost: $" << Rect.getCost(area) << endl;
return 0;
}
192. Overloading
C++ allows you to specify more than one
definition for a function name or an operator in
the same scope, which is called function
overloading and operator overloading
respectively.
193. Function overloading
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class printData {
public:
void print(int i) {
cout << "Printing int: " << i << endl;
}
void print(double f) {
cout << "Printing float: " << f << endl;
}
void print(char* c) {
cout << "Printing character: " << c << endl;
}
};
int main(void){
printData pd;
pd.print(5); // Call print to print integer
pd.print(500.263); // Call print to print float
pd.print("Hello C++"); // Call print to print character
return 0;
}
194. Operators overloading
• You can redefine or overload most of the built-in
operators available in C++. Thus a programmer
can use operators with user-defined types as
well.
• Overloaded operators are functions with special
names the keyword operator followed by the
symbol for the operator being defined.
• Like any other function, an overloaded operator
has a return type and a parameter list.
195. Binary Operators overloading
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Line{
public:
int length;
Line operator+ (Line l){
Line new_line;
new_line.length = this->length + l.length;
return new_line;
}
};
int main(){
Line x, y, z;
x.length = 35;
cout << "Length of x: " << x.length << endl;
y.length = 65;
cout << "Length of y: " << y.length << endl;
z = x + y;
cout << "Length of z: " << z.length << endl;
return 0;
}
196. Unary Operators Overloading
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Distance{
public:
int feets;
int inches;
Distance(int f, int i){
feets = f;
inches = i;
}
Distance operator- (){
feets = -feets;
inches = -inches;
return Distance(feets, inches);
}
};
int main(){
Distance x(40, 5);
-x;
cout << "Feets of x: " << x.feets << endl;
cout << "Inches of x: " << x.inches << endl;
return 0;
}
197. Comparison Operators Overloading
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Distance{
public:
int feets;
int inches;
Distance(int f, int i){
feets = f;
inches = i;
}
bool operator> (const Distance &d){
if(feets > d.feets){
return true;
}else if(feets == d.feets && inches > d.inches){
return true;
}else{
return false;
}}};
int main(){
Distance x(40, 5);
Distance y(40, 6);
if(x > y){
cout << "x is larger than y"<< endl;
}else{
cout << "x is not larger than y"<< endl;
}
return 0;
}
198. Assignment Operators Overloading
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Distance{
public:
int feets;
int inches;
Distance(int f, int i){
feets = f;
inches = i;
}
void operator= (const Distance &d){
feets = d.feets;
inches = d.inches;
}
};
int main(){
Distance x(40, 5);
Distance y(30, 6);
x = y;
cout << "Distance of x, Feets: " << x.feets << " Inches: " << x.inches;
return 0;
}
199. Polymorphism
• The word polymorphism means having many
forms. Typically, polymorphism occurs when
there is a hierarchy of classes and they are
related by inheritance.
• C++ polymorphism means that a call to a
member function will cause a different
function to be executed depending on the
type of object that invokes the function.
200. Polymorphism (continued)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
protected:
int width, height;
public:
virtual void area()
{
cout << "Parent class area :" <<endl;
}
};
class Rectangle: public Shape{
public:
Rectangle( int a=0, int b=0) {
width = a;
height = b;
}
void area () {
int ans = width * height;
cout << "Rectangle class area :" << ans << endl;
}
};
201. Polymorphism
class Triangle: public Shape {
public:
Triangle( int a=0, int b=0){
width = a;
height = b;
}
void area () {
cout << "Triangle class area :" << (width * height / 2) << endl;
}
};
int main( ) {
Shape *shape;
Rectangle rec(10,7);
Triangle tri(10,5);
shape = &rec;
shape->area();
shape = &tri;
shape->area();
return 0;
}
202. Interfaces
• An interface describes the behavior or
capabilities of a C++ class without committing
to a particular implementation of that class.
• The C++ interfaces are implemented using
abstract classes.
• A class is made abstract by declaring at least
one of its functions as pure virtual function.
203. Interfaces
class Box {
public:
// pure virtaul function
virtual double getVolume() = 0;
private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
204. Interfaces
• purpose of an abstract class is to provide an
appropriate base class from which other
classes can inherit.
• Abstract classes cannot be used to instantiate
objects and serves only as an interface.
• Classes that can be used to instantiate objects
are called concrete classes.
205. Files and Streams
To perform file processing in C++, header files
<iostream> and <fstream> must be included in
your C++ source file.
206. Opening a File
Following is the standard syntax for open()
function
void open(const char *filename, ios::openmode
mode);
208. Closing a File
Following is the standard syntax for close()
function, which is a member of fstream,
ifstream, and ofstream objects.
void close();
209. Writing to a File
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char data[100];
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open("afile.dat"); // open a file in write mode.
cout << "enter your name: ";
cin.getline(data, 100);
outfile << data << endl; // write inputted data into the file.
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> data; // again write inputted data into the file.
cin.ignore();
outfile << data << endl;
outfile.close(); // close the opened file.
return 0;
}
210. Reading from a File
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char data[100];
ifstream infile; //open a file in read mode
infile.open("afile.dat");
cout << "reading from the file" << endl;
infile >> data;
cout << data << endl; //write data on screen
infile >> data; // again read file
cout << data << endl;
infile.close(); //close file
return 0;
}
211. Exception Handling
• An exception is a problem that arises during
the execution of a program.
• A C++ exception is a response to an
exceptional circumstance that arises while a
program is running
212. Exception Handling
C++ exception handling is built upon three
keywords: try, catch, and throw.
• throw: A program throws an exception when a
problem shows up.
• try: Identifies a block of code for which particular
exceptions will be activated.
• catch: A program catches an exception with an
exception handler at the place in a program
where you want to handle the problem.
215. Catching Exceptions
try {
// protected code
}catch( ExceptionName e ) {
// code to handle ExceptionName exception
}
try {
// protected code
}catch(...) {
// code to handle any exception
}
216. Catching Exceptions
double division(int a, int b) {
if( b == 0 ) {
throw "Division by zero condition!";
}
return (a/b);
}
int main () {
int x = 50;
int y = 0;
double z = 0;
try {
z = division(x, y);
cout << z << endl;
}catch (const char* msg) {
cerr << msg << endl;
}
return 0;
}
220. Dynamic Memory
Memory in your C++ program is divided into two
parts:
• The stack: All variables declared inside the
function will take up memory from the stack.
• The heap: This is unused memory of the
program and can be used to allocate the
memory dynamically when program runs.
221. The new and delete operators
Syntax to use new operator to allocate memory
dynamically for any data-type
new data-type;
Free up the memory that it occupies
delete pvalue;
222. Dynamic Memory Allocation
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
double* pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new double; // Request memory for the variable
*pvalue = 29494.99; // Store value at allocated address
cout << "Value of pvalue : " << *pvalue << endl;
delete pvalue; // free up the memory.
return 0;
}
223. Dynamic Memory Allocation for Arrays
char* pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new char[20]; // Request memory for the
variable
delete [] pvalue; // Delete array pointed to by pvalue
double** pvalue = NULL; // Pointer initialized with null
pvalue = new double [3][4]; // Allocate memory for a 3x4
array
delete [] pvalue; // Delete array pointed to by pvalue
224. Dynamic Memory Allocation for Objects
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box {
public:
Box() {
cout << "Constructor called!" <<endl;
}
~Box() {
cout << "Destructor called!" <<endl;
}
};
int main( ) {
Box* myBoxArray = new Box[4];
delete [] myBoxArray; // Delete array
return 0;
}
225. Namespaces
• Using namespace, you can define the context
in which names are defined.
• In essence, a namespace defines a scope.
226. Defining a Namespace
namespace namespace_name {
// code declarations
}
// To call the namespace-enabled version of either
function or variable
name::code; // code could be variable or function.
227. Defining a Namespace
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// first name space
namespace first_space{
void func(){
cout << "Inside first_space" << endl;
}
}
// second name space
namespace second_space{
void func(){
cout << "Inside second_space" << endl;
}
}
int main () {
first_space::func(); // Calls function from first name space.
second_space::func(); // Calls function from second name space.
return 0;
}
228. The using directive
This directive tells the compiler that the
subsequent code is making use of names in the
specified namespace.
229. The using directive
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// first name space
namespace first_space {
void func(){
cout << "Inside first_space" << endl;
}
}
// second name space
namespace second_space {
void func(){
cout << "Inside second_space" << endl;
}
}
using namespace first_space;
int main () {
func(); // This calls function from first name space.
return 0;
}
230. The using directive
#include <iostream>
//using directive can also be used to refer to a
particular item within a namespace
using std::cout;
int main () {
cout << "std::endl is used with std!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
231. Nested Namespaces
namespace namespace_name1 {
// code declarations
namespace namespace_name2 {
// code declarations
}
}
// to access members of namespace_name2
using namespace
namespace_name1::namespace_name2;
232. Templates
• Templates are a feature of the C++
programming language that allows functions
and classes to operate with generic types.
• This allows a function or class to work on
many different data types without being
rewritten for each one.
233. Function Templates
A function template behaves like a function except
that the template can have arguments of many
different types.
Syntax:
template <class identifier>
function_declaration;
template <typename identifier>
function_declaration;
234. Function Templates
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class TYPE>
void PrintTwice(TYPE data){
cout<< "Twice: " << data * 2 << endl;
}
template<class TYPE>
TYPE Twice(TYPE data){
return data * 2;
}
int main(){
PrintTwice(4);
PrintTwice(5.3);
cout << "Twice: " << Twice(7) << endl;
cout << "Twice: " << Twice(7.6) << endl;
return 0;
}
235. Class Templates
A class template provides a specification for
generating classes based on parameters.
Syntax:
template <class type>
class class-name {
}
You can define more than one generic data type by
using a comma separated list.
236. Class Templates
template<class T>
class Item{
T Data;
public:
Item() : Data( T() ) //constructor initializes Data to 0
{}
void SetData(T nValue){
Data = nValue;
}
void PrintData(){
cout << Data << endl;
}
};
int main(){
Item<int> x;
x.SetData(10);
x.PrintData();
Item<float> y;
y.SetData(5.6);
y.PrintData();
return 0;
}
237. Preprocessor
• The preprocessors are the directives which
give instruction to the compiler to preprocess
the information before actual compilation
starts.
• Preprocessor directives are not C++
statements, so they do not end in a semicolon.
239. The #undef Preprocessor
#undef FILE_SIZE
#define FILE_SIZE 42
Tells the CPP to undefine existing FILE_SIZE and
define it as 42
240. Function Like Macros
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define MIN(a, b) (a<b ? a : b)
int main () {
int i, j;
i = 100;
j = 30;
cout <<"The minimum is " << MIN(i, j) << endl;
return 0;
}
241. The #include Preprocessor
#include <stdio.h>
#include "myheader.h"
Tell the CPP to get stdio.h from System Libraries and
add the text to the current source file.
The next line tells CPP to get myheader.h from the
local directory and add the content to the current
source file.
243. Conditional Compilation
#define BOO
#ifdef BOO
cout << "Your debugging statement" << endl;
#endif
Tells the CPP to do the process the statements
enclosed if BOO is defined.
245. The # Operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//creates a text token x to be converted to a string
surrounded by quotes.
#define MYTXT(x) #x
int main () {
cout << MYTXT(Hello world) << endl;
// cout << "Hello world" << endl;
return 0;
}
246. The ## Operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// arguments are concatenated and used to replace the
macro.
#define MYCONCAT(x, y) x ## y
int main () {
int xy = 100;
cout << MYCONCAT(x, y) << endl;
//cout << xy << endl;
return 0;
}
248. Multitasking
There are two types of multitasking:
• Process based
– Process based multitasking handles the
concurrent execution of programs.
• Thread based.
– Thread based multitasking deals with the
concurrent execution of pieces of the same
program.
249. Multithreading
• Multithreading is a multitasking feature that
allows your computer to run two or more
programs concurrently.
• A multithreaded program contains two or
more parts that can run concurrently. Each
part of such a program is called a thread.
250. Creating Threads
There is following routine which we use to
create a thread:
#include <pthread.h>
pthread_create (thread, attr, start_routine, arg)
252. Terminating Threads
There is following routine which we use to
terminate a thread:
#include <pthread.h>
pthread_exit (status)
253. Creating Threads
#include <iostream>
#include <pthread.h>
using namespace std;
void *t_func(void *arg){
cout << "Hello from t_func()n";
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
int main(){
pthread_t t1;
cout << "In main: creating a threadn";
int ret = pthread_create(&t1, NULL, &t_func, NULL);
if(ret != 0) {
cout << "Thread creation failedn";
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
254. Passing arguments to threads
#include <iostream>
#include <pthread.h>
using namespace std;
void *t_func(void *arg){
for(int i=1; i<=9; i++){
cout << "Hello from t_func():" << (int) arg*i << endl; }
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
int main(){
pthread_t t[2];
int targ[] = {1, 10};
for(int i=0; i<=1; i++){
cout << "In main: creating a threadn";
int ret = pthread_create(&t[i], NULL, &t_func, (void *) targ[i]);
if(ret != 0) cout << "Thread creation failedn";
}
cout << "In main: end of main()n";
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
255. Joining Threads
There are following two routines which we can
use to join or detach threads:
pthread_join (threadid, status)
The pthread_join() subroutine blocks the calling
thread until the specified thread terminates.
256. Joining Threads
#include <iostream>
#include <pthread.h>
using namespace std;
void *t_func(void *arg){
for(int i=1; i<=9; i++){
cout << "Hello from t_func():" << (int) arg*i << endl;
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
int main(){
pthread_t t[2];
int targ[] = {1, 10};
void *ret_join;
for(int i=0; i<=1; i++){
cout << "In main: creating a threadn";
int ret = pthread_create(&t[i], NULL, &t_func, (void *) targ[i]);
if(ret != 0) cout << "Thread creation failedn";
ret = pthread_join(t[i], &ret_join); //wait until t[i] completes
if(ret != 0) cout << "Thread join failedn";
cout << "Thread joined, it returned " << ret_join << endl ;
}
cout << "In main: end of main()n";
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
Note: A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is performed during compile-time
as opposed to run-time.
By default, the value of the first name is 0, the second name has the value 1, the third has the value 2, and so on.
But you can give a name a specific value by adding an initializer. For example, in the following
enumeration, green will have the value 5.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int n[ 10 ]; /* n is an array of 10 integers */
int i,j;
/* initialize elements of array n to 0 */
for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
{
n[ i ] = i + 100; /* set element at location i to i + 100 */
}
/* output each array element's value */
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
{
printf("Element[%d] = %d\n", j, n[j] );
}
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
/* an array with 5 rows and 2 columns*/
int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};
int i, j;
/* output each array element's value */
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++ )
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, a[i][j] );
}
}
return 0;
}
double getAverage(int arr[], int size)
{
int i;
double avg;
double sum;
for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
sum += arr[i];
}
avg = sum / size;
return avg;
}
#include <stdio.h>
/* function declaration */
double getAverage(int arr[], int size);
int main ()
{
/* an int array with 5 elements */
int balance[5] = {1000, 2, 3, 17, 50};
double avg;
/* pass pointer to the array as an argument */
avg = getAverage( balance, 5 ) ;
/* output the returned value */
printf( "Average value is: %f ", avg );
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
/* function to generate and return random numbers */
int * getRandom( )
{
static int r[10];
int i;
/* set the seed */
srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) );
for ( i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{
r[i] = rand();
printf( "r[%d] = %d\n", i, r[i]);
}
return r;
}
/* main function to call above defined function */
int main ()
{
/* a pointer to an int */
int *p;
int i;
p = getRandom();
for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
{
printf( "*(p + %d) : %d\n", i, *(p + i));
}
return 0;
}
//If no matches were found, the function returns string::npos.
string input;
int i = 0;
int cat_appearances = 0;
getline(cin, input, '\n');
for(i = input.find("cat", 0); i != string::npos; i = input.find("cat", i))
{
cat_appearances++;
i++; // Move past the last discovered instance to avoid finding same
// string
}
cout<<cat_appearances;
On most of the operating systems, programs are not permitted to access memory at
address 0 because that memory is reserved by the operating system. However, the
memory address 0 has special significance; it signals that the pointer is not intended to
point to an accessible memory location. But by convention, if a pointer contains the null
(zero) value, it is assumed to point to nothing.
#include <stdio.h>
/* function declaration */
double getAverage(int *arr, int size);
int main ()
{
/* an int array with 5 elements */
int balance[5] = {1000, 2, 3, 17, 50};
double avg;
/* pass pointer to the array as an argument */
avg = getAverage( balance, 5 ) ;
/* output the returned value */
printf("Average value is: %f\n", avg );
return 0;
}
double getAverage(int *arr, int size)
{
int i, sum = 0;
double avg;
for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
sum += arr[i];
}
avg = (double)sum / size;
return avg;
}
Coordinated Universal Time (GMT)
A derived class inherits all base class methods with the following exceptions:
Constructors, destructors and copy constructors of the base class.
Overloaded operators of the base class.
The friend functions of the base class.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Base class
class Shape
{
public:
// pure virtual function providing interface framework.
virtual int getArea() = 0;
void setWidth(int w)
{
width = w;
}
void setHeight(int h)
{
height = h;
}
protected:
int width;
int height;
};
// Derived classes
class Rectangle: public Shape
{
public:
int getArea()
{
return (width * height);
}
};
class Triangle: public Shape
{
public:
int getArea()
{
return (width * height)/2;
}
};
int main(void)
{
Rectangle Rect;
Triangle Tri;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
// Print the area of the object.
cout << "Total Rectangle area: " << Rect.getArea() << endl;
Tri.setWidth(5);
Tri.setHeight(7);
// Print the area of the object.
cout << "Total Triangle area: " << Tri.getArea() << endl;
return 0;
}
getline() function to read the line from
Outside
ignore() function to ignore the extra characters left by previous read statement.