Erving Gofffman
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Erving Goffman analyzed social interaction and developed the idea of impression management. He viewed social interaction as a performance where people aim to control how others perceive them. People pay attention to non-verbal cues and use props to strengthen their performance and desired impression. Interactions have a front stage where people maintain their impressions and a backstage where impressions can slip. Roles are defined through interaction but people sometimes distance themselves from roles to show they are complex. While roles are influenced by social institutions, people have agency in how they define and enact their roles.
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Presentationgoffman 141223055728-conversion-gate02
Presentationgoffman 141223055728-conversion-gate02FUNDACIÓN NIÑOS Y JÓVENES EMPRENDEDORES POR COLOMBIA
Erving Goffman was a Canadian-American sociologist born in 1922 in Alberta, Canada. He is considered one of the most influential microsociologists of the 20th century. Goffman viewed social life as a dramatic performance and developed the idea of impression management, where people attempt to control the perceptions others have of them. He argued that people act as performers playing roles on a social stage. Some of Goffman's most influential works include The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959), Asylums (1961), and Frame Analysis (1974). Goffman saw individuals managing their public identities through techniques of impression management and viewed social interaction as a strategic ritual managed through facework.Goffman
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If Status dynamics are the easiest layer of the onion to observe, the next layer which we call Rank is more hidden. The elusive nature of the Rank layer is part of its mystique, the reason we find it hard to identify in action. We use the word Rank to invoke two associations. One is the idea of something that is no longer fresh, that has an unpleasant smell. The other is the association with military Rank. Social Rank is made up of memberships in social groups and the ways in which those memberships influence our social conditioning. We use the word “role” to describe the parts of us that are most shaped by socialization.
We speak of oppression as outmoded supremacy. Can supremacy ever be anything other than smelly? We will offer the idea that there are functional, circumstantial reasons for overvaluing certain people in certain situations. In a disaster-at-sea movie, it makes sense to have the strongest swimmer dive into the already flooded part of the upside down ship in order to save the cluster of protagonists. So we will coddle, support, privilege, and overvalue the star swimmer to make sure that they have all their nutrition and strength as they represent the best chance for our survival. Once we’re rescued by the helicopters and safe on land, it no longer makes sense for us to advantage that swimmer. In other words, in that particular context, it’s supremacist but not oppressive.
As human collectives, we have a tendency to institute supremacies much more easily and readily than we dismantle them. All societies are burdened with practices of unfair advantage of some, which may have been functional at some point in history but now exist as part of the social weave and tend to go unexamined. This is the Rank system. Rank the system under which some of us are systematically valued more than others is closely connected with roles. Rank systems exist in all human societies; the specific groups that are valued more or less highly across the globe and across time. Our focus here is mainly on Rank as it currently exists in the United States.
Roles
We associate the word “role” with the theater that maybe where the concept originates. In ancient Greek drama, players wore masks that let the audience know what land of character they were playing comic or tragic, Icing or warrior. Behaving appropriately according to social role is quite similar to playing a character in a play. Characters may do and say only certain things, according to the script, stage directions, and director the actor has a limited ability to determine how their character will appear, at least in conventional theater.Rank
According to Dr. Nieto, as a result of social conditioning, there is an insect like consciousness, a crusty, robotic, mechanistic layer that interrupts our personhood. It is in place by three to five years of age. The chances of this not happening or of preventing it are nil. It is ascribed, applied, and installed without critical thinking ...
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Lesson II.pdf
This document discusses sociological perspectives on the self from three theorists:
1. George Mead - The self develops through social interaction and taking on the perspectives of others. It emerges over stages from imitating others to understanding generalized social expectations.
2. Charles Cooley - The self is shaped by how we believe others perceive and evaluate us, termed the "looking-glass self".
3. Erving Goffman - People act out social roles like actors on a stage, managing impressions. The self depends on social situations and their definitions.
Soc. 101 rw ch. 5
This chapter discusses the development of self through social interaction. It covers key theorists like Freud, Cooley, Mead and Goffman and their perspectives on how the self is shaped by socialization agents like family, schools and peers over a lifetime. It also discusses concepts like roles, statuses, and impression management - how people present themselves and navigate social situations. Social construction of emotions is also covered - how feelings are shaped by social and cultural norms.
Week 3
The self develops through social interactions and seeing oneself through the eyes of others. Children learn to differentiate themselves from others and see their own actions from different perspectives through play, games, and role-taking. They internalize the views of specific others and the "generalized other" of social groups. Culture also shapes the self, with independent cultures viewing the self as a bounded individual and interdependent cultures seeing the self as more context-dependent and relational.
Chapter 5-Social Interaction
This chapter discusses different types of social interaction including exchange, cooperation, conflict, and competition. It defines key concepts like status, roles, role sets, role strain, and role conflict. It also covers dramaturgy's view of social interaction as performance and impression management. Finally, it explains ethnomethodology as the study of the implicit rules and norms that govern social behavior.
Action Theories
This document discusses several sociological theories related to human action and agency. It begins by introducing action theories as micro-level approaches that focus on individual actions and interactions, in contrast to structural theories. It then summarizes key aspects of social action theory proposed by Weber, who saw both structural and action approaches as necessary. The document also discusses symbolic interactionism and how meanings arise through social interactions. Finally, it evaluates attempts to combine structural and action approaches, such as Giddens' structuration theory.
Who we think we are
We all start as a son or daughter, maybe then add to that the role of sister or brother, then friend, pupil, team-mate, student, girlfriend or boyfriend, candidate, employee, colleague, partner, husband or wife, manager, father or mother, aunt or uncle, godparent, grandparent…the list goes on!
Just reading that list may have conjured up some images in your mind of what each of those means to you. You will have some kind of perception of each of them, how to behave or not to behave in that role. Relaxing with old school friends over a few chatters will suggest a different way to behave than if you were with your boss or your young niece or nephew.
The 16 type patterns
The document discusses the roles that the eight cognitive processes play in each of the 16 personality types. It explains that each type has a dominant, auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior process. The dominant process takes a leading role and develops early. The auxiliary process takes a supporting role. The tertiary process provides relief and creativity. The inferior process develops later in life and provides inspiration but is initially experienced through projection. The other four processes operate in the shadows and can be positive if developed. Understanding the hierarchy and roles of the processes provides insight into the unique pattern of each personality type.
Linguistic-speech acts
This document discusses direct and indirect speech acts. Direct speech acts explicitly state the illocutionary force, such as questions with interrogative structures like "Did you eat the pizza?". Indirect speech acts imply meaning through context, like using a question structure to make a request. Politeness in language involves consideration of others' "face" or public self-image. Face-threatening acts challenge another's self-image while face-saving acts mitigate potential threats to face.
Socialperception 130806180943-phpapp02
The document discusses several aspects of social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touching can provide cues about a person's inner state of emotions and feelings. Basic emotions are often reflected in specific facial expressions.
2. Attribution refers to how we try to understand and explain the behaviors of others. Correspondent inference theory and Kelley's theory of causal attribution describe how we make inferences about others' traits and dispositions based on their behaviors.
3. Impression formation is the process by which we combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial impressions tend to carry more weight due to primacy effects. Impression management refers
Social perception
This document discusses several key concepts in social perception:
1. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social perception. Facial expressions, eye contact, body language, posture, and touching can all reveal emotional and mental states. Basic emotions are often expressed through specific facial movements.
2. Attribution refers to how people seek to understand the behaviors of others by inferring underlying traits or motives. Correspondent inference theory holds that behaviors perceived as freely chosen and distinctive are more likely to be attributed to internal traits. Kelley's theory examines how attribution is influenced by consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
3. Impression formation is the process by which people combine diverse information to form unified impressions of others. Initial
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Erving Gofffman
- 1. Erving Goffman and ‘case of’ the Dramaturgical Analogy ‘ All the World is a stage’ (from As You Like It by Shakespeare)
- 5. Front stage = these are the areas where we are maintaining our impressions and performing
- 6. Backstage = this is where we relax and let our impression slip so that it may contradict our front stage persona. It may also serve as an alternative front stage for another performance we are giving
- 7. Sometimes the mask slips and we jeopardise our performance Other actors in the social drama may conspire with us to cover these up – we work as teams At other times this leads to us retiring from that role