This document discusses how to take the vital signs of horses, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and capillary refill time. It provides the normal ranges for adult horses and foals. For temperature, the normal range for adults is 99.5 to 101.5°F and for newborn foals it is 100.0 to 102.0°F. The normal heart rate for adults is 32 to 36 beats per minute and varies for foals based on their age. Respiration for adults is 8 to 12 breaths per minute and varies from 20 to 80 breaths per minute for foals depending on their age. A normal capillary refill time is 2 seconds.
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2. Temperature
Rectal temperature is easily taken on most horses by placing a small amount of
lubricant (petroleum jelly) on the thermometer. Approach the horse from the side;
do not stand directly behind the horse in case they decide to kick. Raise or move
the horse’s tail and insert the thermometer into the anus. Thermometers designed
for use with livestock have a ring on the top. This ring can be attached to a string
and a clip attached to the opposite end of the string. The clip can be clipped to
the horse’s tail when you take the horse’s temperature.
The normal rectal temperature of a horse is 99.5 to 101.5°F (37.5 to 38.6ºC). Foals
less than 1 month of age have a normal temperature of 100.0 to 102.0°F (37.7 to
38.8ºC). Newborn foals can easily suffer from hypothermia (low body
temperature), so if the foal’s temperature is below 98.0°F (36.6ºC), call your
veterinarian. In the meantime, rub the foal with towels or blankets to stimulate
blood flow and/or dry its coat.
If the horse’s rectal temperature is above normal, it has a fever, not a
temperature. All horses have a temperature, either above normal (fever), below
normal (hypothermia), or normal.
3.
4. Pulse
The heart rate can be taken without a stethoscope, but having a stethoscope
makes the job easier. If a stethoscope is not handy, the pulse can be taken
from the facial artery, which is on the bottom side of the jaw in a shallow
groove beneath the last cheek tooth. Count the number of beats for 15
seconds, then multiply by four to calculate the heart rate in beats per
minute. Remember, any excitement by the horse will increase the pulse rate.
If a stethoscope is available, listen to the heart on the left side of the horse’s
chest, just behind the elbow. Each sound of the heart is considered one beat.
The normal heart rate for an adult horse is about 32 to 36 beats per minute.
Foal heart rates vary depending on age. Newborn foals have a heart rate of
between 80 to 100 beats per minute. Foals which are a few weeks to a few
months of age will have heart rates of 60 to 80 beats per minute.
5.
6. Respiration
Respiration can be taken by watching the horse’s chest move in and out (an
inhale and exhale is one breath) or feeling the air come out of the nostrils.
The stethoscope can be used to listen to the breaths as the air travels across
the trachea when the horse inhales and exhales. Respiration characteristics
should also be noted. Is the sound clear? Are the breaths shallow or deep? Is
there any abnormal squeaking or crackling sound associated with the
breathing?
The normal respiratory rate for adult horses is eight to 12 breaths per minute.
Newborn foals have respiratory rates that are 60 to 80 breaths per minute.
Older foals have resting respiratory rates from 20 to 40 breaths per minute.
Remember, if your horse or foal becomes excited for any reason, the
respiratory rate can be temporarily elevated.
7.
8. Capillary Refill Time
Another indicator of health is mucous membrane, or gum, color. Healthy
horses have nice pink gums that are moist to the touch. Capillary refill
time is tested by pressing your finger firmly on the gum above the front
incisors and removing it quickly. The time it takes for the area to turn from
white back to pink is the capillary refill time. Normal refill time is about 2
seconds. If capillary refill time is longer than 2 seconds you should note the
color of the mucous membrane and contact your veterinarian.
You greatly increase your horse’s chance of surviving a serious illness or
accident by knowing your horse’s normal vital signs and being able to take its
vital signs in an emergency.
![Dr Fahad Riaz
ecturer CMS FVS [UAF]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/equinevitasigns-191030093120/85/Equine-vitaL-signs-1-320.jpg)
