This document discusses strategies for animal disease control. It defines key terms like prevention, disease control, elimination and eradication. Disease control programs aim to reduce, eliminate or eradicate animal diseases and prevent new outbreaks. Effective disease control requires assessing disease importance, distinguishing control strategies, and describing various control methods like prioritization techniques. The goals are to reduce mortality, morbidity and economic impacts while making efficient use of limited resources.
Proposed three-phased approach based on the advice of public health experts. These steps will help state and local officials when reopening their economies, getting people back to work, and continuing to protect American lives.
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
Violence against doctors at their workplace is not a new phenomenon. However, in recent times, reports of doctors getting thrashed by patients and their relatives are making headlines around the world and are shared extensively on social media. Almost every doctor is worried about violence at his/her workplace, and very few doctors are trained to avoid or deal with such situations. This PPT aims to discuss the risk factors associated with violence against doctors and the possible steps at a personal, institutional, or policy level that are needed to mitigate such incidents.
El siguiente contenido tematico, integra la asignatura Investigacion de Mercado, y nos permitira construir un “perfil de cliente”.
Para construir el mencionado perfil, utilizaremos como fuente de información un pequeño cuestionario que llenaría el cliente; considerando el tiempo ocioso que este posee al esperar para abonar, se puede realizar la siguiente encuesta...
Para construir el mencionado perfil, utilizaremos como fuente de información un pequeño cuestionario que llenaría el cliente; considerando el tiempo ocioso que este posee al esperar para abonar en la línea de cajas
Proposed three-phased approach based on the advice of public health experts. These steps will help state and local officials when reopening their economies, getting people back to work, and continuing to protect American lives.
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
Violence against doctors at their workplace is not a new phenomenon. However, in recent times, reports of doctors getting thrashed by patients and their relatives are making headlines around the world and are shared extensively on social media. Almost every doctor is worried about violence at his/her workplace, and very few doctors are trained to avoid or deal with such situations. This PPT aims to discuss the risk factors associated with violence against doctors and the possible steps at a personal, institutional, or policy level that are needed to mitigate such incidents.
El siguiente contenido tematico, integra la asignatura Investigacion de Mercado, y nos permitira construir un “perfil de cliente”.
Para construir el mencionado perfil, utilizaremos como fuente de información un pequeño cuestionario que llenaría el cliente; considerando el tiempo ocioso que este posee al esperar para abonar, se puede realizar la siguiente encuesta...
Para construir el mencionado perfil, utilizaremos como fuente de información un pequeño cuestionario que llenaría el cliente; considerando el tiempo ocioso que este posee al esperar para abonar en la línea de cajas
Paleo Beef Short Ribs
Here's a great paleo diet red meat recipe thats perfect for dinner!
http://www.paleodiet4beginners.com/paleo-diet-red-meat-dinner-recipe-beef-short-ribs/
3º Bloco de Reunião sobre políticas públicas para Primeira Infância, promovida pela SAE/PR em 14 de fevereiro de 2012. Apresentação do Instituto de Promoção da Nutrição e do Desenvolvimento Humano (IPREDE)
Chapter 4Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention.docxrobertad6
Chapter 4
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases: Prevention and Control of Diseases and Health Conditions
Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the differences between communicable (infectious) and noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases and between acute and chronic diseases and provide examples of each.
Describe and explain communicable and multicausation disease models.
Explain how communicable diseases are transmitted in a community using the “chain of infection” model and use a specific communicable disease to illustrate your explanation.
Explain why noncommunicable diseases are a community and public health concern and provide some examples of important noncommunicable diseases.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of disease and provide examples of each.
Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)
List and explain the various criteria that communities might use to prioritize their health problems in preparation for the allocation of prevention and control resources.
List and discuss important measures for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases in a community.
List and discuss approaches to noncommunicable disease control in the community.
Define and explain the purpose and importance of health screenings.
Outline a chronic, noncommunicable disease control program that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention components.
Introduction
Diseases and other health conditions are classified in several meaningful ways
Classification can lead to prevention and control strategies
Classification of Diseases and Health Problems
In community health, diseases are usually classified as:
Acute or chronic (<3 or >3 months)
Communicable or noncommunicable
Communicable versus Noncommunicable Diseases
Communicable (infectious) diseases – those diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
Noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases – those illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
Identifying cause is difficult because many factors can contribute
Acute versus Chronic Diseases and Illnesses
Diseases classified by duration of symptoms
Acute – diseases in which peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months
Can be communicable or noncommunicable
Chronic – diseases or conditions in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months
Can be communicable or noncommunicable
Communicable Diseases
Infectivity: ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
Agent: cause of disease or health problem
Host: susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent
Environment: factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
Pathogenicity: capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
Biological Agents of Disease
Communicable Disease Model
Chain of Infectio.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Animal Disease Control
Prepared by: Noemi Diloy- Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpi
Session objectives:
At the end of this topic, the participants should be able to:
• Assess the importance of local diseases based on selected criteria;
• Distinguish prevention, control and eradication; and
• Describe the various strategies for animal disease control.
Disease control programs are essential for the reduction, elimination or eradication of animal and
poultry diseases and the prevention of the introduction or outbreak of foreign or domestic diseases.
Definitions
Prevention- refers to measures designed to prevent disease occurrence.
Disease control- reduction of the prevalence of a disease to a level where it is no longer
considered a major health and/or economic problem.
Goals are:
o Reduce mortality
o Reduce morbidity
Disease elimination- this is the near eradication stage; it is the stage between disease control
and disease eradication status. The goal is to reduce the disease to a level that it has become a
minor health problem. WHO (1991) defines it as “reduction of prevalence to a level below one
case per million population.”
Eradication- total elimination of a disease. Achieved by eliminating the reservoir or source of the
agent, severing the transmission chain or making the hosts immune to the disease. WHO
describes this stage as having “no further cases of a disease occurring anywhere, and continued
control measures are unnecessary.”
How do you know a good disease control officer?
1. He/she knows how to make a “priority” list.
2. He/she responds quickly
3. He/she can mobilize the right persons for the task: diagnose, control, and monitor disease problems.
4. He/she can control the disease with the least cost.
Choose the diseases to control
Public Health Significance Impact on the livestock industry
1. What zoonotic diseases occur more
frequently?
2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe
sickness in humans?
3. Present mortality and morbidity rates
1. How easily is the disease transmitted
from farm to farm?
2. What are the losses due to morbidity?
3. What are the losses due to mortality?
4. What are the effects on trade and
commerce?
2. Prioritization
Items are ranked in order based on their “perceived or measured importance or significance”.
Make the best use of limited human and financial resources
A. Simplex: Group perceptions are obtained by the use of questionnaires.
B. Nominal Group planning: Panel of experts is formed and individual judgments must be tapped and
combined to arrive at decisions which cannot be determined by one person.
C. Criteria Weighting Method: Mathematical process whereby participants establish a relevant set of
criteria and assign a priority ranking to issues based on how they measure against the criteria. The
calculated values do not necessarily dictate the final policy decision, but offer a means by which choices
can be ordered.
Examples of Prioritization Techniques (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
3. DISEASE PRIORITIZATION TOOL
Score Co-
eff
Total
DISEASE KNOWLEDGE - 10 criteria 0 1 2 3 4
Speed of spread None
Non
transmissible
Very slow Low lev el of
transmission within holdings
and unlikely between
holdings
Slow
Slow transmission
between holdings with
or without animal
mov ements
Medium
Rapid transmission between
holdings with or without
animal mov ements
High
Rapid transmission
between holdings
without animal
mov ements
2.5
Number of liv estock species inv olv ed One ND or expected to be limited Limited
2 species
Medium
3 species11
High
4 species and ov er
2.5
Persistence of the inf ectious agent in the
env ironment
No
Nev er Found
Rare Occasionally f ound ND if unknown Constant Animal reserv oir or
v ector
Not remov able f rom
the env ironment
2.5
Risk of spread to susceptible populations No
Not contagious
Low Transmissible direct
contact
ND if unknown Medium Indirect contact,
contagion
High
Airborne inf ection
2.5
Potential f or silent spread None Negligible
Signs of inf ection easily
recognised and likely to occur
in animal under superv ision
Low
Signs of inf ection
easily recognised but
depends on the lev el
of superv ision
Moderate
Specif ic diagnosis may be
dif f icult in one or more
species
High
Disease/inf ection not
likely to be detected
f or some time
2.5
Wildlif e reserv oir and potential spread Negligible
No known
wildlif e
reserv oir
Minor Prev alence in remote
wildlif e
Moderate Wildlif e
reserv oir: no direct
contact with humans
or domestic animals
Signif icant
Wildlif e reserv oir
Serious Wildlif e
reserv oir in close
contact with humans
and/or domestic
animals
2.5
4. Vector reserv oir and potential spread None
No known
v ector or
reserv oir
Low
Competent v ector(s) thought
to exist in the country but not
considered capable of
surv iv ing and transmitting
inf ection
Medium
Competent v ector(s)
exist in the country but
not considered
capable of surv iv ing
and transmitting
inf ection
High
Competent v ector(s) exist in
the country but not
considered capable of
surv iv ing but could transmit
inf ection
Very High
Competent v ector(s)
exist in the country
and is (are) capable of
surv iv ing and
transmitting inf ection
2.5
Variability of the agent Negligible
One ty pe,
stable
host/v ector
Low
Few ty pes, not mutating,
stable host/v ector
Moderate
Few ty pes, not
mutating, low host
specif icity , stable
v ector if any
High
Numerous ty pes or mutating,
low host or v ector specif icity
Very High
Numerous ty pes and
mutating, low host or
v ector specif icity
2.5
Understanding of f undamental
immunology
Fully
understood,
both humoral
and cellular
immunity
Fully understand humoral
immunity and partial
understanding of cellular
immunity
Partially understand
humoral and cellular
immunity
Partially understand humoral
immunity
None
Nothing known about
the immunology
2.5
Host-Pathogen interaction Fully
understand the
host-pathogen
interactions
Understand some aspects of
the host and pathogen
interactions
Partially understand
the host-pathogen
interactions
Little understanding of the
host-pathogen interactions
No inf ormation 2.5
IMPACT ON ANIMAL HEALTH AND
WELFARE - 3 criteria
0 1 2 3 4
Disease impact on production None
Production not
af f ected
Very low
Some loss of production but
no major impact on income
Low
Production reduced by
less than 20%. Major
loss of income
Medium
Production reduced by more
than 20%. Major loss of
income
Sev ere
Production reduced by
more than 50%. Major
loss of income and
v iability of industry
threatened
8.33
Duration of animal welf are impact None
No impact
Transcient
Impact less than 48 hours
Short Term
48 hours to 13 day s
Medium term
15 day s to 24 months
Permanent
Greater than 24
months
8.33
5. Proportion of animal af f ected suf f ering
pain/ injury / distress as a result of the
disease
None
No animal
af f ected
Very low
<5% of animals suf f er serious
impact
Low
6-20% of animals
suf f er serious impact
Medium
21 to 50% of animals suf f er
serious impact
Serious
>50% of animals
suf f er serious impact
8.33
IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH -
HUMAN HEALTH - 6 criteria
0 1 2 3 4
Impact of occurence on human health None
Humans not
considered
susceptible to
inf ection
Mild
Sy mptoms mild, transcient
without lasting ef f ects
Medium
Sy mptoms may
require time of f work,
(1week) and/or
medical interv ention
Serious Sy mptoms of ten
prov oke medical interv ention,
possible long term health
ef f ects (>1 month). Extreme
pain and discomf ort.
Fatalities uncommon
High
High case f atality
(>5%) and/or
permanent health
ef f ects
4.16
Likelihood of occurrence None Prov e
n impossibility
of transmission
to humans
through liv e
animals,
animal
products,
v ectors or f ood
Extremely rare Probability
lower than 1/1000000
Occasional Occurs
at an incidence lower
than 1/10000
Regular Occurs at an
incidence lower than 1/1000
Frequent Occu
rs at an incidence
higher than 1/1000
4.16
Impact of occurrence on f ood saf ety No
Not spread in
f ood
Negligible
Very low lev el of
contamination of f ood but
unlikely to cause problems
Low
Low lev el of
contamination and
can cause
disease/inf ection if
organisms ingested in
large numbers
Medium Probability of spread
v ia f ood but large numbers of
organisms needed to cause
problems. Precautions
required
High
High probability of
spread v ia f ood, small
inf ectiv e dose and
strict precautions
required
4.16
6. Transmissibility (spread f rom animal to
human)
No
No
transmission
possible
Negligible
No known transmission to
humans or no inf ormation
Low
Possible transmission
and existing contacts
with liv e animals
Medium
Possible transmission or
contamination through direct
or indirect contact or
v ector/f ood
High
Very low species
barrier, possible
airborne or through
the env ironment
4.16
Spread in humans No
Non-
transmissible
Negligible
No known transmission
between humans or no
inf ormation
Low Transmission
between humans is
uncommon
Moderate Transmission
between humans requires
prolonged or high lev el
challenge
Rapid Trans
mission between
humans occurs
f requently and is
common
4.16
Bioterrorism potential None
Agent
unav ailable or
impossible to
handle or no
harm
Negligible
Agent av ailable but dif f icult to
handle or low potential harm
Low
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
pros and labs but low
potential harm
Medium
Agent av ailable and easy to
handle by pros and labs and
high potential harm
Sev ere
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
indiv iduals and high
potential harm
4.16
IMPACT ON WIDER SOCIETY - 3
criteria
0 1 2 3 4
Economic direct impact (including
cumulativ e costs (e.g. Enzoonotic v s
Epizootic))
None
No loss, no
control
measures
Negligible
Minor reduction in production
Low
Production reduced
but not banned.
Treatment and
v accination
Medium
Production reduced and
partially banned. Test and
slaughter
High
Production reduced
and banned. Total
slaughter
8.33
Economic indirect impact (social, market) None
Products
continue to be
distributed
Negligible
Minor impact on distribution
of products
Low
Herd products
redirected to lower
v alue markets
Medium
Market price reduced
temporarily by less than 30%
High
Reduction by more
than 30% ov er a
month or a country
wide ban
8.33
7. Agriterrorism potential None
Agent
unav ailable or
impossible to
handle or no
spread
Negligible
Agent av ailable but dif f icult to
handle or low spread or low
economic damages
Low
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
prof essionals and labs
but low spread or low
economic damages
Medium
Agent av ailable and easy to
handle by prof essionals and
labs and rapidly spread or
high economic damages
Sev ere
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
indiv iduals and rapidly
spread and great
economic damages
8.33
IMPACT ON TRADE - 4 criteria 0 1 2 3 4
Impact on international trade due to
existing regulations
None
No restriction
or only at
animal lev el
Minor
Only at herd lev el
Moderate
At zone lev el and/or a
list of commodities, no
loss of of f icial status
Signif icant
Zone standstill, loss of of ficial
status, short recov ery period
Serious
Possible nationwide
ban standstill with or
without list, of f icial
atatus dif f icult to
recov er
6.25
Impact on Economic trade due to
existing regulations
None
No restriction
or only at
animal lev el
Minor
Only at herd lev el
Moderate
At zone lev el and/or
list of commodities
Signif icant
At zone lev el and/or no list of
commodities
Serious
Nationwide
ban/standstill with or
without list
6.25
Potential f or zoning High
Zoning
possible at
f arm lev el
Moderate
Zoning possible 1 to 10 kms
Low
Zoning possible but
more than 10 kms
Very low
Zoning using wider
administrativ e boundaries
None
Only compartments
6.25
Impact on security of f ood supply Extremely
limited,
anecdotal
Low v alue
Only in some remote areas
Moderate
Someremote areas
may be temporarily
out of stock
High
Some areas of the country
may be out of stock
Very High
May cause or
increase hunger
problems
6.25
CONTROL TOOLS - 3 criteria 2 1 0 -1 -2
8. Appropriate diagnostics Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market
Potential: Low
Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market Potential: Yes
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not
f ully ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Low
to Medium
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
Either Need: No
or Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
16.6
6
Appropriate v accines Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market
Potential: Low
Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market Potential: Yes
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not
f ully ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Low
to Medium
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
Either Need: No
or Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
16.6
6
Appropriate pharmaceuticals Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market
Potential: Low
Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market Potential: Yes
Need: Bacteria - Yes
Need: Virus -
Desirable
Av ailability : Bacteria -
Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Av ailability : Virus - No
Market Potential: Low
to Medium
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
Either Need: No
or Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
16.6
6
TOTAL
Source:http://www.discontools.eu/
9. Estimate the monetary value
Cost of disease Cost of disease
control
Benefits of disease control
Costs due to mortality
costs due to morbidity
Costs associated with
treatment
Extra labor to nurse the sick
animals
Prohibition of sales of animal
products (ex. milk)
Increase in food conversion
index
Impact on trade
Diagnostic tests
Vaccines
Drugs
Travel costs
Staff costs
Vehicles
Equipment
Genetic loss due to
the slaughter policy
etc.
Benefit =
Losses due to the disease without control project
− Losses due to the disease with control project =
RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING A DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM
Justification for the disease control program, summarizing the current knowledge about the
epidemiological situation within an area, providing detailed information on:
1. the disease situation
2. disease impacts (animal and public health, food safety, food security, biodiversity and
socioeconomic impact) and how these are distributed among stakeholders
3. identity, level of interest and involvement of stakeholders
CONTROL PROGRAM GOALS
Goals are the desired results or outcomes that a control program envisions, plans and commits to
achieve.
Examples:
a. Improve control of swine respiratory diseases in Bulacan.
b. Control and management of surra in the Philippines will contribute to increasing agricultural productivity
and incomes, improving livelihoods and ensuring food security.
10. Sample guide for setting goals in animal health [Table adopted from (World Organisation for Animal
Health, 2014)]
CONTROL PROGRAM OUTCOME, OUTPUTS, ACTIVITIES
Outcome is what had previously been termed “objective/s”. However the current approach is to have
only one outcome defined in one brief statement which describes the change that the project is expected
to generate in the target group. The outcome is the result of outputs which are the result of activities.
Outcome ___________
Output 1. ___________
Activity 1.1. __________
Activity 1.2. __________
Output 2. ___________
Activity 2.1. __________
Activity 2.2. __________
11. Output 3. ___________
Activity 3.1 __________
Etc.
Outcome and outputs should be formulated in very clear terms that are qualitatively and quantitatively
verifiable so that relevant indicators can be easily derived for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
Outputs are usually described as nouns and adjectives Activities are the actions that the project will carry
out in order to obtain the outputs. Note the activities are usually described as verbs and adverbs.
Examples:
Outcome: The strategy program envisions the Philippines to control and manage surra by 2025 such that
incidence would be nearly 0 by that date.
Expected Output: 1. Greater understanding on the epidemiology of surra
Corresponding Activities:
1. Training on surra surveillance
2. Conduct surveillance to establish true prevalence of surra.
RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Risk assessment and management are essential in project planning not necessarily to avoid risks but to
plan for them and to mitigate their impact on the project.
outline the key risks assessing their impact and probability
describe how the risks will be monitored;
explain whether there is a credible programme external to the project that addresses these risks (e.g.
to improve public sector standards and systems); and
outline steps proposed within the project to address these risks and indicate if these steps have been
agreed with project partners.
VARIOUS STRATEGIES FOR ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL
PREVENTION
1. On-Farm Biosecurity. The word is defined as measures adopted to keep diseases out of herds
where they do not currently exist.
a. Isolation of new animals brought to the farm
b. Restriction on movement of people, animals, and equipment
c. Use of safe feeds- Swill feeding can be dangerous
d. Hygiene. Effective combination of cleaning and disinfection
2. Border controls to prevent the entry of animals, animal products and other potentially disease-
causing products- at national, provincial, municipal or farm levels.
3. Regulation of importations- strict enough to prevent entry of exotic diseases but liberal enough to
encourage legal importations.
4. Strict observance of export and import protocols
a. Pre-export testing, quarantine and animal health certification
12. b. Post-arrival inspection, testing and quarantine
5. Inspection of persons and products arriving at airports and seaports
6. Proper disposal of food wastes from international aircraft and ship.
a. Incineration
b. Deep burial
7. Vaccination
8. Vector control
9. Public awareness and communication
CONTROL
Strategies to reduce the magnitude of existing disease
1. Reduce contact rate
a. case finding & isolation
b. contact tracing & quarantine
c. behavior change
d. “Resting” of farm or premises- length is not less than the survival time of the pathogen. FAO
recommends a minimum of 21 days.
e. Slaughter of susceptible animals
f. Closure of livestock markets and other congregations of susceptible species (e.g. livestock
auction markets, race meetings and livestock exhibit/shows)
g. Removal of animals from areas with high insect population
2. Reduce infectiousness: treatment, vaccination
3. Reduce susceptibility
a. Vaccination: Selective ( “ring vaccination”) or Total (“blanket” vaccination )
b. immune globulin
5. Identify and control reservoir/source
a. pest/vector control
a. Treatment or Destruction of breeding sites
b. Use of insecticidal sprays
b. environmental disinfection
c. Surveillance- regular inspection of animals
d. Biological - Read the success story on eradication of New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia
hominovorax) in the Americas and North Africa using the sterile insect release method
(SIRM).
e. Ban swill feeding or cook swill
6. Reduce prevalence of infectious sources
a. identify and control infectious sources
a. Proper disposal of contaminated carcasses- deep burial or burning
7. Reduce duration of infectiousness: Treatment, Vaccination
8. Increase herd immunity
a. Vaccination
b. Genetic improvement
c. Improved husbandry
9. Public education- to inform people of the nature of the disease and of the restrictions in place.
10. Contact tracing- trace forward and trace back
11. Zoning- The designation of geographic areas in which specific disease control strategies is to be
carried out.
13. Vaccination Tips
1. Choose the safe and correct antigenic type.
2. Maintain vaccine quality- no contamination, potency, etc.
3. Follow the recommended vaccination coverage (preferably 70 %)
4. Mark vaccinated animals
5. Monitor proper storage temperatures for vaccines
6. Organize trained personnel into “clean” and “dirty” teams
7. Remember that gathering different herds together in one vaccination station maybe convenient but
dangerous.
8. Count your needles and bottles before and after vaccination.
ERADICATION
Strategies to eliminate selected organisms from a defined population.
Conditions for eradication
1. Social acceptability of the proposed eradication strategies;
2. Limited host range of the disease agent;
3. Limited transmission mechanisms;
4. Availability of reliable diagnostic tools that can even detect the pathogen in reservoirs
or carriers; and
5. Effective method for destruction of agents in reservoirs
Source: (Smith 2005)
Strategies for Eradication
1. Cleaning, disinfection and rest period
2. Animal treatments
3. Treatment of products and by-products
4. Culling
5. Test and isolation
6. Test and slaughter
7. Depopulation/repopulation
a. Advantages of stamping out
i. the most efficient method for the rapid elimination of disease
ii. It is often the most cost-effective.
iii. The disease eradication campaign is shorter
iv. Shorter waiting period before the country can be recognized as being free of the
disease and the export of livestock and animal products resumed.
b. Factors to consider before implementing the “slaughter” strategy
i. Community acceptance
ii. Availability of other strategies
iii. Immediate availability of resources
14. Writing an Animal Disease Control Plan
Prepared by: Noemi Diloy-Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpi
I. Identify five diseases present in your locality that will satisfy the following criteria.
Public Health Significance Impact on the livestock industry
1. What zoonotic diseases occur more frequently?
2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe sickness in humans?
3. Present mortality and morbidity rates
1. How easily is the disease transmitted from farm to farm?
2. What are the losses due to morbidity?
3. What are the losses due to mortality?
4. What are the effects on trade and commerce?
II. Rank the diseases based on their measured importance using the prioritization tool. Write the summary of scores in the table below.
DISEASES DISEASE KNOWLEDGE IMPACT ON
ANIMAL
HEALTH
AND
WELFARE
IMPACT ON
PUBLIC HEALTH
AND HUMAN
HELATH
IMPACT
ON WIDER
SOCIETY
IMPACT
ON TRADE
CONTROL
TOOLS
TOTAL
SCORE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
1
2
3
4
5
15. Score Co-
eff
Total
DISEASE KNOWLEDGE - 10 criteria 0 1 2 3 4
Speed of spread None
Non
transmissible
Very slow Low lev el of
transmission within holdings
and unlikely between
holdings
Slow
Slow transmission
between holdings with
or without animal
mov ements
Medium
Rapid transmission between
holdings with or without
animal mov ements
High
Rapid transmission
between holdings
without animal
mov ements
2.5
Number of liv estock species inv olv ed One ND or expected to be limited Limited
2 species
Medium
3 species11
High
4 species and ov er
2.5
Persistence of the inf ectious agent in the
env ironment
No
Nev er Found
Rare Occasionally f ound ND if unknown Constant Animal reserv oir or
v ector
Not remov able f rom
the env ironment
2.5
Risk of spread to susceptible populations No
Not contagious
Low Transmissible direct
contact
ND if unknown Medium Indirect contact,
contagion
High
Airborne inf ection
2.5
Potential f or silent spread None Negligible
Signs of inf ection easily
recognised and likely to occur
in animal under superv ision
Low
Signs of inf ection
easily recognised but
depends on the lev el
of superv ision
Moderate
Specif ic diagnosis may be
dif f icult in one or more
species
High
Disease/inf ection not
likely to be detected
f or some time
2.5
Wildlif e reserv oir and potential spread Negligible
No known
wildlif e
reserv oir
Minor Prev alence in remote
wildlif e
Moderate Wildlif e
reserv oir: no direct
contact with humans
or domestic animals
Signif icant
Wildlif e reserv oir
Serious Wildlif e
reserv oir in close
contact with humans
and/or domestic
animals
2.5
16. Vector reserv oir and potential spread None
No known
v ector or
reserv oir
Low
Competent v ector(s) thought
to exist in the country but not
considered capable of
surv iv ing and transmitting
inf ection
Medium
Competent v ector(s)
exist in the country but
not considered
capable of surv iv ing
and transmitting
inf ection
High
Competent v ector(s) exist in
the country but not
considered capable of
surv iv ing but could transmit
inf ection
Very High
Competent v ector(s)
exist in the country
and is (are) capable of
surv iv ing and
transmitting inf ection
2.5
Variability of the agent Negligible
One ty pe,
stable
host/v ector
Low
Few ty pes, not mutating,
stable host/v ector
Moderate
Few ty pes, not
mutating, low host
specif icity , stable
v ector if any
High
Numerous ty pes or mutating,
low host or v ector specif icity
Very High
Numerous ty pes and
mutating, low host or
v ector specif icity
2.5
Understanding of f undamental
immunology
Fully
understood,
both humoral
and cellular
immunity
Fully understand humoral
immunity and partial
understanding of cellular
immunity
Partially understand
humoral and cellular
immunity
Partially understand humoral
immunity
None
Nothing known about
the immunology
2.5
Host-Pathogen interaction Fully
understand the
host-pathogen
interactions
Understand some aspects of
the host and pathogen
interactions
Partially understand
the host-pathogen
interactions
Little understanding of the
host-pathogen interactions
No inf ormation 2.5
IMPACT ON ANIMAL HEALTH AND
WELFARE - 3 criteria
0 1 2 3 4
Disease impact on production None
Production not
af f ected
Very low
Some loss of production but
no major impact on income
Low
Production reduced by
less than 20%. Major
loss of income
Medium
Production reduced by more
than 20%. Major loss of
income
Sev ere
Production reduced by
more than 50%. Major
loss of income and
v iability of industry
threatened
8.33
Duration of animal welf are impact None
No impact
Transcient
Impact less than 48 hours
Short Term
48 hours to 13 day s
Medium term
15 day s to 24 months
Permanent
Greater than 24
months
8.33
17. Proportion of animal af f ected suf f ering
pain/ injury / distress as a result of the
disease
None
No animal
af f ected
Very low
<5% of animals suf f er serious
impact
Low
6-20% of animals
suf f er serious impact
Medium
21 to 50% of animals suf f er
serious impact
Serious
>50% of animals
suf f er serious impact
8.33
IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH -
HUMAN HEALTH - 6 criteria
0 1 2 3 4
Impact of occurence on human health None
Humans not
considered
susceptible to
inf ection
Mild
Sy mptoms mild, transcient
without lasting ef f ects
Medium
Sy mptoms may
require time of f work,
(1week) and/or
medical interv ention
Serious Sy mptoms of ten
prov oke medical interv ention,
possible long term health
ef f ects (>1 month). Extreme
pain and discomf ort.
Fatalities uncommon
High
High case f atality
(>5%) and/or
permanent health
ef f ects
4.16
Likelihood of occurrence None Prov e
n impossibility
of transmission
to humans
through liv e
animals,
animal
products,
v ectors or f ood
Extremely rare Probability
lower than 1/1000000
Occasional Occurs
at an incidence lower
than 1/10000
Regular Occurs at an
incidence lower than 1/1000
Frequent Occu
rs at an incidence
higher than 1/1000
4.16
Impact of occurrence on f ood saf ety No
Not spread in
f ood
Negligible
Very low lev el of
contamination of f ood but
unlikely to cause problems
Low
Low lev el of
contamination and
can cause
disease/inf ection if
organisms ingested in
large numbers
Medium Probability of spread
v ia f ood but large numbers of
organisms needed to cause
problems. Precautions
required
High
High probability of
spread v ia f ood, small
inf ectiv e dose and
strict precautions
required
4.16
18. Transmissibility (spread f rom animal to
human)
No
No
transmission
possible
Negligible
No known transmission to
humans or no inf ormation
Low
Possible transmission
and existing contacts
with liv e animals
Medium
Possible transmission or
contamination through direct
or indirect contact or
v ector/f ood
High
Very low species
barrier, possible
airborne or through
the env ironment
4.16
Spread in humans No
Non-
transmissible
Negligible
No known transmission
between humans or no
inf ormation
Low Transmission
between humans is
uncommon
Moderate Transmission
between humans requires
prolonged or high lev el
challenge
Rapid Trans
mission between
humans occurs
f requently and is
common
4.16
Bioterrorism potential None
Agent
unav ailable or
impossible to
handle or no
harm
Negligible
Agent av ailable but dif f icult to
handle or low potential harm
Low
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
pros and labs but low
potential harm
Medium
Agent av ailable and easy to
handle by pros and labs and
high potential harm
Sev ere
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
indiv iduals and high
potential harm
4.16
IMPACT ON WIDER SOCIETY - 3
criteria
0 1 2 3 4
Economic direct impact (including
cumulativ e costs (e.g. Enzoonotic v s
Epizootic))
None
No loss, no
control
measures
Negligible
Minor reduction in production
Low
Production reduced
but not banned.
Treatment and
v accination
Medium
Production reduced and
partially banned. Test and
slaughter
High
Production reduced
and banned. Total
slaughter
8.33
Economic indirect impact (social, market) None
Products
continue to be
distributed
Negligible
Minor impact on distribution
of products
Low
Herd products
redirected to lower
v alue markets
Medium
Market price reduced
temporarily by less than 30%
High
Reduction by more
than 30% ov er a
month or a country
wide ban
8.33
19. Agriterrorism potential None
Agent
unav ailable or
impossible to
handle or no
spread
Negligible
Agent av ailable but dif f icult to
handle or low spread or low
economic damages
Low
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
prof essionals and labs
but low spread or low
economic damages
Medium
Agent av ailable and easy to
handle by prof essionals and
labs and rapidly spread or
high economic damages
Sev ere
Agent av ailable and
easy to handle by
indiv iduals and rapidly
spread and great
economic damages
8.33
IMPACT ON TRADE - 4 criteria 0 1 2 3 4
Impact on international trade due to
existing regulations
None
No restriction
or only at
animal lev el
Minor
Only at herd lev el
Moderate
At zone lev el and/or a
list of commodities, no
loss of of f icial status
Signif icant
Zone standstill, loss of of ficial
status, short recov ery period
Serious
Possible nationwide
ban standstill with or
without list, of f icial
atatus dif f icult to
recov er
6.25
Impact on Economic trade due to
existing regulations
None
No restriction
or only at
animal lev el
Minor
Only at herd lev el
Moderate
At zone lev el and/or
list of commodities
Signif icant
At zone lev el and/or no list of
commodities
Serious
Nationwide
ban/standstill with or
without list
6.25
Potential f or zoning High
Zoning
possible at
f arm lev el
Moderate
Zoning possible 1 to 10 kms
Low
Zoning possible but
more than 10 kms
Very low
Zoning using wider
administrativ e boundaries
None
Only compartments
6.25
Impact on security of f ood supply Extremely
limited,
anecdotal
Low v alue
Only in some remote areas
Moderate
Some remote areas
may be temporarily
out of stock
High
Some areas of the country
may be out of stock
Very High
May cause or
increase hunger
problems
6.25
CONTROL TOOLS - 3 criteria 2 1 0 -1 -2
20. Appropriate diagnostics Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market
Potential: Low
Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market Potential: Yes
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not
f ully ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Low
to Medium
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
Either Need: No
or Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
16.6
6
Appropriate v accines Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market
Potential: Low
Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market Potential: Yes
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not
f ully ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Low
to Medium
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
Either Need: No
or Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
16.6
6
Appropriate pharmaceuticals Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market
Potential: Low
Need: Yes
Av ailability : No
Market Potential: Yes
Need: Bacteria - Yes
Need: Virus -
Desirable
Av ailability : Bacteria -
Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Av ailability : Virus - No
Market Potential: Low
to Medium
Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (not f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
Either Need: No
or Need: Yes
Av ailability : Yes (f ully
ef f ectiv e)
Market Potential: Yes
16.6
6
TOTAL