Prevention and levels of prevention of Community Medicine lecture .This lecture also has concepts of disease,surveillance, monitoring and iceberg phenonomenon of disease.
Network pharmacology studies on the effect of Chai-Ling decoction in coronavi...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Chai-Ling decoction (CLD), derived from a modification of Xiao-Chai-Hu (XCH) decoction and Wu-Ling-San (WLS) decoction, has been used to treat the early-stage of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the mechanisms of CLD in COVID-19 remain unknown. In this study, the potential mechanisms of CLD in COVID-19 were preliminarily investigated based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method. Methods: Initially, the active components and targets of CLD were screened based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform and PharmMapper database. The targets of COVID-19 were obtained from GeneCards database. The protein-protein interaction network was established using STRING database to analyze the key targets. Gene Oncology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis were also conducted to evaluate the pathways related to the targets of CLD on COVID-19. Moreover, the compound-target-pathway network was established using Cytoscape 3.2.7. Subsequently, the molecular docking method was performed to select the active compounds with high binding affinity on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the key target of SARS-CoV-2 in entering target cells. The possible binding sites were also visualized by a three-dimensional graph. Results: Network pharmacology analysis showed that there were 106 active components and 160 targets of CLD. Additionally, 251 targets related to COVID-19 were identified, and 24 candidates of CLD on COVID-19 were selected. A total of 283 GO terms of CLD on COVID-19 were identified, and 181 pathways were screened based on GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. CLD might alleviate the inflammatory response and improve lung injury to treat COVID-19 through interleukin 17 signaling, T helper cell 17 differentiation, tumor necrosis factor signaling, and hypoxia inducible factor-1 signaling. Besides, molecular docking indicated that beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, and stigmasterol were the top three candidates in CLD with the highest affinity to SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2. Conclusion: Our study identifies the potential mechanisms of CLD on COVID-19 and beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, and stigmasterol may be the key compounds that exert antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2.
A presentation on three major varieties of Thyroiditis. Go to the link for more info.
https://www.typeitout.com/article/thyroiditis-chronic-lymphocytic-sub-acute-and-riedels
My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com
Prevention and levels of prevention of Community Medicine lecture .This lecture also has concepts of disease,surveillance, monitoring and iceberg phenonomenon of disease.
Network pharmacology studies on the effect of Chai-Ling decoction in coronavi...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Chai-Ling decoction (CLD), derived from a modification of Xiao-Chai-Hu (XCH) decoction and Wu-Ling-San (WLS) decoction, has been used to treat the early-stage of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the mechanisms of CLD in COVID-19 remain unknown. In this study, the potential mechanisms of CLD in COVID-19 were preliminarily investigated based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method. Methods: Initially, the active components and targets of CLD were screened based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform and PharmMapper database. The targets of COVID-19 were obtained from GeneCards database. The protein-protein interaction network was established using STRING database to analyze the key targets. Gene Oncology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis were also conducted to evaluate the pathways related to the targets of CLD on COVID-19. Moreover, the compound-target-pathway network was established using Cytoscape 3.2.7. Subsequently, the molecular docking method was performed to select the active compounds with high binding affinity on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the key target of SARS-CoV-2 in entering target cells. The possible binding sites were also visualized by a three-dimensional graph. Results: Network pharmacology analysis showed that there were 106 active components and 160 targets of CLD. Additionally, 251 targets related to COVID-19 were identified, and 24 candidates of CLD on COVID-19 were selected. A total of 283 GO terms of CLD on COVID-19 were identified, and 181 pathways were screened based on GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. CLD might alleviate the inflammatory response and improve lung injury to treat COVID-19 through interleukin 17 signaling, T helper cell 17 differentiation, tumor necrosis factor signaling, and hypoxia inducible factor-1 signaling. Besides, molecular docking indicated that beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, and stigmasterol were the top three candidates in CLD with the highest affinity to SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2. Conclusion: Our study identifies the potential mechanisms of CLD on COVID-19 and beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, and stigmasterol may be the key compounds that exert antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2.
A presentation on three major varieties of Thyroiditis. Go to the link for more info.
https://www.typeitout.com/article/thyroiditis-chronic-lymphocytic-sub-acute-and-riedels
My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesiaone .pptxyeshiwasdagnew
introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia introduction to anesthesia in
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Chapter 1
Introduction of Pathophysiology
Dr. Liu Rui (dr.liurui@Hotmail.com)
Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
1
2. 1. Nature and Aims of Pathophysiology
Basic medicine ―→ Clinical medicine ―→ Practice
―→ Qualified doctor
2
Pathophysiology is one of basic medical
sciences, which focus on sick or disordered
life.
3. Basic medical courses
normal body disordered body
structure function structure function
metabolism metabolism
Anatomy Pathoanatomy
Biology Physiology Pathophysiology
Histology Biochemistry
about drugs----Pharmacology
Clinical medical courses
Internal medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, et al.
3
4. Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying
mechanisms by which diseases occur and
develop, and the study of the changes by
diseases within the body. It provides a
theoretical basis for the prevention, diagnosis
and treatment.
4
8. 2. Content of pathophysiology
Systemic and organic pathophysiology
Fundamental pathological process
General concept of disease
Pathophysiology in diseases
8
9. Experimental study Reproduce disease model in
animals, isolated organs and cells, and observe or
perform something.
Clinical study Observe directly the patient’s symptom,
laboratory testing, the rules of evolution; study the
treatment and prognosis.
Epidemiological study Study the cause or conditional
factors, risk factors, rules of development of some
infective diseases
9
3. Research Methods for Pathophysiology
10. Summary
1. Pathophysiology is one of basic medical sciences which
study the rules of origin and evolution of diseases and
the underlying mechanisms --- “the physiology of
disease”.
2. Pathophysiology focuses on the alterations in function
and metabolism of the body and the mechanisms
underlying the development of diseases.
3. Pathophysiology plays an important role in bridge
linking basic medical sciences to clinical medicine.
10
15. 1. Basic Concepts
1-1 Health
No diseases or infirmity.
A state of complete well-being of all aspects: physical,
mental, social.
15
1-2 Disease
Disease is an abnormal life process caused by certain
pathogenic factors, deviation from the normal status
including structure, function or metabolism.
16. Disease is a disordered state of the body due to
pathogenic agents-host interactions.
16
Homeostasis: the process that the internal
environment of an organism tends to remain
balanced and stable, which is required for
optimum functioning.
Disease can be viewed as a disturbance of
homeostasis.
17. Manifestations of diseases:
17
1) Symptom: a subjective complaint
2) Sign: a manifestation that is noted by an
observer, doctor or nurse, through physical
examination, e.g. an elevated body temperature.
3) Laboratory finding: alterations found by
laboratory test, X-ray examination (routine or
CT), electrocardiogram (ECG),
ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), etc.
18. Sub-health
There is a situation, in which the person does
not show specific symptoms and signs of illness,
but lives a low-quality of life both physically
and mentally; this is called “sub-health”.
18
20. Senescence (Aging)
20
Aging is a natural, lifelong process. There
is a general decline in the structure and
function of the body with advancing age,
resulting in a decreased reserve capacity of
the various organ systems. This results in a
reduction of homeostatic capabilities, making
the older adult more vulnerable to stressors
such as illness, surgery, medical administration,
and environmental changes.
21. 1-4 Two very important concepts
21
1) Pathological Process
A series of structural, functional and
metabolic changes that appear in
different diseases, e.g.
fever, inflammation, edema, etc.
22. Pathological Process and Disease
Disease Cause Site Fundamental
Pathological Process
Pneumonia Pneumococcus Lung Fever, inflammation,
hypoxia, acid-base
disturbances, shock
Dysentery Dysentery
bacilli
Intestine Fever, inflammation,
water and electrolytes
disturbances, acid-base
disturbances, shock
Epidemic
meningitis
Meningococcus Meninges Fever, inflammation,
DIC, shock
22
23. 2) Syndrome
A set of signs and symptoms that occur
together and are characteristics of a group of
diseases or a specific disease, e.g. ARDS, AIDS
etc.
23
24. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)
Shock, infection
acute and severe lung damage
pulmonary edema
lung volumes and compliance↓,
gas exchange impaired
tachypnea, labored breathing, cyanosis,
chest radiograph shows diffuse, symmetrical
interstitial and alveolar infiltration.
24
25. 3. Etiology of Disease
Etiology is a science to study the factors
associated with or involved in initiation and
development of diseases. According to their
different roles in the development of diseases,
these pathogenic factors are classified into
cause of disease and conditional factors.
25
26. Causes of diseases are the factors that provoke
or cause the particular disease. It determines
the characteristics of the disease and is
absolutely necessary for disease to occur.
26
Conditional factors are the factors that do not
cause disease directly but rather influence the
pathogenesis and the natural time course of the
disease.
27. Precipitating factors belong to conditional
factors that promote the development of
diseases by enhancing the roles of cause of
diseases or susceptibility of the body to diseases.
27
28. e.g. Infection, arrhythmias, pregnancy, water-
electrolytes and acid-base disturbances are
precipitating factors of heart failure
Tubercle bacillus is the cause of tuberculosis.
Not all people who inhale the organism will
suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis, which
occurs in malnutrition, over fatigue and long-
term depress.
28
30. Causes of diseases
Extrinsic Factors Biological agents
Physical factors
Chemical factors
Nutritional factors
Pathogenic factors
Intrinsic Factors Genetic factors
Congenital factors
Immunological factors
Psychological factors
Conditional factors Body condition
(predisposing factors) Nature condition
Social condition
Precipitating factors
of diseases
30
31. 3-2 Cause of Disease
1) Biological agents bacteria, viruses,
2) Physical factors: trauma and fracture, heatstroke, frostbite.
3) Chemical factors
Corrosive chemicals such as strong acid and bases can
destroy cells at the site of contact. Cell-injurious chemicals are
often called toxic substances or poison. They induce tissue
and cell damage when they enter the body through certain
pathways and reach a sufficient amount. These called
intoxication or poisoning. The toxic substances often act on
specific cells or organs, e.g. CO poisoning.
Electrical injuries
Radiation injuries
31
32. 4) Nutritional factors
Excesses: high lipids and carbohydrates
diet obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes
Deficiencies: lack of certain elements in diet
(1) Vitamin B: beriberi
(2) Vitamin A: night blindness
(3) Vitamin C: scurvy
(4) Vitamin D: rickets
32
33. 3-2-2 Intrinsic Factors
1) Genetic factors
Altered genetic material passed from parent to offspring
is called genetic factors, which is classified into three
groups.
Genetic disorders
Chromosome disorders: the defect results from
numerical and structural abnormalities of chromosome.
Single-gene disorders: the defect is caused by a single
defective or mutant gene.
Multifactorial inheritance: polygenetic disorder.
33
36. Inherited disease: disease caused by altered
genetic material, either single gene mutation or
chromosome aberrations. e.g. color blindness,
Albinism, Down syndrome.
37
37. 38
Disorder of multifactorial inheritance
result from a combination of the multiple gene
variations with environmental factors. Therefore
the disease on phenotype are not hereditary, but
these diseases do have a genetic background
(genetic susceptibility), such as congenital heart
disease, cleft lip, coronary artery disease and
hypertension.
38. Genetic predisposition (genetic susceptibility):
a state of body favorable to or showing a
tendency to certain diseases because of
polygenetic abnormalities.
39
39. 2) Congenital factors
Environment factors that occurred during
embryonic or fetal development are called
congenital factors, including the physiologic
status of the mother (maternal disease) and
teratogenic agents (infections or drugs taken
during pregnancy), which acts on the embryo or
fetus, causing abnormalities in form or function.
Diseases caused by congenital factors
called congenital disease. e.g. congenital syphilis.
40
40. 3) Immunological factors
Although the immune response is a normal
protective mechanism, it may cause disease while
the response is deficient (immunodeficiency
disease), inappropriately strong (allergy or
hypersensitivity----penicillin), or misdirected
(autoimmune disease----ankylosing spondylitis).
41
41. 4) Psychological factors
Anxiety, strong or persistant psychological
stimulation or stress may lead to mental illness
and may be related to some disease such as
hypertension, peptic ulcer(duodenal ulcer), and
coronary heart disease.
42
42. 3-3 Conditional Factors
1) Body’s condition: age, sex, race; physical
training, mental condition, fatigue, smoking,
lifestyle.
2) Nature condition: weather condition and
geographical environment influence some
epidemical diseases.
3) Social condition: labor and hygiene
conditions----occupational diseases, social
life events----person’s mood and life pattern.
43
44. Causes of diseases
Extrinsic Factors Biological agents
Physical factors
Chemical factors
Nutritional factors
Pathogenic factors
Intrinsic Factors Genetic factors
Congenital factors
Immunological factors
Psychological factors
Conditional factors Body condition
(predisposing factors) Nature condition
Social condition
Precipitating factors
of diseases
45
45. 4. Pathogenesis of disease
Pathogenesis of disease refers to the rules and
mechanisms underlying the development or
evolution of the diseases.
4-1 General rules for pathogenesis of disease
1) Disruption of homeostasis
If homeostasis is disrupted by a variety of
harmful agents, the body cannot function
optimally, and illness may occur.
46
46. 2) Process of damage and anti-damage
Damage can induce body’s anti-damage
responses. The development of a disease
depends on the strength of damage and anti-
damage factors.
Too much anti-damage process will cause new
injury to the body (SIRS----MODS)
47
47. 3) Reversal role of cause and result
The cause of the disease lead to a result, which can
be another cause of the disease in the evolution
process.
(Cause) (Result)
Chronic hypoxia erythrocyte↑ polycythemia
(Cause) (Result)
blood viscosity ↑ thrombus
48
48. Mechanical trauma Hemorrhage
Cardiac output↓↓
Returned blood
volume ↓ Blood pressure↓↓
Microcirculation
congestion Sympathetic nerve excite
Capillary open Vasoconstriction
Hypoxia in tissure
vicious cycle
Maintain BP
Heart rate ↑
Contractility ↑
beneficial cycle
Recovery
(Cause) (Result)
(Cause)
(Result)
49
49. 4) Correlation between systemic and local
regulations
Local alterations can affect the whole body
through neural and humoral regulation, and
the systemic functional statues can in turn
affect the development of local damages via
the same regulating strategies.
50
50. e.g. a severe furuncle congestion and edema (local)
fever, chill and WBC ↑ (systemic)
e.g. a recurrent furuncle may represent systemic metabolic
disorder caused by diabetes.
51
51. 5. Outcome of Diseases
52
Recovery
Death
Complete recovery
Incomplete recovery
52. 5-1 Complete recovery
The alterations of the function, metabolism
and structure of the body, which appeared in
disease, are perfectly restored.
The signs and symptoms of the disease are
disappear entirely.
53
53. 5-2 Incomplete recovery
The main symptoms are absent.
Some pathological changes are still present in the body.
It is brought about by the compensatory response to
maintain a relatively normal life activity.
--e.g. Heart disease patients
54
55. 5-3-3 Definition of brain death
Prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain
functions, including the brain stem.
5-3-4 Diagnosis of Death
The bases for demonstrating brain death
are the absence of brain stem reflexes, absence
of cortical activity and demonstration of
irreversibility of the state.
56
56. Criteria indicating brain death
◆ Irreversible coma and cerebral
unresponsiveness: complete lack of cerebral
response to any form of external excitation.
◆ Absence of all brain stem reflexes: It
includes the absences of pupilary reflex,
corneal reflex, cough reflex and swallowing
reflex.
◆ Cessation of spontaneous respiration
57
57. ◆ Absence of any electrical activity of brain
indicated by EEG (electroencephalogram)
for at least 6 hours.
◆ Cessation of cerebral circulation
58
58. Summary
1. Disease is an abnormal life process in which
the body’s homeostasis is disrupted by the
interactions of certain pathogenic factor and
the body. Intrinsic changes of diseases are
alterations in structures, functions and
metabolisms of the body.
2. A set of structural, functional and metabolic
changes that occur together in different disease
is called pathologic process.
60
59. 3. Pathologic factors include cause of disease
that provoke disease and determine its
characteristics and conditional factors that
participate in and influence the pathogenesis of
disease. Conditional factors that promote the
pathogenesis of disease are called precipitating
factors.
61
60. 4. Irreversible cessation of all brain functions,
including the brain stem is called brain death.
The bases for determine it are absence of
cortical activity, absence of brain stem reflexes,
and demonstration of irreversibility of the state.
62