This document discusses cardiovascular diseases and their epidemiology. It begins by defining cardiovascular diseases and listing some examples. It then discusses the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases like smoking, unhealthy diet, obesity, and diabetes. It also covers new emerging risk factors. The document outlines ways to prevent cardiovascular diseases through primary methods like diet, exercise and smoking cessation, as well as secondary prevention using medications and procedures for those who already have a disease. It concludes by discussing the Framingham Heart Study and the WHO's global action plan to address cardiovascular diseases.

1. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular
Diseases
Dr.Athar Khan
Department of Community Medicine
Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry
Karachi
matharm@yahoo.com

2. Learning Objectives
▪ Discuss Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ List the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ Identify New Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors
▪ List the preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
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3. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ “Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a class of diseases
that involve the Heart or Blood Vessels”.
▪ WHO
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4. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ Cardiovascular Diseases
Include The Following:
▪ Coronary Heart Disease
▪ Cerebrovascular Disease
▪ Peripheral Arterial
Disease
▪ Rheumatic Heart Disease
▪ Congenital Heart Disease
▪ Deep Vein Thrombosis
▪ Pulmonary Embolism
▪ Cardiovascular Diseases Include The Following:
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5. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ Heart Attacks and Strokes are
usually Acute Events and are
mainly caused by a Blockage.
▪ The cause of Heart Attacks
and Strokes are usually the
presence of a combination of
risk factors such as:
▪ Tobacco use
▪ Unhealthy Diet
▪ Obesity
▪ Physical Inactivity
▪ Harmful use of Alcohol
▪ Hypertension
▪ Diabetes
▪ Hyperlipidemia.
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6. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
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7. Over 80% of all premature NCD deaths
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10. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
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11. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Modifiable:
❑ Raised Systolic Blood Pressure
❑ Raised Diastolic Blood Pressure
❑ Smoking
❑ Raised LDL Cholesterol
❑ Reduced HDL Cholesterol
❑ Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
❑ Hyperglycemia
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12. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Modifiable Behavioural
Risk Factors
❑ Physical inactivity
❑ Unhealthy diet
❑ Tobacco use
❑ Harmful use of alcohol
Modifiable Metabolic Risk
Factors
❑ Raised blood pressure
❑ Overweight/obesity
❑ Hperglycemia (high blood
glucose levels) and
❑ Hyperlipidemia (high
levels of fat in the blood)
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13. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Non- Modifiable:
❑ Age
❑ Gender
❑ Family History
❑ Previous Cardiovascular Events
❑ Previous Cerebro-Vascular Events
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14. New Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors
The common emerging cardiovascular risk factors
included:
▪ Coronary artery calcium score
▪ Lipoprotein (a)
▪ Homocysteine
▪ C-reactive protein
▪ Fibrinogen
▪ Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
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16. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
PRIMARY PREVENTION:
▪ Health Education
▪ Healthy Diet Pattern
▪ Physical Activity
▪ Smoking Cessation
▪ Reduce the intake of foods that are High in Fat,
Sugar and Salt
▪ Abstinence from Alcohol
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18. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
▪ Treatment with the following Medications are
necessary:
▪ Aspirin
▪ Beta-Blockers
▪ Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
▪ Statins
The benefits of these Interventions are largely effective when used
together with Smoking Cessation and have lead to Prevention of 75% of
Recurrent vascular events.3/29/2020 DR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD 18

19. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
▪ Angioplasty
▪ Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
The benefits of these Interventions are largely effective when used
together with Smoking Cessation and have lead to Prevention of 75% of
Recurrent vascular events.3/29/2020 DR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD 19

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21. Framingham Heart Study
The Framingham Heart Study is a
Long- Term, ongoing
Cardiovascular Cohort Study on
residents of the town of Framingham,
Massachusetts.
The study began in 1948 with 5,209
Adult Subjects from Framingham,
and is now on its Third Generation
of participants.3/29/2020 DR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD 21

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23. ❑ Life Course Approach
❑ Empowerment of People and Communities
❑ Evidence based Strategies
❑ Universal Health Coverage
❑ Management of conflicts of interest
❑ Human Rights Approach
❑ National and International Cooperation
❑ Multisectoral Actions
Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020
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