Empirical studies on the use of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric facilities have found mixed results. Several studies show higher rates of restraint for younger patients and those with psychosis or abnormal EEGs. Findings on the influence of sex and race are contradictory across studies. Facility characteristics like length of stay and patient census have also shown contradictory correlations with restraint rates. While seclusion and restraint can prevent injury in dangerous situations, they may cause physical and psychological trauma to both patients and staff.